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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2021.24</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00116</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Calidad fermentativa y producción de metano en ensilados de rastrojo de maíz adicionados con nopal fermentado y sin fermentar</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7774-345X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Araiza-Rosales</surname>
						<given-names>Elia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7331-4914</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>González-Arreola</surname>
						<given-names>Adolfo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5134-6306</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pámanes-Carrasco</surname>
						<given-names>Gerardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5815-0779</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Murillo-Ortiz</surname>
						<given-names>Manuel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2171-1357</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Jiménez-Ocampo</surname>
						<given-names>Rafael</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3821-4923</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Herrera-Torres</surname>
						<given-names>Esperanza</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">CONACYT-Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, México. C.P. 34000. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Durango</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango. Durango, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Durango</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias-Durango. Km 4.5 Carretera Durango- Mezquital. Durango, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Durango</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Tecnológico del Valle del Guadiana-Tecnológico Nacional de México. Durango, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Tecnológico de Valle de Guadiana</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Tecnológico del Valle del Guadiana</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>
					<email>e_araiza2002@hotmail.com</email>, <email>junior.glz@hotmail.com</email>, <email>gerardo.pamanes@gmail.com,</email>
					<email>manuelmurilo906@gmail.com</email>, <email>rafax77@hotmail.com</email>, <email>hetoes99@yahoo.com.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>11</volume>
			
			<elocation-id>e116</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>21</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>28</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la calidad nutritiva, fermentativa y la emisión de metano en ensilajes de rastrojo de maíz con nopal (<italic>Opuntia ficus-indica</italic>), para lo cual se evaluaron tres tratamientos experimentales, T1: forraje de maíz; T2: 75 % rastrojo de maíz + 25 % nopal y T3: 75 % rastrojo de maíz + 25 % nopal fermentado. Se elaboraron 21 micro-silos (7 por tratamiento) en recipientes de plástico y se dejaron fermentar por 30 días. Al término de la fermentación se evaluó la composición química, los parámetros de fermentación, producción de gas y metano (CH<sub>4</sub>). Los contenidos de materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC), fibra detergente neutro (FDN) y fibra detergente ácida (FDA) fueron diferentes entre los tratamientos (p&lt;0.05); el contenido de PC incrementó 44 % al adicionar nopal fermentado (T3). Los valores de nitrógeno amoniacal, ácido láctico y ácidos grasos volátiles fueron diferentes entre tratamientos (p&lt;0.05). La máxima producción de gas (Gmax) y la concentración de CH4 disminuyeron 32 % y 49 % en T3, respectivamente. La adición de nopal y nopal fermentado a ensilados con rastrojo de maíz incrementa el contenido de proteína. Además, reduce la síntesis de metano ruminal in vitro.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>fermentación</kwd>
				<kwd>rastrojo de maíz</kwd>
				<kwd>gases efecto invernadero</kwd>
				<kwd>ensilaje</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="10"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="36"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>En el norte de México las temperaturas extremas y la prolongada sequía han causado una disminución en la producción de forrajes. De esta manera, los pequeños productores se han visto en la necesidad de utilizar recursos forrajeros que representan un bajo aporte de nutrientes para los rumiantes para contrarrestar la época de sequías (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">López-Inzunza <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Así, el rastrojo de maíz (<italic>Zea mays</italic>) ha sido empleado como fuente forrajera en zonas áridas y semiáridas del norte del país como un esquilmo en la producción de granos para consumo humano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">SAGARPA, 2009</xref>). Bajo estas condiciones de producción, el nopal surge como una alternativa en la alimentación para el ganado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Flores-Hernández <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). El nopal (<italic>Opuntia</italic> spp.) es un recurso vegetal importante en el norte de México; se considera un almacén natural de agua y es muy eficiente en el consumo de ésta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Orona-Castillo <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>). Adicionalmente, el nopal proporciona energía digestible, agua y vitaminas al animal durante la época de secas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Dubeux <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>También, comparado con otros forrajes anuales, el nopal utiliza menos agua para su producción y crecimiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Flores-Hernández <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>). Sin embargo, su bajo contenido de proteína (4 % MS) limita su uso como única fuente de forraje. Debido a lo anterior, se recomienda aplicar diferentes procesos biotecnológicos que ayuden a incrementar su contenido de proteína; por ejemplo, la fermentación en estado sólido (FES) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Herrera <italic>et al., 2017</italic></xref>). El proceso de FES incrementa el contenido de proteína del sustrato por incremento en la proteína unicelular en la pared celular de los microorganismos. Los microorganismos más utilizados son las levaduras <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic> y algunas especies de <italic>Kluyveromyces</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Van Markis <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>). Por otro lado, el proceso de ensilaje puede servir para disminuir los problemas de la alimentación del ganado y enfrentar la escasez de forraje en la época seca (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Castro <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Este proceso inhibe el crecimiento de microorganismos patógenos mediante la disminución del pH, debido a la presencia de bacterias ácido-lácticas (BAL), lo cual permite conservar la frescura y las características nutricionales de los forrajes para su posterior uso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mokoboki <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Debido a lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la calidad nutritiva y la producción de gas <italic>in vitro</italic> de ensilados de rastrojo de maíz con la adición de nopal y nopal fermentado.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Área de estudio</title>
				<p>El estudio se llevó a cabo en la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango. El nopal forrajero variedad AV6 fue cosechado al azar de una nopalera cultivada, localizada a un costado de la Facultad y dentro del municipio de Durango, Durango, México.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Fermentación es estado sólido (FES) y preparación de los microsilos</title>
				<p>Las pencas de nopal fueron cortadas en piezas de aproximadamente 1 cm<sup>2</sup> utilizando un cuchillo de acero inoxidable y colocadas en contenedores de plástico de 19 l, en donde fueron inoculadas con <italic>Sacharomyces cerevisiae</italic> (1% m/m). El proceso de fermentación fue llevado a cabo por 48 h a 25ºC. Los tratamientos consistieron en incluir nopal y nopal fermentado a forraje de maíz, como se muestra en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>. Microsilos experimentales fueron preparados con forraje de maíz picado sin grano, y en estado maduro con un tamaño de partícula de 2 a 4 cm (Variedad: hibrído 21/20) (T1, n=7), rastrojo de maíz con nopal fresco (T2, n=7) y rastrojo de maíz con nopal fermentado (T3, n=7) en contenedores de plástico (30 cm diámetro × 50 cm alto), sellados herméticamente por 30 d. Después de este tiempo, los microsilos fueron abiertos para su posterior análisis.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Proporción de los ingredientes en los tratamientos experimentales</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								
							
							<tr>
									<th align="left">(%)</th>
									<th align="right">T1</th>
									<th align="center">T2</th>
									<th align="left">T3</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Ingredientes </td>
									<td align="right"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Rastrojo de maíz</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">75</td>
									<td align="center">75</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Nopal sin fermentar</td>
									<td align="center">--</td>
									<td align="center">25</td>
									<td align="center">--</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Nopal fermentado</td>
									<td align="center">--</td>
									<td align="center">--</td>
									<td align="center">25</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Variables fermentativas</title>
				<p>Una vez que fueron abiertos los microsilos se evaluaron las siguientes variables: pH (Hanna instruments, modelo HI 83142); ácido láctico de acuerdo con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"> Borshchevskaya et al. (2016)</xref>; así como los contenidos de ácidos grasos volátiles y nitrógeno amoniacal (NH3-N), empleando los procedimientos propuestos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Galyean (2010)</xref>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis químico</title>
				<p>Las muestras de cada microsilo experimental fueron secadas en una estufa de aire forzado a 55 °C por 72 h; posteriormente se redujo el tamaño de partícula a 1 mm en un molino Wileymil (Arthur H Thomas, Philadelphia, PA, USA), para determinar los contenidos de material seca (MS) (método 934.01). La concentración de proteína cruda (PC) fueron determinadas por la técnica de micro-Kjeldhal (método 920.87),utilizando el factor de conversión (6.25) (AOAC, 2010). La concentración de FDN, FDA fueron obtenidas de acuerdo a los procedimientos propuestos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Van Soest (1991</xref>) y los parámetros de producción de gas de acuerdo a la técnica descrita por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Menke y Steingass (1988)</xref>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>Producción de gas <italic>in vitro</italic>
</bold></title>
				<p>Aproximadamente 1 g de muestra de cada microsilo experimental fue colocado en módulos de vidrio en un equipo transductor de presión marca ANKOM e incubados por triplicado con una solución 2:1 de solución buffer-líquido ruminal, de acuerdo al procedimiento descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Murillo-Ortiz <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref>. Las incubaciones fueron llevadas a cabo desde las 0 hasta las 96 h y registrando los valores de presión al mismo tiempo.</p>
				<p>La cinética de producción de gas fue estimada mediante la función de Gompertz <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">(Murillo- Ortiz <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), de acuerdo a la siguiente ecuación:</p>
				<p><italic>GP =Gmax</italic> ∗ exp[−<italic>A</italic> ∗ exp(<italic>−k</italic> ∗
						<italic>t</italic>)]</p>
				<p>Donde GP= producción de gas al tiempo t (ml), Gmax= producción máxima de gas (ml), k= tasa constante de producción de gas (h<sup>-1</sup>) y A= fase lag (h). De la incubación de las 24 h, se abrió la válvula para liberar gas durante 2 s de cada módulo. El gas liberado de cada módulo se conectó a un analizador portátil de CH<sub>4</sub> y CO<sub>2</sub> a través de un tubo para medir la concentración de estos gases de acuerdo a los procedimientos establecidos por el fabricante (GEM<sup>TM</sup>5000, LANDTEC, USA).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>Parámetros de fermentación <italic>in vitro</italic>
</bold></title>
				<p>Para evaluar los parámetros de fermentación, se colocó 1 g de muestra en bolsas de nylon (ANKOM, F500 nylon bags; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">ANKOM, 2018</xref>), pesadas previamente y colocadas dentro de los módulos ANKOM e incubadas por triplicado con solución buffer:líquido ruminal, en una relación 2:1 de acuerdo con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Murillo-Ortiz <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref>. Después de 24 h de fermentación continua, los módulos fueron abiertos e inmediatamente se midió el pH (Hanna instruments, model HI 83142). Las bolsas se sacaron de los módulos y se lavaron con agua destilada y secadas a 65°C por 48 h. La digestibilidad <italic>in vitro</italic> de la materia seca (DIVMS) se calculó en base a la diferencia en el contenido de materia seca del sustrato antes y después de la incubación. Adicionalmente y aproximadamente 1.0 ml del filtrado fueron centrifugados a 3,000×g por 5 min; luego, 500 μl del líquido sobrenadante fue acidificado con 150 μl de ácido meta fosfórico al 25 % para evaluar ácidos grasos volátiles. También aproximadamente 1.0 ml del filtrado fue colocado en tubos y acidificado con 30 μl de ácido sulfúrico al 50 % v/v para determinar N-NH3 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Galyean, 2010</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados con un diseño completamente al azar, utilizando los procedimientos GLM de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">SAS (2010)</xref>. Las medias fueron comparadas con la prueba de rango múltiple de Tukey y declarando diferencias significativas cuando fue P≤0.05.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Composición química</title>
				<p>El contenido de materia seca (MS) disminuyó con la inclusión de rastrojo de maíz (P&lt;0.05, tabla 2). Los ensilados que contienen rastrojo y nopal (t2 y t3) presentaron contenidos de MS adecuados, ya que de acuerdo con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Pineda-Cordero (2016)</xref> los ensilados que contienen entre el 30 y 35 % de MS se consideran de buena calidad.</p>
				<p>Además, la humedad presente en los ensilados determina el tipo de fermentación que se realizó durante el proceso de ensilado. Otros factores que determinan la calidad de la fermentación son los carbohidratos solubles presentes y la capacidad amortiguadora del forraje empleado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bernal <italic>et al.,</italic> 2002</xref>).</p>
				<p>La concentración de proteína cruda (PC) fue diferente entre tratamientos (P&lt;0.05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref>). La adición de nopal y nopal fermentado aumentó 43.54 % y 79 % la concentración de PC en los ensilados respectivamente, comparados con t1. Los incrementos en t2 y t3 se deben al contenido de proteína inicial en el rastrojo de maíz antes de ser ensilado (el forraje verde maduro contenía 4.9 %, mientras que el rastrojo contenía 5.2 % de PC; resultados no mostrados) y a la proliferación de proteína celular proveniente de la levadura <italic>Saccharomyces cereviseae</italic> empleada para fermentar el nopal. No obstante, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alhanafi <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref> registraron un menor contenido de PC en ensilados de <italic>Opuntia ficus, indica</italic> adicionado con Atriplex (6.41 %); en comparación con t2 de este estudio.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabla 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Composición química de los ensilados de rastrojo de maíz adicionados con nopal</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">(%)</th>
									<th align="center">T1</th>
									<th align="center">T2</th>
									<th align="center">T3</th>
									<th align="center">EEM</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Materia seca</td>
									<td align="center">42.0±0.29 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">35.9±0.48<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">35.5±0.26<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.25</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Proteína cruda</td>
									<td align="center">6.2±0.55<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">8.9±0.10<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">11.1±0.05<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Fibra detergente neutro</td>
									<td align="center">53.2±2.31<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">63.1±0.08<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">58.8±0.12<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.09</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Fibra detergente ácida</td>
									<td align="center">23.6±0.06<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">37.6±0.05<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">35.3±0.73<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.34</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Digestibilidad de la materia seca</td>
									<td align="center">61.8±2.44</td>
									<td align="center">58.4±1.98</td>
									<td align="center">64.1±2.20</td>
									<td align="center">1.81</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p><sup>a,b</sup> Letras diferentes en la misma fila indican diferencias (P&lt;0.05). EEM=error estándar de la media, n=3.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>La concentración de fibra detergente neutro (FDN) fue menor en el T1 (P&lt;0.05, tabla 2); se observó un incremento de 18 % en t2. Este aumento se debe a la presencia del rastrojo de maíz, el cual posee una alta cantidad de fibra; sin embargo, parte de la hemicelulosa es hidrolizada durante el proceso de ensilado. En esta etapa las pentosas se liberan y se fermentan en ácido láctico y ácido acético (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">McDonald <italic>et al.,</italic> 2002</xref>).</p>
				<p>Igualmente, el contenido de fibra detergente ácida (FDA) mostró el mismo comportamiento; FDA aumentó 59 y 49 % en T2 y T3, respectivamente (P&lt;0.05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabla 2</xref>). De la misma manera, los incrementos en FDA se le atribuyen a la presencia de rastrojo de maíz en t2 y t3. No obstante, los contenidos de FDN y FDA se encuentran dentro del rango de forrajes de buena calidad.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Parámetros de fermentación del proceso de ensilaje</title>
				<p>Los valores de pH fueron mayores en t2 y t3, con respecto a t1 (P&lt;0.05,  <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 3</xref>); sin embargo, todos se encuentran en los valores ideales, lo cual es indicativo de un buen proceso de fermentación y conservación. Cabe mencionar que la velocidad con la que un ensilado logra un pH &lt;4.0 garantiza la estabilidad del mismo y reduce la pérdida de nutrientes por fermentaciones secundarias, o bien por contaminación de bacterias y hongos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ha Vu <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>La concentración de nitrógeno amoniacal en los ensilados se incrementó con la inclusión de nopal y nopal fermentado (P&lt;0.05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 3</xref>). Este incremento registrado en los ensilados del t2 y t3 pudo haber sido ocasionado por un aumento en los microorganismos que degradan proteína (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Berumen <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; Ruangyote y Metha, 2018), o también el empleo de rastrojo de maíz reduce la cantidad de carbohidratos solubles y por lo tanto aumenta la degradación de proteínas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Herremans <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Sin embargo, para clasificar un ensilado como de buena calidad, la concentración de nitrógeno amoniacal máxima debe ser de 7-20 % del nitrógeno total (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Sánchez y García, 2017</xref>); por lo cual los ensilados experimentales obtuvieron valores que se encuentran dentro de este rango y por lo tanto indican que se llevó a cabo un adecuado proceso de fermentación.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Tabla 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Parámetros de fermentación de ensilados de rastrojo de maíz adicionados con nopal</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								
							
							<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center">T1</th>
									<th align="center">T2</th>
									<th align="center">T3</th>
									<th align="left">EEM</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">pH</td>
									<td align="center">4.3±0.05<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">4.7±0.04<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">4.7±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.03</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">N-NH<sub>3</sub> (g/kg MS)</td>
									<td align="center">1.9±0.09<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">5.5±0.09<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">6.5±0.20<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.03</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Ácido Láctico (g/kg MS)</td>
									<td align="right">24.3±3.45<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">73.9±1.91<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">76.7±4.18<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2.71</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Ácido Acético (% MS)</td>
									<td align="center">0.7±0.26<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.9±0.00<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.1±0.02<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.01</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Ácido Propiónico (% MS)</td>
									<td align="center">3.5±0.01<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">4.2±0.02<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">4.3±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.01</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Ácido Butírico (% MS)</td>
									<td align="center">0.01±0.002<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.03±0.004<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.04±0.001<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.002</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p><sup>a,b</sup> Letras diferentes en la misma fila indican diferencias (P&lt;0.05). EEM=error estándar de la media. N-NH3 =nitrógeno amoniacal, n=3.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>La concentración de ácido acético fue diferente entre tratamientos (P&lt;0.05,  <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 3</xref>). Los ácidos grasos volátiles son producto de fermentaciones inducidas por la presencia de bacterias coliformes que transforman el ácido láctico en acético y butírico, y que están presentes en el estiércol y la tierra. De acuerdo con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Kung <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref>, las concentraciones de ácido acético se encuentran entre 0.5 y 2.0%, cuando el contenido de MS es de 45 a 55 %; por lo que los valores obtenidos en este trabajo se encuentran dentro del rango para ensilados de buena calidad (0.5-1.1 %). Los valores de ácido propiónico fueron diferentes entre tratamientos (P&lt;0.05,  <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 4</xref>). Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio son iguales a los reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">González <italic>et al.,</italic> (2019)</xref> en ensilado de maíz con nopal y nopal fermentado (4.0 %). Las concentraciones de ácido butírico fueron mayores en los ensilados que contienen rastrojo (P&lt;0.05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 3</xref>); sin embargo, estos valores indican que hubo una adecuada fermentación. Además, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Da Silva <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> reporta valores más bajos de ácido propiónico en ensilados de nopal con gliricidia. De acuerdo a los valores obtenidos de ácido láctico y butírico en los ensilados de este estudio, se puede inferir que la inclusión de nopal y nopal fermentado en el rastrojo promueve un incremento en el ácido láctico y una disminución en el butírico, lo cual da como resultado ensilados con buena calidad fermentativa y nutrimental.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Parámetros de fermentación ruminal</title>
				<p>La concentración de N-NH<sub>3</sub> fue menor en t1, comparado con t2 y t3 (P&lt;0.05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 4</xref>). La inclusión de nopal y nopal fermentado en los ensilados de rastrojo promovió un incremento de 48 % y 27.7 % en N-NH<sub>3</sub>, respectivamente. Cambios en esta variable indican que se está llevando una proteólisis y la cual se incrementó debido al incremento en la proteína cruda en el ensilado por la adición de rastrojo y nopal fermentado. No obstante, hay estudios que afirman que incrementos en la concentración de N-NH<sub>3</sub> se deben a que la proteína no es incorporada a la síntesis de proteína microbiana, lo cual reflejaría una pérdida de energía en el rumiante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Rodríguez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007</xref>). Por el contrario, otros autores también encontraron incrementos en la cantidad de N-NH<sub>3</sub> cuando se incrementó el contenido de proteína cruda a través de la adición de urea en ensilados de piña (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">López-Herrera <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>). Adicionalmente, estos resultados coinciden con los obtenidos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pinho <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref> en ensilados de nopal (17 mg/dL) a las 9 horas de incubación. De tal manera, en este estudio las concentraciones de N-NH<sub>3</sub> registradas en todos los tratamientos presentaron niveles adecuados mayores a 5 mg/dL, lo que permite garantizar la síntesis de proteína microbiana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Rodríguez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Tabla 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Parámetros de fermentación ruminal <italic>in vitro</italic> de ensilados de rastrojo de maíz adicionados con nopal</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								
						
							<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center">T1</th>
									<th align="center">T2</th>
									<th align="center">T3</th>
								<th align="center">EEM</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">pH</td>
									<td align="center">6.8±0.008</td>
									<td align="center">6.9±0.17</td>
									<td align="center">6.9±0.03</td>
									<td align="center">0.01</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">N-NH<sub>3</sub> (mg/dL)</td>
									<td align="center">11.9±1.08<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">17.7±0.43<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">15.2±0.08<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.55</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Ácido Acético (%)</td>
									<td align="center">53.3±0.89<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">52.1±0.48<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">46.5±0.43<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.52</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Ácido Propiónico (%)</td>
									<td align="center">27.1±0.72<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">30.6±0.31<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">32.1±0.45<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.43</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Ácido Butírico (%)</td>
									<td align="center">14.7±0.05<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">12.6±0.13<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">14.7±0.05<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.07</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<label><sup>a,b</sup></label>
								<p>Letras diferentes en la misma fila indican diferencias (P&lt;0.05). EEM=error estándar de la media. N-NH3 nitrógeno amoniacal; n=3.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Por otro lado, la concentración de ácido acético disminuyó y la de propionato se incrementó en los ensilados de rastrojo de maíz y nopal fermentado (P&lt;0.05; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 4</xref>), en comparación con t1 y t2. En este sentido, un decremento en la concentración de ácido acético en t2 y t3, se encuentra estrechamente relacionado con una disminución en la fermentación de carbohidratos estructurales (FDN y FDA). De esta manera, al ser los carbohidratos estructurales los de mayor concentración en los nutrientes de t2 y t3, se sugiere que no se está llevando una fermentación adecuada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Van Soest, 1994</xref>). Sin embargo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Sánchez <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref> también detectaron una disminución en la concentración de acetato y un incremento en el propionato ruminal. Regularmente, la tasa de producción de propionato y otros AGV está directamente relacionada con el consumo de sustratos fermentables de la dieta, lo que favorece la síntesis de propionato a partir de la fermentación microbiana por las bacterias amilolíticas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Van Soest, 1994</xref>).</p>
				<p>La máxima producción de gas (Gmax) fue mayor en t1 (P&lt;0.05; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabla 5</xref>). La inclusión de nopal y nopal fermentado en ensilados con rastrojo de maíz disminuyó la máxima producción de gas 31.9 % y 48.7 %, respectivamente. Los valores obtenidos en este estudio son menores a los reportados en leucaena y pasto estrella (234 y 154 ml/g, respectivamente) por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Naranjo <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref>. De igual forma, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">González <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref> registraron valores de Gmax mayores en ensilados de maíz con nopal (176 ml). La disminución en la producción de gas observada en este estudio se le atribuye a la disminución de la digestibilidad de la materia seca en t2 y t3, como resultado de la adición de rastrojo de maíz, cuyos valores de FDN y FDA son más altos que los registrados en t1. Así como se expresó anteriormente, la presencia de carbohidratos estructurales impiden que se lleve una fermentación adecuada, lo cual se ve reflejado en la producción de gas.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Tabla 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Parámetros de cinética de gas de los ensilados de rastrojo de maíz adicionados con nopal</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								
						
							<tr>
									<th align="left">Parámetro</th>
									<th align="center">T1</th>
									<th align="center">T2</th>
									<th align="center">T3</th>
								<th align="center">EEM</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Gmax (ml/g MS)</td>
									<td align="center">124.8±8.48<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">94.6±6.50<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">84.0±1.75<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">5.10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">A (h)</td>
									<td align="center">4.2±0.21<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2.7±0.03<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">4.4±0.04<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">K(%/h)</td>
									<td align="center">0.08±0.001</td>
									<td align="center">0.07±0.007</td>
									<td align="center">0.09±0.003</td>
									<td align="center">0.003</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Metano (ml/g MS)</td>
									<td align="center">9.7±0.29<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">7.3±0.29<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">6.5±0.16<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.21</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">CO2 (ml/g MS)</td>
									<td align="center">59.0±4.49<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">49.8±0.75<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">44.7±0.70<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2.17</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Relación metano:CO2</td>
									<td align="center">0.16±0.010 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.14±0.003 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.14±0.005 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.014</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<label><sup>a, b</sup></label>
								<p>Letras diferentes en la misma fila indican diferencia significativa (P&lt;0.05). EEM=error estándar de la media; Gmax: producción máxima de gas; k representa la tasa específica de producción de gas; A es el periodo de latencia antes de que inicie la producción de gas (fase lag).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Por su lado, el periodo de latencia “A” disminuyó 55 % en el t2 (ensilado de rastrojo + nopal). Para explicar este resultado se deben tomar en cuenta variables que no fueron consideradas en este estudio, como el contenido de carbohidratos solubles o la lignina; ya que de estos depende que el inicio de la fermentación sea más rápido. En este sentido, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">López-Inzunza <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref> reportaron mayores tiempos de latencia para ensilados con mayor contenido de FDA, con respecto al contenido de FDN en ensilados con rastrojo de piña; estos autores mostraron concentraciones de carbohidratos estructurales y tiempos de latencia similares a los reportados en este estudio (72 % de FDN y una A de 3.8 h).</p>
				<p>Además, los valores de A obtenidos en este estudio también son similares a los registrados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">González <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref> en ensilados de forraje de maíz con nopal. Adicionalmente, la producción de metano disminuyó 32 y 49 % en los ensilados que incluyeron nopal y nopal fermentado, respectivamente (P&lt;0.05; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabla 5</xref>). De la misma manera, la relación metano:CO<sub>2</sub> también disminuyó con la adición de nopal y nopal fermentado, así como de rastrojo de maíz. Esta variable está estrechamente relacionada con la síntesis de metano ruminal. Mayores valores en esta relación sugiere un incremento en la síntesis de metano ruminal a través de la ruta de la reducción de CO<sub>2</sub> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Murillo <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). De esta manera, aunque una reducción en la producción de metano y CO<sub>2</sub> están estrechamente relacionados con una disminución en la calidad fermentativa de los ensilados t2 y t3, esta reducción también sugiere cambios o incluso una inhibición en las poblaciones metanogénicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Tavendale <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>). Además, la disminución de metano está directamente relacionada con un aumento en la producción de propionato ruminal, tal y como lo muestra el presente estudio.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>La adición de nopal y nopal fermentado a ensilados con rastrojo de maíz incrementa el contenido de proteína cruda 43 y 79 %, respectivamente. Además, el uso de nopal y nopal fermentado en ensilados de rastrojo de maíz reduce la síntesis de metano ruminal <italic>in vitro</italic>. Por el contrario, la presencia de rastrojo de maíz incrementa los contenidos de carbohidratos estructurales en el ensilado, lo cual compromete la fermentacion ruminal y la producción de gas <italic>in vitro</italic>; sin embargo, se recomienda llevar a cabo estudios <italic>in vivo</italic> que confirmen estos resultados.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				
				<p>Clave: e2021-01.</p>
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	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Fermentative quality and methane production in corn stubble silage with fermented and unfermented nopal cactus</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<p>The objetive of this research was to evaluate the nutritive and fermentative quality and methane emissions in corn stubble silages with nopal (<italic>Opuntia ficus-indica</italic>), for which three experimental treatments were evaluated, T1: corn fodder; T2: 75 % corn stubble + 25 % nopal; and T3: 75 % corn stubble + 25 % fermented nopal. Twenty-one microsilos (7 per treatment) were prepared in plastic containers and left to ferment for 30 days. At the end of fermentation, the chemical composition, fermentation parameters, gas production and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) were evaluated. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents were different among treatments (p&lt;0.05); CP content increased 44 % with the addition of fermented cactus (T3). Ammonia nitrogen, lactic acid and volatile fatty acids values were different among treatments (p&lt;0.05). Maximum gas production (Gmax) and CH<sub>4</sub> concentration decreased 32 % and 49 % at T3, respectively. The addition of cactus and fermented cactus to corn stubble silage increases protein content. In addition, it reduces ruminal methane synthesis <italic>in vitro</italic>.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>fermentation</kwd>
				<kwd>corn stubble</kwd>
				<kwd>greenhouse gases</kwd>
				<kwd>silage</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>In northern Mexico, extreme temperatures and prolonged drought have caused a decrease in forage production. Thus, small producers have found it necessary to use forage resources that represent a low nutrient supply for ruminants to counteract the dry season (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">López-Inzunza <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Thus, corn (<italic>Zea mays</italic>) stubble has been used as a forage source in arid and semiarid areas in the north of the country as a shearing in the production of grains for human consumption (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">SAGARPA, 2009</xref>). Under these production conditions, nopal cactus emerges as an alternative in livestock feed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Flores-Hernández <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Nopal cactus (<italic>Opuntia</italic> spp.) is an important plant resource in northern Mexico; it is considered a natural water store and it is very efficient in water consumption (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Orona- Castillo <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>). Additionally, nopal provides digestible energy, water and vitamins to the animal during the dry season (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Dubeux <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>In addition, compared to other annual forages, nopal uses less water for its production and growth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Flores-Hernández <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>). However, its low protein content (4 % DM) limits its use as a sole forage source. Due to the above, it is recommended to apply different biotechnological processes that help increase its protein content; for example, solid-state fermentation (SSF) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Herrera <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). The SSF process increases the protein content of the substrate by increasing the unicellular protein in the cell wall of the microorganisms. The most commonly used microorganisms are <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic> yeasts and some <italic>Kluyveromyces</italic> species ((<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Van Markis <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>). On the other hand, the ensiling process can serve to decrease the problems of cattle feeding and face the shortage of forage in the dry season (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Castro <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). This process inhibits the growth of pathogenic microorganisms by decreasing the pH, due to the presence of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which allows preserving the freshness and nutritional characteristics of forages for later use (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mokoboki <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Due to the above, the objective of this work was to evaluate the nutritional quality and <italic>in vitro</italic> gas production of corn stubble silages with the addition of cactus and fermented cactus.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Study area</title>
					<p>The study was carried out at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry of the University of Juárez, Durango State. Forage nopal variety AV6 was randomly harvested from a cultivated nopal plantation, located next to the Faculty and within Durango municipality, Mexico.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Solid state fermentation (SSF) and preparation of microsilos</title>
					<p>The nopal cactus stalks were cut into pieces of approximately 1 cm<sup>2</sup> using a stainless steel knife and placed in 19 l plastic containers, where they were inoculated with <italic>Sacharomyces cerevisiae</italic> (1% m/m). The fermentation process was carried out for 48 h at 25 ºC. Treatments consisted of including cactus and fermented cactus to corn fodder, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 1</xref>. Experimental microsilos were prepared with chopped corn forage without grain, and in mature state with a particle size of 2 to 4 cm (Variety: Hybrid 21/20) (T1, n=7), corn stover with fresh nopal (T2, n=7). Besides prepared with corn stubble with fermented nopal (T3, n=7) in plastic containers (30 cm diameter × 50 cm high), hermetically sealed for 30 d. After this time, the microsilos were opened for later analysis.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Ingredients proportions in experimental treatments</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									
								
								<tr>
										<th align="justify">(%)</th>
										<th align="center">T1</th>
									<th align="center">T2</th>
									<th align="center">T3</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Ingredients</td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Corn stubble</td>
										<td align="center">100</td>
										<td align="center">75</td>
										<td align="center">75</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Unfermented nopal</td>
										<td align="center">--</td>
										<td align="center">25</td>
										<td align="center">--</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Fermented nopal</td>
										<td align="center">--</td>
										<td align="center">--</td>
										<td align="center">25</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Fermentative variables</title>
					<p>Once the microsilos were opened, the following variables were evaluated: pH (Hanna instruments, model HI 83142); lactic acid according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Borshchevskaya <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref>; as well as volatile fatty acid and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) contents, using the procedures proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Galyean (2010)</xref>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Chemical analysis</title>
					<p>Samples from each experimental microsilos were dried in a forced air oven at 55 °C for 72 h; subsequently, the particle size was reduced to 1 mm in a Wileymil mill (Arthur H Thomas, Philadelphia, PA, USA), to determine the dry matter (DM) contents (method 934.01). Crude protein (CP) concentrations were determined by the micro-Kjeldhal technique (method 920.87), using the conversion factor (6.25) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">AOAC, 2010</xref>). The concentration of NDF, ADF were obtained according to the procedures proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Van Soest (1991)</xref> and the gas production parameters according to the technique described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Menke and Steingass (1988)</xref>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><bold>Gas <italic>in vitro</italic> production</bold></title>
					<p>Approximately 1 g of sample from each experimental microsilo was placed in glass modules in a pressure transducer equipment, ANKOM brand. In addition, it was incubated in triplicate with a 2:1 solution of ruminal buffer-liquid solution, according to the procedure described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Murillo-Ortiz <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref>. Incubations were carried out from 0 to 96 h and recording pressure values at the same time. The gas production kinetics was estimated using the Gompertz function (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Murillo-Ortiz <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), according to the following equation:</p>
					<p><italic>GP</italic> = <italic>Gmax</italic> ∗ exp[−<italic>A</italic> ∗
							exp(−<italic>k</italic> ∗ <italic>t</italic>)]</p>
					<p>Where GP= gas production at time t (ml), Gmax= maximum gas production (ml), k= constant gas production rate (h<sup>-1</sup>) and A= lag phase (h). From the 24 h incubation, the valve was opened to release gas for 2 s from each module. The gas released from each module was connected to a portable CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> analyzer through a tube to measure the concentration of these gases according to the procedures established by the manufacturer (GEM<sup>TM</sup>5000, LANDTEC, USA).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><bold>
 <italic>In vitro</italic> fermentation parameters</bold></title>
					<p>To evaluate fermentation parameters, 1 g of sample was placed in nylon bags (ANKOM, F500 nylon bags; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">ANKOM, 2018</xref>), pre-weighed and placed inside ANKOM modules and incubated in triplicate with buffer solution: ruminal fluid, in a 2:1 ratio according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Murillo- Ortiz <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref>). After 24 h of continuous fermentation, the modules were opened and immediately pH was measured (Hanna instruments, model HI 83142). The bags were removed from the modules and were washed with distilled water and dried at 65°C for 48 h. <italic>In vitro</italic> digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM) was calculated based on the difference in dry matter content of the substrate before and after incubation. Additionally and approximately 1.0 ml of the filtrate was centrifuged at 3,000×g for 5 min; then, 500 μl of the supernatant liquid was acidified with 150 μl of 25 % metaphosphoric acid to evaluate volatile fatty acids. Also approximately 1.0 ml of the filtrate was placed in tubes and was acidified with 30 μl of 50 % v/v sulfuric acid to determine N-NH<sub>3</sub> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Galyean, 2010</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>The data obtained were analyzed with a completely randomized design, using the GLM procedures of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">SAS (2010)</xref>. Means were compared with Tukey's multiple range test and declared significant differences when P≤0.05.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Chemical composition.</title>
					<p>Dry matter (DM) content decreased with the inclusion of corn stubble (P&lt;0.05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref>). Silages containing stubble and nopal (t2 and t3) presented adequate DM contents, since according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Pineda-Cordero (2016</xref>) silages containing between 30 and 35 % DM are considered of good quality. In addition, the moisture present in silages determines the type of fermentation that took place during the ensiling process. Other factors that determine fermentation quality are the soluble carbohydrates present and the buffering capacity of the forage used (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bernal <italic>et al.,</italic> 2002</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t7">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Chemical composition of corn stubble silages added with nopal cactus</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									
								
								<tr>
										<th align="justify">(%)</th>
										<th align="center">T1</th>
									<th align="center">T2</th>
									<th align="center">T3</th>
									<th align="center">SEM</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Dry Matter</td>
										<td align="center">42.0±0.29 <sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">35.9±0.48<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">35.5±0.26<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.25</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Crude protein</td>
										<td align="center">6.2±0.55<sup>c</sup></td>
										<td align="center">8.9±0.10<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">11.1±0.05<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Neutral detergent fiber</td>
										<td align="center">53.2±2.31<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">63.1±0.08<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">58.8±0.12<sup>ab</sup></td>
										<td align="center">1.09</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Acid detergent fiber</td>
										<td align="center">23.6±0.06<sup>c</sup></td>
										<td align="center">37.6±0.05<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">35.3±0.73<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.34</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Digestibility of dry matter</td>
										<td align="center">61.8±2.44</td>
										<td align="center">58.4±1.98</td>
										<td align="center">64.1±2.20</td>
										<td align="center">1.81</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN6">
									<label>a,b</label>
									<p>Different letters in the same row indicate differences (P&lt;0.05). SEM=standard error of the mean, n=3.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Crude protein (CP) concentration was different among treatments (P&lt;0.05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref>). The addition of cactus and fermented cactus increased 43.54 % and 79 % the CP concentration in silages, respectively, compared to t1. The increases at t2 and t3 are due to the initial protein content in the corn stubble before ensiling (mature green forage contained 4.9 %, while the stubble contained 5.2 % CP; results not shown) and to the proliferation of cellular protein from the <italic>Saccharomyces cereviseae</italic> yeast used to ferment the nopal. However, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alhanafi <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref>) recorded a lower CP content in silages of <italic>Opuntia ficus</italic>, <italic>indica</italic> added with Atriplex (6.41 %); compared to t2 of this study.</p>
					<p>The concentration of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was lower in T1 (P&lt;0.05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref>); an increase of 18% was observed in T2. This increase is due to the presence of corn stubble, which has a high amount of fiber; however, part of the hemicellulose is hydrolyzed during the ensiling process. At this stage, pentoses are released and they are fermented into lactic acid and acetic acid (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">McDonald <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>).</p>
					<p>Likewise, acid detergent fiber (ADF) content showed the same behavior; ADF increased 59 and 49 % at T2 and T3, respectively (P&lt;0.05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref>). In the same way, the increases in ADF were attributed to the presence of corn stubble at T2 and T3. Nevertheless, NDF and ADF contents were within the range of good quality forages.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Fermentation parameters of silage process</title>
					<p>The pH values were higher in t2 and t3, with respect to t1 (P&lt;0.05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 3</xref>); however, all were within the ideal values, which is indicative of a good fermentation and conservation process. It is worth mentioning that the speed with which a silage achieves a pH &lt;4.0 guarantees silage stability and reduces nutrient loss by secondary fermentations, or by bacterial and fungal contamination (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ha Vu <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t8">
							<label>Table 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Fermentation parameters of corn stubble silage with cactus addition</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">(%)</th>
										<th align="center">T1</th>
										<th align="center">T2</th>
										<th align="center">T3</th>
										<th align="center">SEM</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Dry Matter</td>
										<td align="center">42.0±0.29<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">35.9±0.48<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">35.5±0.26<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.25</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Crude protein</td>
										<td align="center">6.2±0.55<sup>c</sup></td>
										<td align="center">8.9±0.10<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">11.1±0.05<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Neutral detergent fiber</td>
										<td align="center">53.2±2.31<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">63.1±0.08<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">58.8±0.12<sup>ab</sup></td>
										<td align="center">1.09</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Acid detergent fiber</td>
										<td align="center">23.6±0.06<sup>c</sup></td>
										<td align="center">37.6±0.05<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">35.3±0.73<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.34</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Digestibility of dry matter</td>
										<td align="center">61.8±2.44</td>
										<td align="center">58.4±1.98</td>
										<td align="center">64.1±2.20</td>
										<td align="center">1.81</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN7">
									<label><sup>a,b</sup></label>
									<p>Different letters in the same row indicate differences (P&lt;0.05). SEM=standard error of the mean. N-NH<sub>3</sub> =ammonia nitrogen, n=3.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>The concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the silages increased with the cactus and fermented cactus inclusion (P&lt;0.05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 3</xref>). This increase recorded in t2 and t3 silages could have been caused by an increase in protein degrading microorganisms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Berumen <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; Ruangyote and Metha, 2018), or also the use of corn stover reduces the amount of soluble carbohydrates and therefore increases protein degradation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Herremans <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). However, to classify a silage as good quality, the maximum ammonia nitrogen concentration should be 7-20 % of total nitrogen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Sánchez and García, 2017</xref>); therefore, the experimental silages obtained values that are within this range and therefore indicate that an adequate fermentation process was carried out.</p>
					<p>The concentration of acetic acid was different between treatments (P&lt;0.05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 3</xref>). Volatile fatty acids are the product of fermentations induced by the presence of coliform bacteria that transform lactic acid into acetic and butyric acid, and are present in manure and soil. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Kung <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref>, acetic acid concentrations are between 0.5 and 2.0%, when DM content is 45 to 55 %; therefore, the values obtained in this work are within the range for good quality silages (0.5-1.1 %). Propionic acid values were different among treatments (P&lt;0.05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 4</xref>). The results obtained in this study are equal to those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">González <italic>et al.,</italic> (2019)</xref> in corn silage with cactus and fermented cactus (4.0%). Butyric acid concentrations were higher in silages containing stubble (P&lt;0.05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>); however, these values indicate that there was adequate fermentation. In addition, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Da Silva <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> report lower propionic acid values in cactus silages with gliricidia. According to the lactic and butyric acid values obtained in the silages of this study, it can be inferred that the inclusion of cactus and fermented cactus in the stubble promotes an increase in lactic acid and a decrease in butyric acid, which results in silages with good fermentative and nutritional quality.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Ruminal fermentation parameters</title>
					<p>N-NH<sub>3</sub> concentration was lower in t1, compared to t2 and t3 (P&lt;0.05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 4</xref>). The inclusion of cactus and fermented cactus in the stubble silages promoted an increase of 48 % and 27.7 % in N-NH<sub>3</sub>, respectively. Changes in this variable indicate that proteolysis is taking place and it increased due to crude protein increase in the silage by the addition of stubble and fermented nopal. However, there are studies that affirm that increases in N-NH<sub>3</sub> concentration are because the protein is not incorporated into microbial protein synthesis, which would reflect an energy loss in the ruminant (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Rodríguez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007</xref>). On the contrary, other authors also found increases for N-NH<sub>3</sub> when crude protein content was increased through the addition of urea in pineapple silages (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">López-Herrera <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>). Additionally, these results agree with those obtained by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pinho <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref> in nopal silages (17 mg/dL) at 9 h of incubation. Thus, in this study, the N-NH<sub>3</sub> concentrations recorded in all treatments presented adequate levels higher than 5 mg/dL, which allows guaranteeing microbial protein synthesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Rodríguez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t9">
							<label>Table 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title><italic>In vitro</italic> ruminal fermentation parameters of corn stubble silage added with nopal cactus</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									
								
								<tr>
										<th align="justify"> </th>
										<th align="justify">T1</th>
										<th align="justify">T2</th>
										<th align="justify">T3</th>
										<th align="justify">SEM</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">pH</td>
										<td align="justify">6.8±0.008</td>
										<td align="justify">6.9±0.17</td>
										<td align="justify">6.9±0.03</td>
										<td align="justify">0.01</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">N-NH3 (mg/dL)</td>
										<td align="justify">11.9±1.08<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="justify">17.7±0.43<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="justify">15.2±0.08<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="justify">0.55</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Acetic Acid (%)</td>
										<td align="justify">53.3±0.89<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="justify">52.1±0.48<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="justify">46.5±0.43<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="justify">0.52</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Propionic Acid (%)</td>
										<td align="justify">27.1±0.72<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="justify">30.6±0.31<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="justify">32.1±0.45<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="justify">0.43</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Butyric Acid (%)</td>
										<td align="justify">14.7±0.05<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="justify">12.6±0.13<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="justify">14.7±0.05<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="justify">0.07</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN8">
									<label><sup>a,b</sup> </label>
									<p>Different letters in the same row indicate differences (P&lt;0.05). SEM=standard error of the mean. N-NH<sub>3</sub> ammoniacal nitrogen; n=3.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>On the other hand, acetic acid concentration decreased and propionate concentration increased in corn stubble and fermented cactus silage (P&lt;0.05; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 4</xref>), compared to t1 and t2. In this sense, a decrease in acetic acid concentration at t2 and t3 is closely related to a decrease in the fermentation of structural carbohydrates (NDF and ADF). Thus, since structural carbohydrates have the highest concentration in the nutrients of t2 and t3, it is suggested that adequate fermentation is not taking place (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Van Soest, 1994</xref>). However, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Sánchez <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref> also detected a decrease in acetate concentration and an increase in ruminal propionate. Regularly, the production rate of propionate and other AGV is directly related to the consumption of fermentable substrates from the diet, which favors propionate synthesis from microbial fermentation by amylolytic bacteria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Van Soest, 1994</xref>).</p>
					<p>Maximum gas production (Gmax) was higher at t1 (P&lt;0.05; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 5</xref>). The inclusion of cactus and fermented cactus in silages with corn stubble decreased maximum gas production 31.9 % and 48.7 %, respectively. The values obtained in this study are lower than those reported in leucaena and star grass (234 and 154 ml/g, respectively) by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Naranjo <italic>et al.</italic> (2016).</xref> Similarly, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">González <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref> recorded higher Gmax values in corn silages with nopal (176 ml). The decrease in gas production observed in this study is attributed to the decrease in dry matter digestibility at t2 and t3, as a result of the addition of corn stubble that NDF and ADF values are higher than those recorded at t1. As previously mentioned, the presence of structural carbohydrates prevents adequate fermentation, which is reflected in gas production.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t10">
							<label>Table 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Gas kinetic parameters of corn stubble silage with nopal added</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">Parameters</th>
										<th align="center">T1</th>
										<th align="center">T2</th>
										<th align="center">T3</th>
										<th align="center">SEM</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Gmax (ml/g DM)</td>
										<td align="center">124.8±8.48<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">94.6±6.50<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">84.0±1.75<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">5.10</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">A (h)</td>
										<td align="center">4.2±0.21<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">2.7±0.03<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">4.4±0.04<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.10</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">K(%/h)</td>
										<td align="center">0.08±0.001</td>
										<td align="center">0.07±0.007</td>
										<td align="center">0.09±0.003</td>
										<td align="center">0.003</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Methane (ml/g DM)</td>
										<td align="center">9.7±0.29<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">7.3±0.29<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">6.5±0.16<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.21</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">CO2 (ml/g DM)</td>
										<td align="center">59.0±4.49<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">49.8±0.75<sup>ab</sup></td>
										<td align="center">44.7±0.70<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">2.17</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Methane:CO2 ratio</td>
										<td align="center">0.16±0.010 <sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.14±0.003 <sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.14±0.005 <sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.014</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN9">
									<label><sup>a,b</sup></label>
									<p>Different letters in the same row indicate significant difference (P&lt;0.05). SEM=standard error of the mean; Gmax: maximum gas production; k represents the specific gas production rate; A is the latency period before gas production starts (lag phase).</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>On the other hand, the dormancy period &quot;A&quot; decreased 55 % at t2 (stubble + nopal silage). To explain this result, variables that were not considered in this study, such as soluble carbohydrate content or lignin, must be taken into account, since the faster onset of fermentation depends on these. In this sense, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">López-Inzunza <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref> reported longer dormancy times for silages with higher ADF content, with respect to NDF content in silages with pineapple stubble; these authors showed structural carbohydrate concentrations and dormancy times similar to those reported in this study (72 % NDF and an A of 3.8 h). Moreover, the A values obtained in this study are also similar to those recorded by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">González <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref> in corn forage silages with nopal cactus. Additionally, methane production decreased 32 and 49 % in silages that included nopal and fermented nopal, respectively (P&lt;0.05; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 5</xref>). Similarly, the methane: CO2 ratio also decreased with the addition of fermented nopal and nopal without fermented, as well as corn stubble. This variable is closely related to ruminal methane synthesis. Higher values in this ratio suggest an increase in ruminal methane synthesis through the CO<sub>2</sub> reduction pathway (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Murillo <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Thus, although a reduction in methane and CO<sub>2</sub> production is closely related to a decrease in the fermentative quality of t2 and t3 silages, this reduction also suggests changes or even an inhibition in methanogenic populations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Tavendale <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>. In addition, the decrease in methane is directly related to an increase in ruminal.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>The addition of nopal and fermented nopal to corn stubble silages increases crude protein content by 43 and 79 %, respectively. In addition, the use of nopal and fermented nopal in corn stubble silages reduces ruminal methane synthesis <italic>in vitro</italic>. On the contrary, the presence of corn stubble increases the structural carbohydrate content of the silage, which compromises ruminal fermentation and gas production <italic>in vitro</italic>; however, <italic>in vivo</italic> studies are recommended to confirm these results.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					
					<p>Code: e2021-01.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>