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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2021.5</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00105</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Identificación del <italic>Mycobacterium avium</italic> subsp. <italic>paratuberculosis</italic> y su seroprevalencia en rebaños ovinos de Aguascalientes</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3627-0534</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pallás-Guzmán</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3793-4582</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Quezada-Tristán</surname>
						<given-names>Teódulo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1123-1878</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Chávez-Gris</surname>
						<given-names>Gilberto</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3793-4646</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Maldonado-Castro</surname>
						<given-names>Edith</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1379-0657</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Chávez-González</surname>
						<given-names>Leticia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1645-9858</contrib-id>	
					<name>
						<surname>García-Munguía</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes. Av Universidad 940, col. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 20131, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ciencias Agropecuarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Aguascalientes</city>
					<state>Aguascalientes</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (CEIEPAA), UNAM. Carretera Federal Tequisquiapan a, Ezequiel Montes Km 8.5, CP 76790, Tequisquiapan, Querétaro, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">UNAM</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Tequisquiapan</city>
					<state>Querétaro</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">*Autor para la correspondencia: García-Munguía Carlos, Departamento de Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Guanajuato. Carretera Irapuato-Silao km 9, CP 36500 Irapuato, Guanajuato, México. cagamu@hotmail.com, gepallas@correo.uaa.mx, tequezada@correo.uaa.mx, gris@unam.mx, edithmc@unam.mx, lchavezglz@hotmail.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Irapuato</city>
					<state>Guanajuato</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><sup>*</sup></label>Autor para la correspondencia: García-Munguía Carlos, Departamento de Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Guanajuato. Carretera Irapuato-Silao km 9, CP 36500 Irapuato, Guanajuato, México. <email>cagamu@hotmail.com</email>, <email>gepallas@correo.uaa.mx</email>, <email>tequezada@correo.uaa.mx</email>, <email>gris@unam.mx</email>, <email>edithmc@unam.mx</email>, <email>lchavezglz@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>Clave:2020-74.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>11</volume>
			
			<elocation-id>e105</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>28</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<p>Con el objetivo de identificar la presencia de Paratuberculosis (PTB), enfermedad infecciosa causada por el <italic>Mycobacterium avium</italic> subsp <italic>paratuberculosis</italic> (MAP), en ovinos, a través de estudios anatomopatológicos, cultivo bacteriano y PCR <italic>IS900</italic>, así como estimar la seroprevalencia a MAP. El presente estudio, de tipo transversal, se realizó en 16 diferentes rebaños con el suero de 2415 animales adultos y analizados por Ensayo por Inmunoabsorción Ligado a Enzimas (ELISA); se emplearon nueve ovinos con signos clínicos sugerentes a PTB, de los cuales se obtuvieron muestras para la realización de los estudios de identificación; obteniendo un 51.3 % de animales seropositivos a MAP (1239/2415), en el 100% de los rebaños (16/16); el aislamiento bacteriano y su identificación por PCR IS<italic>900</italic> en cinco de los nueve casos hallados (5/9) correspondiendo al 31.25% de los rebaños (5/16)<bold>.</bold> Conformando la presencia del <italic>Mycobacterium avium</italic> subsp <italic>paratuberculosis,</italic> así como una elevada frecuencia de animales seropositivos a MAP en rebaños de Aguascalientes.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Paratuberculosis</kwd>
				<kwd>ovinos</kwd>
				<kwd>seroprevalencia</kwd>
				<kwd>Mycobacterium</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="36"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La paratuberculosis (PTB) o Enfermedad de Johne (EJ), es una enfermedad crónica infecciosa que ocasiona una enteritis granulomatosa en los rumiantes y eventualmente otras especies, con una amplia distribución mundial; causada por el <italic>Mycobacterium avium</italic> subsp. <italic>paratuberculosis</italic> (MAP) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Coelho <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>). Clasificada por la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE) como una enfermedad transmisible, con impacto socioeconómico y en la salud pública, sugiriéndose la participación de MAP en la enfermedad de Crohn en humanos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">OIE, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Balseiro <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref><italic>;</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Gioffré <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). Del MAP se han descrito tres diferentes cepas la tipo I (Sheep), la tipo II (Cattle) y la tipo III (Bisón o intermedia), de acuerdo a su preferencia por infectar diferentes especies de rumiantes y sus distintos requerimientos para su aislamiento bacteriano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Begg y Whittington, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Windsor, 2015</xref>). La enfermedad se caracteriza por presentar signos de emaciación progresiva, edema submandibular y eventualmente la muerte de los animales. La principal vía de infección es la fecal-oral, con un periodo de incubación que oscila de uno a cuatro años, por lo que pueden llegar a observarse signos de la enfermedad a partir del año de vida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Chávez <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>), una vez que MAP ingresa al intestino se aloja en los macrófagos constituyendo una infección granulomatosa donde se pueden observar cantidades variables de bacterias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Begg y Whittington, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Windsor, 2015</xref>). El diagnóstico, prevalencia e impacto de la enfermedad son escasos y no concluyentes tanto en América Latina como en México (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Chávez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Begg y Whittington, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Fernández <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>En México, se ha detectado la presencia de PTB en ovinos en diversos estados del país, como son, San Luis Potosí, Guanajuato, Querétaro, Ciudad de México, Estado de México y Veracruz (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Estévez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>). Particularmente, en el Estado de Aguascalientes, la actividad de la ovinocultura como en otros estados del país ha crecido a partir de 1990 en más del 100%, con una producción cárnica de aproximadamente 612 toneladas en el 2018, siendo la zona Valle, conformado por los municipios de Aguascalientes, San Francisco de los Romo, Rincón de Romos, Jesús María, Pabellón de Arteaga y Asientos, en donde se concentra el 85% de la producción de carne ovina del Estado y de la actividad pecuaria en general (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">SIAP, 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Es de suma importancia resaltar que en esta región no se cuenta con registros del diagnóstico e identificación de las enfermedades que son capaces de afectar a los rebaños ovinos y el efecto adverso que éstas pueden causar en la productividad. Pues en el Estado de Aguascalientes existen casos no cuantificados de animales adultos con emaciación progresiva y mortalidad, sin embargo, no se realiza un diagnóstico y es imposible determinar si esta la PTB.</p>
			<p>Por lo anterior, el objetivo del presente trabajo es identificar la presencia de MAP a través de estudios anatomopatológicos, cultivo y PCR en ovinos con cuadro clínico sugerente a PTB, así como determinar la seroprevalencia contra MAP mediante ELISA en rebaños ovinos del Valle de Aguascalientes.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Diseño del estudio</title>
				<p>Este estudio de tipo descriptivo-transversal fue realizado en el Estado de Aguascalientes, México, siendo los rebaños y animales de estudio seleccionados de acuerdo con el método no probabilístico “por conveniencia” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Trusfield, 2018</xref>). De esta manera, fueron seleccionados 16 rebaños ovinos con poblaciones que oscilaron entre 60 y 340 individuos, conformando una población total de estudio de 2,415 animales (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> y <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>), donde se requería que el rebaño contara con signos clínicos de emaciación progresiva crónica sugerente a PTB en al menos un ejemplar mayor a un año; considerando a cada rebaño como unidad experimental.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Borrega con signos de emaciación y edema submandibular sugestivos de PTB</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e105-gf1.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Resultados de seroprevalencia (ELISA) a paratuberculosis, necropsias realizada y resultado de aislamiento bacteriano, por rebaño en el Valle de Aguascalientes</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Numero de rebaño</th>
									<th align="center">Seroprevalencia %</th>
									<th align="center">Resultados positivos ELISA-PPA-3</th>
									<th align="center">Animales mayores de 1 año </th>
									<th align="center">Ejemplares con signos clínicos sugerentes a PTB/Necropsia realizada</th>
									<th align="center">Aislamiento Bacteriano y PCR positivo</th>
									<th align="center"> Ubicación por municipio </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">14</td>
									<td align="center">91.3</td>
									<td align="center">168</td>
									<td align="center">184</td>
									<td align="center">+/1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">Rincón de Romos</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">84.4</td>
									<td align="center">287</td>
									<td align="center">340</td>
									<td align="center">+/1</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">Aguascalientes (sur)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">76.3</td>
									<td align="center">122</td>
									<td align="center">160</td>
									<td align="center">+/0</td>
									<td align="center">Nr</td>
									<td align="center">Rincón de Romos</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">11</td>
									<td align="center">73.1</td>
									<td align="center">117</td>
									<td align="center">160</td>
									<td align="center">+/1</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">Asientos</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">64.4</td>
									<td align="center">125</td>
									<td align="center">194</td>
									<td align="center">+/1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">Jesús María </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td align="center">61.4</td>
									<td align="center">72</td>
									<td align="center">140</td>
									<td align="center">+/1</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">Asientos</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">58.6</td>
									<td align="center">99</td>
									<td align="center">169</td>
									<td align="center">+/1</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">Aguascalientes (sur)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">15</td>
									<td align="center">56.8</td>
									<td align="center">50</td>
									<td align="center">88</td>
									<td align="center">+/1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">San Francisco de los Romo C</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">13</td>
									<td align="center">54.5</td>
									<td align="center">36</td>
									<td align="center">66</td>
									<td align="center">+/0</td>
									<td align="center">Nr</td>
									<td align="center">Pabellón de Arteaga</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">16</td>
									<td align="center">46.7</td>
									<td align="center">56</td>
									<td align="center">120</td>
									<td align="center">+/0</td>
									<td align="center">Nr</td>
									<td align="center">Aguascalientes (Nte)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">43.8</td>
									<td align="center">35</td>
									<td align="center">80</td>
									<td align="center">+/1</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">Jesús María</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">28.3</td>
									<td align="center">17</td>
									<td align="center">60</td>
									<td align="center">+/0</td>
									<td align="center">Nr</td>
									<td align="center">Pabellón de Arteaga</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">12.9</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">62</td>
									<td align="center">+/0</td>
									<td align="center">Nr</td>
									<td align="center">Aguascalientes (Nte)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">9.5</td>
									<td align="center">31</td>
									<td align="center">326</td>
									<td align="center">+/0</td>
									<td align="center">Nr</td>
									<td align="center">Aguascalientes (sur)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">12</td>
									<td align="center">8.1</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">99</td>
									<td align="center">+/0</td>
									<td align="center">Nr</td>
									<td align="center">San Francisco de los Romo</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">4.8</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">167</td>
									<td align="center">+/1</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">San Francisco de Los Romo</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">16</td>
									<td align="center">51.3</td>
									<td align="center">1239</td>
									<td align="center">2415</td>
									<td align="center">16/9</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>Nr: No se realizó </p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Toma de muestras</title>
				<p><italic>Suero sanguíneo</italic>. Se obtuvieron 5 mL de sangre por venopunción de la yugular, la cual fue captada en tubos sin aditivo para la obtención del suero; posteriormente las muestras fueron almacenadas a - 20°<sup>C</sup> hasta su empleo en la prueba ELISA.</p>
				<p><italic>ELISA.</italic> Los sueros previamente obtenidos, se analizaron mediante la prueba de inmunoensayo enzimático indirecto (ELISA) empleando el antígeno protoplasmático PPA3 (Allied, Mo.), el cual presenta una especificidad del 75% y una sensibilidad del 64% de acuerdo con el protocolo empleado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">García (1992)</xref>.</p>
				<p><italic>Obtención de muestras para estudio histopatológico y aislamiento de MAP</italic>. Tomando como referencia a <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Timoney (1988)</xref> y observando el curso clínico de los animales y las características epidemiológicas de los 9 rebaños, se logró establecer un diagnóstico presuntivo en 9 animales; los cuales presentaron signos de emaciación progresiva, pelo o lana hirsuta, edema submandibular, lesiones y heces blandas. Entendiendo así, que el 56.25% de los rebaños de estudio, presentaron al menos un caso sugerente a PTB. Posteriormente los 9 animales fueron sacrificados con una sobredosis de pentobarbital sódico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">NOM-033-SAG/ZOO-2014</xref>) de acuerdo a los lineamientos establecidos en el “Comité de ética para el uso de animales en la docencia e investigación de la Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes”.</p>
				<p>La confirmación de estos casos se realizó por medio de necropsia e identificación de lesiones, descartando así la presencia de posibles lesiones sugerentes a diagnósticos diferenciales de pseudotuberculosis (<italic>Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis),</italic> alteraciones digestivas por presencia de cuerpos extraños, neoplacias, neumonías crónicas y parasitosis severa, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Straub, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Windsor, 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>Posterior a ello, se tomaron muestras de secciones intestinales de íleon y yeyuno, las cuales mostraron engrosamiento de la mucosa intestinal que sugerían lesiones asociadas a paratuberculosis; estas secciones fueron fijadas en formalina amortiguada (pH 7.6) para su posterior procesamiento histológico, empleando las tinciones de Hematoxilina-Eosina (H-E) y de Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN), esta última con la finalidad de evidenciar la presencia de bacilos ácido alcohol resistentes (BAAR) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Estévez, 2006</xref>). De igual manera, se obtuvieron muestras para aislamiento bacteriano a partir de secciones de 30 cm de íleon y yeyuno que mostraban lesiones sugerentes de PTB (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Chávez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Dennis <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>), siendo depositadas en recipientes estériles de plástico para su conservación a -20º<sup>C</sup> hasta su procesamiento en el laboratorio.</p>
				<p><italic>Cultivo Bacteriano a partir de intestino.</italic> A su vez, a las muestras tomadas de intestino se les realizó un raspado de la mucosa intestinal con bisturí estéril, procesándolas para descontaminación y concentración de las micobacterias, de acuerdo con la metodología descrita por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Sánchez y Guerrero<italic>,</italic> 2006.</xref> Posteriormente, del material de la interfase obtenida, fue inoculado en los medios de cultivo de Löwentein-Jensen (L-Jm) con micobactina, colocando tres a ocho gotas de cada una de las muestras, distribuyéndose en toda la superficie del medio. De cada muestra, se inocularon en dos diferentes tubos con medio L-Jm, uno conteniendo micobactina y el segundo sin micobactina. Posteriormente fueron incubados a 37°<sup>C</sup>, manteniéndolos en posición inclinada y sin humedad. Se verificó el crecimiento bacteriano cada cuatro semanas hasta la semana doce, los medios donde no se observó crecimiento, continuaron en incubación hasta la semana 40 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">De Juan <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Whittington, 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p><italic>PCR IS900</italic>. La identificación molecular se realizó a partir del crecimiento de las colonias de MAP, por medio de PCR punto final, empleando los iniciadores IS900P3N (5’-GGG TGT GGC GTT TTC CTT CG-3’) e IS900P5N (5'-ATTTCGCCGCCACCGCCACG-3') (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Chávez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2004</xref>).</p>
				<p><italic>Estimación de la seroprevalencia.</italic> La prevalencia se estimó con base en la proporción de animales que resultaron positivos en la prueba de ELISA, con relación a la población total de animales adultos en cada uno de los rebaños. La información generada en el estudio se evaluó y contrastó mediante pruebas de Estadística Descriptiva, mediante “Análisis para una variable”, con apoyo del paquete “Statgraphics Centurion XV” <sup>TM</sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fernández <italic>et al.,</italic> 2002</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p><italic>Seroprevalencia.</italic> El porcentaje de seroprevalencia promedio de los 16 rebaños, fue de 51.3%, con un valor mínimo de 4.8% y un valor máximo de 91.33% con un intervalo de confianza al 95.0% para la media de: [32.7173, 62.3415]. Los resultados de seroprevalencia individual para cada uno de rebaños se describen la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>. En los dieciséis rebaños en los que se realizaron las pruebas de ELISA (PPA-3), se identificaron casos positivos, obteniéndose una seroprevalencia calculada a “nivel de rebaño” del 100% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>).</p>
			<p><italic>Estudio anatomopatológico</italic>. En los 9 animales a los que se les realizó la necropsia, presentaron emaciación, lana o pelo hirsutos, edema submandibular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>), presencia de ascitis, degeneración de la grasa, así como engrosamiento aparente de la mucosa intestinal a nivel de íleon y yeyuno (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>), además de aumento de tamaño de linfonodos mesentéricos y fusión de éstos, no encontrándose evidencia de alteraciones o lesiones sugerentes a otra etiología diferencial a las caudas por PTB. A través del estudio histopatológico, se logró observar en 8 de los 9 animales estudiados (88.8%), la presencia de enteritis, linfadenitis granulomatosas con presencia de macrófagos, células gigantes y presencia de incontables Bacterias Acido-Alcohol Resitentes (BAAR) mediante la tinción de Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN). Determinándose como lesiones de tipo multibacilar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>). Mientras que en 1 de los 9 animales estudiados (11.2%) se observó la presencia de lesiones granulomatosas de tipo multifocal con escasa cantidad de bacilos (BAAR) en el interior de macrófagos, coincidente con una lesión tipo paucibacilar.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Lesiones macroscópicas correspondientes a engrosamiento intestinal característica de enteritis granulomatosa</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e105-gf2.gif"></graphic>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Lesiones Histopatológicas de ID de tipo multibacilar, tinción de Ziehl-Neelsen 400X donde se observan múltiples BAAR en mucosa intestinal</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e105-gf3.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p><italic>Aislamiento bacteriano.</italic> Después de 12 semanas de incubación se observaron en 5 casos (55.5%), desarrollo de colonias de color amarillo, cremosas, convexas y de forma circular característicos de MAP en los medios L-Jm adicionados con micobactina. Mientras que en 4 de los casos (44.5%), no se observó desarrollo de colonias hasta la semana 40. Todos los medios que no fueron adicionados con micobactina, no presentaron crecimiento.</p>
			<p><italic>PCR</italic> IS<italic>900.</italic> A partir de los cinco aislamientos bacterianos obtenidos se obtuvieron productos de amplificación de la secuencia IS<italic>900</italic> correspondiente a 310 pares de bases (pb), confirmándose así la presencia MAP a partir de estos aislamientos obtenidos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Fotografía de gel de agarosa al 2% teñido con bromurode etidio. Donde se observan productos de amplificación con un tamaño de 310 pb, a partir de ADN de colonias bacterianas obtenidas de tejido intestinal, donde se observa en el carril MPM el marcador de peso molecular 100 pb, C+ control positivo, carril 1 control negativo (agua), carriles 3 a 7 producto de amplificación obtenidos de los aislamientos 03, 04, 05, 06 y 09, que corresponden a un fragmento de inserción IS<italic>900</italic> de MAP (*).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e105-gf4.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Es así como en el 100% de la muestra (16 rebaños de estudio) se obtuvo seropositividad a MAP; a su vez en el 31.25% de la muestra (5 rebaños) se confirmó la presencia de MAP por aislamiento bacteriano e identificación por PCR IS900 a partir de los animales que presentaron cuadro clínico al momento del estudio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabla 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Resultados obtenidos “Por rebaño” correspondientes a los diferentes métodos de diagnóstico e identificación empleados</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Seropositividad a MAP</th>
								<th align="center">Animales con signos y lesiones a la necropsia sugerentes a PTB</th>
								<th align="center">Aislamiento Bacteriano a partir de lesiones en Intestino delgado y PCR <italic>IS900</italic> positivo</th>
							</tr></thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">16/16</td>
								<td align="center">9/16</td>
								<td align="center">5/16</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">100%</td>
								<td align="center">56.25%</td>
								<td align="center">31.25%</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La seroprevalencia media obtenida en el presente estudio (51.3%) reporta ser elevada, en comparación a otros estudios realizados de medición de prevalencia tanto en el país como a nivel mundial, considerando que la enfermedad internacionalmente presenta una elevada prevalencia en diferentes especies de rumiantes, con un 20% y hasta un 40% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Whittington <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>). En México, diversos estudios indican evidencias serológicas ante MAP como los reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Jaimes <italic>et al.,</italic> (2008)</xref> en San Luis Potosí, México; donde los resultados de seroprevalencia en ovinos por el método de inmunodifusión en Agar-gel fue de un 44%. Mientras que en el estado Nayarit se reportó un 28.94% en ovinos, a través de pruebas de ELISA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Mejía <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). En Latinoamérica, escasos trabajos realizados en ovinos muestran una amplia variabilidad en la prevalencia a MAP, donde se reportan prevalencias desde un 4.3% promedio en ovinos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Fernández <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), hasta un 54.08 % de seroprevalencias a MAP en ovinos en Brasil, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Medeiros <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>Ante los escasos estudios, y una amplia variación en cuanto a la metodología y la prueba diagnóstica empleada para la evaluación de la prevalencia a la PTB, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Espechit <italic>et al.</italic> (2017) </xref><italic>y</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Whittington <italic>et al.,</italic> (2019)</xref> señalan que esto resulta en una gran variabilidad de los resultados, y por consecuencia, una desestimación de la presencia e impacto verdadero de la paratuberculosis.</p>
			<p>A pesar de los resultados obtenidos de una elevada frecuencia, al momento del estudio sólo se encontraron casos clínicos (9/16) en el 56.25% de los rebaños estudiados, donde la totalidad de ellos muestran lesiones histopatológicas multibacilares o paucibacilares, características de la enfermedad, en donde si se considera que éstas se presentan en individuos mayores a un año de edad, con un tiempo prolongado de infección aunadas a la presentación de un cuadro clínico característico, altamente sugerente a PTB, se pueden llegar a considerar un diagnóstico definitivo de MAP en lo individual, difícilmente descartado por otras pruebas como cultivo y PCR como lo mencionan varios autores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Pérez <italic>et al</italic>., 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Dennis <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Windsor, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Whittingtong <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>Considerando que los nueve animales a los que se les realizó la necropsia presentaron lesiones características a PTB, sólo en el 55.5% (5/9) se logró el aislamiento bacteriano a pesar de presentar lesiones de tipo multibacilar en ocho de los nueve. La dificultad del aislamiento de MAP, el medio de cultivo empleado considerando la posible variación del tipo de MAP presente, “S” o “C”, los que presentan una diferencia de requerimientos nutricionales para su crecimiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Elguezabal <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Whittington, 2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Stevenson, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Whittington <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), o al momento del proceso de la descontaminación bacteriana, donde se puede reducir el número de bacterias viables para su cultivo y aislamiento. El aislamiento y cultivo del microorganismo en ovinos es extremadamente difícil, siendo en rebaños ovinos que el cultivo fecal detecta menos de los casos clínicos y requiere más de 12 meses para su incubación según reportan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Windsor (2015)</xref>, así como <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Whittington, 2010</xref>.</p>
			<p>La posterior confirmación e identificación de los aislamientos obtenidos de MAP por medio de PCR IS<italic>900</italic>, realizada a partir de los cinco cultivos obtenidos, confirmó la presencia de MAP. Algunos autores en la actualidad sugieren que la identificación de la bacteria por PCR sea realizada a partir de las muestras obtenidas de los tejidos, agilizando el tiempo de los resultados, sin depender directamente de los cultivos obtenidos, ya que los tiempos de diagnóstico se prolongan por las características propias del aislamiento de MAP, indicando que esta prueba presenta una similar eficacia con los cultivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Kawaji <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Nilsen <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Whittington <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>De acuerdo con autores como <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Kumthekar, <italic>et al.</italic>, (2013)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Konbon (2018)</xref> el determinar el grado de infección de la enfermedad en los rebaños, permite establecer programas de control adecuados que impacten significativamente en el costo - beneficio; considerando principalmente la prueba - desecho. Pues ante la inviabilidad de desechar y considerando la poca disponibilidad de algunos productores para la vacunación de los rebaños, las medidas de control deben enmarcarse hacia un fortalecimiento de la bioseguridad.</p>
			<p>Considerando así la separación temprana de los corderos y la eliminación de animales con signología inicial clínica de la enfermedad, puede ser una medida que impacte positivamente a la reducción de la prevalencia de la enfermedad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Robee, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Windsor 2015</xref>). Haciendo hincapié en que profesionistas del sector salud animal y líderes del sector productivo tengan un conocimiento claro del grado de presencia e impacto de la enfermedad, tanto clínica, económicamente y de salud pública; logrando así propuestas de control (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Roche, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Windsor, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Wittington <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>)</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Se confirma la presencia del <italic>Mycobacterium avium</italic> subsp <italic>paratuberculosis</italic> como agente etiológico de la enfermedad clínica, además de observar la presencia elevada de frecuencia de animales seropositivos a MAP, en rebaños del Valle Central del estado de Aguascalientes, México. Lo cual la convierte en una patología de alto impacto en la producción ovina del estado.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title><italic>Mycobacterium avium</italic> ssp. <italic>paratuberculosis</italic> identification and seroprevalence in sheep flocks in Aguascalientes</article-title>
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			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					<p>Code: 2020-74.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<p>With the objective of identifying the presence of Paratuberculosis (PTB), an infectious disease caused by <italic>Mycobacterium avium</italic> ssp paratuberculosis (MAP), in sheep, through pathological studies, bacterial culture and <italic>IS900</italic> PCR, as well as estimating seroprevalence to MAP. The present cross-sectional study, was conducted in 16 different flocks, with the serum of 2415 adult sheeps, and analyzed by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA); nine sheep were used with clinical signs suggestive of PTB, from which samples were obtained for the identification studies; obtaining 51.3% of animals seropositive to MAP (1239/2415), in 100% of the herds (16/16); Bacterial isolation and its identification by PCR <italic>IS900</italic> were founded in five of the nine cases (5/9) corresponding to 31.25% of the herds (5/16). Confirming the presence of <italic>Mycobacterium avium</italic> ssp <italic>paratuberculosis</italic>, and a high frequency of seropositive animals to MAP in flocks of Aguascalientes.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Paratuberculosis</kwd>
				<kwd>sheep</kwd>
				<kwd>seroprevalence</kwd>
				<kwd>Mycobacterium</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Paratuberculosis (PTB) or Johne's disease (JD), is a chronic infectious disease that causes granulomatous enteritis in ruminants and eventually other species, with a wide worldwide distribution; caused by <italic>Mycobacterium avium</italic> ssp. <italic>paratuberculosis</italic> (MAP) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Coelho <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>). Classified by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) as a communicable disease, with socio-economic and public health impact, suggesting the participation of MAP in Crohn's disease in humans (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">OIE, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Balseiro <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref><italic>;</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Gioffré <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). Three different strains of MAP have been described: type I (Sheep), type II (Cattle) and type III (Bison or intermediate), according to their preference for infecting different species of ruminants and their different requirements for their bacterial isolation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Begg and Whittington, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Windsor, 2015</xref>). The disease is characterized by signs of progressive emaciation, submandibular edema, and eventually the death of the animals. The main route of infection is fecal-oral, with an incubation period that ranges from one to four years, which is why signs of the disease can be observed from one year of life (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Chávez <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>), once MAP enters the intestine, it lodges in macrophages, constituting a granulomatous infection where variable amounts of bacteria can be observed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Begg and Whittington, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Windsor, 2015</xref>). The diagnosis, prevalence and impact of the disease are scarce and inconclusive both in Latin America and in Mexico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Chávez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Begg and Whittington, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fernández <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>In Mexico, the presence of PTB in sheep has been detected in various states of the country, such as San Luis Potosí, Guanajuato, Querétaro, Mexico City, the State of Mexico and Veracruz (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Estévez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>). Particularly, in Aguascalientes State, the activity of sheep farming, as in other states of the country, has grown since 1990 by more than 100%, with a meat production of approximately 612 tons in 2018, being the Valle area, made up of the municipalities of Aguascalientes, San Francisco de los Romo, Rincón de Romos, Jesús María, Pabellón de Arteaga and Asientos, where 85% of the State's sheep meat production and livestock activity in general are concentrated (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">SIAP, 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>It is very important to highlight that in this region there are no records of the diagnosis and identification of the diseases that are capable of affecting sheep herds and the adverse effect that these can cause on productivity. In Aguascalientes State there are unquantified cases of adult animals with progressive emaciation and mortality, however, a diagnosis is not made and it is impossible to determine if there is PTB.</p>
				<p>Therefore, the objective of this work is to identify the presence of MAP through pathological studies, culture and PCR in sheep with a clinical picture suggestive of PTB, as well as to determine the seroprevalence against MAP by means of ELISA in sheep herds from the Aguascalientes Valley.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Study design</title>
					<p>This descriptive-cross-sectional study was carried out in Aguascalientes State, Mexico, with the herds and study animals selected according to the non-probabilistic method &quot;for convenience&quot; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Trusfield, 2018</xref>). In this way, 16 sheep herds were selected with populations ranging between 60 and 340 individuals, making up a total study population of 2,415 animals (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>), where the herd was required to have clinical signs of chronic progressive emaciation suggestive to PTB in at least one specimen older than one year; considering each herd as an experimental unit.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f5">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Sheep with signs of emaciation and submandibular edema suggestive of PTB</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e105-gf5.gif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Paratuberculosis seroprevalence results (ELISA), autopsies performed and bacterial isolation results, by herd in the Aguascalientes Valley</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">Herd number</th>
										<th align="center">Seroprevalence %</th>
										<th align="center">Positive results ELISA-PPA-3</th>
										<th align="center">Animals older tan 1 year</th>
										<th align="center">Specimens with clinical sings suggestive of PTB /Necropsy performed</th>
										<th align="center">Baterial isolation and positive PCR</th>
										<th align="center">Location by municipality</th>
									</tr></thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">14</td>
										<td align="center">91.3</td>
										<td align="center">168</td>
										<td align="center">184</td>
										<td align="center">+/1</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">Rincón de Romos</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">6</td>
										<td align="center">84.4</td>
										<td align="center">287</td>
										<td align="center">340</td>
										<td align="center">+/1</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">Aguascalientes (sur)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">3</td>
										<td align="center">76.3</td>
										<td align="center">122</td>
										<td align="center">160</td>
										<td align="center">+/0</td>
										<td align="center">Nr</td>
										<td align="center">Rincón de Romos</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">11</td>
										<td align="center">73.1</td>
										<td align="center">117</td>
										<td align="center">160</td>
										<td align="center">+/1</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">Asientos</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">64.4</td>
										<td align="center">125</td>
										<td align="center">194</td>
										<td align="center">+/1</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">Jesús María</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">9</td>
										<td align="center">61.4</td>
										<td align="center">72</td>
										<td align="center">140</td>
										<td align="center">+/1</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">Asientos</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">4</td>
										<td align="center">58.6</td>
										<td align="center">99</td>
										<td align="center">169</td>
										<td align="center">+/1</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">Aguascalientes (sur)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">15</td>
										<td align="center">56.8</td>
										<td align="center">50</td>
										<td align="center">88</td>
										<td align="center">+/1</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">San Francisco de los Romo C</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">13</td>
										<td align="center">54.5</td>
										<td align="center">36</td>
										<td align="center">66</td>
										<td align="center">+/0</td>
										<td align="center">Nr</td>
										<td align="center">Pabellón de Arteaga</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">16</td>
										<td align="center">46.7</td>
										<td align="center">56</td>
										<td align="center">120</td>
										<td align="center">+/0</td>
										<td align="center">Nr</td>
										<td align="center">Aguascalientes (Nte)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">1</td>
										<td align="center">43.8</td>
										<td align="center">35</td>
										<td align="center">80</td>
										<td align="center">+/1</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">Jesús María</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">8</td>
										<td align="center">28.3</td>
										<td align="center">17</td>
										<td align="center">60</td>
										<td align="center">+/0</td>
										<td align="center">Nr</td>
										<td align="center">Pabellón de Arteaga</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">5</td>
										<td align="center">12.9</td>
										<td align="center">8</td>
										<td align="center">62</td>
										<td align="center">+/0</td>
										<td align="center">Nr</td>
										<td align="center">Aguascalientes (Nte)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">7</td>
										<td align="center">9.5</td>
										<td align="center">31</td>
										<td align="center">326</td>
										<td align="center">+/0</td>
										<td align="center">Nr</td>
										<td align="center">Aguascalientes (sur)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">12</td>
										<td align="center">8.1</td>
										<td align="center">8</td>
										<td align="center">99</td>
										<td align="center">+/0</td>
										<td align="center">Nr</td>
										<td align="center">San Francisco de los Romo</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">2</td>
										<td align="center">4.8</td>
										<td align="center">8</td>
										<td align="center">167</td>
										<td align="center">+/1</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">San Francisco de Los Romo</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">16</td>
										<td align="center">51.3</td>
										<td align="center">1239</td>
										<td align="center">2415</td>
										<td align="center">16/9</td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2">
									<p>Nr: Not perfomed</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Sampling</title>
					<p><italic>Blood serum</italic>. 5 mL of blood were obtained by venipuncture of the jugular, which was collected in tubes without additive for obtaining serum; later the samples were stored at - 20 °C until their use in the ELISA test.</p>
					<p>ELISA. The previously obtained sera were analyzed by means of the indirect enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) using the protoplasmic antigen PPA3 (Allied, Mo.), which has a specificity of 75% and a sensitivity of 64% according to the protocol used by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">García (1992)</xref>.</p>
					<p><italic>Obtaining samples for histopathological study and isolation of MAP</italic>. Taking <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Timoney (1988)</xref> as a reference and observing the clinical course of the animals and the epidemiological characteristics of the 9 herds, a presumptive diagnosis was established in 9 animals; who presented signs of progressive emaciation, hair or hairy wool, submandibular edema, lesions and loose stools. Thus, understanding that 56.25% of the study herds presented at least one suggestive case to PTB.</p>
					<p>Subsequently, the 9 animals were sacrificed with an overdose of sodium pentobarbital (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">NOM-033-SAG/ZOO-2014</xref>) according to the guidelines established in the “Ethics Committee for the use of animals in teaching and research of the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes”.</p>
					<p>The confirmation of these cases was carried out through necropsy and identification of lesions, thus ruling out the presence of possible lesions suggestive of differential diagnoses of pseudotuberculosis (<italic>Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis</italic>), digestive alterations due to the presence of foreign bodies, neoplasms, chronic pneumonias and severe parasitosis, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Straub, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Windsor, 2014</xref>).</p>
					<p>After that, samples of intestinal sections of the ileum and jejunum were taken, which showed thickening of the intestinal mucosa that suggested lesions associated with paratuberculosis. These sections were fixed in buffered formalin (pH 7.6) for subsequent histological processing, using Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stains, the latter in order to demonstrate the presence of acid-fast bacilli (BAAR) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Estévez, 2006</xref>). Similarly, samples for bacterial isolation were obtained from 30-cm sections of the ileum and jejunum that showed lesions suggestive of PTB (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Chávez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Dennis <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>), being deposited in sterile plastic containers for its conservation at -20 ºC until its processing in the laboratory.</p>
					<p><italic>Bacterial culture from intestine</italic>. In turn, samples taken from the intestine were scraped from the intestinal mucosa with a sterile scalpel, processing them for decontamination and concentration of mycobacteria, according to the methodology described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Sánchez and Guerrero<italic>,</italic> 2006</xref>. Later, the material from the interface obtained was inoculated in the Löwentein-Jensen (L-Jm) culture media with mycobactin, placing three to eight drops of each of the samples, distributing it over the entire surface of the medium. From each sample, two different tubes were inoculated with L-Jm medium, one containing mycobactin and the second without mycobactin. Later they were incubated at 37 ° C, keeping them in an inclined position and without humidity. Bacterial growth was verified every four weeks until week twelve, the media where no growth was observed, continued in incubation until week 40 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">De Juan <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Whittington, 2010</xref>).</p>
					<p>PCR <italic>IS900</italic>. Molecular identification was carried out from the growth of the MAP colonies, by means of endpoint PCR, using the primers <italic>IS900</italic>P3N (5'-GGG TGT GGC GTT TTC CTT CG-3 ') and <italic>IS900</italic>P5N (5'-ATTTCGCCGCCACCGCCACG-3 ') (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Chávez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2004</xref>).</p>
					<p><italic>Estimation of seroprevalence.</italic> The prevalence was estimated based on the proportion of animals that were positive in the ELISA test, in relation to the total population of adult animals in each of the herds. The information generated in the study was evaluated and contrasted using Descriptive Statistics tests, using “Analysis for one variable”, with the support of the “Statgraphics Centurion XV” <sup>TM</sup> package (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fernandez <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p><italic>Seroprevalence.</italic> The mean seroprevalence percentage of the 16 herds was 51.3%, with a minimum value of 4.8% and a maximum value of 91.33% with a 95.0% confidence interval for the mean of: [32.7173, 62.3415]. The individual seroprevalence results for each herd are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>. In the sixteen herds in which the ELISA tests (PPA- 3) were performed, positive cases were identified, obtaining a seroprevalence calculated at “herd level” 100% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>).</p>
				<p><italic>Anatomopathological study</italic>. In the 9 animals that were necropsied, they presented emaciation, hairy wool or hair, submandibular edema (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>), presence of ascites, fat degeneration, as well as apparent thickening of the intestinal mucosa at the ileum and jejunum (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>), in addition to an increase in the size of the mesenteric lymph nodes and their fusion, not finding evidence of alterations or lesions suggestive of another differential etiology to cases of PTB. Through the histopathological study, it was possible to observe in 8 of the 9 animals studied (88.8%), the presence of enteritis, granulomatous lymphadenitis with the presence of macrophages, giant cells and the presence of countless Acid-Alcohol Resistant Bacteria (ABB) by staining from Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN). Determined as multibacillary lesions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>). While in 1 of the 9 animals studied (11.2%), the presence of multifocal granulomatous lesions with a low number of bacilli (BAAR) inside macrophages was observed, coinciding with a paucibacillary lesion.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Macroscopic lesions corresponding to intestinal thickening characteristic of granulomatous enteritis</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e105-gf6.gif"></graphic>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Histopathological lesions of multibacillary ID, Ziehl-Neelsen stain 400X where multiple BAARs are observed in intestinal mucosa</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e105-gf7.gif"></graphic>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p><italic>Bacterial isolation</italic>. After 12 weeks of incubation, in 5 cases (55.5%), development of yellow, creamy, convex and circular colonies characteristic of MAP were observed in L- Jm media added with mycobactin. While in 4 of the cases (44.5%), no colony development was observed until week 40. All the media that were not added with mycobactin did not show growth.</p>
				<p><italic>PCR IS900.</italic> From the five bacterial isolates obtained, amplification products of the IS900 sequence corresponding to 310 base pairs (bp) were obtained, thus confirming the presence of MAP from these isolates obtained (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Photograph of a 2% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. Where amplification products with a size of 310 bp are observed, from DNA of bacterial colonies obtained from intestinal tissue, where the molecular weight marker 100 bp, C + positive control, negative control lane 1 (water ), lanes 3 to 7 amplification product obtained from isolates 03, 04, 05, 06 and 09, which correspond to an IS<italic>900</italic> insert fragment of MAP (*).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e105-gf8.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Thus, in 100% of the sample (16 study herds) MAP seropositivity was obtained; in turn, in 31.25% of the sample (5 herds) the presence of MAP was confirmed by bacterial isolation and identification by PCR IS900 from the animals that presented clinical symptoms at the time of the study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Results obtained &quot;By herd&quot; corresponding to the different diagnostic and identification methods used</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">Seropositivity to MAP</th>
									<th align="justify">Animals with sings and necropsy lesions suggestive of PTB</th>
									<th align="justify"><bold>Bacterial isolation fro lesions in the small intestine and posive <italic>IS900</italic> PCR</bold></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">16/16</td>
									<td align="center">9/16</td>
									<td align="center">5/16</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">100%</td>
									<td align="center">56.25%</td>
									<td align="center">31.25%</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The mean seroprevalence obtained in the present study (51.3%) is reported to be high, compared to other studies conducted to measure prevalence both in the country and worldwide, considering that the disease internationally has a high prevalence in different species of ruminants, with 20% and up to 40% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Whittington <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>). In Mexico, various studies indicate serological evidence for MAP such as those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Jaimes <italic>et al.,</italic> (2008)</xref> in San Luis Potosí, Mexico; where the seroprevalence results in sheep by the Agar-gel immunodiffusion method was 44%. While in Nayarit state, 28.94% was reported in sheep, through ELISA tests (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Mejía <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). In Latin America, few studies carried out in sheep show a wide variability in the prevalence of MAP, where prevalences from an average 4.3% in sheep are reported (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Fernández <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), to 54.08% of seroprevalence to MAP in sheep in Brazil, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Medeiros <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>Given the few studies, and a wide variation in the methodology and diagnostic test used to assess the prevalence of PTB, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Espechit <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Whittington <italic>et al.,</italic> (2019)</xref> point out that this results in a great variability of the results, and consequently, an underestimation of the presence and true impact of paratuberculosis.</p>
				<p>Despite the high frequency results obtained, at the time of the study, only clinical cases (9/16) were found in 56.25% of the herds studied, where all of them show multibacillary or paucibacillary histopathological lesions, characteristic of the disease where if it is considered that these occur in individuals older than one year of age, with a prolonged time of infection coupled with the presentation of a characteristic clinical picture, highly suggestive of PTB, they can be considered a definitive diagnosis of MAP individually, hardly ruled out by other tests such as culture and PCR as mentioned by several authors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Pérez <italic>et al</italic>., 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Dennis <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Windsor, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Whittingtong <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>Considering that the nine animals that were necropsied presented lesions characteristic of PTB, only in 55.5% (5/9) was bacterial isolation achieved despite presenting multibacillary lesions in eight of the nine. The difficulty of isolating MAP, the culture medium used considering the possible variation of the type of MAP present, &quot;S&quot; or &quot;C&quot;, which present a difference in nutritional requirements for growth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Elguezabal <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Whittington, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Stevenson, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Whittington <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), or at the time of the bacterial decontamination process, where the number of viable bacteria for cultivation and isolation can be reduced. The isolation and cultivation of the microorganism in sheep is extremely difficult, being in sheep herds that fecal culture detects fewer than clinical cases and requires more than 12 months for incubation, as reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Windsor (2015)</xref>, as well as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Whittington, 2010</xref>.</p>
				<p>The subsequent confirmation and identification of the isolates obtained from MAP by means of IS<italic>900</italic> PCR, carried out from the five cultures obtained, confirmed the presence of MAP. Some authors currently suggest that the identification of the bacteria by PCR be carried out from the samples obtained from the tissues, speeding up the time of the results, without directly depending on the cultures obtained, since the diagnostic times are prolonged by the characteristics of MAP isolation, indicating that this test has a similar efficacy with cultures (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Kawaji <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Nilsen <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Whittington <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>According to authors such as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Kumthekar, <italic>et al.</italic>, (2013)</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Konbon (2018)</xref>, determining the degree of infection of the disease in herds allows establishing adequate control programs that significantly impact the cost-benefit; primarily considering test-scrap. Well, given the infeasibility of discarding and considering the limited availability of some producers for the vaccination of herds, the control measures must be framed towards a strengthening of biosecurity.</p>
				<p>Considering thus the early separation of the lambs and the elimination of animals with initial clinical signs of the disease, it may be a measure that positively impacts the reduction of the prevalence of the disease (Robee, 2011; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Windsor 2015</xref>). Emphasizing that professionals in the animal health sector and leaders of the productive sector have a clear knowledge of the degree of presence and impact of the disease, both clinically, economically and public health; thus achieving control proposals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Roche, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Windsor, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Wittington <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>)</p>
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			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The presence of <italic>Mycobacterium avium</italic> ssp <italic>paratuberculosis</italic> is confirmed as an etiological agent of the clinical disease, in addition to observing the high frequency presence of animals seropositive to MAP, in herds of the Central Valley of Aguascalientes state, Mexico which makes it a high-impact pathology in sheep production in the state.</p>
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