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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2021.13</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00111</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Interacción genotipo por ambiente en camarón blanco asociada a Síndrome de Mancha Blanca</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9439-7007</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cala-Moreno</surname>
						<given-names>Nelson</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8676-7795</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Campos-Montes</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2674-8298</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Caballero-Zamora</surname>
						<given-names>Alejandra</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Berruecos-Villalobos</surname>
						<given-names>José</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5550-4180</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Castillo-Juárez</surname>
						<given-names>Hector</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento El Hombre y su Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Xochimilco</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco, México. §Fallecido, marzo 18, 2019. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Xochimilco</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Autor para la correspondencia: Nelson Cala Moreno. Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad #3000, CP 04510, México. E- mail: <email>necamo1980@gmail.com</email>, <email>nonino@prodigy.net.mx</email>, <email>gabocamo@gmail.com</email>, <email>alejandra.caballero.zamora@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>Clave: e2020-95.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>11</volume>
			
			<elocation-id>e111</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<p>Este estudio tuvo como objetivo estimar la interacción genotipo por ambiente para peso corporal (PC) y supervivencia a cosecha (SC), en presencia y ausencia de Síndrome de Mancha Blanca (SMB) en dos líneas genéticas de <italic>Penaeus vannamei</italic> (Crecimiento -CRE- y resistencia a SMB -RES-). La heredabilidad para PC en la línea CRE fue 0.05 ± 0.16 en presencia de SMB y 0.35 ± 0.15 en ausencia, mientras que para la línea RES fueron 0.26 ± 0.07 y 0.49 ± 0.08 en presencia y ausencia de SMB, respectivamente. Las correlaciones genéticas para PC entre ambientes fueron -0.17 ± 0.60 para CRE y 0.89 ± 0.09 para RES. La heredabilidad para SC en CRE fue 0.01 en ambos ambientes y la correlación genética no fue estimable, mientras que, para RES, las heredabilidades fueron 0.06 ± 0.04 y 0.11 ± 0.06 en ausencia de y presencia de SMB, respectivamente, adicionalmente, la correlación genética no fue significativa. Aunque el modelo lineal sugiere una interacción genotipo por ambiente, los estimados proponen independencia de la misma característica entre ambientes y, las correlaciones entre características para la línea de resistencia proponen seleccionar de manera independiente las características cuando SMB esté presente.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Penaeus vannamei</kwd>
				<kwd>heredabilidad</kwd>
				<kwd>correlación genética aditiva</kwd>
				<kwd>peso corporal</kwd>
				<kwd>supervivencia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="38"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La producción mundial de camarón blanco del Pacífico (<italic>Penaeus vannamei</italic>) se ha basado en la producción de líneas genéticas que han sido seleccionadas para crecimiento y supervivencia general (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Campos-Montes <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Caballero-Zamora <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Yuan <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Al mismo tiempo, las unidades de producción han sido afectadas por varias enfermedades con altas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Trang <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>); entre ellas, el Síndrome de Mancha Blanca (SMB) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Hernández-Llamas <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>El control de SMB ha sido una meta difícil y se ha optado por añadir criterios de selección relacionados a la resistencia de esta enfermedad al objetivo de selección de Programas de Mejoramiento Genético (PMG) en peneidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Ødegård <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Huang <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Klinger y Naylor, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Caballero-Zamora <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).En esta idea, es importante tener estimadores adecuados de heredabilidad (h<sup>2</sup>) y correlación genética (rG) para la formulación de estrategias de selección. Estos parámetros genéticos, estimados en condiciones de brote natural, pueden brindar información importante para ser considerada en los PMG. Algunos autores han estimado la heredabilidad para peso corporal en presencia del SMB entre 0.09, usando información de brote y 0.21 a partir de un desafío controlado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Gitterle <italic>et al</italic>., 2005b</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Caballero-Zamora <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>En cuanto a la heredabilidad para supervivencia en presencia del SMB, ha sido estimada entre 0.01 y 0.21 en estudios de desafío controlado a partir de diferentes modelos estadísticos y protocolos de infección (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Gitterle <italic>et al</italic>., 2005b</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Gitterle <italic>et al., 2006a</italic></xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Gitterle <italic>et al</italic>., 2006b</xref>), y como 0.06 en condiciones de brote natural del SMB (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Caballero-Zamora <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). En cambio, la estimación de estos parámetros para la misma característica en ambientes diferentes puede interpretarse como una interacción de genotipo por ambiente (IGA). Dicha IGA, puede modificar la estimación de h<sup>2</sup> y r<sub>G</sub> entre criterios de selección, provocando respuestas a la selección poco precisas y alteraciones en el ordenamiento de los candidatos a reproductores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sae-Lim <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>En <italic>P. vannamei</italic>, estudios previos han buscado IGA para peso corporal a la cosecha (PC) entre localidades o densidades de siembra en condiciones comerciales, sin hallar evidencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ibarra y Famula, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Campos-Montes <italic>et al., 2009</italic></xref>). No obstante, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Caballero- Zamora <italic>et al</italic>. (2015) </xref>observaron efectos de IGA para peso corporal a las 19 semanas de edad entre poblaciones que crecieron en presencia o en ausencia del SMB en condiciones comerciales. En cuanto a IGA para supervivencia general a la cosecha (SC), ningún estudio ha reportado efectos de IGA.</p>
			<p>En cuanto a la r<sub>G</sub> para peso y supervivencia en camarón, algunos estudios han estimado rG entre PC y SC en ausencia de alguna enfermedad entre -0.49 y 0.56 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Campos-Montes <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>); mientras que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Caballero-Zamora <italic>et al. (2015)</italic></xref>reportan que no fue posible estimar esta correlación en presencia de SMB, debido a la pérdida de estructura de información derivada de la alta mortalidad en la población. Por otro lado, no hay información sobre cómo se modifican estas r<sub>G</sub> para peso y supervivencia a través de diferentes ambientes en la producción de camarón. Por lo anterior, es importante estimar estos parámetros genéticos (h<sup>2</sup> y r<sub>G</sub>) en presencia o ausencia del SMB para el diseño óptimo de los PMG.</p>
			<p>Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue estimar los efectos de IGA para PC y SC en dos ambientes comerciales (presencia o ausencia de brote natural del SMB), en dos líneas genéticas de camarón blanco del Pacífico (<italic>Penaeus vannamei)</italic>, una seleccionada para crecimiento y otra con antecedentes de resistencia al SMB.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>Los datos fueron obtenidos de una compañía de producción de larvas de camarón, localizada en el noroeste de México. Los registros incluyeron camarones del ciclo de producción 2016. Los camarones fueron criados bajo condiciones comerciales en tres estanques: dos estanques estuvieron ubicados en dos granjas establecidas en el estado de Sonora (Kino y Marea Alta); los cuales presentaron un brote natural de SMB (SMB- presencia), donde el diagnóstico se realizó a partir de la sintomatología y cambios macroscópicos típicos del SMB (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Stentiford y Lightner, 2011</xref>), durante el ciclo de producción y confirmado mediante análisis de PCR. El tercer estanque se localizó en la comunidad de Los Pozos, Sinaloa (Pozos), donde se realizaron procedimientos estrictos de bioseguridad y no se detectaron síntomas de SMB, ni hubo diagnóstico positivo por PCR (SMB-ausencia).</p>
			<p>Se utilizó una línea seleccionada desde 1998 para crecimiento y SC (CRE), y otra línea con antecedentes de resistencia a SMB (RES). Las familias consideradas de cada línea en este estudio tuvieron un máximo de 25% de genes de la otra línea (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Gallaga-Maldonado <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>), y se analizaron de manera independiente. Para la línea CRE se analizaron 7,679 registros procedentes de apareamientos entre 49 padres y 69 madres (familias). Para la línea RES se usaron 9,519 registros con la progenie de 63 padres y 91 madres (familias). La razón de hembras por macho fue de 1.4 en ambas líneas. La información del pedigrí incluyó animales nacidos desde 2002 para CRE y desde 2014 para RES.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Origen y desarrollo de las líneas genéticas</title>
				<p>Las líneas CRE y RES fueron formadas en 1998 y 2014 respectivamente. La línea CRE fue producida usando camarones provenientes de México, Venezuela, Colombia, Estados Unidos, y Ecuador. La línea RES está compuesta por camarones con antecedentes de resistencia a SMB procedentes de Ecuador, Panamá y Estados Unidos y desde 2014. Una descripción más específica de la creación de las líneas genéticas puede encontrarse en <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Gallaga-Maldonado <italic>et al. (2020)</italic></xref>y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Campos-Montes <italic>et al. (2020)</italic></xref>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Manejo de familias</title>
				<p>Las familias fueron producidas mediante inseminación artificial, utilizando una relación de un macho por cada dos hembras para la formación de familias de medios hermanos. Las hembras inseminadas desovaron en tanques individuales para el conteo de nauplios por familia (hermanos completos); siendo descartados aquellos desoves con menos de 25,000 nauplios para la siguiente etapa. La alimentación en las fases larvarias se basó en micro-pellets comerciales con 40% a 50% de proteína y 8% a 10% de grasa, microalgas <italic>Chaetoceros</italic>, <italic>Spirulina</italic> spp, y <italic>Artemia</italic> spp., y la constitución de la dieta se adecuó a cada estadio. Las familias de hermanos completos se mantuvieron en el mismo estanque hasta que fueron marcadas alrededor de los 60 días de edad (pesando entre 2 y 3 gramos), mediante elastómeros de colores (Northwest Marine Technology<sup>TM</sup>), en el último segmento abdominal del camarón y cuya combinación de colores funcionó como identificación familiar.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Manejo de los estanques de crecimiento</title>
				<p>Diez días posteriores al marcaje, se sembraron 36 camarones en promedio por familia en cada estanque. Los Estaques de Sonora (SMB-presencia) eran de arena de 0.20 ha, con una columna de agua de 1.4 m, a una temperatura promedio de 32 °C y una salinidad promedio de 33 gL<sup>-1</sup>. La tasa de intercambio diario de agua varió de 5% a 20%. El alimento ofrecido contó con un porcentaje de proteína entre el 34 y 40% a razón de 3% de la biomasa total en el estanque. La densidad de siembra en ambos estanques fue de 16 organismos/m<sup>2</sup>. En Sinaloa (SMB-ausencia) se usó un estanque de concreto de 4 x 16 m, con una columna de agua de 2 m y una densidad de siembra de 70 m<sup>2</sup>. La temperatura del agua se mantuvo a 30°C con una salinidad de 35 gL-1, aireación constante y una tasa de intercambio de agua diario de 4% a 5%. La cantidad de alimentación diaria ofrecida (35% - 40% de proteína); se calculó como el 6% de su biomasa.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Recolección de datos para peso corporal a los 130 días de edad y supervivencia de 70 a 130 días</title>
				<p>Posterior a 70 de la siembra se recuperó la totalidad de los organismos de los estanques, y de cada uno se identificó la familia de origen, el sexo y peso corporal. Se eliminó la información de individuos con deformidades, sin identificación confiable o sexo indefinido. Para la estimación de la SC se consideró a los animales recuperados al final del periodo como vivos (1) y los animales no recuperados, considerando la diferencia entre los organismos vivos de cada familia y los sembrados, como muertos (0).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis de la información</title>
				<p>Para comparar el comportamiento productivo entre ambas líneas en ambos escenarios (SMB-presencia y SMB-ausencia), se consideró el siguiente modelo lineal:</p>
				<p>y<sub>ijk</sub> = µ + L<sub>i</sub> + S<sub>j</sub> + LS<sub>ij</sub> + e<sub>ijk</sub></p>
				<p>Donde, <bold>y</bold><sub>ijk</sub> es el vector de observaciones de PC o SC, <bold>µ</bold> es la media de la población para la variable de interés (SC o PC), <bold>L</bold><sub>i</sub> es el efecto de la i-esima línea (CRE, RES), <bold>S</bold><sub>j</sub> es el efecto del j-esimo ambiente (SMB-presencia, SMB-ausencia), <bold>LS</bold><sub>ij</sub> es el efecto de la interacción entre la línea y estado de salud del estanque, y <bold>e</bold><sub>ijk</sub> ~ N (0, σ<sup>2</sup>e). El sexo y el estanque también se incluyeron en PC. Para determinar diferencias entre combinaciones de línea y ambiente se usó una prueba de Tukey (α = 0.05).</p>
				<p>Los parámetros genéticos para PC y SC fueron estimados para cada línea, usando un modelo animal y máxima verosimilitud restringida, con el software ASReml. Considerando los criterios de aproximación de una distribución binomial a una distribución normal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Schader y Schmid, 1989</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Emura y Yu-Ting, 2018</xref>) se asumió normalidad en el análisis de SC; el modelo usado fue:</p>
				<p><bold>
 <italic>y</italic> = X<italic>β</italic> + Zu +Wf + ε</bold></p>
				<p>Donde, <bold>
 <italic>y</italic> 
</bold> es el vector de observaciones de (PC o SC) de ambos ambiente, <bold>
 <italic>β</italic> 
</bold> es el vector de efectos fijos de cada característica, <bold>u</bold> es el vector de efectos genéticos aditivos aleatorios del animal, <bold>u</bold> ~ MVN (0, <bold>G</bold>), donde <bold>G</bold> = <bold>V</bold> ⊗ <bold>A</bold>, donde <bold>V</bold> es una matriz simétrica que contiene las (co) varianzas entre los efectos de los animales de las misma familias para las características en los dos ambientes, y <bold>A</bold> es una matriz de relaciones aditivas; ⊗ es el producto Kronecker, residuales ambientales, <bold>f</bold> es el vector desconocido del efecto común de familia para todas las características, <bold>f</bold> ~ MVN (0, <bold>F</bold>); donde, <bold>F</bold> = <bold>C</bold> ⊗ <bold>I</bold>, donde, <bold>C</bold> es una matriz de co(varianzas) de los efectos de ambiente común de familia, sólo para PC, e <bold>I</bold> es una matriz de identidad de orden apropiado, y <bold>ε</bold> es el vector de efectos aleatorios, <bold>ε</bold> ~ MVN (0, <bold>R</bold>), donde, <bold>R</bold> = <bold>E</bold> ⊗ <bold>I</bold>, donde, <bold>E</bold> es la matriz de co(varianzas)de los efectos residuales que contiene las covarianzas entre las dos características, e <bold>I</bold> es una matriz de identidad de orden apropiado, con <bold>σ</bold>
 <sup>2</sup>e como la varianza residual.</p>
				<p>Por último, <bold>X</bold>, <bold>Z</bold>, y <bold>W</bold> son matrices de incidencia conocidas que relacionan las observaciones con los efectos fijos (que variaron dependiendo de la característica analizada), los efectos genéticos del animal y los efectos de ambiente común de familia, respectivamente. Las correlaciones genéticas entre ambas características en la combinación línea-estanque se estimaron con ASReml, usando modelos bivariados y con el mismo modelo, pero considerando el vector <bold>
 <italic>y</italic> 
</bold> de información de PC y SC. No se usaron restricciones en la estructura de covarianzas y los efectos de ambiente común de familia, fueron considerados independientes.</p>
				<p>En la estimación de los parámetros genéticos para el PC, los efectos fijos incluidos en el modelo, fueron: sexo, edad a la cosecha lineal y cuadrática, adicionalmente en el caso de SMB-presencia; se incluyó el efecto de estanque (Kino y Marea alta). En cuanto a la SC para los estanques afectados, el único efecto fijo considerado fue el de estanque en SMB-presencia; mientras que en el ambiente SMB-ausencia no se consideró ningún efecto fijo.</p>
				<p>La varianza fenotípica para cada característica, se estimó como la suma de los componentes de varianza de los efectos aleatorios (genético del animal y común de familia). La h<sup>2</sup> se estimó como la proporción de la varianza fenotípica que se debe a la varianza genética aditiva, y la r<sub>G</sub> se estimó como la covarianza dividida en el producto de las correspondientes desviaciones estándar. La significancia estadística de los parámetros estimados se basó en los intervalos de confianza (95%), construidos con sus errores estándar, asumiendo normalidad. La existencia de IGA se determinó cuando rG entre ambientes fue menor que 0.80 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sae-Lim <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>Finalmente, para analizar si el comportamiento de las características entre líneas genéticas fue similar, se realizó una comparación de las r<sub>G</sub> estimadas en cada línea (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nguyen <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>), dicha comparación se realizó por medio de una transformación Z de Fisher (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Rosenthal <italic>et al</italic>., 1992</xref>) implementada en el paquete “Cocor” en R (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Diedenhofen y Musch, 2014</xref>), una prueba de significancia para la diferencia entre 2 correlaciones, basada en grupos dependientes con 1 variable en común. Para una mejor comprensión, se presenta un esquema de las correlaciones genéticas estimadas por línea en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Esquema de las correlaciones genéticas estimadas en el estudio por línea genética</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e111-gf1.gif"/>
						<attrib>r<sup>2</sup>a y r<sup>2</sup>b = Correlación genética entre ambientes (SMB-presencia y SMB-ausencia) dentro de cada característica. r<sup>2</sup>c = Correlación genética entre los ambientes SMB-presencia de las dos características. r<sup>2</sup>d</attrib>
						<attrib>= Correlación genética entre los ambientes SMB-ausencia de las dos características</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Comparación del comportamiento productivo entre líneas</title>
				<p>Las estadísticas descriptivas para PC y SC en cada línea genética (CRE y RES), dentro de ambiente (SMB-presencia, SMB-ausencia) se muestran en el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">cuadro 1</xref>. Al mismo tiempo, las <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figuras 2</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref> muestran las LSM de ambas líneas (CRE y RES), a través de los ambientes para PC y SC. Estos resultados muestran diferencias en SC, donde la línea CRE tiene una baja SC en SMB-presencia; mientras que los camarones de la línea RES poseen una menor SC en SMB-presencia. Adicionalmente, existe interacción línea por ambiente (P&lt;0.0001) en las dos características; dichas interacciones de línea por ambiente resaltan la importancia de considerar la probabilidad de ocurrencia de la enfermedad SMB, cuando se elige la línea en el programa de mejoramiento genético (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sae-Lim <italic>et al., 2016</italic></xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Cuadro 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Número de individuos (n) y medias mínimo cuadráticas para peso corporal y tasa de supervivencia a la cosecha en la línea de crecimiento y en la línea de Resistencia, en presencia y ausencia del Síndrome de Mancha Blanca</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Ambiente</th>
									<th align="center">Line</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Peso corporal (g)</th>
									
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Tasa de Supervivencia</th>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center"> </th>
									<th align="center"> </th>
									<th align="center">n</th>
									<th align="center">LSM ±ee</th>
									<th align="center">n</th>
									<th align="center">LSM ± ee</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">SMB-presenciaz</td>
									<td align="left">RES</td>
									<td align="center">2,524</td>
									<td align="left">12.80 ± 0.07 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">6,414</td>
									<td align="center">0.45 ± 0.01 <sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="left">GRO</td>
									<td align="center">294</td>
									<td align="center">8.75 ± 0.06 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">5,494</td>
									<td align="center">0.06 ± 0.01 <sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">SMB-ausencia</td>
									<td align="left">RES</td>
									<td align="center">2,838</td>
									<td align="center">11.91 ± 0.17<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">3,105</td>
									<td align="center">0.82 ± 0.01 <sup>c</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
								
									<td align="left">GRO</td>
									<td align="center">1,926</td>
									<td align="center">13.75 ± 0.05 <sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2,185</td>
									<td align="center">0.88 ± 0.01 <sup>d</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>LSM: Medias mínimo cuadráticas, ee: Error estándar.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>*Los diferentes literales dentro de las columnas indican diferencias estadísticamente significativas TUKEY(α=0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Heredabilidades para peso corporal a la cosecha</title>
				<p>Las heredabilidades para PC en ambas líneas se muestran en el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">cuadro 2</xref>. Los efectos de ambiente común de familia fueron 0.05 en ambas líneas. La inclusión de estos efectos en todos los modelos redujo la estimación de la varianza aditiva, acorde a lo presentado por otros autores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Campos-Montes <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Montaldo <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). Las heredabilidades en SMB-ausencia fueron consistentes con los presentados por autores como <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Tan<italic>et al</italic>. (2017) </xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Trang <italic>et al</italic>. (2019)</xref>y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Ren <italic>et al</italic>. (2020) </xref>, a pesar de que éste último no consideró efectos de ambiente común de familia en su modelo; sin embargo, estos estimados de heredabilidad fueron mayores que los reportados por otros autores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Li <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Zhang <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Yuan <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Por otro lado, las heredabilidades para SMB-presencia son similares a los estimados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Caballero-Zamora <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref>, quienes también usaron datos provenientes de un brote natural de SMB.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Cuadro 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Heredabilidades y correlaciones genéticas aditivas para peso corporal en las líneas de crecimiento y resistencia por ambiente*</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center">Ambiente</th>
									<th align="center">SMB-presencia</th>
									<th align="center">SMB-ausencia</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
								<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">Línea de Crecimiento</td>
									<td align="center">SMB-presencia</td>
									<td align="center">0.05±0.16</td>
									<td align="center">-0.17±0.60</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">SMB-ausencia</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">0.35±0.15</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">Linea de Resistencia</td>
									<td align="center">SMB-presencia</td>
									<td align="center">0.26±0.07</td>
									<td align="center">0.89±0.09</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">SMB-ausencia</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">0.49±0.08</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>* Estimados mediante análisis bivariados. Las correlaciones genéticas se muestran en negrilla</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Medias mínimo cuadráticas para peso corporal a la cosecha en las líneas de crecimiento y resistencia a SMB, en presencia y ausencia de SMB en <italic>P. vannamei</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e111-gf2.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f3">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Medias mínimo cuadráticas para supervivencia a la cosecha en las líneas de crecimiento y resistencia a SMB, en presencia y ausencia de SMB en <italic>P. vannamei</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e111-gf3.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>En la línea CRE, la diferencia entre las heredabilidades para SMB-presencia (0.05 ± 0.16) y SMB-ausencia (0.35 ± 0.15), puede ser un indicador de heterogeneidad de varianzas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sae-Lim <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>); pero en este caso, además de cambios en la varianza genética aditiva, la fuente de esta heterocedasticidad puede estar contenida en cambios en la varianza ambiental por la sensibilidad micro ambiental de los individuos. En el caso de SMB-presencia, es importante mencionar que la poca precisión en el estimado de h<sup>2</sup> puede deberse a la estructura de datos resultante de la alta mortalidad. En la línea RES, los estimados de heredabilidad para PC fueron mayores que para CRE; además de tener mejores precisiones. Por otro lado, el estimado de h<sup>2</sup> en SMB-presencia (0.26 ± 0.07) es menor que en SMB-ausencia (0.49 ± 0.08), al igual que en la línea CRE, y los estimadores de esta línea fueron consistentes con otros autores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Luan <italic>et al., 2015</italic></xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Sui <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Zhang <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Yuan<italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>Las variaciones en los estimado res de heredabilidad para PC pueden ser resultado de la sensibilidad micro ambiental de los individuos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sae-Lim <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Dado lo anterior, es importante tener en cuenta que estos cambios en la heredabilidad pueden alterar la precisión de la predicción de la respuesta a la selección.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Correlaciones genéticas para PC</title>
				<p>La r<sub>G</sub> estimada para los PC entre ambientes en la línea CRE fue negativa y no significativa (P&gt;0.05) (-0.17 ± 0.60); aunque en las estimaciones con modelos preliminares (datos no presentados) fue consistentemente negativa. El valor poco preciso de la estimación puede ser consecuencia de los bajos valores de la varianza genética aditiva de PC en SMS-presencia, lo cual complica la evaluación de efectos de IGA en esta línea; mientras que en la línea RES, esta correlación no fue diferente de 1 (<italic>P</italic>&gt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">cuadro 2</xref>); señalando que los efectos genéticos aditivos para PC son muy similares en los dos ambientes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sae- Lim <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). En otras palabras, no existe efecto de IGA en RES para PC. Considerando que ambas líneas estuvieron en las mismas condiciones ambientales de manejo y expuestas al mismo patógeno (SMB), es posible considerar que las diferencias en los estimadores de ambas líneas son resultado de la baja tasa de SC de la línea CRE. En varios estudios no se detectó IGA al considerar condiciones ambientales, como la densidad de siembra (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Campos-Montes <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Tan <italic>et al., 2017</italic></xref>) o localidad de cultivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Sui <italic>et al., 2016</italic></xref>). Otros trabajos reportan posibles efectos de IGA para PC, considerando los valores puntuales de los estimadores de Rg; sin embargo, los errores estándar de éstas, no permiten definirlas como significativamente diferentes de uno o cero (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Caballero- Zamora <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Li <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Nguyen <italic>et al., 2020</italic></xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Heredabilidades para supervivencia a la cosecha en ambas líneas genéticas</title>
				<p>Las heredabilidades y las correlaciones genéticas aditivas para SC en las líneas genéticas se muestran en el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">cuadro 3</xref>. En cuanto a los efectos comunes de familia, estos fueron considerados independientes entre ambientes para cada característica, y variaron entre 0.02 y 0.04. Las heredabilidades estimadas para SC en SMB-presencia fueron 0.01 y 0.11 para las CRE y RES respectivamente; los anteriores son similares a las reportadas por otros autores en presencia de SBM (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Gitterle <italic>et al., 2005a</italic></xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Caballero-Zamora <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>); sin embargo, fueron menores que los estimados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Li <italic>et al. (2015)</italic></xref>y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Trang <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref>; ambos en desafíos controlados a SMB. Los resultados del modelo de SC fueron consistentes con estimaciones, usando modelos univariados, considerando una distribución binomial (resultados no mostrados).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Cuadro 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Heredabilidades y correlaciones genéticas aditivas para supervivencia en las líneas de crecimiento y resistencia por ambiente*</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center">Ambiente</th>
									<th align="center">SMB-presencia</th>
									<th align="center">SMB-ausencia</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">Línea de Crecimiento</td>
									<td align="center">SMB-presencia</td>
									<td align="center">0.01±0.02</td>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">SMB-ausencia</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">0.01±0.03</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">Linea de Resistencia</td>
									<td align="center">SMB-presencia</td>
									<td align="center">0.11±0.06 </td>
									<td align="center">0.10±0.40</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">SMB-ausencia</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">0.06±004</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>* Estimados usando modelos bivariados</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>Las correlaciones genéticas se muestran en negrilla</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Las heredabilidades para SC en SMB-ausencia fueron 0.01 ± 0.03 en CRE y 0.06 ± 0.04 en RES concordantes con otros estimadores para supervivencia general (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Campos- Montes <italic>et al., 2013</italic></xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Zhang <italic>et al., 2017</italic></xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Ren <italic>et al., 2020</italic></xref>), pero menores a los presentados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Lu <italic>et al. (2017)</italic></xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Luan <italic>et al</italic>. (2020) </xref>, y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Tan <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref>, donde no se incluyó el efecto de ambiente común de familia, lo cual podría haber generado una sobrestimación de los parámetros genéticos.</p>
				<p>Las heredabilidades en CRE fueron esencialmente cero en ambos ambientes, 0.01 ± 0.02 en SMB-presencia y 0.02 ± 0.03 en SMB-ausencia, lo cual, representa mínimas posibilidades de avance genético por selección para esta característica en ambos escenarios, lo cual es consistente con otros autores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Gitterle <italic>et al</italic>., 2005a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Campos- Montes <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Li <italic>et al., 2015</italic></xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Lu <italic>et al., 2017</italic></xref>). El avance mínimo por selección podría estar relacionado con la dificultad en la estimación a causa de la tasa de mortalidad por parte de los modelos estadísticos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Vehviläinen <italic>et al., 2008</italic></xref>), una proporción genética muy baja en la expresión de la supervivencia, o posiblemente, el daño en la estructura de relaciones genéticas de familia cuando SMB estuvo presente.</p>
				<p>Las heredabilidades estimadas para SC en RES fueron 0.11 ± 0.06 y 0.06 ± 0.04, para SMB-presencia y SMB-ausencia, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">cuadro 3</xref>); las cuales no fueron diferentes estadísticamente a las estimadas para la línea CRE. La h<sup>2</sup> para SC en SMB- presencia fue superior la estimada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Caballero-Zamora <italic>et al</italic>. (2015) </xref>0.06 y a la reportada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Gitterle <italic>et al</italic>. (2005b) </xref>, que calculó valores entre 0.03 a 0.07. La h<sup>2</sup> para SMB-ausencia fue concordante con otros estimadores para supervivencia general en la misma especie (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Campos-Montes <italic>et al., 2013</italic></xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Zhang <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Ren <italic>et al., 2020</italic></xref>).</p>
				<p>Las heredabilidades de SC para ambos ambientes fueron consistentes en ambas líneas (cuadro 3), sugiriendo que no existe una compresión de la varianza aditiva, en las líneas, asociada al ambiente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sae-Lim <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Las correlaciones genéticas entre SC en SMB-presencia y SMB-ausencia no fueron diferentes de cero (P&gt;0.05), coincidiendo con lo reportado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Vehviläinen <italic>et al. (2010)</italic></xref>en otra especie acuática, lo cual puede proponer que las supervivencias en ambos ambientes son características independientes, como lo sugiere <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Thoa <italic>et al. (2015)</italic></xref>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Correlaciones genéticas entre peso corporal y supervivencia a la cosecha</title>
				<p>Las correlaciones genéticas por ambiente entre PC y SC se muestran en el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">cuadro 4</xref>. Para la estimación de estas correlaciones el efecto común de familia se consideró independiente entre ambientes.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Cuadro 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Correlaciones genéticas dentro de líneas (Crecimiento y Resistencia) entre peso corporal a la cosecha (PC) y supervivencia a la cosecha para ambientes en presencia o ausencia de SMB</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="right">SMB-presencia</th>
									<th align="right">SMB-ausencia</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Línea de crecimiento</td>
									<td align="right">ne*</td>
									<td align="right">-0.09 ± 0.92</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Línea de resistencia</td>
									<td align="right">0.04 ± 0.16</td>
									<td align="right">0.57 ± 0.20</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">* No estimable</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>La correlación genética entre las dos características no pudo ser estimada en SMB- presencia en la línea CRE, posiblemente por la afectación en la estructura de la información asociada con la alta mortalidad presentada en esa línea; en tanto que, para la línea RES, no fue diferente de cero (0.04 ± 0.16), concordando con los resultados de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Caballero-Zamora <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref>. En el caso de SMB-ausencia para la línea CRE, la rG no fue diferente de cero (-0.09 ± 0.92), a diferencia de la estimada en la línea RES que fue de 0.57 ± 0.20, la cual fue consistente con la estimada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Campos-Montes <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref>, en estanques comerciales, en ausencia de SMB (0.56 ± 0.10). La rG estimada en la línea RES fue mayor que la reportada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Yuan <italic>et al. (2018)</italic></xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Gitterle <italic>et al. (2005a)</italic></xref>, y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Zhang <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref>. Las diferencias entre la correlación genética en RES pueden ser indicador de cambios en los componentes de varianza posiblemente asociados a IGA, a su vez relacionada con las covarianzas correspondientes, lo que tendría implicaciones en la respuesta a la selección correlacionada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sae-Lim <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>Algunos autores resaltan la importancia de la creación de líneas genéticas en acuicultura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Nguyen <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), los resultados de este estudio sugieren que los índices de selección para PC deben tener en cuenta la línea genética usada en el programa de mejoramiento genético. Por otro lado, la estimación de los parámetros genéticos relacionada a PC debe considerar la presencia de enfermedades endémicas, como es el caso de SMB en el cultivo de camarón y visualizar la SC en presencia y ausencia de SMB como características independientes, en ambas líneas genéticas.</p>
				<p>Además de los cambios en las heredabilidades y correlaciones genéticas en ambas líneas, la productividad en éstas fue diferente en los ambientes estudiados, lo cual, podría interpretarse como un indicador de plasticidad fenotípica , que puede ser común en organismos marinos como lo sugiere <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Munday, (2013) </xref>, y puede entenderse como la expresión de diferentes fenotipos en individuos con el mismo genotipo, pero bajo diferentes condiciones ambientales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Munasinghe y Seneviratha, 2015</xref>). En consecuencia, dicho efecto de plasticidad fenotípica debería ser considerado en los programas de mejoramiento genético de camarón, procurando que los ambientes de desempeño a analizar sean lo más parecidos a las condiciones de producción (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Nguyen <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>Los resultados del modelo lineal sugieren diferencias entre las líneas, tanto para peso corporal como para supervivencia a través de los ambientes; sin embargo, las estimaciones de las correlaciones genéticas no permiten considerar efectos de IGA dentro de línea en ambas características, lo que indicaría que son independientes. Además, las correlaciones genéticas entre las características de la línea de resistencia proponen tratarlas como variables independientes, cuando SMB está presente en el ambiente.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
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				<article-title>Genotype-by-environment interaction in white shrimp associated with White Spot Disease</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					<p>Code: e2020-95</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<p>This study aimed to estimate the genotype-by-environment interaction for body weight (BW) and harvest survival (HS), in the presence and absence of White Spot Disease (WSD) in two genetic lines of Penaeus vannamei (Growth -GRO- and resistance to WSD-RES-). The heritability for BW in the GRO line was 0.05 ± 0.16 in the presence of WSD and 0.35 ± 0.15 in the absence, while for the RES line it was 0.26 ± 0.07 and 0.49 ± 0.08 in the presence and absence of WSD, respectively. The genetic correlations for BW between environments were -0.17 ± 0.60 for GRO and 0.89 ± 0.09 for RES. The heritability for HS in GRO was 0.01 in both environments and the genetic correlation was not estimable, while, for RES, the heritabilities were 0.06 ± 0.04 and 0.11 ± 0.06 in the absence and presence of WSD, respectively, additionally, the genetic correlation it was not significant. Although the linear model suggests a genotype- by-environment interaction, the estimates propose independence of the same characteristic between environments, and the correlations between characteristics for the resistance line propose to independently select the characteristics when WSD is present.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Penaeus vannamei</kwd>
				<kwd>heritability</kwd>
				<kwd>additive genetic correlation</kwd>
				<kwd>body weight</kwd>
				<kwd>survival</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>The world production of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) has been based on the production of genetic lines that have been selected for growth and general survival (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Campos-Montes et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Caballero-Zamora et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Yuan et al., 2018</xref>). At the same time, the production units have been affected by several diseases with high rates of morbidity and mortality (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Trang et al., 2019</xref>); among them, the White Spot Disease (WSD) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Hernández-Llamas et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>The control of WSD has been a difficult goal and it has been decided to add selection criteria related to the resistance of this disease to the selection objective of Genetic Breeding Programs (GBP) in penaeids (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Ødegård et al., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Huang et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Klinger and Naylor, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Caballero-Zamora et al., 2015</xref>. In this idea, it is important to have adequate estimators of heritability (h<sup>2</sup>) and genetic correlation (r<sub>G</sub>) for the formulation of selection strategies. These genetic parameters, estimated under natural sprouting conditions, can provide important information to be considered in GBPs. Some authors have estimated the heritability for body weight in the presence of WSD between 0.09, using outbreak information and 0.21 from a controlled challenge (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Gitterle et al., 2005</xref>b; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Caballero-Zamora et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>Regarding heritability for survival in the WSD presence, it has been estimated between 0.01 and 0.21 in controlled challenge studies based on different statistical models and infection protocols (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Gitterle et al., 2005b</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Gitterle et al., 2006a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Gitterle et al., 2006b</xref>), and as 0.06 in natural outbreak conditions of WSD (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Caballero-Zamora et al., 2015</xref>). Instead, the estimation of these parameters for the same trait in different environments can be interpreted as a genotype-environment interaction (GEI). GEI can modify the estimation of h<sup>2</sup> and r<sub>G</sub> between selection criteria, causing inaccurate responses to selection and alterations in the ordering of breeding candidates (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sae-Lim et al, 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>In P. vannamei, previous studies have searched GEI for body weight at harvest (BW) between locations or planting densities under commercial conditions, without finding evidence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ibarra and Famula, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Campos-Montes et al., 2009</xref>). However, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Caballero- Zamora et al. (2015)</xref> observed effects of GEI for body weight at 19 weeks of age among populations that grew in the presence or in WSD absence under commercial conditions. Regarding GEI for general harvest survival (HS), no studies have reported effects of GEI.</p>
				<p>Concerning the r<sub>G</sub> for weight and survival in shrimp, some studies have estimated the r<sub>G</sub> between BW and HS in the absence of any disease between -0.49 and 0.56 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Campos- Montes et al., 2013</xref>); while <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Caballero-Zamora et al. (2015)</xref> report that it was not possible to estimate this correlation in the presence of WSD, due to the loss of information structure derived from the high mortality in the population. On the other hand, there is no information on how these r<sub>G</sub> are modified for weight and survival across different environments in shrimp production. Therefore, it is important to estimate these genetic parameters (h<sup>2</sup> and r<sub>G</sub>) in the presence or absence of WSD for the optimal design of GBPs.</p>
				<p>Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate the effects of GEI for BW and HS in two commercial environments (presence or absence of a natural outbreak of WSD), in two genetic lines of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei), one selected for growth and another with a history of WSD resistance.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p>The data were obtained from a Production Company of shrimp larvae located in northwestern Mexico. The records included shrimp from the 2016 production cycle. The shrimp were raised under commercial conditions in three ponds: two ponds were located on two farms established in Sonora state (Kino and Marea Alta); which presented a natural outbreak of WSD (WSD-presence), where the diagnosis was made from the symptoms and macroscopic changes typical of WSD (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Stentiford and Lightner, 2011</xref>), during the production cycle and confirmed by PCR analysis. The third pond was located in Los Pozos community, Sinaloa (Pozos), where strict biosafety procedures were carried out and no symptoms of WSD were detected, nor was there a positive diagnosis by PCR (WSD- absence).</p>
				<p>A line selected since 1998 for growth and HS (GRO), and another line with a history of resistance to WSD (RES) was used. The families considered from each line in this study had a maximum of 25% genes from the other line (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Gallaga-Maldonado et al, 2020</xref>), and were analyzed independently. For the GRO line, 7,679 records from matings between 49 fathers and 69 mothers (families) were analyzed. For the RES line, 9,519 records were used with the progeny of 63 fathers and 91 mothers (families). The female to male ratio was 1.4 in both lines. The pedigree information included animals born since 2002 for GRO and since 2014 for RES.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Origin and development of genetic lines</title>
					<p>The GRO and RES lines were formed in 1998 and 2014 respectively. The GRO line was produced using shrimp from Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, the United States, and Ecuador. The RES line is composed of shrimp with a history of resistance to WSD from Ecuador, Panama and the United States and since 2014. A more specific description of the creation of the genetic lines can be found in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Gallaga-Maldonado et al. (2020)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Campos-Montes et al. (2020)</xref>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Family management</title>
					<p>The families were produced by artificial insemination, using a ratio of one male for every two females to form half-sib families. The inseminated females spawned in individual tanks for the counting of nauplii per family (full siblings); those spawning with less tan 25,000 nauplii being discarded for the next stage. The feeding in the larval stages was based on commercial micro-pellets with 40% to 50% protein and 8% to 10% fat, Chaetoceros microalgae, Spirulina spp., and Artemia spp., and the constitution of the diet was adapted to each stadium. The full sib families were kept in the same pond until they were marked around 60 days of age (weighing between 2 and 3 grams), using colored elastomers (Northwest Marine Technology<sup>TM</sup>), in the last abdominal segment of the shrimp and whose color combination worked as family identification.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Management of growing ponds</title>
					<p>Ten days after tagging, an average of 36 shrimp per family were stocked in each pond. The ponds of Sonora (WSD-presence) were of sand of 0.20 ha, with a water column of 1.4 m, at an average temperature of 32 °C and an average salinity of 33 gL<sup>-1</sup>. The daily water exchange rate ranged from 5 to 20%. The food offered had a protein percentage between 34 and 40% at a rate of 3% of the total biomass in the pond. The stocking density in both ponds was 16 organisms/m<sup>2</sup>. In Sinaloa (WSD-absence) a 4 x 16 m concrete pond was used, with a water column of 2 m and a planting density of 70 m<sup>2</sup>. The water temperature was maintained at 30 °C with a salinity of 35 gL<sup>-1</sup>, constant aeration and a daily water exchange rate of 4 to 5%. The amount of daily food offered (35 - 40% protein); it was calculated as 6% of its biomass.</p></sec>
				<sec><title>Data collection for body weight at 130 days of age and survival from 70 to 130 days</title>
					<p>	After 70 days after sowing, all the organisms were recovered from the ponds, and from each one the family of origin, sex and body weight were identified. The information of individuals with deformities, without reliable identification or undefined sex was eliminated. For the estimation of the HS, the animals recovered at the end of the period were considered as alive (1) and the animals not recovered, considering the difference between the living organisms of each family and those sown, as dead (0).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Information analysis</title>
					<p>To compare the productive behavior between both lines in both scenarios (WSD-presence and WSD-absence), the following linear model was considered:</p>
					<p>y<sub>ijk</sub> = µ + L<sub>i</sub> + S<sub>j</sub> + LS<sub>ij</sub> + e<sub>ijk</sub></p>
					<p>Where, y<sub>ijk</sub> is the vector of observations of BW or HS, µ is the mean of the population for the variable of interest (HS or BW), L<sub>i</sub> is the effect of the i-th line (GRO, RES), S<sub>j</sub> is the effect of the j-th environment (WSD-presence, WSD-absence), LS<sub>ij</sub> is the effect of the interaction between the line and pond health status, and eijk~N (0, σ<sup>2</sup>e). Sex and the pond were also included on BW. To determine differences between line and environment combinations, a Tukey test (α = 0.05) was used.</p>
					<p>The genetic parameters for BW and HS were estimated for each line, using an animal model and restricted maximum likelihood, with the ASReml software. Considering the criteria for approximation of a binomial distribution to a normal distribution (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Schader and Schmid, 1989</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Emura and Yu-Ting, 2018</xref>), normality was assumed in the HS analysis; the model used was:</p>
					<p>y = Xβ + Zu +Wf + ε</p>
					<p>Where, y is the vector of observations of (BW or HS) of both environments, β is the vector of fixed effects of each characteristic, u is the vector of random additive genetic effects of the animal, u~MVN (0, G), where G = V ⊗ A, where V is a symmetric matrix containing the (co) variances between the effects of same family animals for the characteristics in the two environments, and A is a matrix of additive relationships; ⊗ is the Kronecker product, environmental residuals, f is the unknown vector of the common family effect for all characteristics, f~MVN (0, F); where, F=C ⊗ I, where, C is a matrix of co (variances) of common family environment effects, only for BW, and I is an identity matrix of appropriate order, and ε is the vector of effects random, ε~MVN (0, R), where, R = E ⊗ I, where, E is the matrix of co (variances) of the residual effects that contains the covariances between the two characteristics, and I is an identity matrix of appropriate order, with σ<sub>2</sub>e as the residual variance.</p>
					<p>Finally, <bold>X</bold>, <bold>Z</bold>, and <bold>W</bold> are known incidence matrices
						that relate the observations to the fixed effects (which varied depending on
						the trait analyzed), the genetic effects of the animal, and common family
						environment effects, respectively. The genetic correlations between both
						characteristics in the line-pond combination were estimated with ASReml,
						using bivariate models and with the same model, but considering the y vector
						of information from BW and HS. No restrictions were used in the covariance
						structure and common family environment effects were considered
						independent.</p>
					<p>In estimating the genetic parameters for BW, the fixed effects included in the model were: sex, age at harvest linear and quadratic, additionally in the case of WSD-presence; the pond effect was included (Kino and Marea Alta). Regarding the HS for the affected ponds, the only fixed effect considered was that of the pond in WSD-presence; while in the WSD- absence environment, no fixed effect was considered.</p>
					<p>The phenotypic variance for each characteristic was estimated as the sum of the variance components of the random effects (animal genetic and common family). The h<sup>2</sup> was estimated as phenotypic variance proportion that is due to the additive genetic variance, and the r<sub>G</sub> was estimated as the covariance divided by the product of the corresponding standard deviations. The statistical significance of the estimated parameters was based on the confidence intervals (95%), constructed with their standard errors, assuming normality. The existence of GEI was determined when r<sub>G</sub> between environments was less than 0.80 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sae-Lim et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
					<p>Finally, to analyze whether the behavior of the characteristics between genetic lines was similar. A comparison of the estimated r<sub>G</sub> was made in each line (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nguyen et al., 2016</xref>), such comparison was made by means of a Fisher's Z transformation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Rosenthal et al., 1992</xref>) implemented in the “Cocor” package in R (Diedenhofen and Musch, 2014), a significance test for the difference between 2 correlations, based on dependent groups with 1 variable in common. For a better understanding, a diagram of the estimated genetic correlations per line is presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f4">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Scheme of the genetic correlations estimated in the study by genetic line r2a and r2b = Genetic correlation between environments (WSD-presence and WSD-absence) within each characteristic. r2c = Genetic correlation between WSD environments-presence of the two characteristics. r2d = Genetic correlation between WSD environments-absence of the two characteristics</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e111-gf4.gif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Comparison of productive behavior between lines</title>
					<p>Descriptive statistics for BW and HS in each genetic line (GRO and RES), within environment (WSD-presence, WSD-absence) are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>. At the same time, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3</xref> show the LSM of both lines (GRO and RES), through the environments for BW and HS. These results show differences in HS, where the GRO line has a low HS in WSD-presence; while the shrimp of the RES line have a lower HS in WSD-presence. Additionally, there is line-by-environment interaction (P &lt;0.0001) in the two characteristics. These line-by-environment interactions highlight the importance of considering the probability of occurrence of WSD disease, when the line is chosen in the genetic improvement program (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sae-Lim et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Number of individuals (n) and least squares means for body weight and survival rate to harvest in the growth line and in the Resistance line, in the presence and absence of White Spot Disease</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">Environment</th>
										<th align="center">Line</th>
										<th align="center" colspan="2">Body Weigth(g)</th>
										
										<th align="center" colspan="2">Survival Rate</th>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th align="center"> </th>
										<th align="center"> </th>
										<th align="center">n</th>
										<th align="center">LSM±se</th>
										<th align="center">n</th>
										<th align="center">LSM±se</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify" rowspan="2">WSD-presence</td>
										<td align="center">RES</td>
										<td align="center">2,524</td>
										<td align="center">12.80±0.07<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">6,414</td>
										<td align="center">0.45±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">GRO</td>
										<td align="center">294</td>
										<td align="center">8.75±0.06<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">5,494</td>
										<td align="center">0.06±0.01<sup>b</sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify" rowspan="2">WSD-absence</td>
										<td align="center">RES</td>
										<td align="center">2,838</td>
										<td align="center">11.91±0.17<sup>c</sup></td>
										<td align="center">3,105</td>
										<td align="center">0.82±0.01<sup>c</sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">GRO</td>
										<td align="center">1,926</td>
										<td align="center">13.75±0.05<sup>d</sup></td>
										<td align="center">2,185</td>
										<td align="center">0.88±0.01<sup>d</sup></td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN6">
									<p>LSM: least squares means, se: standard error.</p>
								</fn>
								<fn id="TFN7">
									<p>*The different literals within the columns indicate statistically significant differences TUKEY (α = 0.05).</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f5">
							<label>Figure 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Least squares means for body weight at harvest in the growth lines and resistance to WSD, in the presence and absence of SMB in P. vannamei</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e111-gf5.gif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f6">
							<label>Figure 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Least squares means for harvest survival in growth lines and resistance to WSD, in the presence and absence of WSD in P. vannamei</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e111-gf6.gif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Heritability for body weight at harvest</title>
					<p>The heritabilities for BW in both lines are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>. The common family environment effects were 0.05 in both lines. The inclusion of these effects in all the models reduced the estimation of the additive variance, according to what was presented by other authors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Campos-Montes et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Montaldo et al., 2013</xref>). The heritabilities in WSD- absence were consistent with those reported by authors such as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Tan et al. (2017)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Trang et al. (2019)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Ren et al. (2020</xref>), despite the fact that the latter did not consider common family environment effects in its model; however, these heritability estimates were higher than those reported by other authors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Li et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Zhang et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Yuan et al., 2018</xref>). On the other hand, the heritabilities for WSD-presence are similar to those estimated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Caballero-Zamora et al. (2015)</xref>, who also used data from a natural outbreak of WSD.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Heritability and additive genetic correlations for body weight in growth and resistance lines by environment *</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									
								
								<tr>
										<th align="justify"> </th>
										<th align="justify">Enviroment</th>
										<th align="justify">WSD-presence</th>
										<th align="justify">WSD-absence</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="center">WSD-presence</td>
										<td align="center">0.05±0.16</td>
										<td align="center">-0-17±0.60</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Growth line</td>
										<td align="justify">WSD-absence</td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="center">0.35±0.15</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">WSD-presence</td>
										<td align="center">0.26±0.07</td>
										<td align="center">0.89±0.09</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Resistances Line</td>
										<td align="center">WDS-absence</td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="center">0.49±0.08</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN8">
									<p>*Estimated by bivariate analysis. Genetic correlations are shown in bold</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>In the GRO line, the difference between the heritabilities for WSD-presence (0.05 ± 0.16) and WSD-absence (0.35 ± 0.15), can be an indicator of heterogeneity of variances (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sae- Lim et al, 2016</xref>). In this case, in addition to changes in the additive genetic variance, the source of this heteroscedasticity may be contained in changes in the environmental variance due to the microenvironmental sensitivity of the individuals. In the case of WSD- presence, it is important to mention that the low precision in the estimate of h<sup>2</sup> may be due to the data structure resulting from the high mortality. In the RES line, the heritability estimates for BW were higher than for GRO; in addition to having better precision. On the other hand, the estimate of h<sup>2</sup> in WSD-presence (0.26 ± 0.07) is lower than in WSD- absence (0.49 ± 0.08), as in the GRO line, and the estimators of this line were consistent with other authors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Luan et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Sui et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Zhang et al., 2017</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Yuan et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
					<p>Variations in heritability estimators for BW may be the result of the microenvironmental sensitivity of individuals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sae-Lim et al, 2016</xref>). Given the above, it is important to note that these changes in heritability can alter the response prediction accuracy to selection.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Genetic correlations for BW</title>
					<p>The estimated rG for the BWs between environments in the GRO line was negative and not significant (P&gt; 0.05) (-0.17 ± 0.60); although in estimates with preliminary models (data not shown) it was consistently negative. The imprecise value of the estimate may be a low value consequence of the additive genetic variance of WB in WSD-presence. It complicates the evaluation of GEI effects in this line; while in the RES line, this correlation was not different from 1 (P&gt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>); noting that the additive genetic effects for BW are very similar in the two environments (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sae-Lim et al., 2016</xref>). In other words, there is no GEI effect on RES for BW. Considering that both lines were under the same environmental management conditions and exposed to the same pathogen (WSD), it is possible to consider that the differences in the estimators of both lines are the result of the low HS rate of the GRO line. In several studies GEI was not detected when considering environmental conditions, such as planting density (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Campos-Montes et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Tan et al., 2017</xref>) or cultivation location (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Sui et al., 2016</xref>). Other works report possible effects of GEI for BW, considering the point values of the rG estimators. However, their standard errors do not allow defining them as significantly different from one or zero (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Caballero- Zamora et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Li et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Nguyen et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Heritability for survival to harvest in both genetic lines</title>
					<p>The heritability and additive genetic correlations for HS in the genetic lines are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>. Regarding the common family effects, these were considered independent between environments for each characteristic, and varied between 0.02 and 0.04. The estimated heritabilities for HS in WSD-presence were 0.01 and 0.11 for GRO and RES respectively; the previous ones are similar to those reported by other authors in the presence of WSD (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Gitterle et al., 2005a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Caballero-Zamora et al., 2015</xref>); however, they were lower than those estimated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Li et al. (2015)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Trang et al. (2019)</xref>; both in WSD controlled challenges. The results of the HS model were consistent with estimates, using univariate models, considering a binomial distribution (results not shown).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t7">
							<label>Table 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Heritability and additive genetic correlations for survival in growth lines and resistance by environment *</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="justify"> </th>
										<th align="center">Enviroment</th>
										<th align="center">WSD-presence</th>
										<th align="center">WSD-absence</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="center">WSD-precense</td>
										<td align="center">0.01±0.02</td>
										<td align="center">0.00</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Growth line</td>
										<td align="center">WSD-absence</td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										<td align="center">0.01±0.03</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="center">WSD-presence</td>
										<td align="center">0.11±0.06</td>
										<td align="center">0.10±0.40</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Resistance line</td>
										<td align="center">WSD-absence</td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										<td align="center">0.06±0.04</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN9">
									<p>*Estimated using bivariate models Genetic correlations are shown in bold</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>The heritabilities for HS in WSD-absence were 0.01 ± 0.03 in GRO and 0.06 ± 0.04 in RES concordant with other estimators for overall survival (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Campos-Montes et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Zhang et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Ren et al., 2020</xref>), but lower than those presented by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Lu et al. (2017)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Luan et al. (2020)</xref>, and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Tan et al. (2017)</xref>, where the effect of a common family environment was not included, which could have generated an overestimation of the genetic parameters.</p>
					<p>The heritabilities in GRO were essentially zero in both environments, 0.01 ± 0.02 in SMB- presence and 0.02 ± 0.03 in WSD-absence, which represents minimal possibilities of genetic advancement by selection for this characteristic in both scenarios, which is consistent with other authors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Gitterle et al., 2005a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Campos-Montes et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Li et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Lu et al., 2017</xref>). The minimum advance by selection could be related to the difficulty in the estimation due to the mortality rate by the statistical models (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Vehviläinen et al., 2008</xref>), a very low genetic proportion in the survival expression, or possibly, the damage in the structure of genetic family relationships when WSD was present.</p>
					<p>The estimated heritabilities for HS in RES were 0.11 ± 0.06 and 0.06 ± 0.04, for WSD- presence and WSD-absence, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>); which were not statistically different from those estimated for the GRO line. The h<sup>2</sup> for HS in WSD-presence was higher than that estimated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Caballero-Zamora et al. (2015)</xref> 0.06 and that reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Gitterle et al. (2005b)</xref>, who calculated values between 0.03 and 0.07. The h<sup>2</sup> for WSD-absence was concordant with other estimators for general survival in the same species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Campos- Montes et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Zhang et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Ren et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
					<p>The heritabilities of HS for both environments were consistent in both lines (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>), suggesting that there is no compression of the additive variance, in the lines, associated with the environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sae-Lim et al., 2016</xref>). The genetic correlations between HS in WSD- presence and WSD-absence were not different from zero (P&gt; 0.05), coinciding with that reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Vehviläinen et al. (2010)</xref> in another aquatic species, which may suggest that survivals in both environments are independent characteristics, as suggested by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Thoa et al. (2015)</xref>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Genetic correlations between body weight and harvest survival</title>
					<p>The genetic correlations by environment between BW and HS are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>. For the estimation of these correlations, the common family effect was considered independent between environments.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t8">
							<label>Table 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Genetic correlations within lines (Growth and Resistance) between body weight to harvest (BW) and harvest survival for environments in the presence or absence of WSD</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="justify"> </th>
										<th align="center">WSD-presence</th>
										<th align="center">WSD-absenc</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Growth line</td>
										<td align="center">Ne*</td>
										<td align="center">-0.09±0.92</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Resistance line</td>
										<td align="center">0.04±0.16</td>
										<td align="center">0.57±0.20</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN10">
									<p>*Not estimable</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>The genetic correlation between the two characteristics could not be estimated in WSD- presence in the GRO line, possibly due to the affectation in the structure of the information associated with the high mortality presented in that line; whereas, for the RES line, it was not different from zero (0.04 ± 0.16), agreeing with the results of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Caballero-Zamora et al. (2015)</xref>. In the case of WSD-absence for the GRO line, the r<sub>G</sub> was not different from zero (-0.09 ± 0.92), unlike the one estimated in the RES line which was 0.57 ± 0.20, which was consistent with that estimated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Campos-Montes et al. (2013)</xref>, in commercial ponds, in the absence of SMB (0.56 ± 0.10). The rG estimated in the RES line was higher than that reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Yuan et al. (2018)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Gitterle et al. (2005a) </xref>, and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Zhang et al. (2017)</xref>. The differences between the genetic correlations in RES may be an indicator of changes in the variance components possibly associated with GEI, in turn related to the corresponding covariance, which would have implications in the response to correlated selection (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sae-Lim et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
					<p>Some authors highlight the importance of the creation of genetic lines in aquaculture (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nguyen et al., 2016</xref>), the results of this study suggest that the selection indices for BW should take into account the genetic line used in the genetic improvement program. On the other hand, the estimation of genetic parameters related to BW must consider the presence of endemic diseases, such as WSD in shrimp culture and visualize HS in the presence and absence of WSD as independent characteristics, in both genetic lines.</p>
					<p>In addition to changes in heritabilities and genetic correlations in both lines, their productivity was different in the environments studied, which could be interpreted as an indicator of phenotypic plasticity, which may be common in marine organisms as suggested by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Munday, (2013)</xref>. It can be understood as the expression of different phenotypes in individuals with the same genotype, but under different environmental conditions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Munasinghe and Seneviratha, 2015</xref>). Consequently, this phenotypic plasticity effect should be considered in shrimp genetic improvement programs, ensuring that the performance environments to be analyzed are as close to the production conditions as possible (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nguyen et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>The results of the linear model suggest differences between the lines, both for body weight and for survival across environments; however, the estimates of the genetic correlations do not allow considering GEI effects within the line in both characteristics, which would indicate that they are independent. Furthermore, the genetic correlations between the characteristics of the resistance line propose to treat them as independent variables, when WSD is present in the environment.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>