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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2021.19</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00114</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Identificación bioquímica de bacterias potencialmente patógenas y zoonóticas en las tortugas negras (<italic>Chelonia mydas</italic>) del Pacífico Mexicano</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5219-5511</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Reséndiz</surname>
						<given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7902-6892</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fernández-Sanz</surname>
						<given-names>Helena</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS). Carretera al Sur KM 5.5., Apartado Postal 19-B, C.P. 23080, La Paz B.C.S. México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS)</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>La Paz</city>
					<state>B.C.S.</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Health assessments in sea turtles from Baja California Sur, La Paz B.C.S. México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Health assessments in sea turtles from Baja California Sur</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>La Paz</city>
					<state>B.C.S</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Asociación Mexicana de Veterinarios de Tortugas A.C., Xalapa 91050, Veracruz, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Asociación Mexicana de Veterinarios de Tortugas A.C.</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Veracruz</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Posgrado en Ciencias Marinas y Costeras (CIMACO) UABCS, Carretera al Sur KM 5.5., Apartado Postal 19-B, C.P. 23080, La Paz B.C.S. México. Autor Responsable: Eduardo Reséndiz. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">UABCS</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>La Paz</city>
					<state>B.C.S.</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Autor de correspondencia: Eduardo Reséndiz. E-mail: <email>jresendiz@uabcs.mx</email>, <email>helena.fdezsanz@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>Clave: e2020-101.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>11</volume>			
			<elocation-id>e114</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>13</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>29</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<p>Las tortugas marinas poseen naturalmente microbiota gastrointestinal, sin embargo, también se ha reportado el comportamiento oportunista y patogenicidad de algunas bacterias en estas especies. Por lo tanto, es importante generar información sobre los posibles riesgos para las tortugas y la salud humana. Se realizaron cinco monitoreos mensuales con capturas de <italic>Chelonia mydas</italic> en el complejo lagunar Ojo de Liebre. Se les practicaron exámenes físicos y se registraron sus morfometrías y se calculó su índice de condición corporal; se realizaron hisopados orales y cloacales que se sembraron en medios McConkey y TCBS. Los agentes bacterianos se aislaron e identificaron mediante el sistema API®20E. Se calcularon los porcentajes de abundancia y prevalencia de cada microorganismo. Finalmente, se determinó la relación entre la talla de las tortugas y la presencia de los microorganismos. Se capturaron 178 <italic>Chelonia mydas</italic>, se obtuvieron 523 aislamientos de enterobacterias gramnegativas de siete especies diferentes; la presencia de proteobacterias en <italic>Chelonia mydas</italic> no se relacionó con su clase de edad. Dentro de los microorganismos encontrados, <italic>Vibrio fluvialis</italic> y <italic>Burkholderia cepacia</italic> son zoonóticos. Estos estudios permiten comprender el papel de los microorganismos en las enfermedades de las poblaciones silvestres y los riesgos para la salud pública asociados a su consumo ilegal.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>bacteriología</kwd>
				<kwd>microbiota</kwd>
				<kwd>tortugas marinas</kwd>
				<kwd>amenazas potenciales para la salud</kwd>
				<kwd>patógenos</kwd>
				<kwd>zoonosis</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="6"/>
				<ref-count count="30"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La tortuga verde del Pacífico Oriental (<italic>Chelonia mydas</italic>) en peligro de extinción, localmente conocida como tortuga negra/prieta, se distribuye a lo largo de la costa del Pacífico americano, ocupando diferentes regiones geográficas durante cada una de las etapas de su ciclo de vida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Cliffton <italic>et al.,</italic> 1982</xref>). Estos organismos son susceptibles a amenazas específicas de su ambiente y de origen antropogénico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aguirre <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>), por lo tanto, el estudio de las condiciones de salud de las poblaciones en vida libre, incluida la presencia de agentes infecciosos, está recibiendo cada vez mayor atención para su conservación.</p>
			<p>Las tortugas marinas en vida libre albergan de forma natural una amplia variedad de bacterias en su tracto gastrointestinal; sin embargo, también se ha reportado su comportamiento oportunista y patogenicidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Ahasan <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). En un organismo, las comunidades de microorganismos asociados son esenciales para una amplia variedad de funciones. El desarrollo del huésped y su estado de salud dependen de la presencia de una comunidad microbiana intacta, que juega un papel importante en todos los organismos vivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bloodgood <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>). En diferentes especies, se ha demostrado que la microbiota promueve el desarrollo de órganos y tejidos, la producción de vitaminas y aminoácidos esenciales que afectan la utilización de grasas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Koropatnick <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>), y la respuesta de la glucosa y linfocitos a las lesiones intestinales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Warwick <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>). Las diferentes bacterias del tracto gastrointestinal de las tortugas marinas pueden proporcionar diversas funciones que aún se desconocen y que sugieren jugar un papel importante en la asimilación de los alimentos y su aprovechamiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Ahasan <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). No obstante, estos microorganismos también pueden causar daño al huésped, por ejemplo, aumentando la susceptibilidad a inflamaciones intestinales y enfermedades infecciosas principalmente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Garner <italic>et al.,</italic> 1995</xref>). Internacionalmente, se ha reportado la presencia de diversas bacterias en tortugas marinas tales como: <italic>Salmonella</italic>, <italic>Mycobacterium</italic>, <italic>Escherichia coli</italic>, <italic>Citrobacter freundii, Edwarsiella sp</italic>., <italic>Vibrio alginolyticus</italic>, <italic>Vibrio cholerae</italic>, <italic>Vibrio fluvialis</italic>, <italic>Vibrio furnisii, Vibrio parahaemolyticus</italic>, <italic>Aeromonas</italic> y <italic>Proteus,</italic> entre otras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Work <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Orós <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Santoro <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Zavala- Norzagaray <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>) y han sido identificados como oportunistas y potencialmente patógenas para las tortugas. Además, se han reportado algunos efectos adversos para la salud en humanos que consumen carne y huevos de tortugas marinas infectadas con patógenos zoonóticos, una práctica ilegal común en los países costeros de todo el mundo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aguirre <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>). En México, el conocimiento de los microorganismos relacionados con enfermedades en tortugas marinas aún es limitado. Por ello, es importante generar información veraz sobre los posibles riesgos para las tortugas y la salud humana asociados a su consumo ilegal. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo proporcionar la línea base sobre agentes bacterianos potencialmente patógenos para las tortugas y de tipo zoonótico, a través de cultivos bacteriológicos y métodos bioquímicos en muestras orales y cloacales de tortugas negras (<italic>C. mydas</italic>) en vida libre del complejo lagunar Ojo de Liebre, Baja California Sur (BCS), México.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Sitio de estudio</title>
				<p>La laguna Ojo de Liebre (LOL) y la laguna Guerrero Negro (GNO) pertenecen al complejo lagunar Ojo de Liebre y son parte de la Reserva de la Biosfera “El Vizcaíno”, ubicada en el Pacífico norte de BCS, entre la latitud 27° 35′ y 28° 15′ Norte, y la longitud 113° 50′ y 114° 20′ Oeste. Ambas lagunas son hipersalinas y no tienen aportes de agua dulce; presentan un alto grado de evaporación y una circulación de agua lenta. En conjunto, las características oceanográficas y climatológicas de la región brindan un hábitat de alta riqueza, que representa uno de los principales sitios de alimentación y desarrollo de tortugas negras en sus estadios juveniles y adultos en el Pacífico mexicano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Reséndiz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018a</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Recolección y procesamiento de muestras</title>
				<p>Se realizaron un total de cinco salidas de campo mensuales desde septiembre de 2019 a febrero de 2020, con capturas de tortugas negras en LOLy GNO. Todas las capturas se realizaron con redes de monofilamento tipo “Castillo” durante el día. Los animales capturados se sometieron a un examen físico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Norton, 2005</xref>), y a continuación se realizaron raspados orales y cloacales con hisopos estériles. Para ello, se realizaron movimientos circulares y rotatorios con el hisopo en la superficie interna de la boca y la superficie interna de la cloaca y se colocaron en medio de cultivo gel Stuart COPAN® para su transporte. Enseguida, se registró la longitud curva del caparazón (LCC; centímetros), la longitud recta del caparazón (LRC; centímetros) y el peso (kilogramos) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Bolten, 1999</xref>); se consideraron adultos aquellos organismos con un LCC superior a 77.5 cm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Márquez, 1996</xref>). Inmediatamente después, las tortugas fueron marcadas con placas metálicas de Inconel 625 en las aletas traseras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Balazs, 1999</xref>) y liberadas ilesas en el sitio de captura. Las muestras se refrigeraron a 4ºC y se trasladaron al laboratorio de Microbiología de la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, donde fueron sembradas en agar McConkey para la identificación de enterobacterias y bacilos gramnegativos (incubación durante 24h a 37ºC), y en agar tiosulfato citrato bilis sacarosa (TCBS) para la identificación de bacterias del género <italic>Vibrio</italic> (incubación durante 24h a 30ºC). Posteriormente, las colonias fueron aisladas y procesadas con el sistema de pruebas bioquímicas para la identificación de bacterias de la familia Enterobacteriaceae y otros bacilos API®20E. Las reacciones se leyeron de acuerdo con la tabla de identificación “Índice de perfil analítico API®20E”.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis de datos</title>
				<p>El índice de condición corporal (ICC) de cada organismo se calculó con la fórmula propuesta por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bjorndal <italic>et al.,</italic> (2000</xref>):</p>
				<disp-formula id="e1"><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" ><mml:mi>I</mml:mi><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mi>E</mml:mi><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mi>*</mml:mi><mml:mn>10000</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac></mml:math></disp-formula>
				<p>Adicionalmente se calcularon las medias y las desviaciones estándar de LCC, LRC, peso e ICC. Se estimaron los porcentajes de abundancia relativa de cada agente bacteriano en la boca y cloaca con la siguiente fórmula:</p>
				<disp-formula id="e2"><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" ><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mi>b</mml:mi><mml:mi>u</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>v</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>%</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo>°</mml:mo><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>u</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mi>*</mml:mi><mml:mn>100</mml:mn></mml:math></disp-formula>
				<p>Enseguida, se calculó la prevalencia de cada agente en los organismos con la fórmula:</p>
				<disp-formula id="e3"><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" ><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>v</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>%</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo>°</mml:mo><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>v</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>u</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo>°</mml:mo><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>v</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>u</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>u</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>b</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mi>*</mml:mi><mml:mn>100</mml:mn></mml:math></disp-formula>
				<p>Finalmente, se utilizó la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis para determinar la relación entre el tamaño de los organismos (LCC) y la presencia de las diferentes especies de bacterias. Los valores de p≤ 0.05 se consideraron estadísticamente significativos. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron en R versión 3.6.2.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>Se capturaron un total de 178 tortugas negras, las cuales midieron 72.37 ± 11.98 cm de LCC, 67.27 ± 11.26 cm de LRC y pesaron 44.61 ± 21.15 kg. Las tortugas se clasificaron como 125 juveniles y 53 adultas y su ICC fue de 1.38 ± 0.18. Se obtuvieron un total de 523 aislamientos asociados con enterobacterias gramnegativas de 7 especies diferentes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Descripción cuantitativa de los agentes bacterianos aislados de tortugas negras (Chelonia mydas) juveniles y adultos en el complejo lagunar Ojo de Liebre, Baja California Sur, México.</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col span="4"/>
							<col span="2"/>
							<col/>
							<col span="2"/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Familia </th>
								<th align="center">Especie </th>
								<th align="center">Aislamientos totales </th>
								<th align="center" >Abundancia relativa (%)</th>
								<th align="center">Prevalencia (%)</th>
								<th align="center" >Aislamientos en boca  </th>
								<th align="center">Abundancia relativa en boca (%)</th>
								<th align="center">Aislamientos en cloaca</th>
								<th align="center">Abundancia relativa en cloaca (%)</th>
							</tr>
							
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="3">Enterobacteriaceae</td>
								<td align="left"><italic>Citrobacter freundii</italic></td>
								<td align="center">154</td>
								<td align="center">29.45</td>
								<td align="center">86.52</td>
								<td align="center">101</td>
								<td align="center">29.79</td>
								<td align="center">53</td>
								<td align="center">28.80</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="left"><italic>Klebsiella sp.</italic></td>
								<td align="center">107</td>
								<td align="center">20.46</td>
								<td align="center">60.11</td>
								<td align="center">107</td>
								<td align="center">31.56</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0.00</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="left"><italic>Enterobacter sp.</italic></td>
								<td align="center">78</td>
								<td align="center">14.91</td>
								<td align="center">43.82</td>
								<td align="center">78</td>
								<td align="center">23.01</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0.00</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Pseudomonadaceae</td>
								<td align="left"><italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic></td>
								<td align="center">88</td>
								<td align="center">16.83</td>
								<td align="center">49.44</td>
								<td align="center">52</td>
								<td align="center">15.34</td>
								<td align="center">36</td>
								<td align="center">19.57</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Morganellaceae</td>
								<td align="left"><italic>Proteus sp.</italic></td>
								<td align="center">79</td>
								<td align="center">15.11</td>
								<td align="center">44.38</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0.00</td>
								<td align="center">79</td>
								<td align="center">42.93</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Burkholderiaceae</td>
								<td align="left"><italic>Burkholderia cepacia</italic></td>
								<td align="center">8</td>
								<td align="center">1.53</td>
								<td align="center">4.49</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">0.29</td>
								<td align="center">7</td>
								<td align="center">3.80</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Vibrionaceae</td>
								<td align="left"><italic>Vibrio fluvialis</italic></td>
								<td align="center">9</td>
								<td align="center">1.72</td>
								<td align="center">5.06</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0.00</td>
								<td align="center">9</td>
								<td align="center">4.89</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Total</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center">523</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center">339</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="center">184</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En la boca de las tortugas, las bacterias más abundantes fueron Kleibsiella sp. (31.56%), seguido de Citrobacter freundii (29.79%), Enterobacter sp. (23.01%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.34%) y Burkholderia cepacia (0.29%), mientras que en la cloaca la más abundante fue Proteus sp. (42.93%), Citrobacter freundii (28.80%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.57%), Vibrio fluvialis (4.89%) y finalmente Burkholderia cepacia (3.80%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Abundancia relativa de agentes bacterianos en la boca y cloaca de tortugas negras (Chelonia mydas) en el complejo lagunar Ojo de Liebre, Baja California Sur, México</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e114-gf1.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>La prueba de Kruskal-Wallis no mostró diferencias significativas entre la presencia de los diferentes microorganismos y el LCC de las tortugas (Ji-cuadrada= 5.75, gl= 6, valor de p= 0.45) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Agentes bacterianos presentes en las diferentes tallas de longitud curva del caparazón (LCC) de tortugas negras (Chelonia mydas) en el complejo lagunar Ojo de Liebre, Baja California Sur, México</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e114-gf2.gif"></graphic>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Las tortugas fueron clasificadas como juveniles y adultas de acuerdo a la talla reportada para el área (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Márquez, 1996</xref>). Su ICC coincidió con lo reportado previamente para el área (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Reséndiz et al., 2018b</xref>) indicando que las tortugas tenían un buen estado nutricional y presumiblemente la capacidad para un desempeño reproductivo favorable. El examen físico no mostró evidencia de signos clínicos, lesiones graves o enfermedades que comprometieran el funcionamiento de los órganos y sistemas de las tortugas ni que pusieran en riesgo sus actividades normales o atentaran contra su integridad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Norton, 2005</xref>).</p>
			<p>Es importante considerar que las diferencias en las comunidades de microorganismos de las tortugas marinas se atribuyen principalmente a factores ecológicos y ontogénicos (nivel trófico, dieta, hábitat, etc.) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Ahasan et al., 2018</xref>), por lo que la composición bacteriana gastrointestinal difiere notablemente entre poblaciones en vida libre y organismos en rehabilitación (antes de la hospitalización y después de la rehabilitación) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Pace et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bloodgood et al., 2020</xref>). En general, la alta prevalencia de proteobacterias se ha asociado con disbiosis además del deterioro en el estado de salud de las tortugas marinas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Ahasan et al., 2018</xref>). Citrobacter freundii mostró la mayor prevalencia (86.52%). Esta bacteria gramnegativa de la familia Enterobacteriaceae ha sido reportada anteriormente en tortugas marinas internacionalmente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Santoro et al., 2006</xref>), nacionalmente en tortugas negras en Sinaloa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Zavala-Norzagaray et al., 2015</xref>) y en tortugas amarillas (Caretta caretta) en el Golfo de Ulloa, BCS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Reséndiz et al., 2019</xref>). Se considera un patógeno oportunista asociado a infecciones en animales juveniles e infecciones secundarias en animales inmunodeprimidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Glazebrook y Campbell, 1990</xref>), y no es zoonótico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Johnson- Delaney, 2014</xref>). En tortugas marinas se desconoce la dosis infecciosa y el período de incubación. Se ha reportado que su transmisión es por vía fecal-oral al ingerir alimentos contaminados o por contacto directo entre el portador y organismos susceptibles e inmunosuprimidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Johnson-Delaney, 2014</xref>), esta especie se encuentra en el tracto gastrointestinal de los animales y utiliza cuerpos de agua como reservorio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Work et al., 2003</xref>). Kleibsiella sp. tuvo una prevalencia de 60.11%. Esta bacteria gramnegativa de la familia Enterobacteriaceae se reportó anteriormente en tortugas marinas a nivel internacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Warwick et al., 2013</xref>) y nacional en tortugas amarillas en el Golfo de Ulloa, BCS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Reséndiz et al., 2019</xref>). Este patógeno juega un papel importante como causante de enfermedades infecciosas oportunistas, principalmente en organismos inmunodeprimidos y frecuentemente en animales juveniles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Work et al., 2003</xref>). También se ha asociado con bacteriemia, infecciones de heridas e infecciones respiratorias y urinarias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Johnson-Delaney, 2014</xref>). Se desconoce la dosis infecciosa y el período de incubación en las tortugas marinas. No es zoonótica y se desconocen sus vectores, aunque se ha informado que su vía de transmisión más frecuente es a través de las heces (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Jacobson, 2007</xref>). Este género se puede aislar del suelo, cuerpos de agua, piel, exudados nasofaríngeos, o bien del tracto gastrointestinal de tortugas portadoras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Glazebrook y Campbell, 1990</xref>) y puede sobrevivir en ambientes marinos durante varias horas o en animales clínicamente sanos durante largos períodos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Tan et al., 2009</xref>). Pseudomonas aeruginosa presentó una prevalencia del 49.44%. Estos bacilos gramnegativos pertenecen a la familia Pseudomonadaceae (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Buller, 2004</xref>) y han sido estudiados en tortugas marinas a nivel internacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Work et al., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Santoro et al., 2006</xref>) y nacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Reséndiz et al., 2019</xref>). Estos son patógenos oportunistas que sugieren un mayor riesgo de enfermedad en tortugas juveniles inmunodeprimidas y con fibropapilomatosis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Work et al., 2003</xref>); la mayoría de sus afecciones surgen de la colonización de las vías respiratorias y urinarias o de infecciones de diseminación profunda que pueden provocar neumonía, bacteriemia e infecciones respiratorias crónicas (Buller, 2004; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jorgensen y Ferraro, 2009</xref>). No son zoonóticos y en tortugas marinas no se conocen vectores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Work et al., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Johnson-Delaney, 2014</xref>); la dosis infecciosa en las tortugas marinas también se desconoce y su período de incubación varía según la infección (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Orós et al., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jorgensen y Ferraro, 2009</xref>). Esta especie se transmite por contacto directo con agua contaminada, aerosoles o aspiración por contacto de membranas mucosas con descargas de conjuntivas infectadas o tracto respiratorio superior de organismos infectados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Johnson-Delaney, 2014</xref>) y puede sobrevivir durante varios meses en el medio marino con nutrientes básicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Jacobson, 2007</xref>). Proteus sp. tuvo una prevalencia de 44.38%. Estos bacilos gramnegativos de la familia Morganellaceae han sido reportados en otras especies de tortugas marinas sanas y enfermas a nivel internacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Santoro et al., 2006</xref>), en México, en tortugas negras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Zavala-Norzagaray et al., 2015</xref>) y en tortugas amarillas clínicamente sanas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Reséndiz et al., 2019</xref>). Se les considera parte de la microbiota gastrointestinal de las tortugas marinas, sin embargo, pueden generar infecciones crónicas del tracto urinario como bacteriemia, neumonía y lesiones focales en organismos debilitados y emaciados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Work et al., 2003</xref>). No son zoonóticos y no se conocen vectores de transmisión; además, en las tortugas marinas, se desconoce la dosis infecciosa y el período de incubación no está bien establecido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Johnson-Delaney, 2014</xref>), aunque se ha reportado que causa infecciones al salir del tracto gastrointestinal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jorgensen y Ferraro, 2009</xref>). Este género no se transmite por contacto directo entre organismos y se puede encontrar en cuerpos de agua (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Jacobson, 2007</xref>). Sobrevive fácilmente fuera del huésped, especialmente en áreas donde existe descomposición de proteína animal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Buller, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Jacobson, 2007</xref>). Enterobacer sp. mostró una prevalencia del 43.82%. Esta enterobacteria gramnegativa se reportó en tortugas amarillas en el Golfo de Ulloa, BCS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Reséndiz et al., 2019</xref>) y en otras especies de tortugas marinas a nivel internacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Work et al., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Zavala-Norzagaray et al., 2015</xref>). Se considera un patógeno oportunista que se ha asociado con brotes infecciosos como la fibropapilomatosis en tortugas juveniles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Work et al., 2003</xref>). Puede causar numerosas infecciones, como neumonía, sepsis en el tracto intestinal y en el tracto urinario, que pueden provocar bacteriemia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Work et al., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Orós et al., 2005</xref>). No es zoonótico y no se conocen vectores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Glazebrook y Campbell, 1990</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Warwick et al., 2013</xref>). Además, se desconoce su período de incubación y dosis infecciosa en tortugas marinas. No obstante, se sabe que se transmite por contacto directo o indirecto de las superficies mucosas con el agente infeccioso y también se puede transmitir por vía fecal-oral (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Johnson-Delaney, 2014</xref>). Este género es colonizador del tracto gastrointestinal inferior de humanos, animales y se puede encontrar con frecuencia en plantas, suelo, cuerpos de agua y es capaz de sobrevivir con una fuente mínima de energía (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Pace et al., 2019</xref>). Vibrio fluvialis tuvo una prevalencia del 5.06%. Este bacilo gramnegativo de la familia Vibrionaceae ha sido reportado en tortugas marinas enfermas y sanas a nivel internacional y nacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Zavala-Norzagaray et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Reséndiz et al., 2019</xref>). Se considera un patógeno emergente que se transmite al comer alimentos contaminados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Ahasan et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Franco-Monsreal et al., 2014</xref>). Se desconocen todas sus consecuencias en las tortugas marinas, pero en los mamíferos causa diarrea similar al cólera, infecciones cutáneas asociadas a la exposición a ambientes acuáticos e incluso sepsis en individuos inmunodeprimidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Franco-Monsreal et al., 2014</xref>). Se desconoce su período de incubación y dosis infecciosa en tortugas marinas. Este microorganismo es zoonótico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Johnson-Delaney, 2014</xref>) y puede sobrevivir durante largos períodos de tiempo en el medio marino, donde se distribuye ampliamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Igbinosa y Okoh, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Franco-Monsreal et al., 2014</xref>). Algunos reportes indican que también se ha aislado de aguas residuales, heces animales y humanas, así como mariscos, principalmente en moluscos bivalvos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Alton et al., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Igbinosa y Okoh, 2010</xref>). Finalmente, Burkholderia cepacia tuvo una prevalencia del 4.49%. Esta bacteria gramnegativa de la familia Burkholderiaceae ha sido reportada previamente a nivel internacional y nacional en tortugas golfinas (Lepidochelys olivacea) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Santoro et al., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Zavala-Norzagaray et al., 2015</xref>), tortugas verdes (C. mydas) con y sin fibropapilomatosis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Work et al., 2003</xref>) y en tortugas amarillas clínicamente sanas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Reséndiz et al., 2019</xref>). Este microorganismo patógeno puede ocasionar enfermedad pulmonar crónica con secreción mucopurulenta, caracterizada por múltiples abscesos en la piel y tejidos subcutáneos, o una sepsis grave con muerte en aproximadamente 7-10 días (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Orós et al., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Jacobson, 2007</xref>). En tortugas marinas se desconoce la dosis infecciosa, su período de incubación varía de 1 a 14 días (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Johnson-Delaney, 2014</xref>) y se considera zoonótica por contacto directo o indirecto de la mucosa con descargas de lesiones de animales infectados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Warwick et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Johnson-Delaney, 2014</xref>). Se ha reportado en mamíferos, reptiles y peces, considerando a los humanos como huéspedes accidentales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Buller, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jorgensen y Ferraro, 2009</xref>). Se puede encontrar en el suelo, cuerpos de agua y áreas cercanas a las actividades agrícolas, donde puede sobrevivir durante largos períodos a temperatura ambiente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Buller, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Jacobson, 2007</xref>).</p>
			<p>La presencia de estos agentes bacterianos en las tortugas marinas no se relacionó con su talla; la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis no mostró diferencias significativas entre la presencia de los diferentes microorganismos y el LCC de las tortugas, lo cual indica que las bacterias encontradas se presentaron indistintamente en animales juveniles y adultos. Dentro de las proteobacterias encontradas en las tortugas negras, Vibrio fluvialis y Burkholderia cepacia son patógenos zoonóticos, y aunque tienen una baja prevalencia, deben ser monitoreados regularmente para prevenir riesgos tanto en las tortugas como en la salud pública. Puesto que, a pesar de la prohibición federal de captura, consumo y comercio de tortugas marinas en México desde 1990, estos organismos continúan siendo capturados y consumidos. Este hecho representa un gran peligro potencial para la salud humana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aguirre et al., 2006</xref>), pudiendo causar deshidratación extrema, vómitos, diarreas e incluso la muerte a los consumidores debido a la presencia de estos microorganismos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Alton et al., 2006</xref>), además de virus, parásitos o contaminantes en las tortugas marinas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Zavala-Norzagaray et al., 2015</xref>). La información generada advierte sobre posibles riesgos para la salud de los consumidores de tortugas marinas; además de ser una práctica ilegal, es potencialmente peligrosa para la salud pública y afecta a las poblaciones de las diferentes especies protegidas. Este estudio complementa las evaluaciones de salud de las tortugas negras en la zona y los planes de manejo y conservación de los organismos y sus ecosistemas en la Reserva de la Biosfera “El Vizcaíno”, junto con las autoridades locales.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>Se reportaron siete agentes bacterianos potencialmente patógenos para las tortugas marinas en individuos de tortuga negra aparentemente sanos, de los cuales dos son zoonóticos. Se requiere evidencia clínica contundente para definir si estos microorganismos causan enfermedades y se necesitan más estudios específicos para aclarar las diferencias entre la microbiota y la patobiota de las tortugas marinas, especialmente con métodos moleculares.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Agradecimientos</title>
			<p>Los autores agradecen a Everardo Mariano, Oscar Salazar, Noé López, Gabriel Zaragoza y Rafael Buelna Grado de la Reserva de la Biosfera “El Vizcaíno” de la Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas, y a Aarón Sánchez, Fabián Castillo, Joaquín Rivera y Antonio Zaragoza del Área de Conservación Ambiental y Gerencia de Gestión Integral y Planeación de la Empresa Exportadora de Sal S.A. por su asistencia durante el trabajo de campo, apoyo, logística y orientación durante el desarrollo de esta investigación. Gracias a Carlos Gamboa, Ibrahí Rodríguez e Indira Alejandra Macías Guerrero de la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS). Esta investigación se realizó bajo las condiciones de los permisos: Oficio No. SGPA/DGVS/013214/18 y Oficio No. SGPA/DGVS/12688/19, y se siguieron todas las directrices internacionales, nacionales e institucionales aplicables para el cuidado y uso de animales.</p>
		</ack>
		<ref-list>
			<title>LITERATURA CITADA</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<mixed-citation>Aguirre AA, Gardner S, Marsh JC, Delgado SG, Limpus CJ, Nichols WJ. 2006. Hazards associated with the consumption of sea turtle meat and eggs: a review for health care workers and the general public. Ecohealth. 3:141-153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-006-0032-x</mixed-citation>
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					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Aguirre</surname>
							<given-names>AA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gardner</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Marsh</surname>
							<given-names>JC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Delgado</surname>
							<given-names>SG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Limpus</surname>
							<given-names>CJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nichols</surname>
							<given-names>WJ.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2006</year>
					<article-title>Hazards associated with the consumption of sea turtle meat and eggs: a review for health care workers and the general public</article-title>
					<source>Ecohealth</source>
					<volume>3</volume>
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		<front-stub>
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				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
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				<article-title>Biochemical identification of potentially pathogenic and zoonotic bacteria in black turtles (Chelonia mydas) from the Mexican Pacific</article-title>
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			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					<p>Code: e2020-101.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<p>Sea turtles naturally have gastrointestinal microbiota; however, opportunistic behavior and pathogenicity of some bacteria have also been reported. Therefore, it is important to generate information on possible risks to turtles and human health. Five monthly field monitoring were carried out with captures of Chelonia mydas in the Ojo de Liebre lagoon complex. Physical examinations were performed and their morphometries were recorded; oral and cloacal swabs were made and sowing in McConkey and TCBS culture media. Bacterial agents were isolated and identified using the API®20E system. Turtles’ body condition index and percentages of abundance and prevalence of each microorganism were calculated. Finally, the ratio between turtle s’ size and the presence of microorganisms was determined. Many Chelonia mydas (178) were captured, 523 isolates of gram-negative Enterobacteria from seven different species were obtained; the presence of proteobacteria in Chelonia mydas was not related to their age class. Among the microorganisms found, Vibrio fluvialis and Burkholderia cepacia are zoonotic. These studies allow us understanding the role of microorganisms in diseases of wild populations and risks to public health associated with their illegal consumption.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>bacteriology</kwd>
				<kwd>microbiota</kwd>
				<kwd>marine turtles</kwd>
				<kwd>potential health threats</kwd>
				<kwd>pathogens</kwd>
				<kwd>zoonoses</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>The green turtle of the Eastern Pacific (Chelonia Mydas) in danger of extinction, locally known as black/brown turtle, is distributed along the American Pacific coast, occupying different geographical regions during each of its life cycle stages (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Cliffton et al., 1982</xref>). These agencies are susceptible to specific threats of their environment and of anthropogenic origin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aguirre et al., 2006</xref>), therefore, the study of health conditions of populations in free life, including the presence of infectious agents, is receiving increasing attention for conservation.</p>
				<p>Sea turtles in free life naturally house a wide variety of bacteria in their gastrointestinal tract. However, its opportunistic behavior and pathogenicity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Ahasan et al., 2018</xref>) have also been reported. In an organism, the communities of associated microorganisms are essential for a wide variety of functions. The development of the host and its health state depend on the presence of an intact microbial community, which plays an important role in all living organisms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bloodgood et al., 2020</xref>). In different species, it has been shown that microbiota promotes the development of organs and tissues, the production of vitamins and essential amino acids that affect the use of fats (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Koropatnick et al., 2004</xref>), and the response of glucose and lymphocytes to the Intestinal injuries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Warwick et al., 2013</xref>). The different bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract of sea turtles can provide various functions that are still unknown and suggest playing an important role in the assimilation of food and their use (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Ahasan et al., 2017</xref>). However, these microorganisms can also cause host damage, for example, increasing susceptibility to intestinal inflammations and infectious diseases mainly (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Garner et al., 1995</xref>). Internationally, the presence of various bacteria in sea turtles has been reported such as: Salmonella, Mycobacterium, Escherichia Coli, Citrobacter Freundii, Edwarsiella sp., Vibrio Alginolyticus, Vibrio Cholerae, Vibrio Fluvialis, Vibrio Furnisii, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Aeromonas and Proteus, between others (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Work et al., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Orós et al., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Santoro et al., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Zavala-Norzagaray et al., 2015</xref>). They have been identified as opportunists and potentially pathogenic for turtles. In addition, some adverse health effects have been reported in humans that consume meat and eggs of sea turtles infected with zoonotic pathogens, a common illegal practice in coastal countries around the world (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aguirre et al., 2006</xref>). In Mexico, the information about these microorganisms related to diseases in sea turtles is still limited. Therefore, it is important to generate truthful information about the possible risks for turtles and human health associated with its illegal consumption. This study aimed to provide the baseline on potentially pathogenic bacterial agents for turtles and zoonotic type, through bacteriological crops and biochemical methods in black turtle samples (C. Mydas) in free life of Ojo de Liebre lagoon complex, Baja California Sur (BCS), Mexico.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Study site</title>
					<p>The Ojo de Liebre Lagoon (LOL) and Guerrero Negro Lagoon (GNO) belong to the Ojo de Liebre lagoon complex and they are part of the Biosphere Reserve &quot;El Vizcaíno&quot;, located in the North Pacific of BCS, between latitude 27° 35'and 28° 15' north, and longitude 113° 50 'and 114° 20' west. Both lagoons are hypersaline and do not have fresh water contributions. They have a high degree of evaporation and a slow water circulation. Overall, the oceanographic and climatological characteristics of the region provide a high-wealth habitat, which represents one of the main feeding sites and development of black turtles in their youth and adult stages in the Mexican Pacific (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Reséndiz et al., 2018a</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Collection and processing of samples</title>
					<p>Five monthly field outputs since September 2019 were performed, 2020, with captures of black turtles in LOL and GNO. All catches were performed with monofilament networks type &quot;castle&quot; during the day. The captured animals were subjected to a physical examination (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Norton, 2005</xref>), and then oral and cloacal scrapes were performed with sterile swabs. For this, circular and rotating movements were performed with the swab on the internal surface of the mouth and the internal surface of the cloaca and they were placed in culture medium Stuart Copan® for transport. Next, the carapace curved length (CCL, centimeters) was recorded, the carapace straight length (CSL, centimeters) and the weight (Kilograms) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Bolten, 1999</xref>). Adults were considered adults with CCL higher than 77.5 cm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Márquez, 1996</xref>). Immediately afterwards, the turtles were marked with Inconel 625 metal plates on the rear fins (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Balazs, 1999</xref>) and released unscathed at the capture site. The samples were refrigerated at 4 °C and they were transferred to the microbiology laboratory of the Autonomous University of South California. They were sown in McConkey agar for the identification of enterobacteria and gram-negative bacilli (incubation for 24h at 37 °C), and in agar thiosulfate citrate bilis sucrose (TCBS) for the bacteria identification of the genus Vibrio (incubation for 24h at 30 °C). Subsequently, the colonies were isolated and processed with the biochemical testing system for the identification of bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family and other API®20E bacilli. The reactions were read according to the identification table &quot;API®20E analytical profile index&quot;.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Analysis of data</title>
					<p>The body condition index (BCI) of each body was calculated with the formula proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bjorndal et al., (2000</xref>):</p>
					<disp-formula id="e4"><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" ><mml:mi>B</mml:mi><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mi>I</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>W</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>g</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>h</mml:mi><mml:mi>*</mml:mi><mml:mn>10000</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac></mml:math></disp-formula>
					<p>Additionally, the standard means and standard deviations of CCL, CSL, weight and BCI were calculated. The percentages of relative abundance of each bacterial agent in the mouth and cloaca with the following formula were estimated:</p>
					<disp-formula id="e5"><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" ><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>v</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>b</mml:mi><mml:mi>u</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>%</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo>°</mml:mo><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>I</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mi>*</mml:mi><mml:mn>100</mml:mn></mml:math></disp-formula>
					<p>Next, the prevalence of each agent was calculated in the organisms with the formula:</p>
					<disp-formula id="e6"><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" ><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>v</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>%</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo>°</mml:mo><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>v</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>u</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo>°</mml:mo><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>I</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>v</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>u</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mi>u</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mi>*</mml:mi><mml:mn>100</mml:mn></mml:math></disp-formula>
					<p>Finally, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine the relationship between the size of the organisms (CCL) and the presence of the different species of bacteria. The values of P≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Statistical analyzes were performed in R version 3.6.2.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>Many black turtles (178) were captured, which measured 72.37 ± 11.98 cm of CCL, 67.27 ± 11.26 cm CSL and weighed 44.61 ± 21.15 kg. Turtles were classified as 125 juveniles and 53 adults and their BCI was 1.38 ± 0.18. 523 isolates associated with gramnegative enterobacteria of seven different species (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>) were obtained.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Quantitative description of the isolated bacterial agents of black turtles (Chelonia Mydas) youth and adults at Ojo de Liebre lagoon complex, Baja California Sur, Mexico.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col span="4"/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" >Family   </th>
									<th align="center" >Species </th>
									<th align="center" >Total isolates </th>
									<th align="center" >Relative abundance (%)</th>
									<th align="center">Prevalence (%)</th>
									<th align="center">Isolates in mouth</th>
									<th align="center">Relative abundance in mouth (%)</th>
									<th align="center">Isolations in cloaca</th>
									<th align="center">Relative abundance in cloaca (%)</th>
								</tr>
								
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify" rowspan="3">Enterobacteriaceae</td>
									<td align="justify"><italic>Citrobacter freundii</italic></td>
									<td align="center">154</td>
									<td align="center">29.45</td>
									<td align="center">86.52</td>
									<td align="center">101</td>
									<td align="center">29.79</td>
									<td align="center">53</td>
									<td align="center">28.80</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="justify"><italic>Klebsiella sp.</italic></td>
									<td align="center">107</td>
									<td align="center">20.46</td>
									<td align="center">60.11</td>
									<td align="center">107</td>
									<td align="center">31.56</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="justify"><italic>Enterobacter sp.</italic></td>
									<td align="center">78</td>
									<td align="center">14.91</td>
									<td align="center">43.82</td>
									<td align="center">78</td>
									<td align="center">23.01</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Pseudomonadaceae</td>
									<td align="justify"><italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic></td>
									<td align="center">88</td>
									<td align="center">16.83</td>
									<td align="center">49.44</td>
									<td align="center">52</td>
									<td align="center">15.34</td>
									<td align="center">36</td>
									<td align="center">19.57</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Morganellaceae</td>
									<td align="justify"><italic>Proteus sp.</italic></td>
									<td align="center">79</td>
									<td align="center">15.11</td>
									<td align="center">44.38</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
									<td align="center">79</td>
									<td align="center">42.93</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Burkholderiaceae</td>
									<td align="justify"><italic>Burkholderia cepacia</italic></td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">1.53</td>
									<td align="center">4.49</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">0.29</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">3.80</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Vibrionaceae</td>
									<td align="justify"><italic>Vibrio fluvialis</italic></td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td align="center">1.72</td>
									<td align="center">5.06</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td align="center">4.89</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Total</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">523</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">339</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">184</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>In the mouth of turtles, the most abundant bacteria were Kleibsiella sp. (31.56%), followed by Citrobacter Freundii (29.79%), Enterobacter sp. (23.01%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.34%) and Burkholderia cepacia (0.29%), while in the cloaca the most abundant was Proteus sp. (42.93%), Citrobacter Freundii (28.80%), Aeruginosa Pseudomonas (19.57%), Vibrio Fluvialis (4.89%) and finally Burkholderia cepacia (3.80%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f3">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Relative abundance of bacterial agents in the mouth and cloaca of black turtles (Chelonia Mydas) at the Ojo de Liebre lagoon complex, Baja California Sur, Mexico</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e114-gf3.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant differences between the presence of the different microorganisms and the CCL of turtles (Ji-square = 5.75, gl = 6, p = 0.45 value) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Bacterial agents present in the different carapace curved length (CCL) of black turtles (Chelonia Mydas) in Ojo de Liebre lagoon complex, Baja California Sur, Mexico</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e114-gf4.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>Turtles were classified as juveniles and adults according to the size reported for the area (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Márquez, 1996</xref>). Its BCI coincided with the previously reported for the area (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Reséndiz et al., 2018b</xref>) indicating that turtles had good nutritional status and presumably the capacity for favorable reproductive performance. The physical examination showed no evidence of clinical signs, serious injury or diseases that compromised the functioning of turtle organs and systems, nor that they put their normal activities at risk or attempt against their integrity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Norton, 2005</xref>).</p>
				<p>It is important to consider that the differences in the microorganism communities of sea turtles are attributed mainly to ecological and ontogenic factors (trophic level, diet, habitat, etc.) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Ahasan et al., 2018</xref>), so the gastrointestinal bacterial composition differs significantly between populations in free life and rehabilitation agencies (before hospitalization and after rehabilitation) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Pace et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bloodgood et al., 2020</xref>). In general, the high prevalence of proteibacteria has been associated with dysbiosis as well as deterioration in the health status of sea turtles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Ahasan et al., 2018</xref>). Citrobacter Freundii showed the highest prevalence (86.52%). This gramnegative bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family has been reported earlier in sea turtles internationally (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Santoro et al., 2006</xref>), nationally in black turtles in Sinaloa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Zavala-Norzagaray et al., 2015</xref>) and in yellow turtles (Caretta Caretta) in the Gulf of Ulloa, BCS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Reséndiz et al., 2019</xref>). It is considered an opportunistic pathogen associated with infections in juvenile animals and secondary infections in immunosuppressed animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Glazebrook and Campbell, 1990</xref>), and is not zoonotic (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Johnson-Delaney, 2014</xref>). In sea turtles, the infectious dose and the incubation period are unknown. It has been reported that its transmission is fecal-oral by ingesting contaminated foods or by direct contact between the carrier and susceptible and immunosuppressed organisms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Johnson-Delaney, 2014</xref>), this species is found in the gastrointestinal tract of animals and uses bodies of water as a reservoir (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Work et al., 2003</xref>). Kleibsiella sp. had a prevalence of 60.11%. This gramnegative bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family was previously reported in sea turtles internationally (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Warwick et al., 2013</xref>) and national in yellow turtles in the Gulf of Ulloa, BCS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Reséndiz et al., 2019</xref>). This pathogen plays an important role as a cause of opportunistic infectious diseases, mainly in immunosuppressed organisms and frequently in juvenile animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Work et al., 2003</xref>). It has also been associated with bacteremia, injury, respiratory and urinary infections (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Johnson-Delaney, 2014</xref>). The infectious dose and the incubation period in sea turtles are unknown. It is not zoonotic and their vectors are unknown, although it has been reported that its most frequent transmission path is through the feces (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Jacobson, 2007</xref>). This genre can be isolated from the soil, bodies of water, skin, nasopharyngeal exudates, or of the gastrointestinal tract of carrier turtles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Glazebrook and Campbell, 1990</xref>) and can survive in marine environments for several hours or in clinically healthy animals for long periods ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"> Tan et al., 2009</xref>). Pseudomonas aeruginosa presented a prevalence of 49.44%. These gram- negative bacilli belong to the Pseudomonadaceae family (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Buller, 2004</xref>) and have been studied in sea turtles at an international level (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Work et al., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Santoro et al., 2006</xref>) and national (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Reséndiz et al., 2019</xref>). These are opportunistic pathogens suggest an increased risk of disease in immunosuppressed and fibropylomatosis juvenile turtles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Work et al., 2003</xref>), most of its conditions arise from the colonization of the respiratory and urinary tract or infections of deep dissemination that can cause pneumonia, bacteremia and chronic respiratory infections (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Buller, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jorgensen and Ferraro, 2009</xref>). They are not zoonotic and in sea turtles, vectors are not known (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Work et al., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Johnson-Delaney, 2014</xref>). The infectious dose in sea turtles is also unknown and its incubation period varies according to the infection (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Orós et al., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jorgensen and Ferraro, 2009</xref>). This species is transmitted by direct contact with contaminated water, aerosols or aspiration by contact of mucous membranes with discharges of infected conjunctivas or upper respiratory tract of infected organisms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Johnson-Delaney, 2014</xref>) and can survive for several months in the marine environment with basic nutrients (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Jacobson, 2007</xref>). Proteus sp. had a prevalence of 44.38%. These gram-negative bacilli Morgananelaceae have been reported in other healthy and sick sea turtle species at the international level (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Santoro et al., 2006</xref>), in Mexico, in black turtles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Zavala-Norzagaray et al., 2015</xref>) and in yellow turtles clinically healthy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Reséndiz et al., 2019</xref>). They are considered part of the gastrointestinal microbiota of sea turtles; however, they can generate chronic urinary tract infections such as bacteremia, pneumonia and focal injuries in weakened and emaciated organisms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Work et al., 2003</xref>). They are not zoonotic and no transmission vectors are known. In addition, in sea turtles, the infectious dose is unknown and the incubation period is not well established (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Johnson-Delaney, 2014</xref>), although it has been reported that it causes infections when leaving the gastrointestinal tract (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jorgensen and Ferraro, 2009</xref>). This genre is not transmitted by direct contact between organisms and can be found in bodies of water (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Jacobson, 2007</xref>). Survive easily outside the guest, especially in areas where there is an animal protein decomposition (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Buller, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Jacobson, 2007</xref>). Enterpose sp. showed a prevalence of 43.82%. These gramnegative enterobacteria was reported in yellow turtles in the Gulf of Ulloa, BCS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Reséndiz et al., 2019</xref>) and in other marine turtle species at an international level (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Work et al., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Zavala- Norzagaray et al., 2015</xref>). It is considered an opportunistic pathogen that has been associated with infectious outbreaks such as fibropylomatosis in juvenile turtles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Work et al., 2003</xref>). It can cause numerous infections, such as pneumonia, sepsis in the intestinal tract and in the urinary tract, which can cause bacteremia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Work et al., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Orós et al., 2005</xref>). It is not zoonotic and do not know each other (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Glazebrook and Campbell, 1990</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Warwick et al., 2013</xref>). In addition, its incubation and infectious dose period in sea turtles is unknown. However, it is known that it is transmitted by direct or indirect contact of mucous surfaces with the infectious agent and can be transmitted by fecal-oral (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Johnson-Delaney, 2014</xref>). This genus is colonizer of the lower gastrointestinal tract of humans, animals and it can often be found in plants, soil, water bodies and is able to survive with a minimum source of energy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Pace et al., 2019</xref>). Vibrio Fluvialis had a prevalence of 5.06%. This gramnegative bacillus of the Vibrionaceae family has been reported in sick and healthy sea turtles at an international and national level (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Zavala-Norzagaray et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Reséndiz et al., 2019</xref>). It is considered an emerging pathogen that is transmitted by eating contaminated foods (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Ahasan et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Franco-Monsreal et al., 2014</xref>). All its consequences are unknown in sea turtles, but in mammals cause diarrhea similar to anger, cutaneous infections associated with exposure to aquatic environments and even sepsis in immunosuppressed individuals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Franco-Monsreal et al., 2014</xref>). Its period of incubation and infectious dose in sea turtles is unknown. This microorganism is zoonotic (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Johnson-Delaney, 2014</xref>) and can survive for long periods in the marine environment, where it is widely distributed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Igbinosa and Okoh, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Franco-Monsreal et al., 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>Some reports indicate that it has also been isolated from sewage, animal and human stool, as well as seafood, mainly in Bivalvos Molluscs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Alton et al., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Igbinosa and Okoh, 2010</xref>). Finally, Burkholderia Cepacia had a prevalence of 4.49%. This gramnegative bacteria of the Burkholderiaceae family has been previously reported at an international and national level in Tortugas Golinas (Lepidochelys Olivacea) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Santoro et al., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Zavala-Norzagaray et al., 2015</xref>), green turtles (C. Mydas) with and without fibropylomatosis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Work et al., 2003</xref>) and in clinically healthy yellow turtles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Reséndiz et al., 2019</xref>). This pathogenic microorganism can cause chronic pulmonary disease with mucopurulent secretion, characterized by multiple abscesses in the skin and subcutaneous tissues, or a severe sepsis with death in about 7-10 days (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Orós et al., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Jacobson, 2007</xref>). In sea turtles, the infectious dose is unknown, its incubation period varies from 1 to 14 days (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Johnson-Delaney, 2014</xref>) and it is considered zoonotic by direct or indirect contact of the mucosa with discharges of injury from infected animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Warwick et al., 2013</xref>; Johnson-Delaney, 2014). It has been reported in mammals, reptiles and fish, considering humans as accidental guests (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Buller, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jorgensen and Ferraro, 2009</xref>) It can be found on the ground, bodies of water and areas close to agricultural activities, where it can survive for long periods at room temperature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Buller, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Jacobson, 2007</xref>)</p>
				<p>The presence of these bacterial agents in sea turtles was not related to their carving; The Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant differences between the presence of the different microorganisms and the CCL of turtles, which indicates that the found bacteria presented interchangeably in juvenile animals and adults. Within the proteobacteria found in black turtles, Vibrio Fluvialis and Burkholderia cepacia are zoonotic pathogens, and although they have a low prevalence, they must be monitored regularly to prevent risks in turtles and public health. Since, despite the federal prohibition of capture, consumption and trade in sea turtles in Mexico since 1990, these organizations continue to be captured and consumed. This fact represents a great potential danger for human health (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aguirre et al., 2006</xref>), being able to cause extreme dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea and even death to consumers due to the presence of these microorganisms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Alton et al., 2006</xref>), in addition to viruses, parasites or pollutants in sea turtles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Zavala-Norzagaray et al., 2015</xref>). The information generated warns about possible risks to the health of sea turtles consumers. In addition to being an illegal practice, it is potentially dangerous for public health and affects the populations of the different protected species. This study complements the health assessments of black turtles in the area and management and conservation plans of agencies and their ecosystems in the Biosphere Reserve &quot;El Vizcaíno&quot;, along with local authorities.</p>
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				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>Seven potentially pathogenic bacterial agents were reported for sea turtles in apparently healthy black turtle individuals, of which two are zoonotic. Strong clinical evidence is required to define whether these microorganisms cause diseases and studies that are more specific are needed to clarify the differences between the microbiota and the pathobiota of sea turtles, especially with molecular methods.</p>
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				<title>Acknowledgment</title>
				<p>The authors thank to Everardo Mariano, Oscar Salazar, Noah López, Gabriel Zaragoza and Rafael Buelna Degree from the Biosphere Reserve &quot;El Vizcaíno&quot; of the National Commission of Protected Natural Areas. To Aaron Sánchez, Fabián Castillo, Joaquín Rivera and Antonio Zaragoza of the Environmental Conservation Area and Integral Management and Planning of the Export Company of Salt S.A for your assistance during field work, support, logistics and guidance during the development of this research. Thanks to Carlos Gamboa, Ibrahí Rodríguez and Indira Alejandra Macías Guerrero from the Autonomous University of Baja California Sur (UABCS). This research was carried out under the conditions of the permissions: Office No. SGPA/DGVS/013214/18 and Office No. SGPA/DGVS/12688/19, and all applicable international, national and institutional guidelines for care and use were followed of animals.</p>
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