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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2021.17</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00112</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Perfiles antropométricos y de lípidos séricos en hombres con sobrepeso que consumieron carne de cerdo alimentado con harina de aguacate</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4457-1791</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>González-Jiménez</surname>
						<given-names>Cecilia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5120-6805</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lemus-Flores</surname>
						<given-names>Clemente</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9934-3182</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Becerra-Verdín</surname>
						<given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6280-8281</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bugarín-Prado</surname>
						<given-names>Job</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8503-0756</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mejía-Martínez</surname>
						<given-names>Karina</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit. México. Estudiante de doctorado del programa del posgrado en ciencias biológicas y agropecuarias. Nayarit, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Nayarit</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit. México. Área de Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias y Pesqueras. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Área de Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias y Pesqueras</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Autor responsable y de correspondencia: Mejía-Martínez Karina. Km. 9 Carretera Tepic-Compostela, 63780 Xalisco, Nayarit, México. <email>anacecyglez@gmail.com</email>, <email>clemus23@gmail.com</email>
					<email>eduardo.becerra@uan.edu.mx</email>, <email>job.bugarin@uan.edu.mx</email>, <email>karinamej13@gmail.com</email>.</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>Clave: e2020-85.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>11</volume>
			
			<elocation-id>e112</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<p>La alimentación humana puede regularse para generar efectos positivos en la salud cardiovascular. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto del consumo de carne de cerdo alimentado con harina de aguacate al 10%, sobre perfiles antropométricos y lípidos en suero de humanos con sobrepeso en dos periodos de tiempo. Se conformaron dos grupos de 10 participantes cada uno, masculinos de 30 a 60 años con IMC &gt;27 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Consumieron diario 100 g de lomo de cerdo, el grupo A por cuatro semanas y grupo B por seis semanas. Se realizaron análisis con prueba de T pareada (p &lt;0.05). Grupo A disminuyó grasa corporal (-4.04), IMC (-0.92), triglicéridos (-51.6), VLDL (-10.32) y aumentó LDL (48.98). Grupo B disminuyó grasa corporal (- 1.28), IMC (-1,26), grasa visceral (-0.4), cintura (-4.4), glucosa (-18.5). Usando prueba de X<sup>2</sup> (p &lt;0.05), se compararon las proporciones de niveles bajos, normales o altos, después del consumo. En el grupo A se normalizaron los valores glucosa y triglicéridos, se incrementó la frecuencia del nivel alto para colesterol y LDL, con disminución de frecuencia al nivel bajo para VLDL. Grupo B, se normalizaron los valores para glucosa, colesterol, triglicéridos, TGO, HDL y LDL; para VLDL tuvieron mayor porcentaje de participantes a nivel bajo. El consumo de lomo de cerdos que fueron alimentados con harina de aguacate al 10 %, contribuye a la inducción de efectos saludables en consumidores con sobrepeso.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Harina de aguacate</kwd>
				<kwd>perfil de lípidos séricos</kwd>
				<kwd>carne de cerdo</kwd>
				<kwd>sobrepeso</kwd>
				<kwd>dieta</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="51"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La alimentación humana puede regularse para generar efectos positivos en la salud cardiovascular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Berciano y Ordovás, 2014</xref>). Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la principal causa de muerte en todo el mundo, por lo que se sigue buscando las recomendaciones nutricionales para poder prevenir estas enfermedades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Royo- Bordonada <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). El consumo de una alimentación saludable y alta en ácidos grasos insaturados, ha demostrado numerosos beneficios para la salud, como: reducir la prevalencia de síndrome metabólico, diabetes mellitus, ECV (enfermedades cardiovasculares), cáncer mamario y deterioro psicoorgánico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Urquiaga <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Los ácidos grasos saturados (AGS) son de síntesis endógena, necesarios para algunas funciones fisiológicas y estructurales. Se ha encontrado una relación positiva entre la ingesta de AGS con el aumento del colesterol total y colesterol LDL (low-density lipoprotein), que a su vez aumenta el riesgo de padecer enfermedad coronaria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cabezas-Zábala <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>). Asimismo, algunos estudios han demostrado que las concentraciones de colesterol total, LDL, VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein), y TG (triglicéridos) disminuyen al sustituir carne roja por pescado, debido a su alto contenido de grasas monoinsaturadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Sotos-Prieto <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>). Sustituir AGS por monoinsaturados (AGM) y poliinsaturados (AGP) reduce el riesgo cardiovascular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Ros <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Berciano y Ordovás (2014) </xref>encontraron que a pesar de que la carne roja puede ser un factor de riesgo para las enfermedades cardiovasculares, esto va más en relación a su contenido y tipo de grasa. La alimentación es una influencia directa sobre las fracciones lipídicas séricas, por lo que se busca el desarrollo de métodos y el diseño de diferentes estrategias nutricionales, para modificar situaciones de hipercolesterolemia e hipertrigliceridemia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cruz, 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">OCDE (2019) </xref>refiere que el cerdo ha estado presente mucho tiempo en la historia de la humanidad, pero aún existen prejuicios respecto de su calidad y efectos en la salud. Se considera que el crecimiento de la producción mundial de carne de cerdo será a una tasa promedio anual del 0.9% entre 2018 y 2027, para ubicarse en 130.9 millones de toneladas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">FIRA, 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>Por lo que se siguen buscando estrategias de alimentación para los cerdos, con el afán de bajar precios de producción, así como para mejorar características nutricionales de la carne, vida de anaquel, palatabilidad, entre otros; se ha experimentado con diferentes técnicas de alimentación y uso de fuentes alimenticias convencionales y no convencionales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Montero <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). El rendimiento y la calidad cárnica, se puede modular incluyendo fuentes ricas en ácidos grasos y antioxidantes. Estas estrategias conducen a mejorar la constitución bioquímica de la carne de consumo. Una de las estrategias para convertir la carne en un “alimento funcional” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Valenzuela <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>), consiste en modificar el perfil de ácidos grasos intramuscular y subcutáneo, con la finalidad de que éstos sean preferentemente insaturados, para mayor aportación hacia la salud del consumidor. El hecho de modificar las grasas de la carne del cerdo, coadyuva en los problemas actuales de sobrepeso y obesidad, por lo tanto, previene la incidencia de enfermedades de tipo cardiovascular, diabetes tipo II, hígado graso y síndrome metabólico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Savino, 2011</xref>). Una estrategia valorada es la utilización de aguacate en la dieta del cerdo, su uso tuvo un impacto significativo en el contenido y la composición de la grasa intramuscular, reduciendo el contenido de lípidos en los músculos <italic>Longissimus thoracis</italic>
 <bold>,</bold> aumentaron los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados, tocoferol y disminuyó la oxidación de la grasa y proteína (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hernández-López <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hernández-López <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016b</xref>). Con el objetivo de estudiar el consumo de lomos de cerdos que fueron alimentados con harina de aguacate al 10 %, se realizó un estudio para evaluar el efecto en dos periodos de tiempo sobre perfiles antropométricos y de lípidos séricos en personas con sobrepeso.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Ubicación</title>
				<p>El presente trabajo fue realizado en el laboratorio de Fisiología Nutricional y Cirugía Experimental de la Unidad Académica de Agricultura, perteneciente a la Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Obtención y características nutricionales de la carne de cerdo</title>
				<p>Se utilizaron 70 kilos de lomos de cerdos de razas comerciales Yorkshire-Landrace, alimentados a libre acceso con una dieta que incluyó harina de aguacate al 10 % (LHA), durante un periodo de 56 días hasta finalizar la engorda, de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de la Norma Oficial Mexicana <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">NOM-062-ZOO-1999</xref>. Los aguacates de la variedad Hass (<italic>Persea americana</italic> Mill<italic>)</italic> incluidos en la dieta de los cerdos, fueron de descarte comercial por su tamaño, sin demeritar su valor nutricional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lemus <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Los lomos utilizados se caracterizaron en un trabajo anterior (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Lemus-Avalos <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>), como un producto cárnico de composición química muy similar, con bajo contenido en grasa intramuscular (5.94 %), con 20.93% de proteína, 10.98 µg/g de γ-tocoferol, 3128 mg de ácido gálico/100 g de fenoles totales, con una alta actividad antioxidante analizado con los ensayos del radical DPPH (2,2- Difenil-1-picrilhidrazilo, D-9132) (477.16 µM Trolox/100g) y del radical ABTS (ácido 2,2'-azino-bis(3-etilbenzotiazolin)-6-sulfónico, A- 1888) (1054.55 µM Trolox/100 g). Es una carne baja en AGS, incluyendo el palmítico (C16:0) (21.93 %), que es reconocido como la grasa saturada más alta en la carne de cerdo; con mayor cantidad de Araquídico (20:0) (0.45 %). Con un alto contenido de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados, donde el ácido graso esencial Linoleico cis (alfa) (18:2 n6) representa el 12.91%, así como un alto contenido de AGP (13.82 %), por lo que tiene una relación alta de AGP/AGS (0.45 %) y AGP/AGM (0.25 %).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Sujetos de estudio</title>
				<p>Para el estudio se eligieron 20 participantes adultos masculinos entre las edades de 30 a 60 años, con un IMC (índice de masa corporal) entre 27 a 33 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, sin antecedentes de enfermedades cardiovasculares, ingesta de carne de cerdo en promedio una vez a la semana, sin realización de actividad física, sin uso de suplementos alimenticios con ácidos grasos omegas, ni medicamentos hipolipemiantes, no fumadores, además de aceptar por escrito participar en el estudio. Esta investigación está apegada a la declaración de Helsinki, a la Ley General de Salud y cuenta con aprobación de la Comisión Estatal de Bioética de Nayarit (CEBIOÉTICA de Nayarit) plasmado en el número de oficio 88/CEB/2018, No. de registro CEBN/17/2018.</p>
				<p>Se formaron dos grupos de estudio, ambos consumieron diariamente 100 g de lomo de cerdo alimentados con harina de aguacate al 10 % (LHA). Un grupo de 10 sujetos (grupo A), lo consumió 4 semanas. El otro (grupo B) integrado con 10 sujetos, lo consumió por un periodo de 6 semanas. La historia nutricional de los individuos se obtuvo por medio de una encuesta directa.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Dieta</title>
				<p>A los participantes se les capacitó para que cumplieran durante el experimento las recomendaciones de una alimentación balanceada de acuerdo a la OMS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">OMS, 2017</xref>), en base a las características de dieta saludable. La asesoría para el plan de alimentación fue de manera individualizada, de acuerdo al peso, talla y edad de cada sujeto, conforme a la recomendación de la FAO (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Carbajal, 2013</xref>), se incluyó en su dieta habitual la ingesta del lomo de cerdo proporcionado en el estudio.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Parámetros antropométricos</title>
				<p>Se usó la evaluación antropométrica para determinar la composición corporal y se diagnosticó el grado de obesidad, utilizando el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la clasificación de obesidad propuesta por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">OMS, 2020</xref>). Se realizó la medición antropométrica al inicio y final de cada periodo en ambos grupos, utilizando una báscula marca Tanita® con una sensibilidad de ±100 g, y una báscula digital con bluetooth marca Benetre®; se obtuvo la medida del peso que se realizó en ropa ligera y sin calzado, y por método de bioimpedancia los valores de porcentaje de grasa visceral y porcentaje de grasa corporal. Con la cinta métrica, marca Seca® fijada a una pared lisa se obtuvo la altura (cm), respetando el plano de Frankfurt (porion-infraorbitario) paralelo al suelo y la línea bipupilar horizontal, apoyando la barra horizontal del estadímetro sobre el cuero cabelludo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Martínez y Ortiz, 2013</xref>). El IMC se calculó como la razón entre el peso en kilogramos y la altura al cuadrado en metros, considerando el sobrepeso como un IMC igual o superior 25 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">OMS, 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>Para la obtención del perímetro de cintura (cm) y cadera (cm) se utilizó la cinta métrica metálica Lufkin®, todas las mediciones se realizaron utilizando técnicas internacionalmente aceptadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Marfell-Jones, M. (ISAK) 2001</xref>). Se dividió el perímetro de cintura (cm) entre la cadera (cm) para obtener el indicador cintura/cadera (ICC) como indicador de la distribución del tejido adiposo, este indicador es un predictor independiente de factores de riesgo y morbilidad. Se consideró moderado de 0.90 a 0.95 y alto mayor de 0.95 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Poirier <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Perfil de lípidos séricos</title>
				<p>En ambos grupos A y B, se le realizaron muestreos de sangre a los participantes al inicio y al final del periodo de cuatro o seis semanas del consumo de LHA. La muestra se obtuvo de la vena antecubital después de 12 horas de ayuno, se recolectó una muestra basal de sangre de 7 ml en tubo seco. Cada muestra fue colocada en tubos de ensayo y centrifugada a 4.000 rpm por 10 minutos después de la cual fue extraído el suero. Para la determinación de la concentración sérica se midieron con espectrofotómetro Byosistem modelo A160. Obteniendo mediciones de: glucosa mg/dL, (CT) colesterol total mg/dL, (TG) triglicéridos mg/dL, TGO (transaminasa glutámica oxalacética) U/L, colesterol HDL (lipoproteínas de alta densidad) mg/dL, HbA1c (hemoglobina glicada) %, el colesterol LDL (lipoproteínas de baja densidad) mg/dL, fue calculado a partir del CT, TG y HDL utilizando la fórmula de Friedewald (LDL=CT-HDL-TG/5) siempre que TG&lt; 400 mg (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Troyo-Barriga, 2004</xref>). Para estimar el valor del colesterol VLDL (lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad) mg/dL, se dividió la concentración de triglicéridos por 5 (mg/dL) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">D’Isa <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadísticos</title>
				<p>Con los datos antropométricos y los perfiles lipídicos séricos obtenidos, se realizaron análisis descriptivos y comparación entre variables, empleando análisis cuantitativo con T pareada, para comparar en cada grupo las diferencias entre los periodos inicio y final del consumo de LHA. También se realizó en las variables de los perfiles séricos, un análisis cualitativo por medio de la prueba de X<sup>2</sup>, comparando las proporciones de acuerdo a los niveles (B) bajos, (N) normales o (A) altos en cada grupo comparando las diferencias entre los periodos inicio y final del consumo de LHA. Para el análisis se empleó el software SPSS® Statistics 20 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">SSPS, 2011</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>El <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref> presenta las variables antropométricas de los sujetos estudiados, se observa que en los participantes incluidos en ambos grupos (A y B) disminuyeron significativamente (p &lt;0.05) la grasa corporal e IMC, observando que cuando se aumenta el periodo a seis semanas de consumo de LHA (grupo B), disminuyen significativamente además la grasa visceral y el perímetro de la cintura.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Antropometría en participantes que consumieron lomos de cerdos alimentados con harina de aguacate al 10 %</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							
						
						<tr>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="4">Grupo A </th>
								
							<th align="center" colspan="4">Grupo B </th>
								
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2">Medias</th>
								
								<th align="center" colspan="2">Diferencias</th>
								
								<th align="center" colspan="2">Medias</th>
								
								<th align="center" colspan="2">Diferencias</th>
								
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">VARIABLE</td>
								<td align="center">I</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
								<td align="center">DIF F-I</td>
								<td align="center">p&lt;</td>
								<td align="center">I</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
								<td align="center">DIF F-I</td>
								<td align="center">p&lt;</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Grasa corporal</td>
								<td align="center">34.76</td>
								<td align="center">30.72</td>
								<td align="center">-4.04</td>
								<td align="center">**</td>
								<td align="center">28.9</td>
								<td align="center">27.6</td>
								<td align="center">-1.28</td>
								<td align="center">**</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">IMC</td>
								<td align="center">33.04</td>
								<td align="center">32.12</td>
								<td align="center">-0.92</td>
								<td align="center">**</td>
								<td align="center">30.9</td>
								<td align="center">29.6</td>
								<td align="center">-1.26</td>
								<td align="center">**</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Grasa visceral</td>
								<td align="center">16.6</td>
								<td align="center">15.8</td>
								<td align="center">-0.8</td>
								<td align="center">ns</td>
								<td align="center">14.6</td>
								<td align="center">14.2</td>
								<td align="center">-0.4</td>
								<td align="center">**</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Perímetro cintura</td>
								<td align="center">106.7</td>
								<td align="center">104.2</td>
								<td align="center">-2.5</td>
								<td align="center">ns</td>
								<td align="center">99.8</td>
								<td align="center">95.4</td>
								<td align="center">-4.4</td>
								<td align="center">**</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">ICC</td>
								<td align="center">0.98</td>
								<td align="center">0.96</td>
								<td align="center">-0.02</td>
								<td align="center">ns</td>
								<td align="center">0.92</td>
								<td align="center">0.90</td>
								<td align="center">-0.02</td>
								<td align="center">ns</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Grupo A: Consumo por 4 semanas. Grupo B: Consumo por 6 semanas. IMC: Índice de masa corporal, ICC: Índice cintura-cadera. I: inicio de consumo de la carne. F: final de consumo de carne DIF: diferencias, ns: no significativa. **p &lt;0.05 de la prueba T pareada.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>, se presentan los valores promedio del grupo A y del grupo B, de los perfiles lipídicos séricos de los participantes que consumieron LHA. Se muestra que en el grupo A (4 semanas) disminuyeron significativamente (p &lt;0.05) los valores de triglicéridos y VLDL, con aumento de LDL; también se observan que no se afectan la glucosa, colesterol, TGO, HDL y HbA1c. En el grupo B (6 semanas), solo disminuyó significativamente la glucosa (p &lt;0.05); el resto de las variables no fueron afectadas por el consumo LHA. </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Perfiles de lípidos séricos en los participantes que consumieron lomos de cerdos alimentados con harina de aguacate al 10 % durante los dos periodos de consumo</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col span="4"/>
							<col span="2"/>
							<col span="2"/>
							<col span="2"/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" ></th>
								<th align="left" > </th>
								
 							<th align="center" colspan="4">Grupo A </th>
								
								<th align="center" colspan="4">Grupo B </th>
								
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">PERIODO DE TIEMPO</th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2">Media</th>
								
								<th align="center" colspan="2">Diferencias</th>
								
								<th align="center" colspan="2">Media</th>
								
								<th align="center" colspan="2">Diferencias</th>
							
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">I</td>
								<td align="left">F</td>
								<td align="left">F-I</td>
								<td align="left">p&lt;</td>
								<td align="left">I</td>
								<td align="left">F</td>
								<td align="left">F-I</td>
								<td align="left">p&lt;</td>
							</tr>
							
							<tr>
								<td align="left">GLUCOSA</td>
								<td align="center">mg/dL</td>
								<td align="center">111.2</td>
								<td align="center">100.0</td>
								<td align="center">-11.2</td>
								<td align="center">ns</td>
								<td align="center">107.2</td>
								<td align="center">88.7</td>
								<td align="center">-18.5</td>
								<td align="center">*</td>
							</tr>
							
							<tr>
								<td align="left">COLESTEROL</td>
								<td align="center">mg/dL</td>								<td align="left">194.6</td>
								<td align="center">220.2</td>
								<td align="center">25.6</td>
								<td align="center">ns</td>
								<td align="center">185.8</td>
								<td align="center">169.1</td>
								<td align="center">-16.7</td>
								<td align="center">ns</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">TRIGLICERIDOS</td>
								<td align="center">mg/dL</td>
								<td align="center">218.4</td>
								<td align="center">166.8</td>
								<td align="center">-51.6</td>
								<td align="center">**</td>
								<td align="center">157.8</td>
								<td align="center">136.2</td>
								<td align="center">-21.6</td>
								<td align="center">ns</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">TGO</td>
								<td align="center">U/L</td>
								<td align="center">29.4</td>
								<td align="center">28</td>
								<td align="center">-1.4</td>
								<td align="center">ns</td>
								<td align="center">31.1</td>
								<td align="center">28.1</td>
								<td align="center">-3</td>
								<td align="center">ns</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">HDL</td>
								<td align="center">mg/dL</td>
								<td align="center">58.2</td>
								<td align="center">52.7</td>
								<td align="center">-5.5</td>
								<td align="center">ns</td>
								<td align="center">52.0</td>
								<td align="center">50.6</td>
								<td align="center">-1.4</td>
								<td align="center">ns</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">LDL</td>
								<td align="center">mg/dL</td>
								<td align="center">95.9</td>
								<td align="center">144.9</td>
								<td align="center">48.9</td>
								<td align="center">**</td>
								<td align="center">131.1</td>
								<td align="center">79.6</td>
								<td align="center">-51.4</td>
								<td align="center">ns</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">VLDL</td>
								<td align="center">mg/dL</td>
								<td align="center">43.6</td>
								<td align="center">33.3</td>
								<td align="center">-10.3</td>
								<td align="center">**</td>
								<td align="center">31.6</td>
								<td align="center">27.9</td>
								<td align="center">-3.6</td>
								<td align="center">ns</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">HbA1c %</td>
								<td align="center">%</td>
								<td align="center">4.8</td>
								<td align="center">4.7</td>
								<td align="center">-0.1</td>
								<td align="center">ns</td>
								<td align="center">4.9</td>
								<td align="center">4.8</td>
								<td align="center">-0.0</td>
								<td align="center">ns</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>Grupo A: Consumo por 4 semanas. Grupo B: Consumo por 6 semanas. I: inicio de consumo de la carne. F: final de consumo de carne. TGO: Aminotransferasa de aspartato, HDL: Lipoproteínas de alta densidad, LDL: Lipoproteínas de baja densidad, VLDL: Lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad, HbA1c: hemoglobina glicada. **p &lt;0.05; *p &lt;0.10 de la prueba T pareada.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Se compararon los cambios porcentuales de los perfiles de lípidos séricos de inicio y fin del estudio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">cuadro 3</xref>), en los participantes del grupo A (4 semanas) se observó que incrementaron significativamente los niveles a valores normales de glucosa (de 40 a 60%) y triglicéridos (de 20 a 60%). El porcentaje de colesterol y LDL se incrementó a rangos altos. En VLDL los porcentajes fueron tendientes a niveles bajos. El resto de variables no sufrieron modificación. Los individuos del grupo B (6 semanas) incrementaron el porcentaje de individuos con valores dentro de los rangos normales de glucosa (de 40 a 90%), colesterol (de 80 a 90%), triglicéridos (de 40 a 70%), TGO (de 0 a 10%), HDL (de 70 a 90%) y LDL (de 50 a 90%). En los resultados de VLDL incrementó el porcentaje de individuos con valores dentro de los rangos bajos y la HbA1c no se modificó. Por lo tanto, se muestran mejores resultados para la salud en los participantes del grupo B.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Cuadro 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Cambios porcentuales de perfiles de lipídicos sanguíneos en participantes que consumieron lomos de cerdo alimentados con harina de aguacate al 10%</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="2"/>
							<col span="3"/>
							<col span="2"/>
							<col span="2"/>
							<col span="3"/>
							<col span="2"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="7">GRUPO A </th>
								
								<th align="center" colspan="7">GRUPO B </th>
											</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">VARIABLES</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="3">I </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="3">F </th>
								<th align="center" >I vs F </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="3">I </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="3">F </th>
								<th align="center" >I vs F </th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">NIVELES</th>
								<th align="center">B</th>
								<th align="center">N</th>
								<th align="center">A</th>
								<th align="center">B</th>
								<th align="center">N</th>
								<th align="center">A</th>
								<th align="center">p &lt;X<sup>2</sup></th>
								<th align="center">B</th>
								<th align="center">N</th>
								<th align="center">A</th>
								<th align="center">B</th>
								<th align="center">N</th>
								<th align="center">A</th>
								<th align="center">p &lt;χ²</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">GLUCOSA %</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">40</td>
								<td align="center">60</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">60</td>
								<td align="center">40</td>
								<td align="center">**</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">40</td>
								<td align="center">60</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">90</td>
								<td align="center">10</td>
								<td align="center">***</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">COLESTEROL%</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">60</td>
								<td align="center">40</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">40</td>
								<td align="center">60</td>
								<td align="center">**</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">80</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">90</td>
								<td align="center">10</td>
								<td align="center">**</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">TRIGLICERIDOS %</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
								<td align="center">80</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">60</td>
								<td align="center">40</td>
								<td align="center">***</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">40</td>
								<td align="center">60</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">70</td>
								<td align="center">30</td>
								<td align="center">***</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">TGO %</td>
								<td align="center">80</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">80</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">ns</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">90</td>
								<td align="center">10</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">***</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">HDL %</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">80</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">80</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
								<td align="center">ns</td>
								<td align="center">10</td>
								<td align="center">70</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">90</td>
								<td align="center">10</td>
								<td align="center">***</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">LDL %</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
								<td align="center">80</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">80</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
								<td align="center">***</td>
								<td align="center">30</td>
								<td align="center">50</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
								<td align="center">10</td>
								<td align="center">90</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">***</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">VLDL %</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
								<td align="center">40</td>
								<td align="center">40</td>
								<td align="center">60</td>
								<td align="center">40</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">***</td>
								<td align="center">40</td>
								<td align="center">50</td>
								<td align="center">10</td>
								<td align="center">70</td>
								<td align="center">30</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">***</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">HbA1c %</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">ns</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">ns</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>Grupo A: Consumo por 4 semanas. Grupo B: Consumo por 6 semanas. I: Inicio de consumo de la carne. F: Final de consumo de carne de cerdo. Porcentaje de participantes que se encuentran en niveles B: Bajo, N: normal, A: Alto. Glucosa (70-100mg/dL), Colesterol (125-200mg/dL), Triglicéridos (10-150mg/dL), TGO: aminotransferasa de aspartato (40-50U/L), HDL: Lipoproteínas de alta densidad (35-65mg/dL), LDL: Lipoproteínas de baja densidad (13-65 mg/dL), VLDL: Lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad (2-30mg/dL), HbA1c: hemoglobina glicada (4-5,6%). p&lt;: Probabilidad estadística de la prueba X<sup>2</sup> (***p &lt;0.001; **p &lt;0.05; ns: No significativa).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Parámetros antropométricos</title>
				<p>Este estudio fue diseñado para evaluar el efecto en dos periodos de consumo de LHA sobre los perfiles antropométricos y de lípidos séricos en personas con sobrepeso. Se observó que todos los participantes del estudio disminuyeron significativamente grasa corporal e IMC, mostrando que cuando se aumenta el periodo de consumo de LHA a seis semanas (grupo B), se tuvieron mejores resultados, ya que disminuyeron también las variables grasa visceral y cintura, esto pudiera explicarse por el contenido de ácido linoleico de la carne, considerado ácido graso esencial que beneficia la reducción de grasa corporal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Arenas y López, 2009</xref>) y peso corporal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Sanhueza <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Celada <italic>et al</italic>. (2015</xref>) estudiaron a personas con riesgo cardiovascular, añadieron productos cárnicos, donde se sustituyó la grasa animal por una combinación de aceite de oliva, linaza y pescado, en tres periodos de 4 semanas cada uno, reportaron disminución de grasa corporal, relación cintura-cadera y perímetro de cintura en el periodo de alimentación reducida en grasa y se redujo el IMC, mejoró el peso ideal en el periodo de dieta enriquecida con ácidos grasos; estos reportes coinciden con el estudio aquí realizado ya que también disminuyen los parámetros antropométricos en individuos que consumen alimentos funcionales; lo que sugiere que la ingesta de productos cárnicos con menos grasa o enriquecidos con AGI, mejora los marcadores antropométricos pudiendo reducir el riesgo a desarrollar ECV.</p>
				<p>Existe una correlación entre IMC y porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC); de acuerdo a esto, se puede entender la disminución del IMC al bajar el PGC. Así mismo se determinó que la prevalencia del tejido adiposo visceral, se relaciona con el IMC y la circunferencia de cadera (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">García <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>). El incremento del tejido adiposo abdominal (visceral), propicia una mayor síntesis y liberación de adipoquinas además de leptina, resistina, angiotensinógeno, citoquinas pro-inflamatorias (factor de necrosis tumoral [TNF]-α, interleuquina [IL]-6, inhibidor del activador del plasminógeno tipo 1 [PAI1]) y quemoquinas, que pueden deteriorar el metabolismo lipídico y glucídico a través del aumento de la resistencia a la insulina, e incrementan el riesgo cardiovascular por lo que medir el índice cintura/cadera (ICC) es útil en la predicción del riesgo cardiometabólico <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hernández-Rodríguez <italic>et al</italic>. (2018)</xref>).</p>
				<p>De acuerdo con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">González-Acevedo <italic>et al. (</italic>2013)</xref> los cambios pudieran deberse a que la suplementación con AGI inhibe la diferenciación de pre-adipocitos e incrementa la apoptosis de estas células, así como también intervienen en la regulación sobre el sistema nervioso simpático, en la producción de leptina y adiponectina. Dicha función se manifiesta con la regulación de la grasa corporal lo que conlleva a cambios en la distribución de la proporción de masa libre de grasa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Parra y Hernández, 2017</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Perfil de lípidos séricos</title>
				<p>Se observó que el consumo de LHA, en los individuos del grupo A (4 semanas) disminuyó significativamente los niveles TG, VLDL y aumentó LDL. Se muestran también los valores de los individuos del grupo B (6 semanas), observándose diferencias significativas en la disminución de glucosa.</p>
				<p>Se observan mejores resultados cuando se consumió por más tiempo (6 semanas) de LHA porque se modificaron mayor número de variables favorables en la salud. El contenido de ácido graso esencial Linoleico cis de la carne consumida se puede asociar a los efectos antiaterogénicos encontrados, por su acción hipocolesterolémica e hipotrigliceridémica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Sanhueza <italic>et al.,</italic> 2002</xref>). Así como los compuestos fenólicos de la carne por sus propiedades antioxidantes desempeñan un papel importante en la prevención de enfermedades como desórdenes cardiovasculares, diabetes tipo 2, entre otras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Zapata <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>Resultados similares reportaron <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Petzke <italic>et al.,</italic> (2011)</xref>, en un estudio realizado en mujeres jóvenes, sanas y de peso normal que consumieron diariamente 200 g de carne de cerdo magro durante cuatro semanas, observando que disminuyeron significativamente las concentraciones de colesterol total (−7%), colesterol LDL (-8%) y glucosa (-4%). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Delgado-Pando <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref>, realizaron un estudio en 22 voluntarios para evaluar el efecto de consumo de salchichas frankfurters y pate, reducido en grasa y enriquecido con omegas, tras su uso en 3 periodos de 4 semanas, con descansos entre ellos de 4 semanas; encontrando disminución de c-LDL, c-LDL oxidado y cociente c- LDL / c-HDL en los participantes. Resultados similares observaron <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Maciá <italic>et al.</italic> (2005)</xref>, cuando estudiaron personas con hipercolesterolemia (18 mujeres y 18 hombres), consumieron 100 g/día de jamón Ibérico de Bellota y aceite de oliva, los participantes presentaron un descenso del colesterol total, triglicéridos y del colesterol LDL cuando se consumieron tanto AGP como jamón ibérico de bellota, se mantuvieron con niveles normales de HDL.</p>
				<p>Los resultados presentados en esta investigación, coinciden con lo observado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Pastoriza <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref>, quienes realizaron un estudio con la ingesta de un alimento funcional y observaron que los participantes redujeron los niveles de glucosa en sangre significativamente, debido a las catequinas presentes en la dieta y su acción sobre las enzimas para el control de hiperglucemia post pandrial.</p>
				<p>Para TG nuestros resultados coinciden con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Díaz-Perilla y Toro (2004)</xref> quienes evaluaron una dieta rica en grasa monoinsaturada por 4 semanas que redujo significativamente los triglicéridos en un 18.1%. Se considera que el efecto es mayor si se parte de hipertrigliceridemia comparado con niveles normales de triglicéridos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Leslie, 2007</xref>), mismo efecto que se pudo producir en este trabajo.</p>
				<p>En el metaanálisis de (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">López-Huertas, 2012</xref>) se concluye que existe suficiente evidencia para afirmar que la ingesta de dosis &gt; 1g de AGI en pacientes con síndrome metabólico durante al menos 3 meses producen una reducción significativa de los triglicéridos plasmáticos en un rango variable de entre 7-25%.</p>
				<p>La presencia de compuestos fenólicos, entre ellos los flavonoides, pudiera explicar el efecto hepatoprotector mostrado por el consumo de LHA debido a su actividad antioxidante demostrada, como resultado de una combinación de sus propiedades quelantes de hierro y secuestradoras de radicales libres (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bermúdez-Toledo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>). Además de los compuestos fenólicos presentes, en los LHA, otros antioxidantes naturales con efectos inmunomoduladores, anti-inflamatorios, antifibróticos, secuestradores de radicales libres y estabilizadores de membrana; pudieran contribuir a proteger al hígado de cambios degenerativos. Así como la presencia del γ-tocoferol y su metabolito 2,7,8-trimetil-2- (β-carboxietil) -6-hidroxicroman ya han demostrado tener actividad antiinflamatoria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fernandes <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>), por la inhibición de la actividad enzimática de ciclooxigenasa-2 (COX-2), (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Muñoz-Velázquez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>Algunos autores consideran que una ingesta dietética equilibrada y adecuada puede desempeñar un papel beneficioso cuando el perfil de lípidos en la sangre es desfavorable y sugieren que el riesgo de dislipidemia puede modificarse según el tipo de grasa ingerida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Peou <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>), se considera que el ácido graso oleico presente en el aguacate, puede desempeñar un papel activo en la reducción de colesterol y triglicéridos en plasma, así como disminuir el c-LDL sin mayor cambio en el c-HDL, reduciendo el riesgo de ECV.</p>
				<p>Disminuir el consumo de fuentes nutricionales con AGS ayuda a prevenir el desarrollo de padecer diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Mirmiran <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). Un estudio de revisión publicado en el 2017 reportó que los sujetos que tienen una dieta baja en AGS mostraron mejores perfiles antiinflamatorios, o al menos una respuesta proinflamatoria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Rocha <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Estos hallazgos sugieren que el consumo de alimentos con AGI (ácidos grasos insaturados), contribuye a mejorar el estado inflamatorio y en consecuencia prevenir el desarrollo de resistencia a la insulina, diabetes y enfermedades cardiovasculares.</p>
				<p>Se considera en este estudio que el tratamiento alimentario estuvo modificado con respecto a los ácidos grasos de igual modo que en otros estudios, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Jiya <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). El perfil de ácidos grasos en los animales monogástricos es casi un reflejo directo de los ácidos grasos de su alimentación; por lo tanto, los LHA que se consumieron por los participantes contienen AGS preferentemente modificados por AGI logrando mejorar el perfil lipídico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Lemus-Avalos <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>). Al emplear carne de cerdo alimentado con aguacate, no solo se incorpora a la carne para consumo humano AGP sino también, antioxidantes que pueden beneficiar la salud al consumidor. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hernández-López <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hernández-López <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016b</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La ingesta diaria de lomo de cerdo alimentado con harina de aguacate al 10 %, en los participantes de los dos períodos de consumo de 4 y 6 semanas disminuyeron significativamente los parámetros antropométricos grasa corporal e IMC, asociados con sobrepeso, alteraciones metabólicas y cardiovasculares. En los perfiles de lípidos séricos disminuyeron triglicéridos, VLDL y glucosa; se incrementaron los porcentajes a rangos normales de glucosa, colesterol y triglicéridos, con mejor resultado en el grupo B con 6 semanas de consumo de lomo de cerdo alimentado con harina de aguacate al 10 %.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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					<publisher-name>Woodhead Publishing</publisher-name>
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	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Anthropometric and serum lipid profiles in overweight men who consumed pork fed with avocado flour</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					<p>Code: e2020-85</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<p>Human diet can be regulated to generate positive effects on cardiovascular health. The objective was to evaluate the effect of pork consumption fed with 10 % avocado flour on anthropometric profiles and serum lipids in overweight humans over two periods. Two groups of 10 participants each, males aged 30 to 60 years with BMI&gt; 27 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, were formed. 100 g of pork loin were consumed daily, group A for four weeks and group B for six weeks. Paired t-test analysis was performed (p &lt;0.05). Group A decreased body fat (- 4.04), BMI (-0.92), triglycerides (-51.6), VLDL (-10.32) and increased LDL (48.98). Group B decreased body fat (-1.28), BMI (-1.26), visceral fat (-0.4), waist (-4.4), glucose (-18.5). Using the X<sup>2</sup> test (p &lt;0.05), the proportions of low, normal or high levels were compared after consumption. In-group A, glucose and triglyceride values were normalized, the frequency of the high level for cholesterol and LDL increased, with a decrease in the frequency of low level for VLDL. Group B, the values for glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, OGT, HDL and LDL were normalized; for VLDL there was a higher percentage of participants at the low level. The consumption of pork loins from pigs fed 10 % avocado meal contributes to the induction of health effects in overweight consumers.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Avocado flour</kwd>
				<kwd>serum lipid profile</kwd>
				<kwd>pork</kwd>
				<kwd>overweight</kwd>
				<kwd>diet</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Human diet can be regulated to generate positive effects on cardiovascular health (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Berciano and Ordovás, 2014</xref>). Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death around the world, so the nutritional recommendations continue to be seeking to prevent these diseases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Royo-Bordonada <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). The consumption of healthy and high diet in unsaturated fatty acids has shown numerous health benefits, such as: reducing the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, CVD (cardiovascular disease), mammary cancer and psychoorganic deterioration (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Urquiaga <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Saturated fatty acids (SFA) are endogenous synthesis, necessary for some physiological and structural functions. A positive relationship has been found between the intake of SFA with the increase of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol (Low-Density Lipoprotein), which in turn increases the risk of coronary disease (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cabezas-Zábala <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>). Likewise, some studies have shown that total cholesterol concentrations, LDL, VLDL (Very Low-Density Lipoprotein), and Tg (triglycerides) decrease when replacing red meat by fish, due to its high content of monounsaturated fats (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Sotos-Prieto <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>). Substituting SFA by monounsaturated (MFA) and polyunsaturated (PFA) reduces cardiovascular risk (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Ros <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Berciano and Ordovás (2014)</xref> found that although red meat can be a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, this goes more in relation to its content and fat type. Food is a direct influence on serum lipid fractions, so the development of methods and design of different nutritional strategies is being looked for, to modify situations of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyeridemia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cruz, 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">OCDE (2019)</xref> refers that the pork has been present for a long time in the history of humanity, but there are still prejudices regarding their quality and health effects. It is considered that the growth of worldwide pork production will be at an average annual rate of 0.9% between 2018 and 2027, to be located at 130.9 million tons (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">FIRA, 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>Therefore, they are still looking for feeding strategies for pigs, with the desire to lower production prices, as well as to improve nutritional characteristics of meat, shelf life, palatability, among others. It has been experienced with different feeding and use techniques of conventional and unconventional food sources (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Montero <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). The performance and quality of meat can be modulated including sources rich in fatty acids and antioxidants. These strategies lead to improving the biochemical constitution of consumer meat. One of the strategies to convert the meat into a &quot;functional food&quot; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Valenzuela <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>), consists in modifying the profile of intramuscular and subcutaneous fatty acids, with the purpose that they are preferably unsaturated, for greater contribution towards the consumer health. The fact of modifying fats of pork meat, contributing to current overweight and obesity problems, therefore, prevents the incidence of cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, fatty liver and metabolic syndrome (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Savino, 2011</xref>). An applied strategy is the use of avocado in pork diet, its use had a significant impact on the content and composition of intramuscular fat, reducing the content of lipids in <italic>Longissimus Thoracis</italic> muscles, increased polyunsaturated fatty acids, tocopherol and it decreased the oxidation of fat and protein (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hernández-López <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hernández- López <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016b</xref>). In order to study the consumption of pork loins that were fed 10 % avocado flour, a study was carried out to evaluate the effect in two periods on anthropometric and serum lipid profiles in overweight people.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Location</title>
					<p>The present work was carried out in the Nutritional Physiology Laboratory and Experimental Surgery of the Agriculture Academic Unit, belonging to the Autonomous University of Nayarit.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Obtaining and nutritional features of pork</title>
					<p>70 kilos of Yorkshire-Landrace breeds were used, fed free access with a diet that included 10 % avocado flour (LAF), for a period of 56 days until the fattening, in accordance with the recommendations of the Mexican Official Standard <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">NOM-062-ZOO-1999</xref>. The avocados of the Hass variety (<italic>Persea American</italic> Mill) included in the pig diet were from discarding commercial by its size, without demereing its nutritional value (Lemus <italic>et al.,</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">2017</xref>). The loins used were characterized in an earlier work (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Lemus-Avalos <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>), as a very similar chemical composition meat product, with low intramuscular fat content (5.94%), with 20.93% protein, 10.98 μg/G of γ-tocopherol, 3128 mg of gallic acid/100 g of total phenols. Also, with a high antioxidant activity analyzed with the radical assays DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhydrazyl, D-9132) (477.16 μm trolox/100g) and the radical ABTS (2.2'-azino-bis acid (3-ethylbenzotiazolin) -6-sulfonic, A-1888) (1054.55 μm trolox/100 g). It is a low beef in SFA, including palmitic (C16: 0) (21.93%), which is recognized as the highest saturated fat in pork, with a greater amount of arachid (20: 0) (0.45%). With a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, where cis (alpha) essential fatty acid (alpha) (18: 2 N6) represents 12.91%, as well as a high content of PFA (13.82%), so it has a high relationship of PFA/SFA (0.45%) and PFA/MFA (0.25%).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Individuals of study</title>
					<p>For the study, 20 male adult participants were chosen between the ages of 30 to 60, with a BMI (body mass index) between 27 to 33 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, without a history of cardiovascular disease. They must be intake pork on average once a week, without realization of physical activity, without use of food supplements with omegas fatty acids, no smokers, as well as accepting in writing to participate in the study. This research is attached to the declaration of Helsinki, to General Health Law and has approval from the Nayarit Bioethics State Commission (Nayarit's CEBIOÉTICA) in the trade number 88/CEB/2018, NO/17/2018.</p>
					<p>Two study groups were formed; both consumed daily 100 g of pork loin fed 10 % avocado flour (LAF). A group of 10 subjects (group A), consumed it 4 weeks. The other (group B) integrated with 10 subjects, consumed it for a period of 6 weeks. The nutritional history of the individuals was obtained by means of a direct survey.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Diet</title>
					<p>Participants were trained to meet during the experiment the recommendations of a balanced feeding according to WHO (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">OMS, 2017</xref>), based on healthy diet characteristics. Advice for the Food Plan was individually, according to the weight, size and age of each subject, in accordance with the FAO Recommendation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Carbajal, 2013</xref>), was included in its usual diet, the intake of the pork loin provided in the study.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Anthropometric parameters</title>
					<p>The anthropometric evaluation was used to determine the body composition and diagnosed the degree of obesity, using the body mass index (BMI) and the obesity classification proposed by the World Health Organization (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">OMS, 2020</xref>). The anthropometric measurement was performed at the beginning and end of each period in both groups, using a Tanita<sup>®</sup> brand scale with a sensitivity of ± 100 g, and a digital scale with Bluetooth Bennet<sup>®</sup> brand. The weight measure was obtained in lightweight and without footwear clothing, and by method of bioimpedance the percentage values of visceral fat and percentage of body fat. With the tape measure, dry brand fixed to a smooth wall, the height (cm) was obtained, respecting the plane of Frankfurt (Porion-Infraorbital) parallel to the ground and the horizontal bipupillary line, supporting the horizontal bar of the statement on the scalp (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Martínez and Ortiz, 2013</xref>). The BMI was calculated as the reason between the weight in Kilograms and the height squared in meters, considering overweight as an BMI equal or higher 25 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">OMS, 2017</xref>).</p>
					<p>For the obtaining of the waist perimeter (cm) and hip (cm), the Lufkin® metallic tape measured, all measurements were performed using internationally accepted techniques (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Marfell-Jones, M. (ISAK) 2001</xref>). The waist perimeter (cm) was divided between the hip (cm) to obtain the waist/hip indicator (WHI) as an indicator of the adipose tissue distribution, this indicator is an independent predictor of risk and morbidity factors. It was considered moderate of 0.90 to 0.95 and high higher than 0.95 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Poirier <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Profile of serum lipids</title>
					<p>In both groups A and B, blood samplings were held to the participants at the beginning and at the end of the period of four or six weeks of LAF consumption. The sample was obtained from the antecubital vein after 12 hours of fasting; a baseline blood sample of 7 ml was collected in a dry tube. Each sample was placed in test tubes and centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 10 minutes after which the serum was extracted. For the determination of serum concentration, they were measured with byosistem model A160. Getting measurements of: Glucose mg<sup>2</sup>/dL, (TC) Total cholesterol mg/dL, (TG) triglycerides mg/dL, OGT (oxalacetic glutic transaminase) U/L, HDL cholesterol (high density lipoproteins) mg/dl, HbA1c (Glicada hemoglobin) %, LDL cholesterol (low density lipoproteins) mg/dL, was calculated from TC, GT and HDL using the Friedewald formula (LDL = TC-HDL-GT/5) provided that GT &lt;400 mg (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Troyo-Barriga, 2004</xref>). To estimate the value of the VLDL cholesterol 5 (mg/dl) divided (very low-density lipoproteins) mg/dl, the triglyceride concentration (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">D’Isa <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>With anthropometric data and serum lipid profiles obtained, descriptive analyzes and comparison between variables were performed, using quantitative analysis with paired T, to compare in each group the differences between the start and final periods of LAF consumption. A qualitative analysis was also performed in the variables of the serum profiles, a qualitative analysis by means of the X2 test, comparing the proportions according to the low levels (b), (n) normal or (a) tall in each group comparing the differences Among the start and end period of LAF consumption. For the analysis, the SPSS® STATISTICS 20 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">SSPS, 2011</xref>) software was used.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref> presents the anthropometric variables of the subjects studied, it is observed that in the participants included in both groups (A and B) decreased significantly (p &lt;0.05) body fat and BMI, observing that when the period is increased to six weeks LAF consumption (group B), visceral fat and the perimeter of the waist decreases significantly.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Anthropometry in participants who consumed pork loins fed with 10% avocado flour</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify"> </th>
									
									<th align="center" colspan="4">Group A</th>
									
									<th align="center" colspan="4">Group B</th>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify"> </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Mean</th>
									
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Differences </th>
									
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Mean</th>
									
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Differences</th>
									
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">VARIABLE</td>
									<td align="center">I</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
									<td align="center">DIF F-I</td>
									<td align="center">p&lt;</td>
									<td align="center">I</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
									<td align="center">DIF F-I</td>
									<td align="center">p&lt;</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Body fat</td>
									<td align="center">34.76</td>
									<td align="center">30.72</td>
									<td align="center">-4.04</td>
									<td align="center">**</td>
									<td align="center">28.9</td>
									<td align="center">27.6</td>
									<td align="center">-1.28</td>
									<td align="center">**</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">BMI</td>
									<td align="center">33.04</td>
									<td align="center">32.12</td>
									<td align="center">-0.92</td>
									<td align="center">**</td>
									<td align="center">30.9</td>
									<td align="center">29.6</td>
									<td align="center">-1.26</td>
									<td align="center">**</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Visceral fat</td>
									<td align="center">16.6</td>
									<td align="center">15.8</td>
									<td align="center">-0.8</td>
									<td align="center">ns</td>
									<td align="center">14.6</td>
									<td align="center">14.2</td>
									<td align="center">-0.4</td>
									<td align="center">**</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Waist perimeter</td>
									<td align="center">106.7</td>
									<td align="center">104.2</td>
									<td align="center">-2.5</td>
									<td align="center">ns</td>
									<td align="center">99.8</td>
									<td align="center">95.4</td>
									<td align="center">-4.4</td>
									<td align="center">**</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">WHI</td>
									<td align="center">0.98</td>
									<td align="center">0.96</td>
									<td align="center">-0.02</td>
									<td align="center">ns</td>
									<td align="center">0.92</td>
									<td align="center">0.90</td>
									<td align="center">-0.02</td>
									<td align="center">ns</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>Group A: consumption for 4 weeks. Group B: consumption for 6 weeks. BMI: Body Mass Index, WHI: Waist-Hip Index. I: Start of consumption of meat. F: Final of meat consumption DIF: Differences, NS: Non-significant. ** P &lt;0.05 of the tested T paired.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>, the average values of Group A and Group B are presented, of the serum lipid profiles of the participants who consumed LAF. It is shown that in Group A (4 weeks), they decreased significantly (p &lt;0.05) the triglyceride and VLDL values, with an increase in LDL. They are also observed that glucose, cholesterol, OGT, HDL and HbA1C are not affected. In-group B (6 weeks), only glucose (p &lt;0.05) only decreased significantly. The rest of the variables were not affected by the LAF consumption.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Serum lipid profiles in participants who consumed pork loins fed 10% avocado flour during the two consumption periods</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col span="4"/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col span="3"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify" > 
										
 </th>
									<th align="justify" > 
									</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="4">Group A</th>
									
									<th align="center" colspan="4">Group B</th>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">PERIOD OF TIME</th>
									<th align="justify"> </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Mean</th>
									
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Differences</th>
									
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Mean</th>
									
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Differences</th>
									
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center">I</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
									<td align="center">F-I</td>
									<td align="center">p&lt;</td>
									<td align="center">I</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
									<td align="center">F-I</td>
									<td align="center">p&lt;</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">GLUCOSE</td>
									<td align="center">mg/dL</td>
									<td align="center">111.2</td>
									<td align="center">100.0</td>
									<td align="center">-11.2</td>
									<td align="center">ns</td>
									<td align="center">107.2</td>
									<td align="center">88.7</td>
									<td align="center">-18.5</td>
									<td align="center">*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CHOLESTEROL</td>
									<td align="center">mg/dL</td>
									<td align="center">194.6</td>
									<td align="center">220.2</td>
									<td align="center">25.6</td>
									<td align="center">ns</td>
									<td align="center">185.8</td>
									<td align="center">169.1</td>
									<td align="center">-16.7</td>
									<td align="center">ns</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">TRIGLYCERIDES</td>
									<td align="center">mg/dL</td>
									<td align="center">218.4</td>
									<td align="center">166.8</td>
									<td align="center">-51.6</td>
									<td align="center">**</td>
									<td align="center">157.8</td>
									<td align="center">136.2</td>
									<td align="center">-21.6</td>
									<td align="center">ns</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">OGT</td>
									<td align="center">U/L</td>
									<td align="center">29.4</td>
									<td align="center">28</td>
									<td align="center">-1.4</td>
									<td align="center">ns</td>
									<td align="center">31.1</td>
									<td align="center">28.1</td>
									<td align="center">-3</td>
									<td align="center">ns</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">HDL</td>
									<td align="center">mg/dL</td>
									<td align="center">58.2</td>
									<td align="center">52.7</td>
									<td align="center">-5.5</td>
									<td align="center">ns</td>
									<td align="center">52.0</td>
									<td align="center">50.6</td>
									<td align="center">-1.4</td>
									<td align="center">ns</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">LDL</td>
									<td align="center">mg/dL</td>
									<td align="center">95.9</td>
									<td align="center">144.9</td>
									<td align="center">48.9</td>
									<td align="center">**</td>
									<td align="center">131.1</td>
									<td align="center">79.6</td>
									<td align="center">-51.4</td>
									<td align="center">ns</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">VLDL</td>
									<td align="center">mg/dL</td>
									<td align="center">43.6</td>
									<td align="center">33.3</td>
									<td align="center">-10.3</td>
									<td align="center">**</td>
									<td align="center">31.6</td>
									<td align="center">27.9</td>
									<td align="center">-3.6</td>
									<td align="center">ns</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">HbA1c</td>
									<td align="center">%</td>
									<td align="center">4.8</td>
									<td align="center">4.7</td>
									<td align="center">-0.1</td>
									<td align="center">ns</td>
									<td align="center">4.9</td>
									<td align="center">4.8</td>
									<td align="center">-0.0</td>
									<td align="center">ns</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>
								Group A: consumption for 4 weeks. Group B: consumption for 6 weeks. I: Start of consumption of meat. F: Final of meat consumption. OGT: ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERA, HDL: High density Lipoproteins, LDL: Low-density Lipoproteins, VLDL: Very low density lipoproteins, HbA1c: Glicada hemoglobin. ** p &lt;0.05; * P &lt;0.10 of the tested T paired.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The percentage changes of the serum lipid profiles and end of the study were compared (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>), in Group A (4-week) participants it was observed that significantly increased levels to normal glucose values (from 40 to 60 %) and triglycerides (from 20 to 60 %). The percentage of cholesterol and LDL increased to high ranges. In VLDL the percentages were tending to low levels. The rest of the variables did not suffer modification. Individuals of Group B (6 weeks) increased the percentage of individuals with values within normal glucose ranges (from 40 to 90 %), cholesterol (from 80 to 90 %), triglycerides (from 40 to 70 %), OGT (from 0 to 10 %), HDL (from 70 to 90%) and LDL (from 50 to 90%). In the results of VLDL increased, the percentage of individuals with values within the low ranges and HbA1C was not modified. Therefore, better results for health are shown in-group B participants.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Percentage changes in profiles of blood lipids in participants who consumed pork loins fed with 10% avocado flour</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="3"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="3"/>
								<col span="2"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify"> </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="7">Group A  
 
 </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="7">Group B </th>
									
								</tr>
								
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">VARIABLES</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">I </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3">F </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">I vs F </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">I </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3">F </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">I vs F </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">LEVELS</th>
									<th align="center">B</th>
									<th align="center">N</th>
									<th align="center">A</th>
									<th align="center">B</th>
									<th align="center">N</th>
									<th align="center">A</th>
									<th align="center">p &lt;X<sup>2</sup></th>
									<th align="center">B</th>
									<th align="center">N</th>
									<th align="center">A</th>
									<th align="center">B</th>
									<th align="center">N</th>
									<th align="center">A</th>
									<th align="center">p &lt;χ²</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">GLUCOSE %</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">40</td>
									<td align="center">60</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">60</td>
									<td align="center">40</td>
									<td align="center">**</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">40</td>
									<td align="center">60</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">90</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CHOLESTEROL %</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">60</td>
									<td align="center">40</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">60</td>
									<td align="center">60</td>
									<td align="center">**</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">80</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">90</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									
									<td align="center">**</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">TRIGLYCERIDES %</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">80</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">60</td>
									<td align="center">40</td>
									<td align="center">***</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">40</td>
									<td align="center">60</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">70</td>
									<td align="center">30</td>
									<td align="center">***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">OGT %</td>
									<td align="center">80</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">80</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">ns</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">90</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">HDL %</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">80</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">80</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">ns</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">70</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">90</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">LDL %</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">80</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">80</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">***</td>
									<td align="center">30</td>
									<td align="center">50</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">90</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">VLDL %</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">40</td>
									<td align="center">40</td>
									<td align="center">60</td>
									<td align="center">40</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">***</td>
									<td align="center">40</td>
									<td align="center">50</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">70</td>
									<td align="center">30</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">***</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">HbA1c %</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">ns</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">ns</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p>Group A: consumption for 4 weeks. Group B: consumption for 6 weeks. I: Start of consumption of meat. F: Final of meat consumption. Percentage of participants found at Levels B: Low, N: Normal, A: High. Glucose (70-100mg/dl), cholesterol (125-200mg/dl), triglycerides (10-150mg/dl), OGT: Aspartate aminotransferase (40-50U/L), HDL: High density lipoproteins (35-65mg/DL), LDL: Low density lipoproteins (13-65 mg/dl), VLDL: Very low density lipoproteins (2-30 mg/dl), HbA1c: Gliced hemoglobin (4-5.6 %). p &lt;: Statistical probability of test X2 (*** p &lt;0.001, ** P &lt;0.05, NS: Non significant).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Anthropometric parameters</title>
					<p>This study was designed to evaluate the effect in two LAF consumption periods over anthropometric and serum lipid profiles in overweight people. It was observed that all study participants declined significantly body fat, BMI, showing that when the consumption period of LAF is increased six weeks (Group B), better results were also decreased, visceral, and waist variables. This could be explained by the linoleic acid content of the flesh, considered essential fatty acid that benefits the reduction of body fat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Arenas and</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">López, 2009</xref>) and body weight (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Sanhueza <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Celada <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> studied people with cardiovascular risk, added meat products, where animal fat was replaced by a combination of olive oil, flaxseed and fish, in three periods of 4 weeks each, reported a decrease in body fat, a waist -hip ratio and waist perimeter. In the fat reduced feeding period and the BMI was reduced, improved the ideal weight in the diet period enriched with fatty acids. These reports coincide with the study carried out here since the anthropometric parameters in individuals consume functional foods also decrease; what suggests that the intake of meat products with less fat or enriched with UFA, improves anthropometric markers, being able to reduce the risk to develop CVD.</p>
					<p>There is a correlation between BMI and percentage of body fat (PBF). According to this, it can understand the decrease in BMI when lowering the PBF. Likewise, it was determined that the prevalence of visceral adipose tissue is related to BMI and hip circumference (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">García <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>). The increase in abdominal adipose tissue (visceral), promotes greater synthesis and release of adipocine in addition to leptin, resistin, angiotensinogen, pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF] -α, interleukin [IL] -6, inhibitor of the Plasminogen activator Type 1 [PAI1]) and quemochinas. It can deteriorate Lipid and Glucidic metabolism through the increase in insulin resistance, and increase cardiovascular risk, so measuring the waist/hip index (WHI) is useful in the prediction of cardiometabolic risk <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hernández-Rodríguez <italic>et al</italic>. (2018)</xref>.</p>
					<p>According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">González-Acevedo <italic>et al. (</italic>2013)</xref> changes could be due to the supplementation with UFA inhibits pre-adipocytes differentiation and increases the apoptosis of these cells, as well as intervene in regulation on the sympathetic nervous system, in the production of leptin and adiponectin. This function is manifested with the regulation of body fat that leads to changes in the distribution of fat-free mass ratio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Parra and Hernández, 2017</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Profile of serum lipids</title>
					<p>It was observed that the consumption of LAF, in the individuals of Group A (4 weeks) significantly decreased TG, VLDL levels and increased LDL. The values of the individuals of Group B (6 weeks) are also shown, observing significant differences in the decrease in glucose.</p>
					<p>Better results are observed when consumed for longer (6 weeks) of LAF because a greater number of favorable health variables were modified. The content of essential fatty acid cis of the meat consumed can be associated with the antiathyrogenic effects found, due to its hypocolesterolemic and hypotrogracyreidemic action (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Sanhueza <italic>et al.,</italic> 2002</xref>). As well as the phenolic compounds of the flesh due to its antioxidant properties that play an important role in the prevention of diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, type two diabetes, among others (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Zapata <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
					<p>Similar results reported <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Petzke <italic>et al.,</italic> (2011)</xref>, in a study conducted in young, healthy and normal weight women who consumed daily 200 g of pork for four weeks, observing that total cholesterol concentrations (- 7 %), LDL cholesterol (-8 %) and glucose (-4 %). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Delgado-Pando <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref>, they conducted a study on 22 volunteers to evaluate the consumption effect of Frankfurters sausage and Pate, reduced in fat and enriched with Omegas, after use in 3 periods of 4 weeks, with breaks between them of 4 weeks; finding decrease in c-LDL, Rusty c-LDL and c-LDL/c-HDL ratio in participants. Similar results observed <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Maciá <italic>et al.</italic> (2005)</xref>, when they studied people with hypercholesterolemia (18 women and 18 men), consumed 100 g/day of Iberian Ham of acorn and Olive Oil, the participants presented a decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL cholesterol when they were consumed so much PFA as an Iberian ham of acorn, remained with normal HDL levels.</p>
					<p>The results presented in this investigation, coincide with what is observed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Pastoriza <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref>, who carried out a study with the intake of a functional food and observed that participants reduced blood glucose levels significantly due to catechins present in the diet and their action on enzymes for the control of post-pandary hyperglycemia.</p>
					<p>For TG our results coincide with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Díaz-Perilla and Toro (2004)</xref> who evaluated a diet rich monounsaturated fat for 4 weeks that significantly reduced triglycerides by 18.1 %. It is considered that the effect is greater if part of hypertriglyceridemia compared with normal levels of triglycerides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Leslie, 2007</xref>), the same effect that could be produced in this work.</p>
					<p>In the meta-analysis of (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">López-Huertas, 2012</xref>) it is concluded that there is sufficient evidence to affirm that the intake of dose&gt; 1g of UFA in patients with metabolic syndrome for at least 3 months produce a significant reduction of plasma triglycerides in a variable range between 7-25 %.</p>
					<p>The presence of phenolic compounds, including flavonoids, could explain the hepatoprotective effect shown by the consumption of LAF due to its demonstrated antioxidant activity, because of a combination of its iron chelating properties and free radical sequestrators (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bermúdez-Toledo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>). In addition to the phenolic compounds present, in the LAF, other natural antioxidants with immunomodulatory effects, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, free radical sequestrators and membrane stabilizers. They could contribute to protecting the liver of degenerative changes. As well as the presence of γ-tocopherol and its 2,7,8-trimethyl-2- (β-carboxietyl) -6-hydroxicroman metabolite have already been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory activity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fernandes <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>), by the inhibition of the enzymatic activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Muñoz-Velázquez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
					<p>Some authors consider that a balanced and adequate dietary intake can play a beneficial role when the profile of lipids in the blood is unfavorable and suggest that the risk of dyslipidemia can be modified according to the type of fat ingested (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Peou <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>). It considers that oleic fatty acid present in avocado, can play an active role in the reduction of cholesterol and triglycerides in plasma, as well as reduce the C-LDL without greater change in c-HDL, reducing the risk of CVD.</p>
					<p>Decreasing the consumption of nutritional sources with SFA helps prevent the development of Diabetes Mellitus type 2 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Mirmiran <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). A review study published in 2017 reported that subjects who have a low diet in SFA showed better anti-inflammatory profiles, or at least one proinflammatory response (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Rocha <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). These findings suggest that the consumption of food with UFA (unsaturated fatty acids), contributes to improve inflammatory state and consequently prevent the development of insulin resistance, diabetes and cardiovascular disease.</p>
					<p>It is considered in this study that food treatment was modified with respect to fatty acids in the same way as in other studies, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Jiya <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). The profile of fatty acids in monogastric animals is almost a direct reflection of the fatty acids of their diet. Therefore, the LAFs that were consumed by the participants contain SFA preferably modified by UFA, managing the lipid profile (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Lemus-Avalos <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>). By using pork fed with avocado, it is not only incorporated into the meat for human consumption PFA but also, antioxidants that can benefit the health to the consumer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hernández-López <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hernández- López <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016b</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The daily intake of pork loin fed 10 % avocado flour, in participants of the two consumption periods of 4 and 6 weeks significantly decreased anthropometric body fat and BMI, overweight associated, metabolic and cardiovascular alterations. In profiles of serum lipid decreased triglycerides, VLDL and glucose; The percentages were increased to normal glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides ranges, with a better result in Group B with 6 weeks of pork loin consumption powered by 10% avocado flour.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>