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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2021.15</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00109</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Efecto del closantel combinado con fenbendazol sobre huevos de parásitos gastrointestinales en caballos</article-title>
				
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7535-9905</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cerna-Adame</surname>
						<given-names>Roberto</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3686-5706</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barrón-Bravo</surname>
						<given-names>Oscar</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5370-6400</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Angel-Sahagún</surname>
						<given-names>Cesar</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0255-0722</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hernández-Marín</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7674-5151</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Arredondo-Castro</surname>
						<given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7766-6682</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Avila-Ramos</surname>
						<given-names>Fidel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">División Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Guanajuato, Programa Educativo de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental las Huastecas, Carretera Tampico-Mante km 55, Villa Cuauhtémoc, Altamira, Tamaulipas, México. CP 89610. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Tamaulipas</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Autor de correspondencia y responsable de la investigación: Fidel Avila Ramos. Departamento de Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad de Guanajuato. División de Ciencias de la Vida, ExHacienda El Copal, Km. 9 Carretera Irapuato-Silao, CP. 36500, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México. <email>b.etobeto@live.com.mx</email>*, <email>barron.oscar@inifap.gob.mx</email>, <email>csahagun@ugto.mx</email>, <email>jahmarin@ugto.mx, </email>
					<email>arredondo.m@ugto.mx</email>, <email>ledifar@ugto.mx</email>**</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>Clave: e2020-81</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>11</volume>
			
			<elocation-id>e109</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>29</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<p>Los parásitos gastrointestinales deben controlarse periódicamente en los caballos para mantener su rendimiento productivo y adecuado estado de salud. El objetivo de la investigación fue conocer el efecto e inocuidad del closantel combinado con fenbendazol sobre huevos de parásitos gastrointestinales en equinos. La combinación del fármaco se administró a 102 caballos de diferente raza, edad, sexo y peso corporal a dosis de 10 mg por kg cada fármaco. Las constantes fisiológicas se midieron antes y 90 minutos después de administrado el gel. Adicionalmente, se colectó una muestra de heces directamente al recto de los caballos durante la exploración física para determinar la presencia y cantidad de huevos. En animales positivos se tomaron muestras a los 15, 30 y 45 días posteriores al tratamiento para conocer el tiempo que pueden proteger a los caballos los fármacos administrados. En los resultados 53 caballos fueron positivos a parásitos, el fármaco presentó eficacia del 99% a los 15 días post tratamiento y del 89.79% a los 45 días, en los 102 caballos que recibieron el tratamiento no presentaron ningún efecto sobre las variables fisiológicas evaluadas. Se concluye que la combinación de closantel con fenbendazol a 10 mg por kg de peso corporal tiene eficacia del 99% post aplicación y no causo efecto negativo para los caballos independientemente del sexo y la edad.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras claves:</title>
				<kwd>Equinos</kwd>
				<kwd>antihelmínticos</kwd>
				<kwd>endectocidas</kwd>
				<kwd>reacción adversa</kwd>
				<kwd>huevos gastrointestinales</kwd>
				<kwd>inocuidad</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="17"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Los parásitos internos en los caballos deben controlarse con formulaciones seguras, inocuas y eficientes para mantener su desempeño productivo. La resistencia parasitaria es un problema mundial, los parásitos que afectan a los caballos son resistentes a los principales productos químicos comerciales usados para su control (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">García <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). Para aumentar la eficacia de los fármacos y disminuir la cantidad de parásitos se deben buscar alternativas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Kaplan, 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Matthews, 2014</xref>); una propuesta es combinar principios activos como es el closantel, combinado con el fenbendazole.</p>
			<p>El closantel pertenece al grupo de las salicilanidas, con fórmula química C<sub>22</sub>H<sub>14</sub>CL<sub>2</sub>I<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub>0<sub>2</sub> y peso molecular de 663.07 g/mol, su DL<sub>50</sub> es de 50 mg/kg vía IM. Se administra a dosis de 10 a 40 mg/kg para controlar <italic>Strongylus edentatus</italic>, <italic>Strongylus vulgaris, Triodontophorus</italic> spp, <italic>Gasterophilus intestinalis</italic> y <italic>Anaplocephala perfoliata</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Gokbulut y McKellar, 2018</xref>)<italic>.</italic> En equinos la dosis sugerida es de 10 mg/Kg por vía oral con 40 días de tiempo de retiro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Guerrero <italic>et al</italic>., 1983</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Guerrero, 1984</xref>). En torrente sanguíneo el closantel se une a la albumina y alcanzar su concentración máxima a las 40 horas, su vida media es de tres semanas con biodisponibilidad vía oral del 50%. El compuesto bloquea la fosforilación oxidativa a nivel mitocondrial, evitando la disponibilidad de energía causando la muerte de los parásitos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Hennessy y Ali, 1997</xref>).</p>
			<p>El fenbendazol es un polvo blanco de nombre químico 5-(feniltio)-1H-benzimidazol-2- il ácido carbónico metiléster, peso molecular de 299.34 g/mol y su fórmula es C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>13</sub>N<sub>3</sub>0<sub>2</sub>S (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Hennessy y Ali, 1997</xref>). Es usado para controlar parásitos en bovinos, caballos, porcinos, perros y gatos. En equinos está indicado para grandes y pequeños <italic>Strongylus spp</italic> y <italic>Oxyuris equi</italic>, se recomienda a dosis de 10 mg/kg vía oral caballos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Guerrero <italic>et al</italic>., 1983</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Guerrero, 1984</xref>)<italic>.</italic> La DL<sub>50</sub> en caballos se da al exceder los 10 g/kg administrado vía oral, no tiene reportes negativos; sin embargo, pueden presentarse reacciones de hipersensibilidad.</p>
			<p>El objetivo de la presente investigación fue conocer el efecto e inocuidad de closantel, combinado con fenbendazol, a dosis de 10 mg/kg sobre huevos de parásitos gastrointestinales en heces de caballos.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Lugar de estudio</title>
			
					<p>El estudio se realizó en el estado de Guanajuato, México, en el municipio de Irapuato; ubicado a los 101°20'48&quot; de Longitud Oeste del meridiano de Greenwich, a los 20°40'18&quot; de Latitud Norte; y en el municipio de Pénjamo, localizado a los 101º 42' 22&quot; de Longitud Oeste del Meridiano de Greenwich y a los 20º 25' 44&quot; Latitud Norte; ambas localidades a 1,730 m sobre el nivel del mar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">INEGI, 2015</xref>).</p>
				
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Unidades experimentales</title>
				<p>Se administró closantel combinado con fenbendazol, a dosis de 10 mg/kg de peso vivo para cada compuesto; su presentación en pasta con aplicador - dosificador para 600 kg de peso vivo a 102 caballos (Productos Farmacéuticos S.A. de C.V.). Los animales tratados fueron de diferente raza, edad variable de 1 - 30 años y diferente peso corporal, infestados o no con parásitos gastrointestinales de forma natural. El experimento fue supervisado y el protocolo autorizado por el Comité de Investigación AG (OFAG02-2019).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Examen físico</title>
				<p>A todos los caballos se les aproximó su edad dental, se les realizó un examen físico a través de su frecuencia cardiaca, respiratoria, movimientos peristálticos y tiempo de llenado capilar, antes y 90 minutos posteriores de administrado el fármaco.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Administración del fármaco</title>
				<p>Para administrar la pasta, se calculó el peso vivo del caballo en kilogramos, con el procedimiento morfométrico de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Martinson <italic>et al</italic>. (2014)</xref>. Posteriormente, se ajustó el aplicador de Vermi-Horse Silver® con el anillo graduador al peso respectivo del caballo. mantenido en ayuno para introducir el aplicador en el espacio interdental. La pasta se colocó en la parte posterior de la lengua, levantando la cabeza del caballo durante cinco segundos para que pueda deglutir el medicamento.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis de laboratorio</title>
				<p>Se colectaron 30 g de heces obtenidas directamente del recto de los caballos, para examinar la presencia o ausencia de huevos de parásitos gastroentéricos a través del recuento de los huevos en las heces (RHH); a las muestras positivas se les contó la cantidad de huevos de parásitos en las heces, con el procedimiento de la cámara de McMaster. A los caballos positivos se le realizaron tres muestreos consecutivos posteriores a la aplicación del fármaco a los 15, 30 y 45 días.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>La cantidad de huevos encontrados en las heces de los machos se compararon con los
					encontrados en heces de las hembras, usando la prueba de medias independientes
					con el estadístico <bold>t</bold> de Student con el procedimiento PROC TTEST de
					SAS y nivel de significancia de P ≤ 0.05. Para conocer el nivel de infestación y
					efecto de la localidad, se realizó una correlación de Pearson entre la cantidad
					de huevos y localidad, usando el procedimiento PROC CORR de SAS a un nivel de
					significancia de P ≤ 0.05. Las variables fisiológicas evaluadas antes y después
					de aplicado el fármaco; así como la cantidad de huevos en las heces a los 15,
					30, y 45 días, se compararon con medias pareadas con la prueba <bold>t</bold> de
					Student, usando el procedimiento PROC T de SAS. Todos los datos se analizaron
					con el paquete estadístico <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">SAS
					(2012)</xref>.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>En la investigación se tomaron muestras a 102 caballos; 53 animales salieron positivos a <italic>Strongylus</italic> Spp. y dos equinos de los 53 también presentaron huevos de <italic>Parascaris</italic> Spp., la prevalencia fue del 51.9%. La presencia de huevos en heces fecales disminuyó por efecto del tratamiento (P≤0.05); en machos, la eficacia fue del 98.87, 83.56 y 91.68% y en las hembras del 99.23, 93.11 y 87.90%, a los 15, 30 y 45 días (tabla 1), respectivamente. Además, la cantidad de huevos en heces fecales de hembras fue mayor comparada con los machos (P≤0.05). Los caballos de Irapuato presentaron más huevos (25.52) en las heces fecales (P≤0.05), comparados con los equinos de Pénjamo (10.58) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>). La edad de los caballos no presentó ninguna relación con la cantidad de huevos encontrados en las heces fecales (datos no mostrados).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Cantidad de huevos de parásitos gastrointestinales en g de heces en machos y hembras a los 0, 15, 30 y 45 días del experimento (N=53)</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col span="3"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Sexo</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="4">Dia </th>
								
 
							</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center"> 0</td>
								<td align="center"> 15</td>
								
								<td align="center"> 30</td>
								<td align="center"> 45</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Machos (31)</td>
								<td align="center">14.35<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.16</td>
								
								<td align="center">2.35</td>
								<td align="center">1.19</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">P*</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center">0.0202</td>
								
								<td align="center">0.0415</td>
								<td align="center">0.0211</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Hembras (22)</td>
								<td align="center">29.72<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.22</td>
								
								<td align="center">2.04</td>
								<td align="center">3.59</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">P*</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center">0.0096</td>
								
								<td align="center">0.0101</td>
								<td align="center">0.0051</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>*P= Probabilidad.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<label><sup>a</sup></label>
							<p><sup>b</sup>= Diferente literal en la misma columna indica diferencia estadística, Tukey (P≤0.05).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En las variables fisiológicas de los caballos no hubo cambios por efecto del medicamento a los 90 minutos post aplicación (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Variables fisiológicas de caballos tratados con pasta de closantel-fenbendazol vía oral a los 90 minutos (N= 102)</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Variable</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="3">Medición</th></tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left"></th>
								<th align="center">Inicial*</th>
								<th align="center">Final**</th>
								<th align="center">Probabilidad</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Frecuencia cardiaca</td>
								<td align="center">40.0 ± 9.6</td>
								<td align="center">39.5 ± 8.1</td>
								<td align="center">0.3699</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Frecuencia respiratoria</td>
								<td align="center">20.8 ± 9.4</td>
								<td align="center">21.1 ± 8.0</td>
								<td align="center">0.7195</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Temperatura corporal</td>
								<td align="center">37.8 ± 0.8</td>
								<td align="center">37.9 ± 0.8</td>
								<td align="center">0.0705</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Tiempo de llenado capilar</td>
								<td align="center">2.8 ± 0.6</td>
								<td align="center">2.8 ± 0.5</td>
								<td align="center">0.5663</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Movimientos peristálticos</td>
								<td align="center">2.9 ± 0.4</td>
								<td align="center">2.9 ± 0.4</td>
								<td align="center">0.3197</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>*Inicial= antes de la administración del fármaco.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>**Final= 90 minutos posteriores a la administración del fármaco.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>El control de parásitos gastrointestinales en caballos es una actividad común integrada al calendario de manejo, pero no se obtiene un diagnóstico del tipo y cantidad de parásitos de la localidad o el lugar donde se ubica la unidad productiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">García <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bedoya <italic>et al</italic>. (2011</xref>) reportaron prevalencias del 92% y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Cala-Delgado <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref> del 71%, porcentajes altos comparados a los resultados obtenidos en el estudio de 51.9%, pero son porcentajes cercanos a los reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aromaa <italic>et al</italic>. (2018)</xref> del 57.6% en diferentes razas y tipos de equinos. La variación en la prevalencia y la cantidad de parásitos encontrados puede ser causada por el fin zootécnico, la localidad, tipo de alimentación, manejo sanitario de los animales y la diversidad de los parásitos en las zonas de estudio. En las investigaciones los géneros más reportados son <italic>Trichostrongylus</italic>, <italic>Trichonema</italic> spp. y <italic>Strongylus</italic> spp (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Cala-Delgado <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref>. Sin embargo, en el estudio realizado todos los caballos positivos presentaron huevos de <italic>Strongylus</italic> Spp, y sólo dos caballos también presentaron <italic>Parascaris</italic> Spp.</p>
			<p>El estudio sólo tiene la finalidad de conocer el efecto de la pasta sobre la cantidad de huevos y las especies de parásitos no se consideraron, pero fueron identificadas dos.</p>
			<p>En equinos, el control de parásitos gastrointestinales se realiza de manera cotidiana; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Buzatu <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> determinaron prevalencias mayores a 50 huevos de parásitos por gramo de heces en 137 caballos de 195 muestreados. A las 10 semanas posteriores al tratamiento determinaron que los caballos sólo se mantienen protegidos menos de tres meses. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Sanna <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref> usaron lactonas macrocíclicas y benzimidazoles para evaluar su efecto del día 0 hasta los 150 días posteriores a su aplicación. Los resultados obtenidos para eliminar huevos de parásitos totales fueron del 99.7% y a los 14 días del 99%. Resultados similares muestra el estudio presentado con la combinación propuesta a la dosis indicada por el fabricante.</p>
			<p>El principio activo usado puede determinar la eficiencia del tratamiento y tiempo de protección en los caballos. En tratamiento de elección son fármacos en pasta con ivermectina, pamoato de pirantel, moxidectina con praziquantel; o su combinación ivermectina-praziquantel. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Caffe <italic>et al</italic>. (2018)</xref> evaluaron ivermectina a dosis de 0.2% mg/kg como tratamiento de elección con eficacia para reducir el conteo fecal de huevos del 99.8% en yeguas y 100% en potrancas a los 15 días, resultados similares a los encontrados en el presente estudio combinando closantel-fenbendazol. En ningún caballo se observó efecto de la edad en los muestreos sobre la cantidad de huevos en heces; los caballos más jóvenes tenían un de 1.5 a 2 años de vida y los más grandes 30 años, aproximadamente.</p>
			<p>En caballos de carga o de tiro la incidencia parasitaria es mayor, comparados con animales usados para deportes, entretenimiento o terapias. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Tedla y Abichu (2018)</xref> determinaron 72.2% de incidencia en animales de carga, porcentajes mayores a las encontradas en nuestro estudio, debido al ambiente de trabajo y tipo de cuidado que reciben. En las cuadras, lienzos y agrupamientos policiacos los animales tienen cuidados periódicos, esto significa que tienen programas de medicina preventiva establecidos de forma general. Pero los caballos destinados a trabajo de campo no reciben los mismos cuidados, su desgaste metabólico es mayor debido a sus condiciones de vida generales. Por lo tanto, es común encontrar resultados que superan a los reportados en el presente estudio, debido al deficiente manejo, condiciones de trabajo y su estado nutricional; así como el pastoreo que realizan en los potreros o lugares de trabajo, edad de los hospedadores, e incluso la raza y sexo pueden afectar los resultados de los estudios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Caffe <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>El sexo de los caballos puede ser un factor predisponente para describir y reportar los resultados en las investigaciones de los equidos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bedoya <italic>et al</italic>., (2011)</xref> reportan que el sexo del caballo no tiene efecto sobre la incidencia de los parásitos; pero nuestros resultados indican que las hembras tienen 48% más huevos de parásitos por gramo de heces fecales, comparadas con los machos; hallazgos evidentes que pueden sugerir que la cantidad de huevos de parásitos pueden estar relacionado con el sexo de los equinos.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La eficacia encontrada en el estudio confirma que el closantel combinado con el fenbendazol a 10 mg por kg de cada fármaco es del 99.05% a los 15 días, y su administración es segura para los caballos.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMIENTOS</title>
			<p>Los autores agradecen el apoyo recibido de la empresa de Productos Farmacéuticos S.A. de C.V. Al Lienzo charro RZL de Irapuato, Lienzo Charro de Pénjamo, a la Secretaría de Seguridad Pública - Policía Montada de Irapuato, a la MVZ. Katherin Estefani Maya Ramírez y todos los particulares que facilitaron sus caballos para realizar la investigación.</p>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Effect of closantel combined with fenbendazole on the eggs of gastrointestinal parasites in horses</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					<p>Code: e2020-81</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>Gastrointestinal parasites should be periodical controlled in horses to maintain their productive performance and adequate health. The objective of the research was to know the effect and safety of closantel combined with fenbendazole on the eggs of gastrointestinal parasites in horses. The drug combination was administered to 102 horses of different breed, age, sex and body weight at a dose of 10 mg per kg each drug. Physiological constants were measured before and 90 minutes after the drug was administered. Additionally, a sample was collected directly from the rectum of the horses during the physical examination to determine the presence and quantity of eggs. In positive animals, samples were taken 15, 30 y 45 days after treatment to determine the time that the administrated drugs can protect the horses. In the results, 53 horses were positive for parasites, the drug showed efficacy of 99% at 15 days after treatment and 89.79 at 45 days, in the 102 treated horses there was no effect on the physiological variables evaluated. It is concluded that the combination of closantel with fenbendazole at 10 mg per kg of body weight has efficacy of 99% post application and is safe for horses.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Anthelmintics</kwd>
				<kwd>endectocides</kwd>
				<kwd>adverse reaction</kwd>
				<kwd>gastrointestinal eggs</kwd>
				<kwd>innocuous</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Internal parasites in horses must be controlled with safe, innocuous and efficient formulations to maintain their productive performance. Parasitic resistance is a global problem, the parasites that affect horses are resistant to the main commercial chemicals used for their control (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">García <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). To increase the efficacy of drugs and reduce the number of parasites, alternatives should be sought (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Kaplan, 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Matthews, 2014</xref>); one proposal is to combine active principles such as closantel, combined with fenbendazole.</p>
				<p>Closantel belongs to the group of salicylanides, with the chemical formula C<sub>22</sub>H<sub>14</sub>C<sub>12</sub>I<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub>20<sub>2</sub> and a molecular weight of 663.07 g/mol, its LD<sub>50</sub> is 50 mg/kg IM via. It is administered at doses of 10 to 40 mg/kg to control <italic>Strongylus edentatus</italic>, <italic>Strongylus vulgaris</italic>, <italic>Triodontophorus</italic> spp, <italic>Gasterophilus intestinalis</italic>, and <italic>Anaplocephala perfoliata</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Gokbulut and McKellar, 2018</xref>). In horses, the suggested dose is 10 mg/Kg orally with 40 days of withdrawal time (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Guerrero <italic>et al</italic>., 1983</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Guerrero, 1984</xref>). In the bloodstream, closantel binds to albumin and reaches its maximum concentration at 40 hours, its half-life is three weeks with oral bioavailability of 50%. The compound blocks oxidative phosphorylation at the mitochondrial level, preventing the availability of energy, causing the death of parasites (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Hennessy and Ali, 1997</xref>).</p>
				<p>Fenbendazole is a white powder with the chemical name 5- (phenylthio) -1H- benzimidazol-2-yl carbonic acid methyl ester, molecular weight 299.34 g/mol and its formula is C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>13</sub>N<sub>3</sub>0<sub>2</sub>S (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Hennessy and Ali, 1997</xref>). It is used to control parasites in cattle, horses, pigs, dogs and cats. In horses it is indicated for large and small <italic>Strongylus</italic> spp and <italic>Oxyuris equi</italic>, it is recommended at a dose of 10 mg/kg orally for horses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Guerrero <italic>et al</italic>., 1983</xref>; Guerrero, 1984). The LD<sub>50</sub> in horses is given when it exceeds 10 g/kg administered orally, it has no negative reports; however, hypersensitivity reactions may occur.</p>
				<p>The objective of the present investigation was to know the effect and safety of closantel, combined with fenbendazole, at a dose of 10 mg/kg on the eggs of gastrointestinal parasites in horse feces.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Place of study</title>
					
					<p>The study was carried out in Guanajuato state, Mexico, in Irapuato municipality; located at 101° 20'48&quot; West Longitude of the Greenwich meridian, at 20° 40'18&quot; North Latitude; and in Pénjamo municipality, located at 101º 42 '22&quot; West Longitude of the Greenwich Meridian and at 20º 25' 44&quot; North Latitude; both locations at 1,730 m above sea level (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">INEGI, 2015</xref>).</p>
					
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Experimental units</title>
					<p>Closantel was administered in combination with fenbendazole, at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight for each compound; its presentation in paste with applicator-dispenser for 600 kg of live weight to 102 horses (Productos Farmacéuticos S.A. de C.V.). The treated animals were of different breed, variable age from 1-30 years and different body weight, infested or not with gastrointestinal parasites in a natural way. The experiment was supervised and the protocol authorized by the Research Committee AG (OFAG02-2019).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Physical exam</title>
					<p>All horses were approximated their dental age, a physical examination was carried out through their heart rate, respiratory rate, peristaltic movements and capillary filling time, before and 90 minutes after the drug was administered.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Drug administration</title>
					<p>To administer the paste, the live weight of the horse was calculated in kilograms, with the morphometric procedure of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Martinson <italic>et al</italic>. (2014</xref>). Subsequently, the Vermi-Horse Silver® applicator with the graduating ring was adjusted to the respective weight of the horse fasted to introduce the applicator into the interdental space. The paste was placed on the back of the tongue, lifting the horse's head for five seconds so that he could swallow the medicine.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Laboratory analysis</title>
					<p>30 g of feces obtained directly from the rectum of the horses were collected to examine the presence or absence of gastroenteric parasite eggs through the count of eggs in the feces (CEF). Positive samples were counted for the number of parasite eggs in the stool, using the McMaster chamber procedure. The positive horses underwent three consecutive samplings after the application of the drug at 15, 30 and 45 days.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>The amount of eggs found in the feces of the males were compared with those found in the feces of the females, using the test of independent means with the Student's t- statistic with the PROC TTEST procedure of SAS and a significance level of P ≤ 0.05. To know the level of infestation and locality effect, a Pearson correlation was performed between the number of eggs and the locality, using the PROC CORR procedure of SAS at a significance level of P ≤ 0.05. The physiological variables evaluated before and after applying the drug; as well as the amount of eggs in the stool at 15, 30, and 45 days, were compared with paired means with the Student's t test, using the PROC T procedure of SAS. All data were analysed with the statistical package <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">SAS (2012)</xref>.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>In the investigation 102 horses were sampled; 53 animals tested positive for
						<italic>Strongylus</italic> Spp., and two horses of the 53 also presented
						<italic>Parascaris</italic> Spp. eggs, the prevalence was 51.9%. The
					presence of eggs in feces decreased due to the effect of the treatment (P≤0.05);
					in males, the efficacy was 98.87, 83.56 and 91.68% and in females 99.23, 93.11
					and 87.90%, at 15, 30 and 45 days (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 1</xref>), respectively. Furthermore, the
					amount of eggs in fecal feces of females was higher compared to males (P≤0.05).
					The Irapuato horses presented more eggs (25.52) in the feces (P≤0.05), compared
					with the Pénjamo horses (10.58) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table
					1</xref>). The age of the horses did not show any relationship with the amount
					of eggs found in the feces (data not shown).</p>
				
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Amount of gastrointestinal parasite eggs in g of feces in males and females at 0, 15, 30 and 45 days of the experiment (N = 53)</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col span="3"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Sex</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="4">Day</th>
								
								
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center"> 0</td>
								<td align="center"> 15</td>
								
								<td align="center"> 30</td>
								<td align="center"> 45</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Males (31)</td>
								<td align="center">14.35<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.16</td>
								
								<td align="center">2.35</td>
								<td align="center">1.19</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">P*</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center">0.0202</td>
								
								<td align="center">0.0415</td>
								<td align="center">0.0211</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Females(22)</td>
								<td align="center">29.72<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.22</td>
								
								<td align="center">2.04</td>
								<td align="center">3.59</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">P*</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center">0.0096</td>
								
								<td align="center">0.0101</td>
								<td align="center">0.0051</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<p>*P= Probability.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN6">
							<label><sup>a-b</sup></label>
							<p>=Different literal in the same column indicates statistical difference, Tukey (P≤0.05).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				
				<p>In the physiological variables of the horses there were no changes due to the effect of the drug at 90 minutes after application (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>).</p>
				<p><table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Physiological variables of horses treated with oral closantel-fenbendazole paste at 90 minutes (N = 102).</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Variable</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="3">Measurement</th></tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left"></th>
								<th align="center">Initial*</th>
								<th align="center">Final**</th>
								<th align="center">Probability</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Heart rate</td>
								<td align="center">40.0 ± 9.6</td>
								<td align="center">39.5 ± 8.1</td>
								<td align="center">0.3699</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Respiratory rate</td>
								<td align="center">20.8 ± 9.4</td>
								<td align="center">21.1 ± 8.0</td>
								<td align="center">0.7195</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Body temperature</td>
								<td align="center">37.8 ± 0.8</td>
								<td align="center">37.9 ± 0.8</td>
								<td align="center">0.0705</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Capillary filling time</td>
								<td align="center">2.8 ± 0.6</td>
								<td align="center">2.8 ± 0.5</td>
								<td align="center">0.5663</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Peristaltic movements</td>
								<td align="center">2.9 ± 0.4</td>
								<td align="center">2.9 ± 0.4</td>
								<td align="center">0.3197</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN7">
							<p>*Initial = before drug administration.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN8">
							<p>**Final = 90 minutes after drug administration.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				</p>
				
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The control of gastrointestinal parasites in horses is a common activity integrated into the management calendar, but a diagnosis of the type and quantity of parasites in the locality or the place where the productive unit is located is not obtained (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">García <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bedoya <italic>et al</italic>. (2011</xref>) reported prevalence of 92% and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Cala-Delgado <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref> of 71%, high percentages compared to the results obtained in the study of 51.9%, but they are percentages close to those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aromaa <italic>et al</italic>. (2018</xref>) of 57.6% in different breeds and types of equines. The variation in the prevalence and quantity of parasites found can be caused by the zootechnical purpose, the locality, type of feeding, sanitary management of the animals and the diversity of the parasites in the study areas. In the investigations the most reported genera are <italic>Trichostrongylus</italic>, <italic>Trichonema</italic> spp. and <italic>Strongylus</italic> Spp (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Cala-Delgado <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref>. However, in the study carried out, all positive horses presented <italic>Strongylus</italic> Spp eggs, and only two horses also presented <italic>Parascaris</italic> Spp.</p>
				<p>The study only has the purpose of knowing the effect of pasta on the number of eggs and the species of parasites were not considered, but two were identified.</p>
				<p>In horses, the control of gastrointestinal parasites is carried out on a daily basis; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Buzatu<italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> determined prevalence greater than 50 parasite eggs per gram of feces in 137 horses out of 195 sampled. At 10 weeks after treatment, they determined that the horses were only protected for less than three months. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Sanna <italic>et al</italic>. (2016</xref>) used macrocyclic lactones and benzimidazoles to evaluate their effect from day 0 to 150 days after their application. The results obtained to eliminate total parasite eggs were 99.7% and at 14 days 99%. Similar results show the study presented with the proposed combination at the dose indicated by the manufacturer.</p>
				<p>The active principle used can determine the efficiency of treatment and protection time in horses. The treatment of choice are paste drugs with ivermectin, pyrantel pamoate, moxidectin with praziquantel; or its ivermectin-praziquantel combination. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Caffe <italic>et al</italic>.(2018)</xref>  evaluated ivermectin at a dose of 0.2% mg/kg as the treatment of choice with efficacy to reduce the fecal egg count of 99.8% in mares and 100% in fillies at 15 days, results similar to those found in the present study combining closantel-fenbendazole. In no horse was the age effect in the samplings on the amount of eggs in feces; the youngest horses were 1.5 to 2 years old and the older ones about 30 years old.</p>
				<p>In pack-horses or draft horses the parasite incidence is higher, compared to animals used for sports, entertainment or therapy. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Tedla and Abichu (2018</xref>) determined 72.2% incidence in pack animals, percentages higher than those found in our study, due to the work environment and type of care they receive. In the stables, canvases and police groups the animals have periodic care, this means that they have preventive medicine programs generally established but horses destined for field work do not receive the same care, their metabolic wear is greater due to their general living conditions. Therefore, it is common to find results that exceed those reported in the present study, due to poor management, working conditions and nutritional status; as well as the grazing carried out in pastures or workplaces, age of the hosts, and even race and sex can affect the results of studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Caffe <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>Horse sex can be a predisposing factor in describing and reporting results in equid investigations. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bedoya <italic>et al</italic>., (2011</xref>) report that the horse sex has no effect on the incidence of parasites; but our results indicate that females have 48% more parasite eggs per gram of feces, compared to males. Evident findings that may suggest that the number of parasite eggs may be related to the equine sex.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The efficacy found in the study confirms that closantel combined with fenbendazole at 10 mg per kg of each drug is 99.05% at 15 days, and its administration is safe for horses.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>ACKNOWLEDGMENT</title>
				<p>The authors are grateful for the support received from the company Productos Farmacéuticos S.A. de C.V. To the Lienzo Charro RZL of Irapuato, Lienzo Charro de Pénjamo, to the Secretariat of Public Security - Mounted Police of Irapuato, to the MVZ. Katherin Estefani Maya Ramírez and all the individuals who provided their horses to carry out the research.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>