<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2021.14</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00110</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Efecto de un protocolo de prostaglandina a corto plazo sobre la sincronización y resultados reproductivos en las cabras cíclicas</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rivas-Muñoz</surname>
						<given-names>Raymundo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Zúñiga-García</surname>
						<given-names>Santiago</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5215-275X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Arellano-Rodríguez</surname>
						<given-names>Gerardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6110-5338</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Arellano-Rodríguez</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6209-4706</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gaytán-Alemán</surname>
						<given-names>Leticia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9198-5372</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Contreras-Villarreal</surname>
						<given-names>Viridiana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Tecnológico de Torreón, Carretera Torreón-San Pedro de las Colonias KM 7.5, Ejido Ana, 27170, Torreón, Coahuila, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Tecnológico de Torreón</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Tecnológico de Torreón</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Torreón</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Facultad de Agricultura y Zootecnia, Venecia, Villanápoles, 35018, Gómez Palacio, Durango. México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Agricultura y Zootecnia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Durango</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Unidad Laguna, Periférico Raúl López Sánchez, Valle Verde, 27054, Torreón, Coahuila, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Torreón</city>
					<state>Coahuila</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Autor de correspondencia. Correo-e: <email>dra.viridianac@gmail.com,</email>
					<email>raymundorivasmuoz@yahoo.com.mx,</email>
					<email>s_zuniga83@hotmail.com,</email> gveterinarioarellano@gmail.com, <email>fernandoarellano_13@yahoo.com.mx,</email>
					<email>zukygay_7@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>11</volume>
			
			<elocation-id>e110</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>27</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<p>El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la respuesta reproductiva de cabras cíclicas del norte de México (26ºN) sometidas a dos protocolos de administración de prostaglandinas (PG; 5 días vs 10 días) con el fin de sincronizar la respuesta estral. Se formaron 2 grupos de hembras caprinas adultas cíclicas de la raza Alpino francés. Al Grupo G5 (n=10), se les administró la primera inyección de PG (0.2 ml; 160 μg cloprostenol) el d -5 y el grupo G10 (n=10) recibió la primera inyección de PG el d -10. Ambos grupos recibieron la segunda inyección de PG el d 0 (noviembre 1). La respuesta reproductiva general después de la segunda inyección de PG fue similar (P&gt;0.05) entre ambos tratamientos. Respuesta estral = 60% para ambos grupos, latencia al estro = 68h vs 52h, ovulación = 80% vs 60% (G5 vs G10, respectivamente; P&gt;0.05). Debido a que no hubo diferencias entre grupos, la administración del tratamiento G5 parece ser una alternativa interesante para la utilización de un protocolo corto ya que generó una respuesta reproductiva importante.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Cabras Alpino Francés</kwd>
				<kwd>época reproductiva</kwd>
				<kwd>sincronización estral</kwd>
				<kwd>prostaglandinas</kwd>
				<kwd>respuesta reproductiva</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="19"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>En los pequeños rumiantes, la mayoría de los protocolos reproductivos para sincronizar los ciclos estrales durante la época de cría, se basan en el uso de tratamientos hormonales exógenos con diferentes dosis y regímenes de tiempo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Martemucci yD’Alessandro, 2011</xref>).</p>
			<p>La prostaglandina F<sub>2α</sub> es el principal agente luteolítico utilizado para sincronizar el estro durante la época reproductiva en estas especies, se metaboliza rápidamente por los pulmones, sin acumulación de tejido, siendo una alternativa interesante al uso de progestágenos, eCG y hCG (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Omontese <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). No obstante, una desventaja del uso de prostaglandinas en comparación con eCG o hCG es que la ovulación está muy dispersa ya que la respuesta varía con la etapa del ciclo estral en el que se administran las prostaglandinas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Houghton <italic>et al.</italic> 1995</xref>). Después de la primera administración de prostaglandinas, ocurren ciclos de celo cortos y un porcentaje importante de hembras no responde a la segunda administración. De hecho, al reducir el período entre la primera y segunda administración de prostaglandinas de 10 a 7 días, se previene la ocurrencia de ciclos de celo cortos y se obtiene una mayor respuesta reproductiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Maia <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Se ha mencionado que, en cabras, el <italic>corpus luteum</italic> es sensible a PGF<sub>2α</sub> a partir del día 3 después del final del estro, obteniendo una alta proporción de hembras que presentan estro luego de la administración (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Rubianes <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>). Como se mencionó anteriormente, el uso de PGF<sub>2α</sub> es un manejo reproductivo limpio ya que no deja residuos en los tejidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Omontese <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>) además, se puede incrementar el bienestar animal cuando se implementan estrategias reproductivas que hagan más rápido y eficiente el manejo del hato (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Roger, 2012</xref>). Por lo tanto, los protocolos reproductivos nuevos e innovadores deben promover el bienestar animal, reduciendo el tiempo de manejo de los animales, reduciendo el uso de hormonas exógenas y disminuyendo los problemas de salud en el tracto reproductivo femenino. Dichas estrategias deberían disminuir, en paralelo, el costo de los tratamientos reproductivos así como el trabajo manual (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abecia <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Gonzalez-Bulnes <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>).</p>
			<p>Basándonos en este fundamento, planteamos la hipótesis de que la administración de un protocolo de sincronización de PG a corto plazo (5 días) a las cabras durante la temporada de reproducción, debería producir resultados similares a los de los protocolos de administración de PG más largos (es decir, 10 o más días). Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue reducir el tiempo de tratamiento y evaluar la respuesta reproductiva de cabras cíclicas alpinas francesas en la Comarca Lagunera, México (26 °N).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>General</italic></title>
				<p>Todos los métodos y el manejo de las unidades experimentales utilizadas en este ensayo se realizaron en estricta conformidad con las pautas aceptadas para el uso ético, el cuidado y el bienestar de los animales en la investigación a nivel internacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">FASS, 2010</xref>), nacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">NAM, 2002</xref>) e institucional, con aprobación y número de referencia ITT- 513.2.2/1879/2014-5458-14P.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>Ubicación, animales, manejo y grupos experimentales</italic></title>
				<p>El ensayo se llevó a cabo en el Instituto Tecnológico de Torreón (ITT), ubicado en el norte de México, en la Comarca Lagunera (26° 23’ N, 104° 47’ W y 1.100 m); la duración del día es de 13 h 41 min en el solsticio de verano y de 10 h 19 min en el solsticio de invierno. Se realizó de octubre a noviembre, correspondiente a la época de cría natural de la cabra. El estado de salud de todas las unidades experimentales fue controlado por un veterinario experimentado durante todo el período de prueba; no se produjeron problemas de salud durante el ensayo. Además, se hicieron esfuerzos para minimizar las posibles molestias en los animales de experimentación.</p>
				<p>Las cabras franco-alpinas adultas cíclicas (n = 20; 3 años de edad) se asignaron aleatoriamente a dos grupos homogéneos (P&gt; 0,05) de acuerdo con el peso vivo (PV) y la puntuación de la condición corporal (PCC: 1=emaciada y 4=grasa). El grupo G5 (n=10) tenía 45,9 ± 1,9 kg de peso corporal y 2,4 ± 0,2 unidades de PCC; mientras que G10 (n=10) y 46,8 ± 1,7 kg PV y 2,5 ± 0,1 unidades PCC. Para sincronizar el estro, ambos grupos recibieron dos dosis intravulvar de un análogo de prostaglandina (0,2 ml; 160 μg de cloprostenol). Aunque los parámetros reproductivos de interés para el estudio están relacionados con la segunda inyección de PG, y el experimento fue diseñado para evaluar la respuesta reproductiva después de la segunda administración, administrada el mismo día (día 0; 1 de noviembre) para ambos grupos, los parámetros reproductivos se midieron después de la primera y segunda administración de PG. El día -5 (27 de octubre), G5 recibió una primera inyección de PG; mientras que G10 recibió la primera inyección de PG el día -10 (22 de octubre).</p>
				<p>Todas las hembras fueron ubicadas en corrales abiertos de 6 x 6 m, separados 60 m entre sí. Las hembras tuvieron acceso <italic>ad libitum</italic> a agua potable y recibieron una dieta que cumplía con sus requerimientos nutricionales de mantenimiento, consistente en acceso <italic>ad libitum</italic> a heno de alfalfa (17% de proteína cruda, PC; 1,9 MCal ME/kg DM) y 100 g de concentrado comercial (14% PC, 2,7 MCal ME/kg DM), disponible durante todo el período experimental. En la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> se muestra una representación esquemática del procedimiento experimental.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Una representación esquemática del protocolo experimental para sincronizar cabras lecheras cíclicas franco-alpinas adultas durante la temporada de reproducción (octubre- noviembre, 26° N) en el norte de México. Ambos grupos recibieron dos dosis de prostaglandina (0,2 ml; 160 μg de cloprostenol) para G5 el 27 de octubre y G10 el 22 de octubre. Luego, ambos grupos recibieron una segunda dosis el 1 de noviembre.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e110-gf1.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>Evaluación de la actividad estral</italic></title>
				<p>Una vez que recibió la primera inyección de PG, se evaluó la actividad estral durante 20 días, dos veces al día (0800 y 1700 h) durante 15 minutos cada vez, utilizando un hombre sexualmente activo provisto de un delantal. Las hembras detectadas en celo de pie fueron apareadas al menos dos veces por un macho probado en fertilidad y libido.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>Evaluación de la actividad ovárica y el embarazo.</italic></title>
				<p>Las cabras de ambos grupos se sometieron a escaneo ecográfico transrectal en tiempo real en modo B (matriz lineal Aloka SSD500; Overseas Monitor Corp.Ltd., Richmond, BC, Canadá) durante todo el período de investigación para detectar y medir las estructuras ováricas. El escaneo fue realizado por un operador experimental con una hembra en posición de pie. El transductor se insertó en el recto hasta que se observó una imagen de los ovarios en el monitor. Luego, se giró el transductor hasta que se escanearon ambos ovarios. Diariamente se midió el diámetro de los folículos (2-3, 4-5 y preovulatorio ≥ 6 mm) y se registró su ubicación en los ovarios. El <italic>corpus luteum</italic> se identificó en escala de grises como un área hipoecoica dentro de un ovario. Después de ambas administraciones de PG, se detectó la ovulación midiendo el folículo preovulatorio con el diámetro máximo (≥6 mm) y observando los cambios morfológicos dentro del ovario desde el tejido folicular hasta la formación de un <italic>corpus luteum</italic>. El diagnóstico de embarazo se realizó a los 45 días post-apareamiento mediante gammagrafía transrectal de acuerdo con los procedimientos descritos, con base en los hallazgos con la ecografía, se calcularon los porcentajes de ovulación y número de <italic>corpus luteum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Contreras- Villarreal <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Medan <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>Cuantificación de las concentraciones plasmáticas de progesterona</italic></title>
				<p>Se realizó una toma de sangre diaria mediante punción venosa yugular a partir de la segunda administración de PG y con una duración de 10 días. La sangre se centrifugó y el plasma se recogió por duplicado y se almacenó a -20 °C hasta el análisis hormonal. La concentración plasmática de P4 se determinó mediante radioinmunoanálisis (RIA), utilizando un kit RIA comercial (Diagnostic Products, Los Ángeles, CA, EE. UU.) Validado para plasma de rumiantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Schneider y Hallford, 1996</xref>). Los coeficientes de variación intra e interensayo fueron 9,9 y 12,3%, respectivamente. Mientras que la recuperación media fue del 94 %, la sensibilidad del ensayo fue de 0,1 ng/ml.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>Análisis estadístico</italic></title>
				<p>Los datos sobre los porcentajes de cabras en estro y preñadas se analizaron mediante procedimientos categóricos utilizando el procedimiento GENMOD de SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC, EE UU.), con la función de enlace logit. El único efecto incluido en el modelo fue el tratamiento, con cada animal considerado como una sola unidad experimental. Se utilizó un análisis de varianza unidireccional (PROC GLM) para un diseño completamente aleatorizado para probar los efectos de los tratamientos sobre la aparición del estro, la ovulación, el inicio del estro y la progesterona. Según el diseño experimental, solo se analizaron los niveles plasmáticos de P4 para ambos grupos del d 0 al d 10. Las diferencias estadísticas entre tratamientos se consideraron significativas a P &lt;0.05.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Los resultados muestran que los tratamientos G5 y G10 generan respuestas reproductivas similares (P&gt; 0.05) en cabras cíclicas alpinas francesas durante la temporada de reproducción. No obstante, después de la segunda inyección de PG, hubo una tendencia (P = 0,06) a obtener una mayor tasa de embarazo en las mujeres del grupo G5. En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref> se presenta un resumen de estos datos.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Respuesta reproductiva de cabras alpinas francesas sometidas a dos administraciones de prostaglandinas (160 μg de Cloprostenol cada una), con un intervalo de administración de 5 (G5) y 10 (G10) días durante la temporada reproductiva</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="2"> </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="3">1º inyección PG </th>
								
								<th align="center" colspan="3">2º inyección PG</th>
								
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="right">G5</th>
								<th align="center" >G10 </th>
								<th align="center">Valorp</th>
								<th align="center">G5</th>
								<th align="center" >G10 </th>
								<th align="center">Valor p </th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Estro (%)</td>
								<td align="center">80 (8/10)</td>
								<td align="center" >90 (9/10) </td>
								<td align="center"><bold>.56</bold></td>
								<td align="center">60 (6/10)</td>
								<td align="center" >60 (6/10) </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Latencia del estro(h)</td>
								<td align="center">48 ± 0.0</td>
								<td align="center" >79 ± 16.9 </td>
								<td align="center"><bold>.09</bold></td>
								<td align="center">68 ± 13.4</td>
								<td align="center" >52 ± 2.5 </td>
								<td align="center">.26</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Ovulación (%)</td>
								<td align="center">100 (10/10)</td>
								<td align="center" >100 (10/10) </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">80 (8/10)</td>
								<td align="center" >60 (6/10) </td>
								<td align="center">.36</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Tasa de embarazo(%)</td>
								<td align="center">--------</td>
								<td align="center" >-------- </td>
								<td align="center">-----</td>
								<td align="center">60 (6/10)</td>
								<td align="center" >20 (2/10) </td>
								<td align="center">.06</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Folículos ovulatorios (mm y n)</td>
								<td align="center">8.9 ± 0.3 (10)</td>
								<td align="center" >9.7 ± 0.6 (10) </td>
								<td align="center"><bold>.32</bold></td>
								<td align="center">9.5 ± 0.4 (8)</td>
								<td align="center" >9.3 ± 0.3 (6) </td>
								<td align="center">.96</td>
							</tr>
							
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Promedio del <italic>Corpus Luteum</italic> (n)</td>
								<td align="left">1.1 ± 0.1 (9)</td>
								<td align="center" >1.0 ± 0.0 (6) </td>
								<td align="center"><bold>.4</bold></td>
								<td align="center">1.0 ± 0.0 (8)</td>
								<td align="left" >1.3 ± 0.3 (6) </td>
								<td align="center">.29</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Las concentraciones de progesterona plasmática después de la segunda administración de PG para ambos grupos experimentales se muestran en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>. Las hembras de ambos grupos respondieron a la inyección de PG, registrando una disminución dramática en las concentraciones de P4, sin diferencias significativas (P&gt; 0.05) entre grupos experimentales del d0 al d9 de la investigación.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Niveles plasmáticos de progesterona para los grupos G5 (círculos blancos) y G10 (círculos negros) después de la segunda administración de prostaglandinas (d0; P&gt; 0.05)</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e110-gf2.gif"></graphic>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>La respuesta de estro observada después de la segunda inyección de PG en el G5 fue similar a las reportadas en estudios previos realizados a intervalos de 9 a 11 días, con respuestas de estro de 70% a 85% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Omontese <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Freitas <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>). Además, el 80% de las hembras ovularon después de la segunda inyección de PG, sin diferencias con respecto al grupo G10 ni en el porcentaje de ovulación ni en el tamaño y número de folículos ovulatorios [80 vs 60% y 9,5 ± 0,4 (8) vs 9,3 ± 0,3 (6), respectivamente; P&gt; 0,05].</p>
			<p>Estos resultados son similares a otros estudios en los que se aplicaron dos inyecciones de PG en intervalos de 10 a 12 días (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Al Yacoub <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Kusina <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>). Nuestros hallazgos también están en línea con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Martemucci y D'Alessandro (2011</xref>), quienes usaron progestágenos, prostaglandinas y eCG durante 5 días con el 80% de la actividad ovulatoria.</p>
			<p>El grupo G5 mostró una tasa de embarazo del 60% y una fertilidad del 100% (6/6), lo que sugiere que respondieron a dos administraciones de PG con un intervalo de cinco días, que es un intervalo más corto que el utilizado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Al Yacoub <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref>, quienes aplicaron dos administraciones de cloprostenol entre los 6 y 13 días del ciclo estral, y lograron la misma respuesta reproductiva con un protocolo de inseminación de tiempo fijo. Otro aspecto importante a destacar de nuestro protocolo es que el nivel de PG utilizado (160 μg de cloprostenol) es inferior a la mayoría de los niveles utilizados en otros estudios (250 μg de cloprostenol), reduciendo la dosis en torno al 40% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Omontese <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Con respecto a los resultados reproductivos observados de G10, el porcentaje de mujeres que respondieron a la segunda inyección de PG puede considerarse bajo, ya que el 20% tuvo un ciclo estral corto (5,5 días) antes de la segunda inyección de PG, con un nivel de P4 plasmático más alto de 1 ng/ml (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Titi <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>). Dicho porcentaje de ciclos estrales cortos es similar a los obtenidos en otros estudios que utilizan cloprostenol como agente sincronizador, lo que sugiere que este análogo de PG puede promover un crecimiento y una funcionalidad deficientes del tejido lúteo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Vázquez <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>). Asimismo, esto podría explicarse por la gran variabilidad encontrada cuando se administran prostaglandinas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Houghton <italic>et al.</italic> 1995</xref>), dado que hubo una mayor ventana de tiempo desde la primera administración a la segunda, los animales se encontraban en diferentes estadios foliculares y esto se reflejó en una menor tasa de embarazo, ya que las ovulaciones no estaban sincronizadas. Además, el 20% restante de las mujeres que no respondieron a la segunda inyección de PG sugiere que el <italic>corpus luteum</italic> existente no se suprimió inmediatamente después de la primera aplicación, un escenario respaldado por las concentraciones plasmáticas de P4 observadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Además, solo el 60% de las ovulaciones ocurrieron en G10 después de la segunda inyección de PG, un resultado que puede considerarse bajo con respecto a otros estudios que alcanzaron el 90% al 100% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Al Yacoub <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Kusina <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>).</p>
			<p>Además, la tasa de embarazo y la fertilidad de las hembras del G10 fue menor de lo esperado (20% y 33%, respectivamente). De hecho, del 60% de las hembras que presentaron celo permanente y ovulación después de la segunda administración de PG, cuatro de ellas repitieron el celo entre 5 y 12 días después de la reproducción. Tal respuesta sugiere que el proceso de luteogénesis generado después del tratamiento con PG, provocado por folículos de baja calidad, no pudo mantener una síntesis de P4 adecuada para sostener el embarazo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Al Yacoub <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). En las cabras, como en otros mamíferos, los primeros días después de la ovulación son fundamentales para potenciar la luteogénesis, así como para promover la implantación embrionaria, la embriogénesis y el reconocimiento materno de los procesos de gestación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Vázquez <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>).</p>
			<p>Con base en los resultados reproductivos descritos por las hembras G5, nuestro estudio genera información sobre la reducción del tiempo requerido para promover la aparición del estro con el uso de hormonas exógenas para el manejo reproductivo de pequeños rumiantes. Además, también es posible reducir el riesgo sanitario en el tracto reproductivo y al mismo tiempo esperar una disminución en el costo de los tratamientos hormonales al reducir la dosis requerida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Omontese <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abecia <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). Estos resultados adquieren especial importancia si se considera que, en la mayoría de los protocolos de sincronización en cabras y ovinos, el uso de prostaglandinas considera un conocimiento preciso de la fase del ciclo estral, (es decir, la fase lútea), aplicando una mayor cantidad de prostaglandinas solo o en combinación con progestágenos u otras hormonas.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La administración de un protocolo basado en prostaglandinas a corto plazo en un intervalo de cinco días para sincronizar la actividad del estro de las cabras cíclicas alpinas francesas durante la temporada de reproducción, generó resultados reproductivos importantes al considerar la actividad del estro, la latencia del estro, la función lútea y los niveles plasmáticos de progesterona, así como tasas de ovulación y preñez, junto con la reducción del número de días manejando las cabras; siendo el último de importancia fisiológica y de importancia reproductiva para la industria caprina.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Agradecimientos: </title>
			<p>Reconocemos el apoyo financiero brindado por el fondo sectorial del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT, México) y la Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación (SAGARPA, México): 2017-4-291691 </p>
		</ack>
		<ref-list>
			<title>LITERATURA CITADA</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<mixed-citation>Abecia JA, Forcada F, Gonzalez-Bulnes A. 2011. Pharmaceutical control of reproduction in sheep and goats. <italic>Veterinary Clinic of North America Food Animal Practice</italic>. 27: 67-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.10.001</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Abecia</surname>
							<given-names>JA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Forcada</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gonzalez-Bulnes</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<article-title>Pharmaceutical control of reproduction in sheep and goats</article-title>
					<source>Veterinary Clinic of North America Food Animal Practice</source>
					<volume>27</volume>
					<fpage>67</fpage>
					<lpage>79</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.10.001</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<mixed-citation>Al Yacoub AN, Gauly M, Sohnrey B, Holtz W. 2011. Fixed-time deep uterine insemination in PGF2α -synchronized goats. <italic>Theriogenology</italic>. 76: 1730-1735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.07.005</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Al Yacoub</surname>
							<given-names>AN</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gauly</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sohnrey</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Holtz</surname>
							<given-names>W.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<article-title>Fixed-time deep uterine insemination in PGF2α -synchronized goats</article-title>
					<source>Theriogenology</source>
					<volume>76</volume>
					<fpage>1730</fpage>
					<lpage>1735</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.07.005</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<mixed-citation>Contreras-Villarreal V, Meza-Herrera CA, Rivas-Muñoz R, Angel-Garcia O, Luna-Orozco JR, Carrillo E, Mellado M, Véliz-Deras FG. 2016. Reproductive performancee of seasonally anovular mixed-bred dairy goats induced to ovulate with a combination of progesterone and eCG or estradiol. <italic>Animal Science Journal</italic>. 87(6):750-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12493</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Contreras-Villarreal</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Meza-Herrera</surname>
							<given-names>CA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rivas-Muñoz</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Angel-Garcia</surname>
							<given-names>O</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Luna-Orozco</surname>
							<given-names>JR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Carrillo</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mellado</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Véliz-Deras</surname>
							<given-names>FG.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Reproductive performancee of seasonally anovular mixed-bred dairy goats induced to ovulate with a combination of progesterone and eCG or estradiol</article-title>
					<source>Animal Science Journal</source>
					<volume>87</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>750</fpage>
					<lpage>755</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/asj.12493</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<mixed-citation>FASS, 2010. Guide for the care and use of agricultural animals in agricultural research and teaching. 3rd Edition, FASS, Champaing, IL, USA. Pp. 177. ISBN: 978-1-7362930-0-3</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>FASS</collab>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<source>Guide for the care and use of agricultural animals in agricultural research and teaching</source>
					<edition>3</edition>
					<publisher-name>FASS</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Champaing, IL, USA</publisher-loc>
					<fpage>177</fpage>
					<lpage>177</lpage>
					<isbn>978-1-7362930-0-3</isbn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<mixed-citation>Freitas JVF, Rondina D, Lopes Junior ES, Teixeira DIA, Paula NRO. 2004. Hormonal treatments for the synchronization of oestrus in dairy goats raised in the tropics. <italic>Reproduction Fertility and Development</italic>. 16: 415-420. https://doi.org/10.1071/RD04031</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Freitas</surname>
							<given-names>JVF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rondina</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lopes</surname>
							<given-names>ES</given-names>
							<suffix>Junior</suffix>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Teixeira</surname>
							<given-names>DIA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Paula</surname>
							<given-names>NRO.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2004</year>
					<article-title>Hormonal treatments for the synchronization of oestrus in dairy goats raised in the tropics</article-title>
					<source>Reproduction Fertility and Development</source>
					<volume>16</volume>
					<fpage>415</fpage>
					<lpage>420</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1071/RD04031</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<mixed-citation>Gonzalez-Bulnes A, Meza-Herrera CA, Rekik M, BenSalem H, Kridli RT. 2011. Limiting factors and strategies for improving reproductive outputs of small ruminants reared in semi-arid environments. In: Degenovine, K.M. (Ed.), Emi-arid Environments: Agriculture, Water Supply and Vegetation. <italic>Nova Science Publishers Inc</italic>
 <italic>.,</italic> Hauppauge, NY, USA. Pp. 41-60 (Chapter 2) ISBN: 978-1-61761-541-2.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gonzalez-Bulnes</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Meza-Herrera</surname>
							<given-names>CA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rekik</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>BenSalem</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kridli</surname>
							<given-names>RT.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<article-title>Limiting factors and strategies for improving reproductive outputs of small ruminants reared in semi-arid environments. In: Degenovine, K.M. (Ed.), Emi-arid Environments: Agriculture, Water Supply and Vegetation</article-title>
					<source>Nova Science Publishers Inc</source>
					<publisher-name>Hauppauge</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>NY, USA</publisher-loc>
					<fpage>41</fpage>
					<lpage>60</lpage>
					<issue-part>2</issue-part>
					<isbn>978-1-61761-541-2</isbn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<mixed-citation>Houghton JAS, Liberati N, Schrick FN, Townsend EC, Dailey RA, Inskeep EK. 1995. Day of estrus cycle affects follicular dynamics after induced luteolysis in ewes. <italic>Journal of Animal Science</italic>. 73(7):2094-2101. https://doi.org/10.2527/1995.7372094x</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Houghton</surname>
							<given-names>JAS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liberati</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schrick</surname>
							<given-names>FN</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Townsend</surname>
							<given-names>EC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dailey</surname>
							<given-names>RA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Inskeep</surname>
							<given-names>EK.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1995</year>
					<article-title>Day of estrus cycle affects follicular dynamics after induced luteolysis in ewes</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Animal Science</source>
					<volume>73</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>2094</fpage>
					<lpage>2101</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2527/1995.7372094x</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<mixed-citation>Kusina NT, Chinuwo T, Hamudikuwanda H, Ndlovu LR, Muzanenhamo S. 2001. Effect of different dietary energy level intakes on efficiency of estrus synchronization and fertility in Mashona goat does. <italic>Small Ruminant Research</italic>. 39: 283-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(00)00192-9</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kusina</surname>
							<given-names>NT</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chinuwo</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hamudikuwanda</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ndlovu</surname>
							<given-names>LR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Muzanenhamo</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2001</year>
					<article-title>Effect of different dietary energy level intakes on efficiency of estrus synchronization and fertility in Mashona goat does</article-title>
					<source>Small Ruminant Research</source>
					<volume>39</volume>
					<fpage>283</fpage>
					<lpage>288</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0921-4488(00)00192-9</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<mixed-citation>Maia Alrs, Brandao FZ, Souza-Fabjan JMG, Balaro MFA, Oliveira MEF, Facó O, Fonseca JF. 2017. Reproductive parameters of dairy goats after reveiving two doses of d-cloprostenol at different intervals. <italic>Animal Reproduction Science</italic>. 181: 16-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.02.013</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Alrs</surname>
							<given-names>Maia</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brandao</surname>
							<given-names>FZ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Souza-Fabjan</surname>
							<given-names>JMG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Balaro</surname>
							<given-names>MFA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Oliveira</surname>
							<given-names>MEF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Facó</surname>
							<given-names>O</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fonseca</surname>
							<given-names>JF.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Reproductive parameters of dairy goats after reveiving two doses of d-cloprostenol at different intervals</article-title>
					<source>Animal Reproduction Science</source>
					<volume>181</volume>
					<fpage>16</fpage>
					<lpage>23</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.02.013</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<mixed-citation>Martemucci G, D’Alessandro AG. 2011. Induction-synchronization of oestrus and ovulation in dairy goats with different short-term treatments and fixed time intrauterine or exocervical insemination system. <italic>Animal Reproduction Science</italic>. 126: 187-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.05.011</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Martemucci</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>D’Alessandro</surname>
							<given-names>AG.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<article-title>Induction-synchronization of oestrus and ovulation in dairy goats with different short-term treatments and fixed time intrauterine or exocervical insemination system</article-title>
					<source>Animal Reproduction Science</source>
					<volume>126</volume>
					<fpage>187</fpage>
					<lpage>194</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.05.011</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<mixed-citation>Medan MS, Watanabe G, Sasaki K, Sharawy S, Groome NP, Taya K. 2003. Ovarian dynamics and their associations with peripheral concentrations of gonadotropins, ovarian steroids, and inhibin during the estrous cycle in goats. <italic>Biology of Reproduction</italic>. 69: 57-63. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.102.013334</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Medan</surname>
							<given-names>MS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Watanabe</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sasaki</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sharawy</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Groome</surname>
							<given-names>NP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Taya</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2003</year>
					<article-title>Ovarian dynamics and their associations with peripheral concentrations of gonadotropins, ovarian steroids, and inhibin during the estrous cycle in goats</article-title>
					<source>Biology of Reproduction</source>
					<volume>69</volume>
					<fpage>57</fpage>
					<lpage>63</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1095/biolreprod.102.013334</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<mixed-citation>National Academy of Medicine. 2002. <italic>Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals</italic>. Co-produced by the National Academy of Medicine-Mexico and the Association for assessment and accreditation of laboratory animal care international. 1st. Edition, Harlan Mexico, DF, Mexico. ISBN-13: 978-0-309-15400-0</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>National Academy of Medicine</collab>
					</person-group>
					<year>2002</year>
					<source>Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals</source>
					<publisher-name>Co-produced by the National Academy of Medicine</publisher-name>
					<publisher-name>Mexico and the Association for assessment and accreditation of laboratory animal care international</publisher-name>
					<edition>1</edition>
					<publisher-name>Harlan Mexico</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>DF, Mexico</publisher-loc>
					<issn>978-0-309-15400-0</issn></element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<mixed-citation>Omontese BO, Rekwot PI, Ate IU, Ayo JO, Kawa MU, Rwuaan JS, Nwannenna AI, Mustapha RA, Bello AA. 2016. An update on oestrus synchronization of goats in Nigeria. <italic>Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction</italic>. 5: 96-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjr.2016.01.002</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Omontese</surname>
							<given-names>BO</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rekwot</surname>
							<given-names>PI</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ate</surname>
							<given-names>IU</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ayo</surname>
							<given-names>JO</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kawa</surname>
							<given-names>MU</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rwuaan</surname>
							<given-names>JS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nwannenna</surname>
							<given-names>AI</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mustapha</surname>
							<given-names>RA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bello</surname>
							<given-names>AA.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>An update on oestrus synchronization of goats in Nigeria</article-title>
					<source>Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction</source>
					<volume>5</volume>
					<fpage>96</fpage>
					<lpage>101</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.apjr.2016.01.002</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<mixed-citation>Roger, PA. 2012. Welfare issues in the reproductive management of small ruminants. <italic>Animal Reproduction Science</italic>. 130(3-4):141-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.01.007</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Roger</surname>
							<given-names>PA.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Welfare issues in the reproductive management of small ruminants</article-title>
					<source>Animal Reproduction Science</source>
					<volume>130</volume>
					<issue>3-4</issue>
					<fpage>141</fpage>
					<lpage>146</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.01.007</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<mixed-citation>Romano JE, Alkar A, Amstalden M. 2016. Effect of copulation on estrus duration and ovulation time in goats. <italic>Theriogenology</italic>. <italic>85</italic>(2):330-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.09.021</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Romano</surname>
							<given-names>JE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alkar</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Amstalden</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Effect of copulation on estrus duration and ovulation time in goats</article-title>
					<source>Theriogenology</source>
					<volume>85</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>330</fpage>
					<lpage>334</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.09.021</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<mixed-citation>Rubianes E, Menchaca A, Carbajal B. 2003. Response of the 1-5 day-aged ovine <italic>corpus luteum</italic> to prostaglandin F2α. <italic>Animal Reproduction Science</italic>. 78(1-2):47-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4320(03)00046-0</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rubianes</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Menchaca</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Carbajal</surname>
							<given-names>B.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2003</year>
					<article-title>Response of the 1-5 day-aged ovine corpus luteum to prostaglandin F2α</article-title>
					<source>Animal Reproduction Science</source>
					<volume>78</volume>
					<issue>1-2</issue>
					<fpage>47</fpage>
					<lpage>55</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0378-4320(03)00046-0</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<mixed-citation>Schneider RJ, Hallford DM. 1996. Use of a rapid progesterone radioimmunoassy to predict pregnancy and fetal numbers in ewes. <italic>Sheep and Goat Research Journal</italic>. 12: 33-38. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US1997067677">https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US1997067677</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="webpage">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Schneider</surname>
							<given-names>RJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hallford</surname>
							<given-names>DM.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1996</year>
					<article-title>Use of a rapid progesterone radioimmunoassy to predict pregnancy and fetal numbers in ewes</article-title>
					<source>Sheep and Goat Research Journal</source>
					<volume>12</volume>
					<fpage>33</fpage>
					<lpage>38</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US1997067677">https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US1997067677</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<mixed-citation>Titi HH, Kridli RT, Alnimer MA. 2010. Estrus synchronization in sheep and goats using combinations of GnRH, progestagen and prostaglandin F2α. <italic>Reproduction in Domestic Animals</italic>. 45: 594-599. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01309.x</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Titi</surname>
							<given-names>HH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kridli</surname>
							<given-names>RT</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alnimer</surname>
							<given-names>MA.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<article-title>Estrus synchronization in sheep and goats using combinations of GnRH, progestagen and prostaglandin F2α</article-title>
					<source>Reproduction in Domestic Animals</source>
					<volume>45</volume>
					<fpage>594</fpage>
					<lpage>599</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01309.x</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<mixed-citation>Vázquez MI, Blanch MS, Alanis GA, Chaves MA, Gonzalez-Bulnes A. 2010. Effect of treatments with a prostaglandin analogue on developmental dynamics and functionality of induced corpora lutea in goats. <italic>Animal Reproduction Science</italic>. 118: 42-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.05.016</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Vázquez</surname>
							<given-names>MI</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Blanch</surname>
							<given-names>MS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alanis</surname>
							<given-names>GA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chaves</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gonzalez-Bulnes</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<article-title>Effect of treatments with a prostaglandin analogue on developmental dynamics and functionality of induced corpora lutea in goats</article-title>
					<source>Animal Reproduction Science</source>
					<volume>118</volume>
					<fpage>42</fpage>
					<lpage>47</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.05.016</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			
		<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
			
			<p>Clave: e2020-65</p>
		</fn></fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Effect of a short-term prostaglandin protocol upon synchronization and reproductive outcomes in cyclic goats</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<p>The aim of the study was to evaluate the reproductive response of cyclic goats in northern Mexico (26° N) subjected to two administration schemes of prostaglandins (PG; 5 days vs. 10 days) to synchronize estrus response. Cyclic adult French-Alpine goats were allocated in two groups. Group G5 (n = 10), received the first PG-injection (0.2 ml; 160 μg cloprostenol) on d -5 and group G10 (n = 10) received the first PG-injection on d -10. Both groups received the second PG-injection on d 0. General reproductive outcomes after second PG-administration were similar (P&gt;0.05) between treatments. Estrus response= 60% for both groups, estrus latency= 68h vs 52h, ovulation= 80% vs 60% (G5 vs G10, respectively; P&gt;0.05). Since no differences occurred between groups, administration of the G5 treatment seems to be an interesting short-term synchronizing alternative protocol in that it generated important reproductive outcomes.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>French-Alpine goats</kwd>
				<kwd>breeding season</kwd>
				<kwd>estrus synchronization</kwd>
				<kwd>prostaglandins</kwd>
				<kwd>reproductive outcomes</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>In small ruminants, most of the reproductive protocols to synchronize estrous cycles during the breeding season, are based on the use of exogenous hormone treatments with different doses and time regimes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Martemucci and D’Alessandro, 2011</xref>).</p>
				<p>Prostaglandin F2α is the main luteolytic agent used to synchronize estrus during the reproductive season in these species, it is rapidly metabolized by lungs, without tissue accumulation, being an interesting alternative to the use of progestogens, eCG and hCG (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Omontese <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Nonetheless, a disadvantage of the use of prostaglandins compared to eCG or hCG is that ovulation is greatly dispersed as the response varies with the stage of the estrus cycle in which the prostaglandins are administered (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Houghton <italic>et al.</italic> 1995</xref>). After the first administration of prostaglandins, short estrus cycles occur, and an important percentage of females do not respond to the second administration. In fact, by reducing the period between the first and second administrations of prostaglandins from 10 to 7 days, the occurrence of short estrus cycles is prevented and a higher reproductive response is obtained (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Maia <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). It has been mentioned that, in goats, the <italic>corpus luteum</italic> is sensible to PGF<sub>2α</sub> from day 3 after the end of estrus, obtaining a high proportion of females that show estrus after the administration (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Rubianes <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>). As mentioned above, use of PGF<sub>2α</sub> is a clean reproductive management as it does not leave residues in the tissues (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Omontese <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>) also, animal welfare can be increased when reproductive strategies that make herd management faster and more efficient are implemented (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Roger, 2012</xref>). Therefore, new and innovative reproductive protocols should promote animal welfare, by reducing the period of time managing the animals, reducing the use of exogenous hormones as well as by decreasing health problems in the female reproductive tract. Such strategies should diminish, in parallel, the cost of reproductive treatments as well as hand labor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abecia <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Gonzalez-Bulnes <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>).</p>
				<p>Based on such rationale, we hypothesized that administration of a short-term PG- synchronization protocol (5 days) to goats during the breeding season, should elicit similar results that longer PG-administration protocols (i.e. 10 or more days). Therefore, the aim of this research was to reduce treatment time, and evaluate the reproductive response of cyclic French Alpine goats in the Comarca Lagunera, Mexico (26° N).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>General</italic></title>
					<p>All methods and management of the experimental units used in this trial was in strict accordance with accepted guidelines for ethical use, care and welfare of animals in research at international (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">FASS, 2010</xref>), national (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">NAM, 2002</xref>) and institutional levels, with approval reference number ITT-513.2.2/1879/2014-5458-14P.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Location, animals, management and experimental groups</italic></title>
					<p>The trial was conducted at the Instituto Tecnologico de Torreon (ITT), located in Northern Mexico, in the Comarca Lagunera (26°23’ N, 104°47’ W and 1,100 m); the day length is 13 h 41 min in the summer solstice and 10h 19 min in the winter solstice. It was carried- out from October to November, corresponding to the goat´s natural breeding season. The health status of all the experimental units was controlled by an experienced veterinarian during the whole trial period; no health problems occurred during the trial. Besides, efforts were made to minimize any possible discomfort in the experimental animals.</p>
					<p>Cyclic adult French-Alpine goats (n=20; 3 yrs old), were randomly allocated to two homogeneous groups (P&gt;0.05) according to live weight (LW) and body condition score (BCS: 1= emaciated and 4= fat). Group G5 (n = 10) had 45.9 ± 1.9 kg LW and 2.4 ± 0.2 units BCS; while G10 (n = 10) and 46.8 ± 1.7 kg LW and 2.5 ± 0.1 units BCS. In order to synchronize estrus, both groups received two intravulvarly doses of a prostaglandin analog (0.2 ml; 160 μg cloprostenol). Even though the reproductive parameters of interest for the study are related to second PG-injection, and the experiment was designed to evaluate the reproductive response after the second administration, administered on the same day (day 0; Nov 1) for both groups, the reproductive parameters were measured after the first and second PG-administrations. On day -5 (Oct 27), G5 received a first PG- injection; while G10 received the first PG-injection on day -10 (Oct 22).</p>
					<p>All the females were allocated in 6 x 6 m open pens, separated 60 m from each other. Does had <italic>ad libitum</italic> access to drinkable water and received a diet which met their nutritional requirements for maintenance, consisting of <italic>ad libitum</italic> access to alfalfa hay (17% crude protein, CP; 1.9 MCal ME/kg DM) and 100 g of commercial concentrate (14% CP, 2.7 MCal ME/kg DM), available during the whole experimental period. A schematic representation of the experimental procedure is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Fig. 1</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f3">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>A schematic representation of the experimental protocol to synchronize adult cyclic French-Alpine dairy goats during the breeding season (Oct-Nov, 26° N) in northern Mexico. Both groups received two doses of prostaglandin (0.2 ml; 160 μg cloprostenol) for G5 on October 27 and G10 on October 22. Then, both groups received a second dose on November 1.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e110-gf3.gif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Assessment of estrous activity</italic></title>
					<p>Once does received the first PG-injection, estrous activity was evaluated for 20 days, twice per day (0800 &amp; 1700 h) for 15 minutes each time, using a sexually active male provided with an apron. Does detected in standing heat were mated at least twice by a male proven for fertility and libido.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Assessment of ovarian activity and pregnancy</italic></title>
					<p>Goats from both groups underwent daily trans-rectal real-time, B-mode ultrasonographic scanning (Aloka SSD500 linear array; Overseas Monitor Corp. Ltd., Richmond, BC, Canada) throughout the whole research period in order to detect and measure ovarian structures. Scanning was conducted by one experimental operator with does in standing position. The transducer was inserted into the rectum until an image of ovaries was observed on the monitor. Then the transducer was rotated until both ovaries were scanned. Daily, diameter of follicles was measured (2-3, 4-5 and pre-ovulatory ≥ 6 mm), and their location on the ovaries recorded. The <italic>corpus luteum</italic> was identiﬁed on gray scale as hypoechoic area within an ovary. After both PG-administrations, ovulation was detected by measuring the preovulatory follicle with the maximal diameter (≥6 mm) and observing the morphologic changes within the ovary from follicular tissue to the formation of a <italic>corpus luteum</italic>. Pregnancy diagnosis was done at 45 days post-mating using transrectal scanning according to the procedures outlined, based on findings with the ultrasound, ovulation and number of <italic>corpus luteum</italic> percentages were calculated, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Contreras-Villarreal <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Medan <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Quantification of plasma progesterone concentrations</italic></title>
					<p>A daily blood sampling was performed by jugular venipuncture starting on the second PG administration and lasting 10 days. Blood was centrifuged and plasma was collected in duplicated and stored at -20°C until hormonal analysis. Plasma P4 concentration was determined by radioimmuno analysis (RIA), using a commercial RIA kit (Diagnostic Products, Los Angeles, CA, USA) validated for ruminant plasma (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Schneider and Hallford, 1996</xref>). The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 9.9 and 12.3% respectively. Whereas the average recovery was 94%, the sensitivity of the assay was 0.1 ng/ml.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Statistical analyses</italic></title>
					<p>Data on percentages of goats in estrus and pregnant were analyzed by categorical procedures using the GENMOD procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC, USA) with the logit link function. The only effect included in the model was treatment, with each animal considered as a single experimental unit. A one-way analysis of variance (PROC GLM) for a completely randomized design was used to test the effects of treatments upon the occurrence of estrus, ovulation, and onset of estrous, and progesterone. According to the experimental design, only plasma levels of P4 for both groups from d0 to d10 were analyzed. Statistical differences between treatments were considered significant at P&lt;0.05.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>Results show that both G5 and G10 treatments generate similar reproductive responses (P&gt;0.05) in cyclic French-Alpine goats within the breeding season. Nonetheless, after the second PG-injection, there was a trend (P=0.06) to obtain an increased pregnancy rate in G5 group females. A summary of these data is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Reproductive response of French-Alpine goats submitted to two administrations of prostaglandins (160 μg de Cloprostenol each), with an administration interval of 5 (G5) and 10 (G10) days during the reproductive season</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								
							
							<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="2"> </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="3">1º PG-injection </th>
									
								<th align="center" colspan="3">2º PG-injection </th>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">G5</th>
									<th align="center">G10</th>
									<th align="center">P value</th>
									<th align="center">G5</th>
									<th align="center">G10</th>
									<th align="center">P value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Estrus (%)</td>
									<td align="center">80 (8/10)</td>
									<td align="center">90 (9/10)</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>.56</bold></td>
									<td align="center">60 (6/10)</td>
									<td align="center">60 (6/10)</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Estrus latency (h)</td>
									<td align="center">48 ± 0.0</td>
									<td align="center">79 ± 16.9</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>.09</bold></td>
									<td align="center">68 ± 13.4</td>
									<td align="center">52 ± 2.5</td>
									<td align="center">.26</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Ovulation (%)</td>
									<td align="center">100 (10/10)</td>
									<td align="center">100 (10/10)</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">80 (8/10)</td>
									<td align="center">60 (6/10)</td>
									<td align="center">.36</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Pregnancy rate (%)</td>
									<td align="center">--------</td>
									<td align="center">--------</td>
									<td align="center">-----</td>
									<td align="center">60 (6/10)</td>
									<td align="center">20 (2/10)</td>
									<td align="center">.06</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" >Ovulatory follicles</td>
									<td align="center" >8.9 ± 0.3 (10) </td>
									<td align="center" >9.7 ± 0.6 (10) </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>.32</bold></td>
									<td align="center" >9.5 ± 0.4 (8) </td>
									<td align="center">9.3 ± 0.3 (6)</td>
									<td align="center">.96</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" >Average of <italic>Corpus</italic></td>
									<td align="center" >1.1±0.1(9) </td>
									<td align="center" >1.0 ± 0.0 (6) </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>.4</bold></td>
									<td align="center">1.0 ± 0.0 (8)</td>
									
									<td align="center">1.3 ± 0.3 (6)</td>
									<td align="center">.29</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Concentrations of plasma progesterone after the second PG-administration for both experimental groups are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Fig. 2</xref>. Females from both groups were responsive to the PG-injection, registering a dramatic decline in P4 concentrations, without significant differences (P&gt;0.05) between experimental groups from d0 to d9 of the research.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Plasmatic levels of progesterone for groups G5 (white circles) and G10 (black circles) after the second prostaglandin administration (d0; P &gt; 0.05)</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e110-gf4.gif"></graphic>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The observed estrus response after the second PG-injection in the G5 was similar to those reported in previous studies made at intervals from 9 to 11 days, with estrus responses from 70% to 85% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Omontese <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Freitas <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>). Besides, 80% of females ovulated after the second PG-injection, with no differences regarding the G10 group in either ovulation percentage or ovulatory follicle size and number [80 vs 60 % and 9.5 ± 0.4 (8) vs 9.3 ± 0.3 (6), respectively; P&gt;0.05]. Such results are similar to other studies in which two PG-injections were applied at 10 to 12 days intervals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Al Yacoub <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Kusina <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>). Our findings also are in line with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Martemucci and D’Alessandro (2011)</xref>, who used progestogens, prostaglandins, and eCG during 5 days with 80% of ovulatory activity.</p>
				<p>Group G5 showed a 60% pregnancy rate and 100% (6/6) fertility, suggesting that they responded to two PG-administrations with an interval of five days, which is a shorter interval than that used by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Al Yacoub <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref>, who applied two cloprostenol administrations between 6 and 13 days of the estrous cycle, and achieved the same reproductive response with a fixed time insemination protocol. Another important aspect to be highlighted from our protocol is that the level of PG used (160 μg of cloprostenol) is lower than most of those levels used in other studies (250 μg of cloprostenol), reducing the dose around 40% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Omontese <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>Concerning the observed reproductive outcomes from G10, the percentage of females responding to the second PG-injection can be considered low, in that 20% had a short estrous cycle (5.5 d) prior to the second PG-injection, with plasma P4 level higher than 1 ng/ml (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Titi <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>). Such percentage of short estrous cycles is similar to those obtained in other studies using cloprostenol as synchronizing agent, suggesting that this PG-analogue may promote a deficient growth and functionality of the luteal tissue (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Vázquez <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>). Also, this could be explained with the great variability found when prostaglandins are administered (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Houghton <italic>et al.</italic> 1995</xref>), given that there was a greater time window from the first administration to the second, animals were in different follicular stages and this reflected in a lower pregnancy rate, as ovulations were not synchronized. In addition, the remaining 20% of those females not responding to the second PG- injection, suggests that the existing <italic>corpus luteum</italic> was not immediately suppressed after the first application, a scenario supported by the observed plasma P4 concentrations (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Fig.2</xref>). Also, only 60% of ovulations occurred in G10 after the second PG-injection, an outcome that can be considered low regarding other studies that reached 90% to 100% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Al Yacoub <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Kusina <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>).</p>
				<p>In addition, pregnancy rate and fertility of the G10 females was lower than expected (20% and 33%, respectively). In fact, from the 60% of females having standing estrus and ovulation after the second PG-administration, four of them repeated estrus between 5 to 12 days after breeding. Such response suggests that the luteogenesis process generated after the PG-treatment, aroused from low quality follicles, was unable to maintain an adequate P4 synthesis to sustain pregnancy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Al Yacoub <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). In goats, as in other mammals, the first days after ovulation are critical to enhance luteogenesis as well as to promote embryo implantation, embryogenesis and the maternal recognition of pregnancy processes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Vázquez <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p>Based on the reproductive outcomes depicted by the G5 females, our study generates information regarding the reduction in the time required to promote the onset of estrus with the use of exogenous hormones for the reproductive management of small ruminants. Besides, it is also possible to reduce the sanitary risk in the reproductive tract while also expecting a decrease in the cost of hormonal treatments by reducing the dose required (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Omontese <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abecia <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). These results acquire particular importance when considering that, in most of the synchronizing protocols in goats and sheep, the use of prostaglandins considers a precise knowledge regarding the phase of the estrous cycle, (i.e. the luteal phase), applying an increased quantity of prostaglandins either alone or in combination with progestogens or other hormones.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>Administration of a short-term prostaglandin based protocol at five days interval to synchronize estrus activity of cyclic French-Alpine goats during the breeding season, generated important reproductive outcomes when considering estrus activity, estrus latency, luteal function, and plasma progesterone levels, as well as ovulation and pregnancy rates, along with the reduction in the number of days managing the goats; the last being of physiologic importance and reproductive significance to the goat industry.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Acknowledgments: </title>
				<p>We recognize the financial support given by the sectorial fund of the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT, Mexico) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA, Mexico): 2017-4-291691.</p>
			</ack>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					
					<p>Clave: e2020-65</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>