<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2021.38</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00406</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Notas cortas</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Efecto de los polisacáridos sulfurados marinos como inmunomoduladores de la respuesta ante la vacunación en pollo de engorda</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5273-0393</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sánchez-Chiprés</surname>
						<given-names>David</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>García-Ulloa</surname>
						<given-names>Meissa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2092-6391</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rendón-Guízar</surname>
						<given-names>Jesús</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"><sup>**</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3560-9057</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ramírez-Acosta</surname>
						<given-names>Mariana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3686-6565</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Chi-Moreno</surname>
						<given-names>Edgar</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4777-3206</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Chávez-Mora</surname>
						<given-names>Ivón</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Producción Animal, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara. México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Guadalajara</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Guadalajara</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Olmix SA de CV. México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Olmix SA de CV</institution>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">*Autor responsable: Sánchez-Chiprés David</corresp>
				<corresp id="c2">**Autor para correspondencia: Rendón-Guízar Jesús, Camino Ramón Padilla Sánchez No. 2100 Nextipac, Zapopan, Jalisco, México C.P.45200. 3337771150 ext. 33153. <email>david.schipres@academicos.udg.mx</email>, <email>mtopete@olmix.com</email>, <email>ignacio.rendon@academicos.udg.mx</email>, <email>mariana.ramirez@academicos.udg.mx</email>, <email>echimoreno@olmix.com</email>, <email>ivon.chavez@academicos.udg.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>28</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>11</volume>
			<elocation-id>e406</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>28</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>Uno de los obstáculos que enfrentan los productores de aves, es la mutación que sufren los patógenos y complica su combate, debido a esto se buscan alternativas para mejorar los parámetros productivos e inmunológicos. El objetivo fue evaluar el consumo de alimento, ganancia de peso, conversión alimenticia, títulos de anticuerpos para Newcastle y mortalidad en pollos de engorda adicionado en su dieta con polisacáridos sulfatados extraídos de algas marinas (PS). El experimento se dividió en cuatro tratamientos con seis repeticiones cada uno y 25 pollos cada una, los tratamientos consistieron en un control, uno con vacunación, uno control con PS y PS con vacuna, se pesó el alimento diariamente, los rechazos y las aves fueron pesadas semanalmente, se tomaron muestras de sangre a los días 9, 21, 28, 35 y 42 de vida, para determinación de anticuerpos para Newcastle. La mejor conversión alimenticia fue de 1.83 (P &lt; 0.05) del grupo control PS. Los tratamientos vacuna con PS y vacuna generaron la mayor cantidad de anticuerpos (P &lt; 0.05). El producto PS a la dosis utilizada no demostró aumentar los parámetros productivos ni inmunológicos, por lo cual sería importante realizar otro estudio con diferentes dosis de inclusión del producto.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras claves:</title>
				<kwd>polisacáridos</kwd>
				<kwd>anticuerpos</kwd>
				<kwd>Newcastle</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="10"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="15"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>En la última década han surgido enfermedades virales zoonóticas con alta mortandad, dentro de estos patógenos se encuentran los paramixovirus, a los cuales pertenece la enfermedad de Newcastle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Xu <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>,). Ésta sigue siendo de gran importancia en la industria avícola debido a su distribución mundial, alta virulencia y las repercusiones económicas que implica. La transmisión de la enfermedad se ha tratado de prevenir mediante la vacunación; sin embargo, este método por sí solo no ha sido eficiente, ya que se deben de contemplar los métodos de aplicación de la vacuna y el mantenimiento de la cadena fría; así como las diferentes cepas y variantes presentes en campo, edad de aplicación, control de aves silvestres y la inmunidad pasiva que ésta provoca, con una menor reacción a las vacunas aplicadas. En lo anterior radica la importancia de buscar alternativas para generar una protección más eficiente ante dichos virus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Darrell <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Xu <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Dimitrov <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>Se han descrito múltiples actividades biológicas de los polisacáridos sulfatados, dentro de los cuales se mencionan actividad antiviral, anticancerígena, antioxidante y anticoagulante. La actividad antiviral de los polisacáridos fue descrita por primera vez en 1958, desde esa fecha hasta la actualidad se han encontrado una gran cantidad de polisacáridos sulfatados, ya sean sintéticos o naturales; ambos con actividad antiviral (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Xu et al., 2013</xref>). Dentro de estas propiedades los polisacáridos sulfurados han mostrado la capacidad de inhibir infecciones por paramyxovirus, mejorar la tasa de supervivencia ante la enfermedad de Newcastle de casi en un 20 % y permite bloquear infecciones con gran carga viral para que se puedan instaurar posibles tratamientos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Xu <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Xu <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de los polisacáridos sulfurados marinos, obtenidos del alga del género <italic>Ulva,</italic> como alternativa natural que permita eficientizar el sistema inmunológico de las aves ante la vacunación, y que a su vez se favorezca a aumentar los parámetros productivos.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>El presente trabajo se desarrolló en la caseta de pollos de engorda del Departamento de Producción Animal del Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias de la Universidad de Guadalajara. Su ubicación es Camino Ramón Padilla Sánchez No. 2100 Nextipac, Zapopan, Jalisco, México; con las coordenadas 20°74´59.05”, de Latitud Norte y 103°50´96.38” de Longitud Oeste, y una altitud de 1670 msnm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">INEGI, 2020</xref>).</p>
			<p>Se utilizaron 600 pollos de línea genética Cobb, 300 machos y 300 hembras, con un día de nacidos y vacunados contra Marek. Las aves fueron distribuidas en 4 tratamientos con 6 repeticiones de 25 aves; 1: tratamiento control sin vacuna (C), 2: tratamiento control con polisacáridos (CP), 3: tratamiento con vacuna sin polisacáridos (V) y 4: tratamiento con vacuna y polisacáridos (VP). Los polisacáridos utilizados fueron de la marca Olmix© y se utilizaron a una dosis de 45 g por cada 500 L de agua los días 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 19, 21,22, 34, 36 y 37.</p>
			<p>Las aves se alojaron en una caseta distribuidos en corrales de 2.5 m<sup>2</sup>; tres corrales para hembras y tres corrales para machos por cada tratamiento. A los cuatro tratamientos se les administró la vacuna de gumboro cepa Lukert liofilizada a los 5 y 14 días de edad; como estabilizador se utilizó leche descremada en polvo a una dosis de 2.5 g por litro de agua; ésta se dejó durante 60 minutos en los bebederos. La vacuna utilizada de Newcastle fue cepa la sota, la cual fue administrada vía oftálmica los 8, 20 y 35 días de vida de las aves; los muestreos para el conteo de anticuerpos del mismo virus fueron realizados los días 9, 21, 28, 35 y 42, al tratamiento V y VP. Se pesaron rechazos de alimento semanalmente en una báscula marca OHAUS<sup>®</sup> modelo T21P con precisión de 50 gr y se obtuvo el consumo promedio, se pesó a cada animal de forma individual cada semana y se determinó ganancia de peso semanal. Se obtuvo conversión alimenticia mediante la relación del alimento consumido por corral y la ganancia de peso promedio por corral.</p>
			<p>Para medir los anticuerpos de Newcastle el día 9 se tomaron 0.3 mL de sangre de la vena yugular a 6 aves de cada tratamiento, para los días 21, 28, 35 y 42 se extrajo 1 mL de sangre de 24 aves de cada tratamiento; se obtuvieron los sueros y se realizó inhibición de la hemoaglutinación para cuantificar los títulos de anticuerpos con la técnica realizada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">González (2012)</xref>.</p>
			<p>Se utilizó un diseño estadístico completamente al azar empleando el siguiente modelo:</p>
			<p>y = μ +Vi +Rj+є</p>
			<p>Donde:</p>
			<p>y = la variable a medir. μ = la media general.</p>
			<p>Vi= el i ésimo nivel de utilización de polisacáridos y vacunación Rj = el j ésimo efecto de repetición.</p>
			<p>є = error estándar.</p>
			<p>Las variables de respuesta fueron analizadas mediante un ANDEVA y la comparación de medias fue analizada por el método de Fisher, ambas con un nivel de significancia del 5%. Para analizar los datos se utilizó el programa Minitab 18 Copyright 2017 ®; asimismo se analizó la mortalidad mediante el método de ji cuadrada.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Consumo de alimento promedio</title>
				<p>En la segunda semana se observa que el consumo promedio de alimento fue significativamente mayor para el tratamiento CP, el cual consumió 28 y 36 g más que los tratamientos V y C respectivamente (P &lt; 0.05).</p>
				<p>De la semana 4 a la semana 6 el consumo de alimento de los tratamientos fue similar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>). En un estudio realizado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alaeldein <italic>et al</italic>., (2013)</xref>, donde se suplementaron las dietas con el alga <italic>Ulva lactuca</italic> no encontraron diferencia entre los consumos de alimento; de igual manera no existió diferencia de acuerdo a lo reportado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Chávez <italic>et al</italic>., (2016)</xref>. Por su parte <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Evans <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> obtuvieron que con un 21 % de inclusión de alga espirulina, el consumo fue significativamente menor.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Consumo semanal por ave en gramos</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								
							
							<tr>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">TRATAMIENTO </th>
								<th align="center">C</th>
								<th align="center">V</th>
								<th align="center">VP</th>
								<th align="center">CP</th>
								<th align="center">E.E.</th>
								<th align="center">Valor P</th>
							</tr></thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">387 ± 18 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">395 ± 9 <sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">412 ± 20 <sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">423 ± 16 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">5.42</td>
									<td align="center">0.005</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">SEMANA</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">623 ± 14</td>
									<td align="center">620 ± 34</td>
									<td align="center">620 ± 34</td>
									<td align="center">634 ± 33</td>
									<td align="center">9.99</td>
									<td align="center">0.830</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">874 ± 17</td>
									<td align="center">886 ± 44</td>
									<td align="center">879 ± 47</td>
									<td align="center">884 ± 36</td>
									<td align="center">12.65</td>
									<td align="center">0.953</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">1087 ± 27</td>
									<td align="center">1103 ± 47</td>
									<td align="center">1097 ± 53</td>
									<td align="center">1092 ± 46</td>
									<td align="center">14.75</td>
									<td align="center">0.927</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">1074 ± 32</td>
									<td align="center">1105 ± 58</td>
									<td align="center">1070 ± 59</td>
									<td align="center">1088 ± 64</td>
									<td align="center">18.2</td>
									<td align="center">0.696</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<label><sup>a</sup></label>
								<p><sup>,b</sup> Literales diferentes por fila indican diferencia estadísticamente significativa (P &lt; 0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Ganancia de peso semanal</title>
				<p>En la primera semana del experimento se observó que los tratamientos que fueron adicionados con PS, el VP y el CP, obtuvieron mayor ganancia de peso (P &lt; 0.05). Durante la semana 2, el tratamiento CP ganó de 16 a 29 g más en comparación con los otros tres tratamientos; de la misma manera ocurrió en la semana número 4, donde las diferencias fueron de 17 a 42 g más; dicha diferencia fue significativa (P&lt; 0.05). En la última semana no se observó diferencias entre los tratamientos, los pesos se muestran en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref>. En un estudio realizado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Rezvani <italic>et al</italic>., (2012)</xref>, donde suplementaron las dietas con diferentes porcentajes de inclusión del alga <italic>Chlorella</italic> y de prebióticos, no obtuvieron diferencias significativas entre sus tratamientos; sin embargo, los pesos desde la semana 3 fueron superiores a los del presente estudio, siendo mayor el tratamiento con 0.07 % de inclusión del alga <italic>Chlorella</italic>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabla 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Ganancia de peso semanal (g) por ave</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								
							
							<tr>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">Tratamiento</th>
								<th align="center"> </th>
								<th align="center"> </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2">Semana </th>
								<th align="center"> </th>
								<th align="center"> </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">1</th>
									<th align="center">2</th>
									<th align="center">3</th>
									<th align="center">4</th>
									<th align="center">5</th>
									<th align="center">6</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								
							
							<tr>
									<td align="justify">C</td>
								<td align="center">171 ± 15 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">420 ± 43 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">751 ± 66 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1176 ± 137 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1704 ± 175 <sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td align="center">2205 ± 231</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CP</td>
									<td align="center">174 ± 14 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">436 ± 33 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">741 ± 59 <sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1205 ± 109 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1738 ± 168 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2218 ± 228</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">V</td>
									<td align="center">167 ± 14 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">397 ± 32 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">723 ± 65 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1163 ± 102 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1700 ± 160 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2209 ± 260</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">VP</td>
									<td align="center">177 ± 14 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">413 ± 30 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">728 ± 65 <sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1187 ± 103 <sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1712 ± 164 <sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2177 ± 231</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">E.E.</td>
									<td align="center">0.002</td>
									<td align="center">0.005</td>
									<td align="center">0.010</td>
									<td align="center">0.018</td>
									<td align="center">0.027</td>
									<td align="center">0.0.039</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">P</td>
									<td align="center">0.000</td>
									<td align="center">0.000</td>
									<td align="center">0.000</td>
									<td align="center">0.011</td>
									<td align="center">0.195</td>
									<td align="center">0.473</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<label><sup>a</sup></label>
								<p><sup>,b</sup> Literales diferentes por columna indican diferencia estadísticamente significativa (P &lt; 0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Los resultados obtenidos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Mariey <italic>et al</italic>. (2012)</xref>, en su estudio realizado con diferentes porcentajes de inclusión del alga espirulina, muestran diferencia significativa únicamente con el mayor porcentaje de inclusión de esta alga, el cual fue de 0.20 %, a diferencia del presente estudio donde sólo en la semana 4 dos de los tratamientos con algas fueron significativamente mayores a los tratamientos con ausencia de éstas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Evans <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref>, reportaron que los tratamientos adicionados con alga espirulina no obtuvieron diferencia significativa, en comparación al tratamiento sin dicha alga; resultados similares a los obtenidos en el presente estudio. En otro estudio donde se incluyó en la dieta el alga <italic>Ulva lactuca,</italic> tampoco obtuvieron diferencias significativas, en comparación con las dietas sin alga (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alaeldein <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Conversión Alimenticia</title>
				<p>Los resultados de conversión alimenticia se muestran en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 3</xref>, donde se observa que el tratamiento CP obtuvo un mejor desempeño, en comparación con los tratamientos V y VP (P &lt; 0.05). En un estudio realizado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Rezvani <italic>et al.,</italic> (2012)</xref>, obtuvieron que la conversión alimenticia al día 42 de vida fue mejor en los tratamientos a los cuales se le adicionó alga <italic>Chlorella</italic> en sus diferentes porcentajes de inclusión y en el tratamiento, al cual se le añadió prebióticos en comparación con el tratamiento control. Por su parte <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Evans <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref>, en su experimento donde se probaron diferentes porcentajes de inclusión de alga <italic>Spirulina,</italic> no obtuvieron diferencia significativa (P &gt; 0.05), en comparación con la dieta control. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alaeldein <italic>et al.,</italic> (2013)</xref> no encontraron diferencia significativa (P &gt; 0.05) entre el tratamiento testigo y los adicionados con diferentes porcentajes de inclusión de <italic>Ulva Lactuca.</italic></p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Tabla 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Conversión alimenticia promedio por tratamiento</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col span="4"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" colspan="5">Tratamiento </th>
									<th align="justify" > </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">VP</th>
									<th align="center">C</th>
									<th align="center">CP</th>
									<th align="center">V</th>
									<th align="center">E.E.</th>
									<th align="center">P</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">1.8895 ± 0.19 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.8707 ± 0.21 <sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.8334 ± 0.23 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.8879 ± 0.25 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.03</td>
									<td align="center">0.047</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<label><sup>a,b</sup></label>
								<p> Literales diferentes por fila indican diferencia estadísticamente significativa (P &lt; 0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Inhibición de la hemaglutinación</title>
				<p>Al realizar la medición de anticuerpos contra Newcastle se observa que a los 9 días de muestreo no existió diferencia entre ninguno de los tratamientos, a los días 21, 28, 35, y 42 los grupos V y VP, crearon más anticuerpos; esta diferencia resulta ser significativa (P &lt; 0.05). Los resultados muestran una mayor producción de anticuerpos en los grupos a los cuales se les aplicó vacuna. En un estudio realizado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Sedeik <italic>et al.,</italic> (2019)</xref>, donde evaluaron la generación de anticuerpos contra el virus de Newcastle, comparando tratamientos sin vacuna y con vacunas de distintas marcas, obtuvieron que los títulos de anticuerpos en la semana 2 y 3 post vacuna, los grupos vacunados fueron significativamente (p &lt; 0.05) más altos que los no vacunados. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Xu <italic>et al.,</italic> (2013</xref>), evaluaron la multiplicación del virus de Newcastle en bazo, riñón, hígado, pulmón y corazón en dos tratamientos; aves inoculadas con el virus y aves inoculadas con el virus y tratadas con polisacáridos sulfatados, donde obtuvieron que los títulos del virus en el bazo, corazón y pulmón de los grupos tratados con polisacáridos fueron estadísticamente más bajos (P &lt; 0.05).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Tabla 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Anticuerpos contra Newcastle</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								
							
							<tr>
									<th align="center">Tratamiento</th>
									
									
								<th align="center" colspan="5"><bold>Días</bold></th>
									
								</tr>
								
								<tr>
									<th align="center"> </th>
									
									<th align="center">9</th>
									<th align="center">21</th>
									<th align="center">28</th>
									<th align="center">35</th>
									<th align="center">42</th>
								</tr></thead>
							<tbody><tr>
									
									<td align="justify">C </td>
								<td align="center">5.83 ± 1.84</td>
								<td align="center">3.83 ± 1.24 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center" >2.5 ± 1.75 <sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">2.80 ± 2.69 <sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">7.38 ± 2.06 <sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify" >CP </td>
									<td align="center">6.33 ± 1.21</td>
									<td align="center">4.08 ± 1.32 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">4 ± 2.7 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">4.30 ± 3.37 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">6.58 ± 2.60 <sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify" >V </td>
									<td align="center">7 ± 1.41</td>
									<td align="center" >7.5 ± 1.62 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center" >8.13 ± 1.15 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">9.04 ± 1.68 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">9.5 ± 1.06 <sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify" >VP </td>
									<td align="center">6.5 ± 1.64</td>
									<td align="center" >7.08 ± 1.14 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center" >7.91 ± 1.32 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">8.25 ± 1.85 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">9.58 ± 1.25 <sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify" >E.E. </td>
									<td align="center">0.515</td>
									<td align="center" >0.223 </td>
									<td align="center" >0.305 </td>
									<td align="center">0.415</td>
									<td align="center">0.309</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify" >Valor P </td>
									<td align="center">0.633</td>
									<td align="center" >0.000 </td>
									<td align="center" >0.000 </td>
									<td align="center">0.000</td>
									<td align="center">0.000</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify" >Coef. Var. </td>
									<td align="center">23.40</td>
									<td align="center" >38.02 </td>
									<td align="center">54.08</td>
									
									<td align="center">59.05</td>
									<td align="center">27.23</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<label><sup>a</sup></label>
								<p><sup>,b</sup> Literales diferentes por fila indican diferencia estadísticamente significativa (P &lt; 0.05). Los valores se expresan sobre base 2 que corresponden al valor de título de inhibición de la hemaglutinación.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Porcentaje de mortalidad</title>
				<p>Al analizar la mortalidad, se encontró que el grupo VP obtuvo el porcentaje más alto, siendo esta diferencia significativa en comparación con el grupo CP (P &lt; 0.05). Los porcentajes son similares a los reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Gutiérrez <italic>et al.,</italic> (2015)</xref>, quienes obtuvieron un porcentaje de mortalidad del 1.66 % en el grupo control; a diferencia del grupo suplementado con probióticos, que obtuvo un porcentaje nulo de mortalidad. De igual manera los resultados coinciden con el estudio realizado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Francia <italic>et al.,</italic> (2009)</xref>), donde los resultados fueron de 0.28 a 6.66 % de mortalidad en la comparación de dos líneas genéticas.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Tabla 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Porcentaje de mortalidad</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Tratamiento</th>
									<th align="center">% mortalidad</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">C</td>
									<td align="center">2.08%<sup>ab</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">V</td>
									<td align="center">2.14%<sup>ab</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">VP</td>
									<td align="center">3.59%<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CP</td>
									<td align="center">0.00%<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<label><sup>a</sup></label>
								<p><sup>,b</sup> Literales diferentes por fila indican diferencia estadísticamente significativa (P &lt; 0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La producción de anticuerpos contra el virus de Newcastle muestra ser mayor en los grupos en los cuales se administró la vacuna; sin embargo, los polisacáridos no demuestran tener ningún efecto en la respuesta a la vacuna. Los polisacáridos sulfatados no mostraron tener ningún efecto en el consumo de alimento, en la ganancia de peso y en la conversión alimenticia.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>LITERATURA CITADA</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<mixed-citation>Alaeldein MA, Aly BO., Riyadh SA, Emad MS, Kalid AA, Ahmad AA. 2013. Nutritional Value of Green Seaweed (Ulva Lactuca) for Broiler Chickens. <italic>Italian Journal of Animal Science</italic>. 12:2, e28, 33-37. https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2013.e28</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Alaeldein</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aly</surname>
							<given-names>BO.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Riyadh</surname>
							<given-names>SA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Emad</surname>
							<given-names>MS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kalid</surname>
							<given-names>AA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ahmad</surname>
							<given-names>AA.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Nutritional Value of Green Seaweed (Ulva Lactuca) for Broiler Chickens</article-title>
					<source>Italian Journal of Animal Science</source>
					<volume>12</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<comment>e28</comment>
					<fpage>33</fpage>
					<lpage>37</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4081/ijas.2013.e28</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<mixed-citation>Chávez L, López A, Parra J. 2016. Crecimiento y desarrollo intestinal de aves de engorde alimentadas con cepas probióticas. <italic>Archivos de zootecnia</italic>. 65(249):51-58. ISSN: 0004-0592 <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/495/49544737008.pdf">https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/495/49544737008.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Chávez</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>López</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Parra</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Crecimiento y desarrollo intestinal de aves de engorde alimentadas con cepas probióticas</article-title>
					<source>Archivos de zootecnia</source>
					<volume>65</volume>
					<issue>249</issue>
					<fpage>51</fpage>
					<lpage>58</lpage>
					<issn>0004-0592</issn>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/495/49544737008.pdf">https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/495/49544737008.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<mixed-citation>Darrell RK, Alison M, Eid EH, Daniel JK. 2012. Protection from Clinical Disease Against Three Highly Virulent Strains of Newcastle Disease Virus After In Ovo Application of an Antibody-Antigen Complex Vaccine Maternal Antibody-Positive Chickens. <italic>Avian Diseases</italic>. 56(3):555-560. https://doi.org/10.1637/9980-110311-Reg.1</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Darrell</surname>
							<given-names>RK</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alison</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Eid</surname>
							<given-names>EH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Daniel</surname>
							<given-names>JK.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Protection from Clinical Disease Against Three Highly Virulent Strains of Newcastle Disease Virus After In Ovo Application of an Antibody-Antigen Complex Vaccine Maternal Antibody-Positive Chickens</article-title>
					<source>Avian Diseases</source>
					<volume>56</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>555</fpage>
					<lpage>560</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1637/9980-110311-Reg.1</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<mixed-citation>Evans AM, Smith DL, Moritz, JS. 2015. Effects of algae incorporation into broiler starter diet formulations on nutrient digestibility and 3 to 21 d bird performance. <italic>Journal of Applied Poultry Research</italic>. 24(2):206-214. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfv027</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Evans</surname>
							<given-names>AM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Smith</surname>
							<given-names>DL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Moritz</surname>
							<given-names>JS</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Effects of algae incorporation into broiler starter diet formulations on nutrient digestibility and 3 to 21 d bird performance</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Applied Poultry Research</source>
					<volume>24</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>206</fpage>
					<lpage>214</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3382/japr/pfv027</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<mixed-citation>Francia MM, Icochea DE, Reyna SP, Figueroa TE. 2009. Tasas de mortalidad, eliminados y descartes, de dos líneas genéticas de pollos de carne. <italic>Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias de Perú</italic>. 20(2): 228-234. ISSN 1609-9117. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?pid=S1609-91172009000200012&amp;script=sci_abstract">http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?pid=S1609-91172009000200012&amp;script=sci_abstract</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Francia</surname>
							<given-names>MM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Icochea</surname>
							<given-names>DE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Reyna</surname>
							<given-names>SP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Figueroa</surname>
							<given-names>TE.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2009</year>
					<article-title>Tasas de mortalidad, eliminados y descartes, de dos líneas genéticas de pollos de carne</article-title>
					<source>Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias de Perú</source>
					<volume>20</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>228</fpage>
					<lpage>234</lpage>
					<issn>1609-9117</issn>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?pid=S1609-91172009000200012&amp;script=sci_abstract">http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?pid=S1609-91172009000200012&amp;script=sci_abstract</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<mixed-citation>González D, Gaete A, Moreno L, Ardiles K, Cerda F, Mathieu C, Orteg, R. 2012. Anticuerpos contra la enfermedad de Newcastle e Influenza Aviar en aves rapaces de Chile. <italic>MVZ Córdoba</italic>. 17(3):3118-3124. https://doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.210</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>González</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gaete</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Moreno</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ardiles</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cerda</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mathieu</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Orteg</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Anticuerpos contra la enfermedad de Newcastle e Influenza Aviar en aves rapaces de Chile</article-title>
					<source>MVZ Córdoba</source>
					<volume>17</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>3118</fpage>
					<lpage>3124</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21897/rmvz.210</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<mixed-citation>Gutiérrez L, Bedoya O, Arenas J. 2015. Evaluación de parámetros productivos en pollos de engorde suplementados con microorganismos probióticos. <italic>Temas Agrarios</italic>. 20(2): 81-85. https://doi.org/10.21897/rta.v20i2.761</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gutiérrez</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bedoya</surname>
							<given-names>O</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Arenas</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Evaluación de parámetros productivos en pollos de engorde suplementados con microorganismos probióticos</article-title>
					<source>Temas Agrarios</source>
					<volume>20</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>81</fpage>
					<lpage>85</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21897/rta.v20i2.761</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<mixed-citation>INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía) 2020. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://gaia.inegi.org.mx/mdm6/?v=bGF0OjIwLjc0Mzg2LGxvbjotMTAzLjUxMTY5LHo6MTQsbDpjMTExc2VydmljaW9zfHRjMTExc2VydmljaW9z">http://gaia.inegi.org.mx/mdm6/?v=bGF0OjIwLjc0Mzg2LGxvbjotMTAzLjUxMTY5LHo6MTQsbDpjMTExc2VydmljaW9zfHRjMTExc2VydmljaW9z</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="webpage">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía)</collab>
					</person-group>
					<year>2020</year>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://gaia.inegi.org.mx/mdm6/?v=bGF0OjIwLjc0Mzg2LGxvbjotMTAzLjUxMTY5LHo6MTQsbDpjMTExc2VydmljaW9zfHRjMTExc2VydmljaW9z">http://gaia.inegi.org.mx/mdm6/?v=bGF0OjIwLjc0Mzg2LGxvbjotMTAzLjUxMTY5LHo6MTQsbDpjMTExc2VydmljaW9zfHRjMTExc2VydmljaW9z</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<mixed-citation>Dimitrov K, Afonso C, Yu Q, Miller P. 2017. Newcastle disease vaccine - A solved problem or a continuous challenge?. <italic>Elsevier, Veterinary Microbiology</italic>. 206: 1236-136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.019</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Dimitrov</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Afonso</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yu</surname>
							<given-names>Q</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Miller</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Newcastle disease vaccine - A solved problem or a continuous challenge?</article-title>
					<source>Elsevier, Veterinary Microbiology</source>
					<volume>206</volume>
					<fpage>1236</fpage>
					<lpage>1136</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.019</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<mixed-citation>Mariey YA, Samak HR, Ibrahem MA. 2012. Effect Of Using Spirulina Platensis Algae As Afeed Additive For Poultry Diets: 1- Productive And Reproductive Performances Of Local Laying Hens. <italic>Egyptian Poultry Science Journal</italic>. 32(1): 201-215. ISSN : 1110-5623<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.epsaegypt.com/pdf/2012_march/14-1328.pdf">http://www.epsaegypt.com/pdf/2012_march/14-1328.pdf </ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Mariey</surname>
							<given-names>YA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Samak</surname>
							<given-names>HR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ibrahem</surname>
							<given-names>MA.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Effect Of Using Spirulina Platensis Algae As Afeed Additive For Poultry Diets: 1- Productive And Reproductive Performances Of Local Laying Hens</article-title>
					<source>Egyptian Poultry Science Journal</source>
					<volume>32</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>201</fpage>
					<lpage>215</lpage>
					<issn>1110-5623</issn>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.epsaegypt.com/pdf/2012_march/14-1328.pdf">http://www.epsaegypt.com/pdf/2012_march/14-1328.pdf </ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<mixed-citation>Minitab (Nº de versión 18) 2017. Windows. Minitab LLC.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="database">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>Minitab (Nº de versión 18)</collab>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<source>Windows</source>
					<publisher-name>Minitab LLC</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<mixed-citation>Rezvani M, Shivazad M, Zaghari M, Moravej H. 2012. A survey on <italic>Chlorella vulgaris</italic> effect's on performance and cellular immunity in broilers. <italic>International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research</italic>. 3(1): 9-15. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://ijasr.srbiau.ac.ir/article_5589_7a8e66a1679cf3c13b6d31f4d91e06d4.pdf">https://ijasr.srbiau.ac.ir/article_5589_7a8e66a1679cf3c13b6d31f4d91e06d4.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rezvani</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shivazad</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zaghari</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Moravej</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>A survey on Chlorella vulgaris effect's on performance and cellular immunity in broilers</article-title>
					<source>International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research</source>
					<volume>3</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>9</fpage>
					<lpage>15</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://ijasr.srbiau.ac.ir/article_5589_7a8e66a1679cf3c13b6d31f4d91e06d4.pdf">https://ijasr.srbiau.ac.ir/article_5589_7a8e66a1679cf3c13b6d31f4d91e06d4.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<mixed-citation>Sedeik ME, Elbestawy AR, El-shall NA, Adb ME, Saadeldin IM, Swelum AA. 2019. Comparative efficacy of commercial inactivated Newcastle disease virus vaccines against Newcastle disease virus genotype VII in broiler chickens. <italic>Elsevier, Poultry Science</italic>. 98: 2000-2007. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey559</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Sedeik</surname>
							<given-names>ME</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Elbestawy</surname>
							<given-names>AR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>El-shall</surname>
							<given-names>NA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Adb</surname>
							<given-names>ME</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Saadeldin</surname>
							<given-names>IM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Swelum</surname>
							<given-names>AA.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Comparative efficacy of commercial inactivated Newcastle disease virus vaccines against Newcastle disease virus genotype VII in broiler chickens</article-title>
					<source>Elsevier, Poultry Science</source>
					<volume>98</volume>
					<fpage>2000</fpage>
					<lpage>2007</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3382/ps/pey559</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<mixed-citation>Xu S, Yuetian Z, Zhongqiong Y, Xinghong Z, Xiaoxia L, Changliang H, Lizi Y, Cheng L, Ling Z, Gang Y, Fei S, Gang S, Renyong J. 2015. Antiviral effect of sulfated Chuanmingshen violaceum polysaccharide in chickens infected with virulent Newcastle disease virus. <italic>Elsevier, Virology</italic>. 476: 316-322.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2014.12.030</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Xu</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yuetian</surname>
							<given-names>Z</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhongqiong</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Xinghong</surname>
							<given-names>Z</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Xiaoxia</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Changliang</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lizi</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cheng</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ling</surname>
							<given-names>Z</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gang</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fei</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gang</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Renyong</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Antiviral effect of sulfated Chuanmingshen violaceum polysaccharide in chickens infected with virulent Newcastle disease virus</article-title>
					<source>Elsevier, Virology</source>
					<volume>476</volume>
					<fpage>316</fpage>
					<lpage>322</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.virol.2014.12.030</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<mixed-citation>Xu S, Zhongqiong Yin, Xinghong Z, Anchun C, Renyong J, Guiping Y, Jiao X, Qiaojia F, Shujun D, Hongke L, Cheng L, Xiaoxia L, Changliang H, Gang S, Ling Z, Gang Y, Fei S. 2013. Antiviral activity of sulfated Chuanmingshen violaceum polysaccharide against Newcastle disease virus. <italic>Journal of General Virology</italic>. 94:2164-2174. PMID: 23884364. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.054270-0</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Xu</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yin</surname>
							<given-names>Zhongqiong</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Xinghong</surname>
							<given-names>Z</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Anchun</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Renyong</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Guiping</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jiao</surname>
							<given-names>X</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Qiaojia</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shujun</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hongke</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cheng</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Xiaoxia</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Changliang</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gang</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ling</surname>
							<given-names>Z</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gang</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fei</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Antiviral activity of sulfated Chuanmingshen violaceum polysaccharide against Newcastle disease virus</article-title>
					<source>Journal of General Virology</source>
					<volume>94</volume>
					<fpage>2164</fpage>
					<lpage>2174</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23884364</pub-id>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1099/vir.0.054270-0</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				
				<p>Clave: e2021-15.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Short communication</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Effect of marine sulfurized polysaccharides as immunomodulators of the response to vaccination in broilers</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>One of the obstacles poultry producers face is the mutation suffered by pathogens that complicate the combat against them; due to this, there are considered alternatives to improve productive and immunological parameters. The present study evaluated feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion, Newcastle antibody titers, and mortality in broilers, adding their diet with sulfated polysaccharides extracted from seaweed (SP). The experiment consisted of four treatments with six repetitions, each one with 25 animals of Cobb genetics. The treatments were: control with vaccination, control with SP, and SP with the vaccine. The food was weighed daily, the rejections and the birds were weighed weekly, blood samples were taken at days 9, 21, 28, 35, and 42 of life to determine antibodies to Newcastle. The control group SP obtained the best food conversion with 1.83 (P &lt;0.05). The vaccine treatments with SP and vaccine generated the highest amount of antibodies (P &lt;0.05). The SP product at the dose used did not increase the productive or immunological parameters, so it would be essential to carry out another study with different quantities of product inclusion.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>polysaccharides</kwd>
				<kwd>antibodies</kwd>
				<kwd>Newcastle</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Last decade, zoonotic viral diseases with high mortality have emerged, among these pathogens are the paramyxoviruses, to which Newcastle disease belongs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Xu <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). This continues to be of great importance in the poultry industry due to its worldwide distribution, high virulence and economic repercussions it entails. The disease transmission has been prevented by vaccination; however, this method alone has not been efficient, since application methods of the vaccine and the cold chain maintenance must be considered, as well as different strains and variants present in the field, age of application, control of wild birds and the passive immunity that this causes, with a lower reaction to the vaccines applied. In the above lies the importance of searching for alternatives to generate a more efficient protection against these viruses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Darrell <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Xu <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Dimitrov <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>Multiple biological activities of sulfated polysaccharides have been described, within which antiviral, anticancer, antioxidant and anticoagulant activity are mentioned. The antiviral activity of polysaccharides was first described in 1958, from that date to the present day a large number of sulfated polysaccharides have been found, either synthetic or natural; both with antiviral activity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Xu <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). Among these properties, sulfated polysaccharides have shown the ability to inhibit paramyxovirus infections, improve the survival rate against Newcastle disease by almost 20 % and allow blocking infections with high viral load so that possible treatments can be established (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Xu <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Xu <italic>et al</italic>., 2015)</xref>.</p>
				<p>The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of marine sulfur polysaccharides, obtained from algae of the genus <italic>Ulva</italic>, as a natural alternative that allows the efficiency of bird immune system before vaccination, and that in turn favors the increase of productive parameters.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p>The present work was carried out in the broiler house of the Animal Production Department of the University Center of Biological and Agricultural Sciences of the Universidad de Guadalajara. Its location is Camino Ramón Padilla Sánchez No. 2100 Nextipac, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico; with coordinates 20°74'59.05&quot;, North Latitude and 103°50'96.38&quot; West Longitude, and an altitude of 1670 m a.s.l (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">INEGI, 2020</xref>). .</p>
				<p>600 broilers of Cobb genetic line were used, 300 males and 300 females, one day old and vaccinated against Marek's disease. Birds were distributed in 4 treatments with 6 replicates of 25 birds; 1: control treatment without vaccine (C), 2: control treatment with polysaccharides (PC), 3: treatment with vaccine without polysaccharides (V) and 4: treatment with vaccine and polysaccharides (VP). The polysaccharides used were Olmix<sup>©</sup> brand and they were used at a dose of 45 g per 500 L of water on days 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 19, 21, 22, 34, 36 and 37.</p>
				<p>Birds were housed in a house distributed in 2.5 m<sup>2</sup> pens; three pens for females and three pens for males for each treatment. Freeze-dried Lukert strain gumboro vaccine was administered to four treatments at 5 and 14 days of age; skim milk powder was used as stabilizer at a dose of 2.5 g per liter of water; this was left for 60 minutes in the drinkers. The Newcastle vaccine used was La Sota strain, which was administered ophthalmically at 8, 20 and 35 days of age of the birds; the samples for counting antibodies to the same virus were taken on days 9, 21, 28, 35 and 42, at treatment V and VP. Weekly feed rejections were weighed on an OHAUS<sup>®</sup> model T21P scale with a precision of 50 grams and the average feed consumption was obtained. Feed conversion was obtained by the ratio of feed consumed per pen to the average weight gain per pen.</p>
				<p>To measure Newcastle antibodies, on day 9, 0.3 mL of blood was taken from the jugular vein of 6 birds of each treatment; on days 21, 28, 35 and 42, 1 mL of blood was extracted from 24 birds of each treatment; sera were obtained and hemagglutination inhibition was performed to quantify antibody titers using the technique performed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">González (2012)</xref>. A completely randomized statistical design was used using the following model:</p>
				<p><italic>y = µ +Vi + Rj + є</italic></p>
				<p>Where:</p>
				<p><italic>y</italic> = the variable to be measured. <italic>μ</italic> = the overall mean.</p>
				<p>Vi = the ith level of polysaccharide utilization and vaccination. Rj = the jth repetition effect.</p>
				<p>є = standard error.</p>
				<p>The response variables were analyzed by ANDEVA and the comparison of means was analyzed by Fisher's method, both with a significance level of 5%. The Minitab 18 Copyright 2017<sup>®</sup> program was used to analyze the data; mortality was also analyzed using the chi-square method.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Average feed consumption</title>
					<p>In the second week, average feed consumption was significantly higher for the PC treatment, which consumed 28 and 36 g more than the V and C treatments, respectively (P &lt; 0.05).</p>
					<p>From week 4 to week 6 the feed consumption of the treatments was similar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 1</xref>). In a study conducted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alaeldein <italic>et al</italic>., (2013)</xref>, where diets were supplemented with <italic>Ulva lactuca</italic> algae, they found no difference between feed intakes; similarly there was no difference according to what was reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Chávez <italic>et al</italic>., (2016)</xref>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Evans <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> found that with a 21 % inclusion of spirulina algae, feed intake was significantly lower.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Weekly consumption per bird in grams</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col span="2"/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
							<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center" colspan="2">TREATMENT </th>
										<th align="center">C</th>
										<th align="center">V</th>
										<th align="center">VP</th>
										<th align="center">PC</th>
										<th align="center">S.E.</th>
										<th align="center">P Value</th>
									</tr></thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="center">2</td>
										<td align="center">387 ± 18 <sup>c</sup></td>
										<td align="center">395 ± 9 <sup>bc</sup></td>
										<td align="center">412 ± 20 <sup>ab</sup></td>
										<td align="center">423 ± 16 <sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">5.42</td>
										<td align="center">0.005</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="center">3</td>
										<td align="center">623 ± 14</td>
										<td align="center">620 ± 34</td>
										<td align="center">620 ± 34</td>
										<td align="center">634 ± 33</td>
										<td align="center">9.99</td>
										<td align="center">0.830</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify" rowspan="2">WEEK</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
										<td align="center">874 ± 17</td>
										<td align="center">886 ± 44</td>
										<td align="center">879 ± 47</td>
										<td align="center">884 ± 36</td>
										<td align="center">12.65</td>
										<td align="center">0.953</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">5</td>
										<td align="center">1087 ± 27</td>
										<td align="center">1103 ± 47</td>
										<td align="center">1097 ± 53</td>
										<td align="center">1092 ± 46</td>
										<td align="center">14.75</td>
										<td align="center">0.927</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="center">6</td>
										<td align="center">1074 ± 32</td>
										<td align="center">1105 ± 58</td>
										<td align="center">1070 ± 59</td>
										<td align="center">1088 ± 64</td>
										<td align="center">18.2</td>
										<td align="center">0.696</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN6">
									<label><sup>a</sup></label>
									<p><sup>,b</sup> Different literals per row indicate statistically significant difference (P &lt; 0.05).</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Weekly weight gain</title>
					<p>In the first week of the experiment, it was observed that the treatments that were added with SP, the VP and the PC, obtained greater weight gain (P &lt; 0.05). During week 2, PC treatment gained 16 to 29 g more compared to the other three treatments; the same occurred in week 4, where the differences were 17 to 42 g more; this difference was significant (P &lt; 0.05). In the last week, no differences between treatments were observed; the weights are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref>. In a study conducted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Rezvani <italic>et al</italic>., (2012</xref>), where they supplemented diets with different percentages of inclusion of <italic>Chlorella</italic> algae and prebiotics, they did not obtain significant differences between their treatments; however, the weights from week 3 were higher than those of the present study, with the treatment with 0.07 % inclusion of <italic>Chlorella</italic> algae being higher.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t7">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Weekly weight gain (g) per bird</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>	
									<tr>
										<th align="center">Treatment</th>
										
										<th align="center" colspan="6"><bold>Week</bold></th>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th align="justify"> </th>
										
										<th align="center">1</th>
										<th align="center">2</th>
										<th align="center">3</th>
										<th align="center">4</th>
										<th align="center">5</th>
										<th align="center">6</th>
									</tr>
									</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">C </td>
										<td align="center">171 ± 15 <sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">420 ± 43 <sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">751 ± 66 <sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">1176 ± 137 <sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">1704 ± 175 <sup>ab</sup></td>
										<td align="center">2205 ± 231</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">PC </td>
										<td align="center">174 ± 14 <sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">436 ± 33 <sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">741 ± 59 <sup>ab</sup></td>
										<td align="center">1205 ± 109 <sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">1738 ± 168 <sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">2218 ± 228</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify" >V </td>
										<td align="center">167 ± 14 <sup>c</sup></td>
										<td align="center">397 ± 32 <sup>c</sup></td>
										<td align="center">723 ± 65 <sup>c</sup></td>
										<td align="center">1163 ± 102 <sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">1700 ± 160 <sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">2209 ± 260</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify" >VP </td>
										<td align="center">177 ± 14 <sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">413 ± 30 <sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">728 ± 65 <sup>bc</sup></td>
										<td align="center">1187 ± 103 <sup>ab</sup></td>
										<td align="center">1712 ± 164 <sup>ab</sup></td>
										<td align="center">2177 ± 231</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify" >E.S. </td>
										<td align="center">0.002</td>
										<td align="center">0.005</td>
										<td align="center">0.010</td>
										<td align="center">0.018</td>
										<td align="center">0.027</td>
										<td align="center">0.0.039</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify" >P </td>
										<td align="center">0.000</td>
										<td align="center">0.000</td>
										<td align="center">0.000</td>
										<td align="center">0.011</td>
										<td align="center">0.195</td>
										<td align="center">0.473</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN7">
									<label><sup>a</sup></label>
									<p><sup>,b</sup>Different literals per column indicate statistically significant difference (P &lt; 0.05).</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Results obtained by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Mariey <italic>et al</italic>. (2012)</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Mariey <italic>et al.</italic> (2012)</xref>, in their study carried out with different percentages of spirulina algae inclusion, show a significant difference only with the highest percentage of this algae inclusion, which was 0.20%, unlike the present study where only in week 4, two of the treatments with algae were significantly higher than treatments without algae. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Evans <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref>, reported that treatments added with spirulina algae did not obtain a significant difference compared to the treatment without this algae; results similar to those obtained in the present study. In another study where <italic>Ulva lactuca</italic> algae was included in the diet, no significant differences were obtained compared to diets without algae (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alaeldein <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Feed conversion</title>
					<p>Results of feed conversion are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 3</xref>, where it is observed that the PC treatment obtained a better performance compared to the V and VP treatments (P &lt; 0.05). In a study conducted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Rezvani <italic>et al.,</italic> (2012)</xref>), they obtained that feed conversion at day 42 of life was better in the treatments to which <italic>Chlorella</italic> algae was added in its different percentages of inclusion and in the treatment to which prebiotics were added compared to the control treatment. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Evans <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref>), in their experiment where different inclusion percentages of <italic>Spirulina</italic> algae were tested, did not obtain a significant difference (P &gt; 0.05), compared to the control diet. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alaeldein <italic>et al.,</italic> (2013)</xref> found no significant difference (P &gt; 0.05) between the control treatment and those added with different inclusion percentages of <italic>Ulva Lactuca</italic>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t8">
							<label>Table 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Average Feed Conversion by Treatment</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col span="4"/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center" colspan="4">Treatment </th>
										<th align="justify"> </th>
										<th align="justify"> </th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">VP</th>
										<th align="center">C</th>
										<th align="center">PC</th>
										<th align="center">V</th>
										<th align="center">S.E.</th>
										<th align="center">P</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">1.8895 ± 0.19 <sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">1.8707 ± 0.21 <sup>ab</sup></td>
										<td align="center">1.8334 ± 0.23 <sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">1.8879 ± 0.25 <sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.03</td>
										<td align="center">0.047</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN8">
									<label><sup>a</sup></label>
									<p><sup>,b</sup> Literales diferentes por fila indican diferencia estadísticamente significativa (P &lt; 0.05)</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Hemagglutination Inhibition</title>
					<p>The measurement of antibodies against Newcastle showed that at 9 days of sampling there was no difference between any of the treatments; at days 21, 28, 35, and 42, groups V and VP created more antibodies; this difference was significant (P&lt; 0.05). Results show a higher production of antibodies in the groups to which vaccine was applied. In a study by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Sedeik <italic>et al.,</italic> (2019)</xref>, where they evaluated the generation of antibodies against Newcastle virus, comparing treatments without vaccine and with vaccines of different brands, they obtained that the antibody titersin week 2 and 3 post-vaccination, vaccinated groups were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher than the non-vaccinated ones. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Xu <italic>et al.,</italic> (2013)</xref>, evaluated the multiplication of Newcastle virus in spleen, kidney, liver, lung and heart in two treatments; birds inoculated with the virus and birds inoculated with the virus and treated with sulfated polysaccharides, where they obtained that the virus titers in the spleen, heart and lung of the groups treated with polysaccharides were statistically lower (P &lt; 0.05).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t9">
							<label>Table 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Antibodies against Newcastle disease</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									
								
								<tr>
										<th align="center">Treatment</th>
										
									<th align="center" colspan="5"><bold>Days</bold></th>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th align="center"> </th>
										
										<th align="center">9</th>
										<th align="center">21</th>
										<th align="center">28</th>
										<th align="center">35</th>
										<th align="center">42</th>
									</tr></thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" >C </td>
										<td align="center">5.83 ± 1.84</td>
										<td align="center">3.83 ± 1.24 <sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">2.5 ± 1.75 <sup>c</sup></td>
										<td align="center">2.80 ± 2.69 <sup>c</sup></td>
										<td align="center">7.38 ± 2.06 <sup>b</sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" >PC </td>
										<td align="center">6.33 ± 1.21</td>
										<td align="center">4.08 ± 1.32 <sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">4 ± 2.7 <sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">4.30 ± 3.37 <sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">6.58 ± 2.60 <sup>b</sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" >V </td>
										<td align="center">7 ± 1.41</td>
										<td align="center">7.5 ± 1.62 <sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">8.13 ± 1.15 <sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">9.04 ± 1.68 <sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">9.5 ± 1.06 <sup>a</sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" >VP </td>
										<td align="center">6.5 ± 1.64</td>
										<td align="center">7.08 ± 1.14 <sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">7.91 ± 1.32 <sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">8.25 ± 1.85 <sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">9.58 ± 1.25 <sup>a</sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" >S.E. </td>
										<td align="center">0.515</td>
										<td align="center">0.223</td>
										<td align="center">0.305</td>
										<td align="center">0.415</td>
										<td align="center">0.309</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" >P Value </td>
										<td align="center">0.633</td>
										<td align="center">0.000</td>
										<td align="center">0.000</td>
										<td align="center">0.000</td>
										<td align="center">0.000</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" >Coef. Var. </td>
										<td align="center">23.40</td>
										<td align="center">38.02</td>
										<td align="center">54.08</td>
										<td align="center">59.05</td>
										<td align="center">27.23</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN9">
									<label><sup>a</sup></label>
									<p><sup>,b</sup>Different literals per row indicate statistically significant difference (P &lt; 0.05). Values are expressed on base 2 corresponding to the hemagglutination inhibition titer value.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Percentage of mortality</title>
					<p>When analyzing mortality, it was found that the VP group obtained the highest percentage, being this difference significant compared to the PC group (P &lt; 0.05). The percentages are similar to those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Gutiérrez <italic>et al.,</italic> (2015)</xref>, who obtained a mortality percentage of 1.66 % in the control group; unlike the group supplemented with probiotics, which obtained a null mortality percentage. Similarly, the results coincide with the study conducted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Francia <italic>et al.,</italic> (2009)</xref>, where the results ranged from 0.28 to 6.66 % mortality in the comparison of two genetic lines.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t10">
							<label>Table 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Mortality percentage</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">Treatment</th>
										<th align="center">% Mortality</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">C</td>
										<td align="center">2.08%<sup>ab</sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">V</td>
										<td align="center">2.14%<sup>ab</sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">VP</td>
										<td align="center">3.59%<sup>a</sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">PC</td>
										<td align="center">0.00%<sup>b</sup></td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN10">
									<label><sup>a</sup></label>
									<p><sup>,b</sup> Different literals per row indicate statistically significant difference (P &lt; 0.05).</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The production of antibodies against Newcastle virus was shown to be higher in the groups in which the vaccine was administered; however, polysaccharides showed no effect on the response to the vaccine. Sulfated polysaccharides showed no effect on feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">				
					<p>Code: e2021-15.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>