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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2021.12</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00108</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Criopreservación espermática de <italic>Ambystoma mexicanum</italic> (Shaw &amp; Nodder, 1798)</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9091-9218</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rivera-Pacheco</surname>
						<given-names>Juan</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1492-2228</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Herrera-Barragán</surname>
						<given-names>José</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2899-9998</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>León-Galván</surname>
						<given-names>Miguel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0158-5832</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ocampo-Cervantes</surname>
						<given-names>José</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1078-6695</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pérez-Rivero</surname>
						<given-names>Juan</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3956-4415</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gual-Sill</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Maestría en Biología de la reproducción animal; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Iztapalapa CDMX, CP, 09340. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>CDMX</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco (UAM-X), Calzada del hueso 1100, Coyoacán CDMX, CP. 04960.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">CDMX</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Biología., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Iztapalapa CDMX, CP, 09340.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Biología</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>CDMX</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas y Acuícolas de Cuemanco (CIBAC / UAM-X), Rinconada Cuemanco S/N, Xochimilco, CDMX; CP 16035.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">UAM</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>CDMX</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">Autor para correspondencia: José Antonio Herrera Barragán, Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal. Edificio W, piso 3. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco Calzada del hueso 1100, Coyoacán CDMX, CP. 04960. Correo electrónico: <email>jherrerab@correo.xoc.uam.mx</email>, <email>jcripbiologia@gmail.com</email>, <email>leon@xanum.uam.mx</email>, <email>jocampo@correo.xoc.uam.mx</email>, <email>jjperez1_1999@yahoo.com</email>, <email>fguals@correo.xoc.uam.mx</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>Clave:2020-80.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>11</volume>
			
			<elocation-id>e108</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen:</title>
				<p>El <italic>Ambystoma mexicanum</italic> se encuentra en peligro de extinción en vida libre, debido a efectos antropogénicos; la criopreservación espermática para su reproducción en cautiverio, puede ayudar a su conservación ex situ. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar la viabilidad en fresco y post descongelación de espermatozoides provenientes de diferentes espermatóforos. Durante la temporada reproductiva se indujo en nueve ejemplares, la liberación de espermatóforos mediante la reducción de la temperatura del agua. La concentración promedio por espermatóforo fue de 2.6 ± 0.6 X104 espermatozoides. Se determinó en espermatozoides en fresco y post descongelación, una reducción del 30% de espermatozoides vivos y un incremento de 15 % de morfología anormal. Con las lectinas WGA y PNA, unidas a FITC, se determinaron dos patrones de fluorescencia distintos con cada una, lo cual evidencio la presencia y distribución membranal de N-acetil glucosamina, ácido siálico y manosa respectivamente. Los porcentajes de espermatozoides con cada patrón de fluorescencia mostraron diferencias asociadas al número de espermatóforos de cada liberación. Se determinaron diferencias en la viabilidad de espermatozoides obtenidos de liberaciones con diferente número de espermatóforos. El protocolo para la obtención y criopreservación espermática de <italic>A mexicanum</italic>, fue eficiente como herramienta para utilizar semen criopreservado para su reproducción <italic>ex situ.</italic></p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Anfibio</kwd>
				<kwd>conservación</kwd>
				<kwd>espermatóforo</kwd>
				<kwd>urodelo</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="31"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La disminución en las poblaciones de anfibios los han llevado en casos severos a la extinción, las principales causas son la contaminación o modificación de su hábitat, la introducción de especies exóticas invasoras y enfermedades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Catenazzi, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Jiménez <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Tietje y Rödel, 2018</xref>). Actualmente, La Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">IUCN, 2020</xref>), indican que más del 85% de las especies de anfibios de México se encuentran en alguna categoría de riesgo, debido a esta situación, la mayoría de las especies del género <italic>Ambystoma</italic> en vida silvestre, actualmente se ha optado por reproducirlos en condiciones de laboratorio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Mendoza, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Khattak <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Jiménez <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). De manera específica el <italic>Ambystoma mexicanum</italic>, está incluido en la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010</xref> como especie en peligro de extinción (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">NOM-059-ECOL, 2010</xref>).</p>
			<p>La reproducción <italic>ex situ</italic> utilizando semen criopreservado, es una herramienta de reproducción asistida en cautiverio que puede contribuir a la conservación <italic>del Ambystoma mexicanum</italic>; además de contribuir a incrementar su variabilidad genética, debido a que en la mayoría de los casos la amenaza se encuentra en su propio hábitat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Clulow <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Jiménez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>). Sin embargo, antes de implementar un protocolo de criopreservación espermática, es necesario conocer la biología reproductiva y las características espermáticas de la especie, para lograr un mayor éxito (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Chester, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Silla y Byrne, 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>Actualmente, las técnicas de obtención de gametos (espermatozoides y óvulos) que se realizan en anfibios son altamente invasivas, pues la mayoría de los procesos requieren del sacrificio del ejemplar para la extracción de los testículos o conductos eferentes y proceder a macerarlos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Chester, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Shishova <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). La mayoría de los protocolos de criopreservación utilizados en espermatozoides de diferentes especies, de anfibios, han sido extrapolados de los reportados en de peces (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Comizzoli <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012</xref>); mostrando resultados variables entre cada uno. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Chester (2013)</xref> criopreservó espermatóforos completos de <italic>A mexicanum</italic> utilizando sucrosa como principal crioprotector, reportando 84 % de espermatozoides vivos después de ser descongelados; sin embargo, no reporta el parámetro de espermatozoides vivos antes de su congelación. Se sabe que la manipulación <italic>in vitro</italic> de los espermatozoides ocasiona alteraciones en su membrana plasmática, en la cual se ha descrito la presencia de carbohidratos membranales, los cuales tienen una función en el reconocimiento entre gametos para lograr la fertilización (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Peláez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>).</p>
			<p>Debido a que es limitada la base de datos sobre estudios morfológicos y de criopreservación en espermatozoides de anfibios, en específico del orden Urodelo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Browne y Chester, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Chester, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Sunny <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar los parámetros de evaluación básica y características membranales en espermatozoides provenientes de diferentes ejemplares y espermatóforos de cada uno, para evaluar un protocolo de criopreservación que permita mantener su capacidad fertilizante post descongelación.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Cuidado y bienestar</title>
				<p>El manejo de los ajolotes se llevó a cabo en las instalaciones del Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas y Acuícolas de Cuemanco (CIBAC-UAMX), con apego al Plan de Manejo, autorizado por la Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT) a la Unidad de Para el Manejo y Conservación de la Vida Silvestre (UMA) CIBAC, con registro DGVS-CR-IN 0952-D.F./07/UMA CIBAC.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Alojamiento y obtención de espermatóforos</title>
				<p>Los ajolotes fueron alojados para su monitoreo durante un año de manera individual en contenedores de 60 L, a una temperatura de 18°C, con un fotoperiodo de 12 h luz y 12 h de obscuridad. Para estimular la liberación de espermatóforos, los machos se trasladaron a un contenedor de cristal con capacidad de 700 L de agua, el cual se acondicionó con suelo arenoso y plantas acuáticas; durante las horas de obscuridad, utilizando chiller de 0.25 HP (Ártica Resun CL-600), se redujo la temperatura del agua; de igual manera para todos los ejemplares de 18 °C a 14°C, introduciendo 3 hembras por macho. Los espermatóforos fueron recuperados del fondo del contenedor, al inicio de las siguientes 12 horas de luz.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Manejo de espermatóforos y obtención de espermatozoides</title>
				<p>Los espermatóforos liberados por cada ejemplar fueron recolectados a 5 °C en 2 ml de medio Simpliﬁed Amphibian Ringer (SAR), compuesto por NaCl 113 mM, CaCl 1mM, KCl 2.0 mM y NaHCO 3.6 mM, con 220 mOsmol kg-<sup>1</sup>. Los espermatozoides se obtuvieron colocando los espermatóforos de cada ejemplar en una caja Nunc<sup>MR</sup> de 4 pozos con 0.5 ml de medio SAR; en el primer pozo se lavaron para eliminar residuos de materia orgánica; en el segundo pozo se retiró el material gelatinoso (glucoproteínas) para obtener el capuchón que contiene los espermatozoides; en el tercer pozo se utilizó 0.5 ml de Hidróxido de Sodio (NaOH) al 20%, para reblandecer el capuchón por 10 min (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Taku <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>); en el cuarto pozo con 0.5 ml de medio SAR, los espermatozoides se extrajeron por maceración del capuchón. Mediante aspiración se extrajeron los espermatozoides del sobrenadante, enseguida se filtraron con una malla de 30 µm y se recuperó el total de espermatozoides de los espermatóforos de cada liberación en un tubo Eppendorf con 500 µl de medio SAR a 5°C, para realizar un pool espermático de cada liberación.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Criopreservación espermática</title>
				<p>Cada pool espermático, conservado a 5°C, se ajustó con 6% de Dimetilacetamida (DMA), enseguida se llenaron pajillas de 0.25 ml, para mantener en equilibrio por 10 min a 2°C, luego se colocaron a 5 cm sobre vapor de nitrógeno a -76 °C por 15 minutos y posteriormente se sumergieron en nitrógeno líquido a -196°C, para ser criopreservados por 30 días hasta su posterior descongelación a 15 °C por 5 min (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Atencio <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Evaluación espermática básica</title>
				<p>El porcentaje de espermatozoides vivos, se determinó a través de un frotis que se realizó con una mezcla 1:5 espermatozoides con tinción de eosina-nigrosina, en la cual se contaron 100 espermatozoides bajo el microscopio a 40X; Se consideraron espermatozoides vivos, los no teñidos y muertos, los que presentaron tinción. La morfología espermática fue evaluada en la misma tinción, para determinar porcentajes de espermatozoides con alteraciones morfológicas en las regiones de la cabeza, cuello o flagelo <bold>(</bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Tanisław <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref><bold>).</bold></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Distribución de carbohidratos membranales</title>
				<p>Con el uso de las lectinas de <italic>Triticum vulgaris aglutinina</italic> (WGA), con afinidad a residuos de N-Acetilglucosamina y de <italic>Arachis hypogaea</italic> (PNA) con afinidad a β-galactosa, aconjugadas a isotiocianato de fluoresceína (FICT), se pretendió determinar la presencia de los carbohidratos que se ha reportado son receptores para el reconocimiento entre los gametos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Herrera <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>) y como partes estructurales del plasmalema espermático (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Miller, 2015</xref> ). En un volumen final de 40 µl de medio SAR, con 5x10<sup>6</sup> espermatozoides, se adicionó 10µl de WGA-FICT o PNA-FITC a una concentración de 15 mg/ml; se incubaron a 25ºC por 30 minutos, estos espermatozoides cubriéndolos de la luz; enseguida se realizaron preparaciones sobre porta objetos, para observarlas al microscopio. Cada preparación se observó directamente en un microscopio de fluorescencia a 260 nm de excitación y &gt;560 nm emisión, contabilizando 100 espermatozoides. Se determinó la presencia de los carbohidratos membranales, mediante patrones de fluorescencia y la proporción de espermatozoides con cada patrón determinado <bold>(</bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Naofumi, 2015</xref><bold>).</bold></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>Se determinó la frecuencia de espermatozoides vivos, con morfología normal y con los diferentes patrones de fluorescencia en las muestras frescas y descongeladas, las cuales fueron expresadas como proporción con su respectivo error estándar (EE). Las diferentes variables fueron comparadas entre los grupos de espermatozoides en fresco y descongeladas con una prueba de Xi<sup>2</sup>, con un una alfa de 0.05; utilizando el paquete estadístico de libre acceso <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">EpiInfo 7.3</xref>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>Se determinó diferente cantidad de eventos reproductivos y número de espermatóforos liberados por cada ejemplar; se obtuvieron un total de 61 espermatóforos. La frecuencia en la cantidad de espermatóforos liberados por ejemplar, fue la siguiente: 1:12, 2:10, 1:8, 1:6, 3:4 y 1:3. La concentración espermática tuvo un promedio de 2.6 ± 0.6 X10<sup>4</sup> espermatozoides/ ml, con un rango entre 1.0 ± 2.5 a 4.0 ± 3.0. La concentración espermática en liberaciones con seis o más espermatóforos (2.5X10<sup>4</sup> espermatozoides/ml), fue mayor (P&lt;0.05) a la concentración de espermatozoides (2.5X10<sup>4</sup> espermatozoides/ml) en liberaciones con menos de seis espermatóforos.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Parámetros de evaluación espermática</title>
				<p>Los porcentajes de espermatozoides vivos disminuyeron (P&lt;0.05), aproximadamente 30% en post descongelación; encontrando promedios de 89 % en espermatozoides en fresco y del 58 % post descongelación. Los porcentajes de espermatozoides vivos que se determinaron en liberaciones con diferente número de espermatóforos, mostró diferencias (P&lt;0.05), encontrando un rango de 79% al 100 % en espermatozoides en fresco y del 45 % al 67 %, en espermatozoides descongelados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Parámetros de evaluación espermática en fresco y post descongelación de <italic>A. mexicanum,</italic> en eyaculados de cada ejemplar evaluado</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col span="4"/>
								<col span="3"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">ID</th>
									<th align="center">Espermatóforos n=</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="4">% Espermatozoides con Patrón A ± EE </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">% Espermatozoides con Patrón B ± EE </th>
								</tr>
							
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center">Fresco</th>
									<th align="center">Descongelado</th>
									<th align="center"><italic>Xi2 p</italic></th>
									<th align="center">Fresco</th>
									<th align="center">Descongelado</th>
									<th align="center"><italic>Xi2 p</italic></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
						<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">A</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
									<td align="center">46 ± 3</td>
									<td align="center">51 ± 7</td>
									<td align="center">0.3 &gt;0.05</td>
									<td align="center">54 ± 3</td>
									<td align="center">50 ± 7</td>
									<td align="center">0.1&gt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">B</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">44 ± 3</td>
									<td align="center">46 ± 3</td>
									<td align="center">0.02&gt;0.05</td>
									<td align="center">48 ± 4</td>
									<td align="center">53 ± 3</td>
									<td align="center">0.3&gt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">C</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">52 ± 4</td>
									<td align="center">56 ± 6</td>
									<td align="center">0.2&gt;0.05</td>
									<td align="center">47 ± 4</td>
									<td align="center">43 ± 6</td>
									<td align="center">0.2&gt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">D</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">56 ± 5</td>
									<td align="center">55 ± 8</td>
									<td align="center">0.01&gt;0.05</td>
									<td align="center">46 ± 5</td>
									<td align="center">46 ± 8</td>
									<td align="center">1.0&gt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">E</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">52 ± 3.5</td>
									<td align="center">57 ± 9</td>
									<td align="center">0.3&gt;0.05</td>
									<td align="center">47 ± 3</td>
									<td align="center">43 ± 9</td>
									<td align="center">0.2&gt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">F</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">49 ± 7.7</td>
									<td align="center">57 ± 7</td>
									<td align="center">0.9&gt;0.05</td>
									<td align="center">61 ± 4</td>
									<td align="center">42 ± 7</td>
									<td align="center">6.5&lt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">G</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">41 ± 4.2</td>
									<td align="center">55 ± 6</td>
									<td align="center">3.9&lt;0.05</td>
									<td align="center">59 ± 4 a</td>
									<td align="center">45 ± 6</td>
									<td align="center">3.9&lt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">H</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">45 ± 7.3</td>
									<td align="center">56 ± 6</td>
									<td align="center">2&lt;0.05</td>
									<td align="center">55 ± 7</td>
									<td align="center">44 ± 6</td>
									<td align="center">2.0&gt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">I</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">45 ± 2.8</td>
									<td align="center">55 ± 5</td>
									<td align="center">1.6&lt;0.05</td>
									<td align="center">65 ± 3</td>
									<td align="center">45 ± 5</td>
									<td align="center">7.3&lt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>La morfología espermática normal de igual manera mostró una reducción (P&lt;0.05) de
					aproximadamente el 15 %, encontrando porcentajes del 98 % en morfología normal
					de espermatozoides en fresco y del 83 % post descongelación. Los porcentajes de
					espermatozoides con morfología normal que se determinaron en liberaciones con
					diferente número de espermatóforos, no mostró diferencias (P&gt;0.05),
					encontrando un rango promedio de 95% al 100% en espermatozoides en fresco; sin
					embargo, determinados post descongelación fue diferente (P&lt;0.5), con
					porcentajes con rango promedio entre 78% al 90% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1"
						>tabla 1</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Presencia y distribución de carbohidratos membranales</title>
				<p><bold>Con el uso de la lectina WGA-FITC:</bold> En espermatozoides en fresco y post
					descongelación, la intensidad de la fluorescencia que emitió la lectina WGA-FITC
					sobre la membrana del espermatozoide, evidenció la presencia de residuos de
					N-Acetil glucosamina presentes en la membrana espermática de <italic>A
						mexicanum.</italic> Se determinaron dos patrones de fluorescencia
					denominados: Patrón A) Con fluorescencia intensa homogénea en la región del
					flagelo y cuello y con menor intensidad, pero evidente en la región de la cabeza
						(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1A</xref>); y patrón B), con
					fluorescencia evidente homogénea en toda la estructura espermática (<xref
						ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1B</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Figura. 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Patrones de fluorescencia de espermatozoide con la lectina WGA-FITC. 1A). Se observa mayor intensidad de fluorescencia en las regiones del flagelo y cuellos y con menor intensidad en la cabeza. 1B se observa con intensidad homogénea en toda la estructura espermática</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e108-gf1.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Literal diferente en súper índice (a,b,c), indica diferencia (P&lt;0.05) al comparar la misma variable entre columnas (Fresco VS Descongelado). Número diferente en súper índice (1,2,3), indica diferencia (P&lt;0.05) al comparar los promedios en la misma columna</p>
				<p>La proporción de patrones determinados con WGA-FITC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref>), mostraron que:</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabla 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Porcentajes de espermatozoides en fresco y post descongelación, con dos patrones de fluorescencia A y B determinados con el uso de la lectina WGA-FITC</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col span="4"/>
								<col span="3"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">ID</th>
									<th align="center">Espermatóforos n=</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3">% Espermatozoides con Patrón A ± EE </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3">% Espermatozoides con Patrón B ± EE </th>
								</tr>
							
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center">Fresco</th>
									<th align="center">Descongelado</th>
									<th align="center"><italic>Xi<sup>2</sup> p</italic></th>
									<th align="center">Fresco</th>
									<th align="center">Descongelado</th>
									<th align="center"><italic>Xi<sup>2</sup> p</italic></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								
							
							<tr>
									<td align="center">A</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
									<td align="center">46 ± 3</td>
									<td align="center">51 ± 7</td>
									<td align="center">0.3 &gt;0.05</td>
									<td align="center">54 ± 3</td>
									<td align="center">50 ± 7</td>
									<td align="center">0.1 &gt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">B</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">44 ± 3</td>
									<td align="center">46 ± 3</td>
									<td align="center">0.02&gt;0.05</td>
									<td align="center">48 ± 4</td>
									<td align="center">53 ± 3</td>
									<td align="center">0.3&gt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">C</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">52 ± 4</td>
									<td align="center">56 ± 6</td>
									<td align="center">0.2&gt;0.05</td>
									<td align="center">47 ± 4</td>
									<td align="center">43 ± 6</td>
									<td align="center">0.2&gt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">D</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">56 ± 5</td>
									<td align="center">55 ± 8</td>
									<td align="center">0.01&gt;0.05</td>
									<td align="center">46 ± 5</td>
									<td align="center">46 ± 8</td>
									<td align="center">1.0&gt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">E</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">52 ± 3.5</td>
									<td align="center">57 ± 9</td>
									<td align="center">0.3&gt;0.05</td>
									<td align="center">47 ± 3</td>
									<td align="center">43 ± 9</td>
									<td align="center">0.2&gt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">F</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">49 ± 7.7</td>
									<td align="center">57 ± 7</td>
									<td align="center">0.9&gt;0.05</td>
									<td align="center">61 ± 4</td>
									<td align="center">42 ± 7</td>
									<td align="center">6.5&lt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">G</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">41 ± 4.2</td>
									<td align="center">55 ± 6</td>
									<td align="center">3.9&lt;0.05</td>
									<td align="center">59 ± 4 a</td>
									<td align="center">45 ± 6</td>
									<td align="center">3.9&lt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">H</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">45 ± 7.3</td>
									<td align="center">56 ± 6</td>
									<td align="center">2&lt;0.05</td>
									<td align="center">55 ± 7</td>
									<td align="center">44 ± 6</td>
									<td align="center">2.0&gt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">I</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">45 ± 2.8</td>
									<td align="center">55 ± 5</td>
									<td align="center">1.6&lt;0.05</td>
									<td align="center">65 ± 3</td>
									<td align="center">45 ± 5</td>
									<td align="center">7.3&lt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>Literal diferente en súper índice (<sup>a,b,c</sup>), indica diferencia (P&lt;0.05) al comparar la misma variable entre columnas (Fresco vs Descongelado).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><italic><bold>El porcentaje de espermatozoides con patrón A</bold></italic>, procedentes de
					liberaciones de doce a seis espermatóforos, fueron similares (P&gt;0.05) en
					fresco y post descongelación; en comparación con los porcentajes de
					espermatozoides procedentes de liberaciones entre ocho y tres espermatóforos, en
					los que se incrementó (P&lt;0.05), en espermatozoides descongelados. Al comparar
					los porcentajes de espermatozoides con patrón A, obtenidos en espermatozoides de
					cada ejemplar en fresco, se determinó en promedio 48%, con rango entre 44% a
					56%; sin encontrar diferencia (P&lt;0.05) entre éstos, en espermatozoides
					descongelados; se determinó un promedio de 54% con rango entre 46% a 57%,
					encontrando porcentajes mayores (P&gt;0.05), en espermatozoides con el patrón A,
					procedentes de liberaciones con 3 y 4 espermatóforos.</p>
				<p><italic><bold>Los porcentajes de espermatozoides con patrón B</bold></italic>, procedentes de
					liberaciones de doce a seis espermatóforos fueron similares (P&gt;0.05) en
					fresco y post descongelación; los porcentajes de espermatozoides procedentes de
					liberaciones con cuatro y tres espermatóforos, fueron mayores (P&lt;0.05) en
					fresco, comparados con los descongelados. En fresco se determinó en promedio
					53%, con rango entre 46 a 65%, sin encontrar diferencia (P&lt;0.05) entre éstos;
					en espermatozoides descongelados, se determinó un promedio de 46 % con rango
					entre 42% a 53%, encontrando porcentajes mayores (P&gt;0.05) en espermatozoides
					procedentes de liberaciones con 10 y 12 espermatóforos. Al realizar la
					comparación general total (Pool) de los porcentajes, fue evidente una diferencia
					y de manera inversa el por porcentajes totales determinados, los cuales fueron
					para espermatozoides con el Patrón A: <italic>Xi</italic>
					<sup>
						<italic>2</italic>
					</sup> de 7.21 <italic>p</italic>&lt;0.05, en semen fresco con 47.7 % y de 54.3
					% para semen descongelado; con respecto a espermatozoides con el Patrón B: se
					determinó una <italic>Xi</italic>
					<sup>
						<italic>2</italic>
					</sup> de 10.8 p&lt;0.05, en semen fresco con 53.5 % y de 45.6 % en semen
					descongelado.</p>
				<p><bold>Con el uso de la lectina PNA-FITC:</bold> en espermatozoides en fresco y post
					descongelación, la intensidad de la fluorescencia que emitió la lectina PNA-FITC
					sobre la membrana del espermatozoide, lo que evidenció la presencia de residuos
					glicosídicos de β-galactosa, presentes en la membrana del espermatozoide de
						<italic>A mexicanum</italic>. Se determinaron dos patrones de fluorescencia:
					C) Con fluorescencia intensa y homogénea a lo largo de toda la estructura
					espermática (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2A</xref>); patrón D) Con
					fluorescencia tenue homogénea en toda la estructura espermática (<xref
						ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2B</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Patrones de fluorescencia obtenidos con lectina PNA-FITC: A) Con fluorescencia intensa homogénea, B) Con fluorescencia tenue homogénea</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e108-gf2.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>La proporción de patrones determinados con PNA-FITC, (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 3</xref>), mostró que:</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Tabla 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Porcentajes de espermatozoides en fresco y post descongelación, con dos patrones de fluorescencia C y D determinados con el uso de la lectina PNA-FITC</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">ID</th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">Espermatóforos n=</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3">%±EE Espermatozoides con Patrón C</th>
									
									<th align="center" colspan="3">%±EE Espermatozoides con Patrón D</th>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<th align="justify">Fresco</th>
									<th align="justify">Descongelado</th>
									<th align="justify"><italic>Xi</italic>
 <sup>
 <italic>2</italic> 
</sup> 
 <italic>p</italic></th>
									<th align="justify">Fresco</th>
									<th align="justify">Descongelado</th>
									<th align="justify"><italic>Xi</italic>
 <sup>
 <italic>2</italic> 
</sup> 
 <italic>p</italic></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">A</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
									<td align="center">51±4</td>
									<td align="center">47±5</td>
									<td align="center">0.2&gt;0.05</td>
									<td align="center">49±4</td>
									<td align="center">53±5</td>
									<td align="center">0.2&gt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">B</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">51±5</td>
									<td align="center">49±5</td>
									<td align="center">0.02&gt;0.05</td>
									<td align="center">49±5</td>
									<td align="center">50±5</td>
									<td align="center">0.01&gt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">C</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">53±5</td>
									<td align="center">52±6</td>
									<td align="center">0.01&gt;0.05 </td>
									<td align="center">48±7</td>
									<td align="center">47±6</td>
									<td align="center">0.01&gt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">D</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">49±4</td>
									<td align="center">66±3</td>
									<td align="center">5.23&lt;0.05</td>
									<td align="center">51±5</td>
									<td align="center">24±6</td>
									<td align="center">14.4&lt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">E</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">57±4</td>
									<td align="center">60±7</td>
									<td align="center">0.08&gt;0.05</td>
									<td align="center">47±7</td>
									<td align="center">40±11</td>
									<td align="center">0.7&gt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">F</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">55±7</td>
									<td align="center">62±4</td>
									<td align="center">0.07&gt;0.05</td>
									<td align="center">45±10</td>
									<td align="center">37±4</td>
									<td align="center">1.01&gt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">G</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">55±4</td>
									<td align="center">68±6</td>
									<td align="center">0.7&gt;0.05</td>
									<td align="center">55±6</td>
									<td align="center">44±7</td>
									<td align="center">2.0&gt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">H</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">57±3</td>
									<td align="center">69±4</td>
									<td align="center">2.6&gt;0.05</td>
									<td align="center">52±6</td>
									<td align="center">42±6</td>
									<td align="center">1.62&gt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">I</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">58±5</td>
									<td align="center">67±5</td>
									<td align="center">1.36&gt;0.05</td>
									<td align="center">42±8</td>
									<td align="center">43±9</td>
									<td align="center">0.01&gt;0.05</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>Literales diferentes en súper índice <sup>(a,b,c)</sup>, indica diferencia (P&lt;0.05) al comparar la misma variable entre columnas (Fresco VS Descongelado).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><italic><bold>Con los patrones C y D</bold></italic>, los porcentajes de espermatozoides
					procedentes de liberaciones entre 6 a 12 espermatóforos fueron similares
					(P&gt;0.05) en fresco y post descongelación, en comparación con los porcentajes
					de espermatozoides procedentes de liberaciones con tres y cuatro espermatóforos,
					que se incrementaron (P&lt;0.05), en espermatozoides descongelados.</p>
				<p>Los porcentajes de espertmatozoides con patrón C y D, determinados con la lectina PNA- FITC, únicamente mostraron diferencia (P&lt;0.05) post descongelación, cuando los espermatoziodes provinieron de liberaciones con ocho espermatóforos, observando mayor porcentaje en espermatozoides con patrón C post descongelación y de manera inversa, en espermatozoides con el patrón D. El porcentaje fue mayor en semen fresco, en los porcentajes de espermatozoides provenientes de liberaciones con doce, diez, seis, cuatro o tres espermatóforos, Al comparar los porcentajes de <bold>
 <italic>espermatozoides con el Patrón C</italic> 
</bold> de cada ejemplar, en fresco con un promedio de 54%, con rango entre 49% a 58% y post descongelación con promedio de 60% y con rango entre 47% a 69%, no se encontraron diferencias (P&lt;0.05).</p>
				<p>Al comparar los porcentajes de <bold>
 <italic>espermatozoides con patrón D</italic> 
</bold> de cada ejemplar, en fresco con un promedio de 48%, con rango entre 42% a 55% no se observaron porcentajes diferentes (P&lt;0.05). En espermatozoides descongelados se encontró en promedio de 42% con rango entre 24% a 53%, tampoco se observaron porcentajes diferencias (P&lt;0.05).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>En cuanto a la concentración espermática, los datos mostraron que existen diferencias entre espermatóforos de un mismo ejemplar y entre ejemplares. Estos resultados son similares a los publicados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Doyle <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref>, en el número de espermatozoides entre los espermatóforos liberados de ejemplares de <italic>A maculatum.</italic> La cantidad y el tamaño de los espermatóforos que pueden ser liberados varía ampliamente, relacionándose con la fisiología y adaptación reproductiva de cada especie (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Browne <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>); así como de tres características físicas: tamaño corporal, tamaño de los testículos o la edad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Uribe y Mejía-Roa, 2014</xref>), lo cual también fue observado en nuestro estudio. La viabilidad espermática observada en fresco fue de 80 a 98%, siendo este el primer trabajo que registra el porcentaje de espermatozoides vivos extraídos de los espermatóforos. Estos resultados se contraponen a los reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Mansour <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref>, quienes obtuvieron espermatozoides por medio de masaje cloacal, reportando un 100% de espermatozoides vivos en todas las muestras analizadas.</p>
			<p>Por otra parte, un estudio realizado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Chester (2013)</xref>, menciona que obtuvo de 64 a 86 % de viabilidad espermática después de llevar a cabo la criopreservación de espermatóforos. Estos datos difieren de lo obtenido en este trabajo, donde la viabilidad obtenida en espermatozoides descongelados estuvo en un promedio de 45 a 68 %, por lo que este resultado nos indica que la membrana del capuchón puede funcionar como una barrera, la cual protege a los espermatozoides de los cambios bruscos de la congelación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Chester, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Hall <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>La utilización de lectinas WGA-FITC y PNA-FITC mostró ser una alternativa para identificar la presencia y distribución de los residuos glucosídicos B-galactosa y Acetil- glucosamina. Estos resultados concuerdan con el trabajo realizado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Sáez <italic>et al</italic>., (2004)</xref>, en donde se determinó que en el momento de la espermatogénesis diferentes carbohidratos entre ellos B- galactosa y acetilglucosamina se presentan en la membrana de las células que se encuentran en diferente etapa de desarrollo durante la espermiogénesis.</p>
			<p>La presencia y distribución de los residuos glucosídicos, indica diferencias a lo largo de toda la membrana, lo cual se determinó con cada lectina, que cada una identificó al menos dos patrones de fluorescencia diferentes; los cuales pueden estar asociados a diferentes estados metabólicos de los espermatozoides que les permitan o no el reconocimiento entre gametos.</p>
			<p>La presencia y distribución de los residuos glucosídicos permite caracterizar la membrana de los espermatozoides que se encuentren en diferente estado metabólico, asociados a la capacitación y reacción acrosomal, y por lo cual su capacidad fertilizante, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Browne <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015</xref>). Lo anterior puede ser de utilidad en protocolos de reproducción asistida que involucren el manejo <italic>in vitro</italic> de los espermatozoides.</p>
			<p>Utilizando la reproducción asistida en cautiverio, se contribuye a la conservación de la especie; además de disminuir la extracción de animales de su medio y venta ilegal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Jimenez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>); los cuales pueden tener un aprovechamiento sustentable destinando ejemplares a la conservación, investigación biomédica y conservación en colecciones públicas y privadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Prieto <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), que es en estas últimas, en las cuales es donde se han reproducido los ejemplares fuera de su hábitat natural; sin embargo, la reproducción de anfibios y su cría en cautiverio es relativamente mínimo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ananjeva <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>El protocolo de criopreservación utilizado demostró ser eficiente, manteniendo parámetros de viabilidad e integridad membranal, a pesar de encontrar diferencias espermáticas asociadas al número de espermatóforos presentes en cada liberación, por lo cual este estudio aporta herramientas y conocimientos para la reproducción asistida en cautiverio del <italic>Ambystoma mexicanum.</italic></p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title><italic>Ambystoma mexicanum</italic> sperm cryopreservation (Shaw &amp; Nodder, 1798)</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					<p>Code:2020-80</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract:</title>
				<p><italic>Ambystoma mexicanum</italic> is in danger of extinction in free-living, due to anthropogenic actions; sperm cryopreservation for captive breeding can help in its ex-situ conservation. This research aimed to identify the viability of fresh and post-thawing sperm from different spermatophores. During the breeding season, spermatophores releasing was induced in nine specimens by reducing water temperature. The mean concentration per spermatophores was 2.6 ± 0.6 x104 sperm. A reduction of 30 % of living sperms and an increase of 15 % of abnormal morphology were determined in fresh and post-thawing sperm. With the WGA and PNA lectins bounded to FITC, two different fluorescence patterns were determined in each one, which showed the membrane presence and distribution of N-acetyl glucosamine, sialic acid, and mannose respectively. Sperm percentages in each fluorescence pattern showed differences associated with the number of spermatophores in each release. Differences in sperm viability from releases with different numbers of spermatophores were determined. The sperm collection and cryopreservation protocol of <italic>A mexicanum</italic> were efficient as tools for using cryopreserved semen for <italic>ex situ</italic> reproduction.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords<italic>:</italic></title>
				<kwd>Amphibian</kwd>
				<kwd>conservation</kwd>
				<kwd>spermatophore</kwd>
				<kwd>urodele</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>The decrease in amphibian populations has led them to extinction in severe cases, the main causes are pollution, modification of their habitat, the introduction of invasive exotic species and diseases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Catenazzi, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Jiménez <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Tietje and Rödel, 2018</xref>). Currently, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">IUCN, 2020</xref>). Indicates than more than 85% of amphibian species of Mexico are in risk, due to this situation, most of species of <italic>Ambystoma</italic> genre in wildlife, at present it has been chosen to reproduce them in laboratory conditions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Mendoza, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Khattak <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Jiménez <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Specifically <italic>Ambystoma mexicanum</italic> is included in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">NOM-059-SEMARNAT- 2010 </xref>as an endangered species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">NOM-059-ECOL, 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p><italic>Ex situ</italic> reproduction using cryopreserved semen is an assisted reproduction tool in captivity that can contribute to the <italic>Ambystoma mexicanum</italic>´s conservation, besides to help the increase its genetic variability since most of the cases the threat is in its own habitat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Clulow <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Jiménez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>). However, before implementing of a spermatic cryopreservation protocol, it is necessary to know reproductive biology and spermatic characteristics of species, to achieve greater success (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Chester, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Silla y Byrne, 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>Nowadays, techniques for obtaining gametes (sperm and ovules) that are carried out in amphibians are highly invasive, since most of processes require the sacrifice of the specimen to extract the testes and efferent ducts and proceed to macerate them (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Chester, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Shishova <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). Most of cryopreservation protocols used in sperm of diverse amphibian species have been extrapolated from those reported in fish (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Comizzoli <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012</xref>) showing variable results between each one. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Chester (2013)</xref> cryopreserved complete spermatophores of <italic>A mexicanum</italic> using sucrose as the main cryoprotector, reporting 84 % of live spermatozoa after being thawed, however, it was not reported the parameter of live spermatozoa before its freezing.</p>
				<p>It is known that <italic>in vitro</italic> manipulation of sperm causes alterations in their plasma membrane, in which the presence of membrane carbohydrates has been described, which have a role in the recognition between gametes to achieve fertilization (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Peláez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>).</p>
				<p>Because of the database on morphological and cryopreservation studies in amphibian spermatozoa, specifically of the order Urodelo, is limited (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Browne and Chester, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Chester, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Sunny <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>The objective of this research was to identify the basic evaluation parameters and membrane characteristics in spermatozoa from different specimens and spermatophores from each, to evaluate a cryopreservation protocol that allows maintaining their post-thaw fertilizing capacity.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Care and well-being</title>
					<p>The axolotl management was carried out in the Center for Biological and Aquaculture Research of Cuemanco (CIBAC-UAMX) facilities, in accordance with the Management Plan, authorized by the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) to the Unit of for the Management and Conservation of Wildlife (UMA) CIBAC, with registration DGVS-CR-IN 0952-DF/07/UMA CIBAC.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Accommodation and collection of spermatophores</title>
					<p>The axolotls were housed for monitoring for one year individually in 60 L containers, at a temperature of 18 °C, with a photoperiod of 12 h light and 12 h of darkness. To stimulate spermatophore release, the males were transferred to a glass container with a capacity of 700 L of water, which was conditioned with sandy soil and aquatic plants. During darkness hours, using a 0.25 HP chiller (Ártica Resun CL-600), the water temperature was reduced; in the same way for all specimens from 18 to 14 °C, introducing 3 females per male. The spermatophores were recovered from the bottom of the container, at the beginning of the next 12 hours of light.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Spermatophore management and sperm collection</title>
					<p>The spermatophores released by each specimen were collected at 5 °C in 2 ml of Simplified Amphibian Ringer (SAR) medium, composed of 113 mM NaCl, 1mM CaCl, 2.0 mM KCl and 3.6 mM NaHCO, with 220 mOsmol kg<sup>-1</sup>. Spermatozoa were obtained by placing the spermatophores of each specimen in a 4-well Nunc<sup>MR</sup> box with 0.5 ml of SAR medium; in the first well, they were washed to remove organic matter residues; In the second well, the gelatinous material (glycoproteins) was removed to obtain the cap containing the sperm; in the third well, 0.5 ml of 20% Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) was used to soften the cap for 10 min (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Taku <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>); in the fourth well with 0.5 ml of SAR medium, the spermatozoa were extracted by cap maceration. By aspiration, the sperm were extracted from the supernatant, then they were filtered with a 30 µm mesh and the total sperm were recovered from the spermatophores of each release in an Eppendorf tube with 500 µl of SAR medium at 5 °C, to make a pool sperm of each release.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Sperm cryopreservation</title>
					<p>Each sperm pool, kept at 5 °C, was adjusted with 6% Dimethylacetamide (DMA), then 0.25 ml straws were filled, to maintain equilibrium for 10 min at 2 °C, then they were placed at 5 cm on steam of Nitrogen at -76 °C for 15 minutes and subsequently submerged in liquid nitrogen at -196 ° C, to be cryopreserved for 30 days until later thawing at 15 ° C for 5 min (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Atencio <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Basic sperm evaluation</title>
					<p>The percentage of live spermatozoa was determined through a smear that was made with a 1:5 mixture of spermatozoa with eosin-nigrosin staining, in which 100 spermatozoa were counted under the microscope at 40X. Live spermatozoa were considered, those not stained and dead, those that presented staining. Sperm morphology was evaluated in the same staining, to determine percentages of sperm with morphological alterations in the head, neck or flagellum regions <bold>(</bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Tanisław <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref><bold>).</bold></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Membrane carbohydrate distribution</title>
					<p>With the use of lectins from <italic>Triticum vulgaris agglutinin</italic> (WGA), with affinity to N- Acetylglucosamine residues and <italic>Arachis hypogaea</italic> (PNA) with affinity to β-galactose, conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FICT), it was intended to determine the carbohydrate presence that have been reported are receptors for recognition between gametes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Herrera <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>) and as structural parts of the spermatic plasmalemma (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Miller, 2015</xref>). In a final volume of 40 µl of SAR medium, with 5x10<sup>6</sup> spermatozoa, 10 µl of WGA-FICT or PNA-FITC was added at a concentration of 15 mg/ml. They were incubated at 25 ºC for 30 minutes, these spermatozoa covering them with light; immediately, preparations were made on object slides, to be observed under the microscope. Each preparation was observed directly under a fluorescence microscope at 260 nm excitation and&gt; 560 nm emission, counting 100 spermatozoa. The presence of membrane carbohydrates was determined by fluorescence patterns and sperm proportion with each determined pattern <bold>(</bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Naofumi, 2015</xref><bold>).</bold></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>The frequency of live sperm was determined, with normal morphology and with the different fluorescence patterns in the fresh and thawed samples, which were expressed as a proportion with their respective standard error (SE). The different variables were compared between the groups of fresh and thawed spermatozoa with a Xi<sup>2</sup> test, with an alpha of 0.05; using the free access statistical package <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">EpiInfo 7.3.</xref>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>Different quantity of reproductive events and number of spermatophores released by each specimen were determined. A total of 61 spermatophores were obtained. The frequency in the quantity of spermatophores released per specimen was the following: 1:12, 2:10, 1: 8, 1: 6, 3: 4 and 1: 3. The sperm concentration averaged 2.6 ± 0.6 X104 sperm/ml, with a range between 1.0 ± 2.5 to 4.0 ± 3.0. The sperm concentration in releases with six or more spermatophores (2.5X10<sup>4</sup> spermatozoa/ml), was higher (P &lt;0.05) than the sperm concentration (2.5X10<sup>4</sup> spermatozoa/ml) in releases with less than six spermatophores.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Sperm evaluation parameters</title>
					<p>The percentages of live sperm decreased (P &lt;0.05), approximately 30% in post-thaw; finding averages of 89% in fresh sperm and 58% post-thaw. Live sperm percentages that were determined in releases with different spermatophore numbers showed differences (P &lt;0.05), finding a range of 79% to 100% in fresh sperm and from 45% to 67% in thawed sperm (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Fresh and post-thaw sperm evaluation parameters of <italic>A. mexicanum,</italic> in ejaculates of each evaluated specimen</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col span="4"/>
									<col span="3"/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="right">ID</th>
										<th align="center">Spermatophores n=</th>
										<th align="center" colspan="3">%Spermatozoa with A pattern ± SE </th>
										<th align="center" colspan="3">% Spermatozoa with B pattern ± SE </th>
									</tr>
								
									<tr>
										<th align="left"> </th>
										<th align="left"> </th>
										<th align="center">Fresh</th>
										<th align="center">Thawed</th>
										<th align="center"><italic>Xi2 p</italic></th>
										<th align="right">Fresh</th>
										<th align="center">Thawed</th>
										<th align="center"><italic>Xi2 p</italic></th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">A</td>
										<td align="center">12</td>
										<td align="center">46 ± 3</td>
										<td align="center">51 ± 7</td>
										<td align="center">0.3&gt;0.05</td>
										<td align="center">54 ± 3</td>
										<td align="center">50 ± 7</td>
										<td align="center">0.1&gt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">B</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">44 ± 3</td>
										<td align="center">46 ± 3</td>
										<td align="center">0.02&gt;0.05</td>
										<td align="center">48 ± 4</td>
										<td align="center">53 ± 3</td>
										<td align="center">0.3&gt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">C</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">52 ± 4</td>
										<td align="center">56 ± 6</td>
										<td align="center">0.2&gt;0.05</td>
										<td align="center">47 ± 4</td>
										<td align="center">43 ± 6</td>
										<td align="center">0.2&gt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">D</td>
										<td align="center">8</td>
										<td align="center">56 ± 5</td>
										<td align="center">55 ± 8</td>
										<td align="center">0.01&gt;0.05</td>
										<td align="center">46 ± 5</td>
										<td align="center">46 ± 8</td>
										<td align="center">1.0&gt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">E</td>
										<td align="center">6</td>
										<td align="center">52 ± 3.5</td>
										<td align="center">57 ± 9</td>
										<td align="center">0.3&gt;0.05</td>
										<td align="center">47 ± 3</td>
										<td align="center">43 ± 9</td>
										<td align="center">0.2&gt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">F</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
										<td align="center">49 ± 7.7</td>
										<td align="center">57 ± 7</td>
										<td align="center">0.9&gt;0.05</td>
										<td align="center">61 ± 4</td>
										<td align="center">42 ± 7</td>
										<td align="center">6.5&lt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">G</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
										<td align="center">41 ± 4.2</td>
										<td align="center">55 ± 6</td>
										<td align="center">3.9&lt;0.05</td>
										<td align="center">59 ± 4 a</td>
										<td align="center">45 ± 6</td>
										<td align="center">3.9&lt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">H</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
										<td align="center">45 ± 7.3</td>
										<td align="center">56 ± 6</td>
										<td align="center">2&lt;0.05</td>
										<td align="center">55 ± 7</td>
										<td align="center">44 ± 6</td>
										<td align="center">2.0&gt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">I</td>
										<td align="center">3</td>
										<td align="center">45 ± 2.8</td>
										<td align="center">55 ± 5</td>
										<td align="center">1.6&lt;0.05</td>
										<td align="center">65 ± 3</td>
										<td align="center">45 ± 5</td>
										<td align="center">7.3&lt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN3">
									<p>Different letter in superscript index (<sup>a,b,c</sup>), indicates difference (P&lt;0.05) when comparing the same variable between columns (Fresh vs Thawed). Different number in superscript (1,2,3), indicates difference (P&lt;0.05) when comparing averages in the same column</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Similarly, normal sperm morphology showed a reduction (P &lt;0.05) of approximately 15%, finding percentages of 98% in normal fresh sperm morphology and 83% post-thaw. Spermatozoa percentages with normal morphology that were determined in releases with different spermatophore numbers did not show differences (P&gt; 0.05), finding an average range of 95% to 100% in fresh spermatozoa. However, certain post-thaw was different (P&lt;0.5), with percentages with an average range between 78% and 90% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Presence and distribution of membrane carbohydrates</title>
					<p><bold>With the use of the WGA-FITC lectin:</bold> In fresh and post-thaw sperm, the
						fluorescence intensity emitted by the WGA-FITC lectin on the sperm membrane,
						evidenced the presence of N-Acetyl glucosamine residues present in the
						spermatic membrane of <italic>A mexicanum</italic>. Two fluorescence
						patterns were determined called: A pattern) with homogeneous intense
						fluorescence in the flagellum and neck region and with less intensity, but
						evident in the head one (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1A</xref>);
						and B pattern), with evident homogeneous fluorescence throughout the sperm
						structure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1 B</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f3">
							<label>Figure. 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Sperm fluorescence patterns with WGA-FITC lectin. 1A). Higher fluorescence intensity is observed in the flagellum and neck regions and with less intensity in the head. 1B is observed with homogeneous intensity throughout the spermatic structure</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e108-gf3.gif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>The proportion of patterns determined with WGA-FITC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">table 2</xref>), showed that:</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Percentages of fresh and post-thaw sperm, with two fluorescence patterns A and B determined with the use of the WGA-FITC lectin</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col span="4"/>
									<col span="3"/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center" rowspan="2">ID</th>
										<th align="center" rowspan="2">Spermatophores n=</th>
										<th align="center" colspan="3">% Spermatozoa with pattern A ± SE </th>
										<th align="center" colspan="3">% Spermatozoawith pattern B ± SE </th>
									</tr>
								
									<tr>
										
										<th align="center">Fresh</th>
										<th align="center">Thawed</th>
										<th align="center"><italic>Xi<sup>2</sup> p</italic></th>
										<th align="center">Fresh</th>
										<th align="center">Thawed</th>
										<th align="center"><italic>Xi<sup>2</sup> p</italic></th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">A</td>
										<td align="center">12</td>
										<td align="center">46 ± 3</td>
										<td align="center">51 ± 7</td>
										<td align="center">0.3&gt;0.05</td>
										<td align="center">54 ± 3</td>
										<td align="center">50 ± 7</td>
										<td align="center">0.1&gt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">B</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">44 ± 3</td>
										<td align="center">46 ± 3</td>
										<td align="left">0.02&gt;0.05</td>
										<td align="center">48 ± 4</td>
										<td align="center">53 ± 3</td>
										<td align="center">0.3&gt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">C</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">52 ± 4</td>
										<td align="center">56 ± 6</td>
										<td align="center">0.2&gt;0.05</td>
										<td align="center">47 ± 4</td>
										<td align="center">43 ± 6</td>
										<td align="center">0.2&gt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">D</td>
										<td align="center">8</td>
										<td align="center">56 ± 5</td>
										<td align="center">55 ± 8</td>
										<td align="left">0.01&gt;0.05</td>
										<td align="center">46 ± 5</td>
										<td align="center">46 ± 8</td>
										<td align="center">1.0&gt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">E</td>
										<td align="center">6</td>
										<td align="center">52 ± 3.5</td>
										<td align="center">57 ± 9</td>
										<td align="center">0.3&gt;0.05</td>
										<td align="center">47 ± 3</td>
										<td align="center">43 ± 9</td>
										<td align="center">0.2&gt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">F</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
										<td align="center">49 ± 7.7</td>
										<td align="center">57 ± 7</td>
										<td align="center">0.9&gt;0.05</td>
										<td align="center">61 ± 4</td>
										<td align="center">42 ± 7</td>
										<td align="center">6.5&lt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">G</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
										<td align="center">41 ± 4.2</td>
										<td align="center">55 ± 6</td>
										<td align="center">3.9&lt;0.05</td>
										<td align="center">59 ± 4 a</td>
										<td align="center">45 ± 6</td>
										<td align="center">3.9&lt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">H</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
										<td align="center">45 ± 7.3</td>
										<td align="center">56 ± 6</td>
										<td align="center">2&lt;0.05</td>
										<td align="center">55 ± 7</td>
										<td align="center">44 ± 6</td>
										<td align="center">2.0&gt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">I</td>
										<td align="center">3</td>
										<td align="center">45 ± 2.8</td>
										<td align="center">55 ± 5</td>
										<td align="center">1.6&lt;0.05</td>
										<td align="center">65 ± 3</td>
										<td align="center">45 ± 5</td>
										<td align="center">7.3&lt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN4">
									<p>Different letter in superscript (<sup>a,b,c</sup>), indicates difference (P&lt;0.05) when comparing the same variable between columns (Fresh vs Thawed).</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p><italic><bold>The percentage of sperm with A pattern</bold>,</italic> from releases of
						twelve to six spermatophores, were similar (P&gt; 0.05) fresh and post-thaw;
						in comparison with the percentages of sperm from releases between eight and
						three spermatophores, in which it increased (P &lt;0.05), in thawed sperm.
						When comparing the percentages of sperm with pattern A, obtained in fresh
						sperm from each specimen, an average of 48% was determined, with a range
						between 44% and 56%; without finding difference (P &lt;0.05) between these,
						in thawed spermatozoa. An average of 54% was determined with a range between
						46% to 57%, finding higher percentages (P&gt; 0.05), in sperm with pattern
						A, from releases with 3 and 4 spermatophores.</p>
					<p><italic><bold>The percentages of sperm with B pattern</bold>,</italic> from releases of
						twelve to six spermatophores, were similar (P&gt; 0.05) fresh and post-thaw;
						the percentages of sperm from releases with four and three spermatophores
						were higher (P &lt;0.05) when fresh, compared to those thawed. In fresh, an
						average of 53% was determined, with a range between 46 to 65%, without
						finding a difference (P &lt;0.05) between them; in thawed sperm, an average
						of 46% was determined with a range between 42% to 53%, finding higher
						percentages (P&gt; 0.05) in sperm from releases with 10 and 12
						spermatophores.</p>
					<p>When carrying out the total general comparison (Pool) of the percentages, a difference was evident and inversely the difference by total percentages determined, which were for sperm with A pattern: <italic>Xi</italic>
 <sup>
 <italic>2</italic>
</sup> of 7.21 p &lt;0.05, in fresh semen with 47.7% and 54.3% for thawed semen. Regarding sperm with B pattern: a <italic>Xi</italic>
 <sup>
 <italic>2</italic>
</sup> of 10.8 p &lt;0.05 was determined, in fresh semen with 53.5% and 45.6% in thawed semen.</p>
					<p><bold>With the use of the PNA-FITC lectin</bold>: in fresh and post-thaw sperm, the
						intensity of the fluorescence emitted by the PNA-FITC lectin on the sperm
						membrane, which evidenced the presence of β-galactose glycosidic residues,
						present in the sperm membrane of <italic>A mexicanum</italic>. Two
						fluorescence patterns were determined: C) with intense and homogeneous
						fluorescence throughout the entire sperm structure (<xref ref-type="fig"
							rid="f4">Figure 2A</xref>); pattern D) with homogeneous faint
						fluorescence throughout the sperm structure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4"
							>Figure 2B</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f4">
							<label>Figure 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Fluorescence patterns obtained with PNA-FITC lectin: A) With intense homogeneous fluorescence, B) With homogeneous faint fluorescence</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e108-gf4.gif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>The proportion of patterns determined with PNA-FITC, (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>), showed that:</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<label>Table 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Percentages of fresh and post-thaw sperm, with two fluorescence C and D patterns determined with PNA-FITC lectin use.</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center" rowspan="2">ID</th>
										<th align="center" rowspan="2">Spermatophores n=</th>
										<th align="center" colspan="3">% ± SE Spermatozoa with pattern C</th>
										
										<th align="center" colspan="3">% ± SE Spermatozoa with pattern D</th>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<th align="center">Fresco</th>
										<th align="center">Thawed</th>
										<th align="center"><italic>Xi</italic>
 <sup>
 <italic>2</italic> 
</sup> 
 <italic>p</italic></th>
										<th align="center">Fresco</th>
										<th align="center">Thawed</th>
										<th align="center"><italic>Xi</italic>
 <sup>
 <italic>2</italic> 
</sup> 
 <italic>p</italic></th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">A</td>
										<td align="center">12</td>
										<td align="center">51±4</td>
										<td align="center">47±5</td>
										<td align="center">0.2&gt;0.05</td>
										<td align="center">49±4</td>
										<td align="center">53±5</td>
										<td align="center">0.2&gt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">B</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">51±5</td>
										<td align="center">49±5</td>
										<td align="center">0.02&gt;0.05</td>
										<td align="center">49±5</td>
										<td align="center">50±5</td>
										<td align="center">0.01&gt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">C</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">53±5</td>
										<td align="center">52±6</td>
										<td align="center">0.01&gt;0.05 </td>
										<td align="center">48±7</td>
										<td align="center">47±6</td>
										<td align="center">0.01&gt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">D</td>
										<td align="center">8</td>
										<td align="center">49±4</td>
										<td align="center">66±3</td>
										<td align="center">5.23&lt;0.05</td>
										<td align="center">51±5</td>
										<td align="center">24±6</td>
										<td align="center">14.4&lt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">E</td>
										<td align="center">6</td>
										<td align="center">57±4</td>
										<td align="center">60±7</td>
										<td align="center">0.08&gt;0.05</td>
										<td align="center">47±7</td>
										<td align="center">40±11</td>
										<td align="center">0.7&gt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">F</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
										<td align="center">55±7</td>
										<td align="center">62±4</td>
										<td align="center">0.07&gt;0.05</td>
										<td align="center">45±10</td>
										<td align="center">37±4</td>
										<td align="center">1.01&gt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">G</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
										<td align="center">55±4</td>
										<td align="center">68±6</td>
										<td align="center">0.7&gt;0.05</td>
										<td align="center">55±6</td>
										<td align="center">44±7</td>
										<td align="center">2.0&gt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">H</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
										<td align="center">57±3</td>
										<td align="center">69±4</td>
										<td align="center">2.6&gt;0.05</td>
										<td align="center">52±6</td>
										<td align="center">42±6</td>
										<td align="center">1.62&gt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">I</td>
										<td align="center">3</td>
										<td align="center">58±5</td>
										<td align="center">67±5</td>
										<td align="center">1.36&gt;0.05</td>
										<td align="center">42±8</td>
										<td align="center">43±9</td>
										<td align="center">0.01&gt;0.05</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN5">
									<p>Different letter in superscript (<sup>a,b,c</sup>), indicates difference (P&lt;0.05) when comparing the same variable between columns (Fresh vs Thawed).</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p><italic><bold>With C and D patterns</bold>,</italic> sperm percentages from releases with 6
						to 12 spermatophores were similar (P&gt; 0.05) fresh and post-thaw, compared
						to sperm percentages from releases with three and four spermatophores, which
						were increased (P &lt;0.05), in thawed sperm.</p>
					<p>Spermatozoa percentages with C and D pattern, determined with the lectin PNA-FITC, only showed a difference (P &lt;0.05) after thawing, when the spermatozoa came from releases with eight spermatophores, observing a higher percentage in spermatozoa with C pattern post thawing and conversely, in sperm with D pattern. The percentage was higher in fresh semen, in the percentages of sperm from releases with twelve, ten, six, four or three spermatophores, When comparing the percentages of <bold>
 <italic>sperm with C pattern</italic> 
</bold> of each specimen, fresh with an average of 54%, with a range between 49% to 58 % and post thawing with an average of 60% and with a range between 47% to 69%, no differences were found (P &lt;0.05).</p>
					<p>When comparing the percentages of <bold>
 <italic>sperm with D pattern</italic> 
</bold> of each specimen, fresh with an average of 48%, with a range between 42% to 55%, no different percentages were observed (P &lt;0.05). In thawed spermatozoa, an average of 42% was found, with a range 24% to 53%, no difference percentages were observed (P &lt;0.05).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>Regarding the sperm concentration, the data showed that there are differences between spermatophores of the same specimen and between specimens. These results are similar to those published by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Doyle <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref>, in spermatozoa number among the spermatophores released from specimens of <italic>A maculatum</italic>. The quantity and size of spermatophores that can be released varies widely, being related to the physiology and reproductive adaptation of each species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Browne <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>); as well as three physical characteristics: body size, testicle size or age (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Uribe and Mejía-Roa, 2014</xref>), which was also observed in our study. The sperm viability observed fresh was 80 to 98%, this being the first study to record live sperm percentage extracted from spermatophores. These results are in contrast to those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Mansour <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref>, who obtained sperm through cloacal massage, reporting 100% live sperm in all samples analyzed.</p>
				<p>On the other hand, a study carried out by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Chester (2013)</xref> mentions that it obtained from 64 to 86% of sperm viability after carrying out spermatophore cryopreservation. These data differ from that obtained in this work, where the viability obtained in thawed spermatozoa was an average of 45 to 68%, so this result indicates that the cap membrane can function as a barrier, which protects the sperm from freezing sudden changes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Chester, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Hall <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>The use of WGA-FITC and PNA-FITC lectins proved to be an alternative to identify the presence and distribution of glucosidic residues β-galactose and Acetyl-glucosamine. These results are consistent with the work carried out by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Sáez <italic>et al</italic>., (2004)</xref>, where it was determined that at spermatogenesis time, different carbohydrates, including β-galactose and acetylglucosamine, are present in the membrane of cells that are found in different developmental stage during spermiogenesis.</p>
				<p>The presence and glycosidic residue distribution indicate differences throughout the entire membrane, which was determined with each lectin, which each identified at least two different fluorescence patterns; which may be associated with different metabolic states of the spermatozoa that allow or not the recognition between gametes.</p>
				<p>The presence and distribution of glycosidic residues allows to characterize the membrane of spermatozoa that are in different metabolic state, associated with acrosomal training and reaction, and therefore their fertilizing capacity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Browne <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015</xref>). This may be useful in assisted reproduction protocols that involve the <italic>in vitro</italic> sperm handling.</p>
				<p>Using assisted reproduction in captivity, it contributes to species conservation; in addition to reducing the extraction of animals from their environment and illegal sale (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Jimenez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>); which can have a sustainable use allocating specimens to conservation, biomedical research and conservation in public and private collections (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Prieto <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), which is in the latter, in which specimens have been reproduced outside their natural habitat; however, amphibian reproduction and breeding in captivity is relatively minimal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ananjeva <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The cryopreservation protocol used proved to be efficient, maintaining parameters of viability and membrane integrity, despite finding sperm differences associated with the number of spermatophores present in each release, for which this study provides tools and knowledge for the assisted reproduction in <italic>Ambystoma mexicanum</italic> captivity.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>