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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.40</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00130</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Serovariedades de <italic>Leptospira</italic> y riesgos de contagio en humanos y perros de la ciudad de Culiacán, Sinaloa, México</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7675-6141</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hernández-Ramírez</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5078-7636</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gaxiola-Camacho</surname>
						<given-names>Soila</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6205-6083</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Enriquéz-Verdugo</surname>
						<given-names>Idalia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7693-6951</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rivas-Llamas</surname>
						<given-names>Ramón</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4419-0710</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Osuna-Ramírez</surname>
						<given-names>Ignacio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Servicios de Salud de Sinaloa Departamento de Prevención y Control de Vectores y Zoonosis. México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Servicios de Salud de Sinaloa Departamento de Prevención y Control de Vectores y Zoonosis</institution>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa</institution>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Servicios de Salud de Sinaloa Atención Hospitalaria Departamento de Hemovigilancia, </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Servicios de Salud de Sinaloa Atención Hospitalaria</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Unidad de Investigación en Salud Pública Faculad de Química y Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculad de Química y Ciencias Biológicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa</institution>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">*Autor Responsable: Gaxiola Camacho Soila, *Autor de correspondencia: Gaxiola Camacho Soila- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa Blv.San Angel s/n, Colonia San Benito, Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico CP 80246. <email>mvzhernandez_sin@hotmail.com.mx</email>, <email>soilagaxiola@uas.edu.mx</email>, <email>enver@uas.edu.mx</email>, <email>rivasllamasdr@gmail.com</email>, <email>ior6510@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>			
			<elocation-id>e130</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>06</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>12</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>La leptospirosis es la zoonosis más difundida en el mundo, en México es un padecimiento de notificación obligatoria, se relaciona al perro como el más importante en la transmisión al hombre. Para Identificar las serovariedades y factores de contagio en humanos y perros, se analizaron por la técnica de aglutinación microscópica (MAT) 247 muestras de suero humano de bancos de sangre. Mediante una encuesta epidemilógica, se obtuvieron datos relacionados al trabajo. Se recolectaron 106 muestras de sueros de perros, en domicilios de los humanos seropositivos analizándose por MAT. Se utilizó la prueba de <italic>Ji</italic> cuadrada de <italic>Pearson</italic>; las estimaciones de OR fueron realizadas utilizando un modelo de regresión logística simple, mediante el programa Stata Intercooled versión 13.1. En los humanos se detectaron anticuerpos antileptospira para cinco serovariedades, Canicola, Icterohaemorragiae, Pyrogenes, Autumnalis, Pomona. En los perros se identificaron anticuerpos contra once serovariedades; Wolffi, Bratislava, Australis, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Pyrogenes, Hardjo, Icterohaemorragiae, Pomona, Hebdomadis y Shermani. Todas las serovariedades probadas en los caninos se observaron en humanos. Los factores de riesgo asociados para los seres humanos, fue su ocupación laboral p&lt;0.05. Para los perros las hembras tuvieron mayor riesgo (p&lt;0.05; OR= 2.9). En humanos y caninos hubo anticuerpos antileptospira, en total 12 serovariedades.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>leptospirosis</kwd>
				<kwd>leptospira</kwd>
				<kwd>prevalencia</kwd>
				<kwd>factores de riesgo</kwd>
				<kwd>humanos</kwd>
				<kwd>caninos</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="10"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="56"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Anualmente se estiman en los seres humanos más de un millón de casos de leptospirosis, en el mundo con 59,000 muertes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Costa <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>), sin embargo, el número exacto se desconoce ya que los sistemas de diagnóstico y registro epidemiológicos son difíciles de aplicar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Berlios <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Jobbins <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>). El continente africano cuenta con la más alta incidencia de especies endémicas de leptospira y la tasa de incidencia en humanos alcanzó 95.5/100,000 habitantes. En Asia se observó en un hospital de Malasia una seroprevalencia de leptospirosis en el 8.4% de los pacientes febriles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Noor <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>), así mismo en Corea se llegó a reportar hasta el 12.4% de estos pacientes con seropositividad a <italic>Leptospira</italic> spp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Kim, 2013</xref>), en la India en un estudio realizado en pacientes febriles de 15 hospitales y clínicas particulares se registró un 4% de pacientes positivos mediante la prueba de aglutinación microscópica (MAT) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Basker <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). En 1916 se registra el primer informe que resalta la importancia que tiene la leptospirosis canina en la salud pública, al observar la enfermedad en dos personas que habían estado en contacto con un perro ictérico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Jansen <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>). El ser humano es susceptible a un gran número de serovariedades y el período de incubación de la enfermedad generalmente dura de una a dos semanas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">García <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>). Aunque existen casos con incubación, tan cortas como de dos días y otras de más de tres semanas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Bofill <italic>et al.,</italic> 1988</xref>), los signos y síntomas son inespecíficos por lo cual se les puede confundir fácilmente con otros procesos infecciosos de tipo bacteriano o viral, como dengue, influenza, paludismo y brucelosis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Dircio <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">NOM-029-SSA2-1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Adler y de la Peña 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Haake y Levett, 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>La principal fuente de contagio para los animales y en particular los perros la constituye la orina de animales infectados asintomáticos, por su condición de portadores, los roedores son los reservorios naturales más importantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Songer y Thiermann 1988</xref>). No todos los serovares se presentan en las mismas áreas geográficas, pero de igual manera afectan a los humanos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Torres <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). En los perros la infección por la serovariedad Canicola se considera la más común, la serovariedad Icterohaemorragiae es menos frecuente y se le relaciona con los roedores <italic>Rattus rattus</italic> y <italic>Mus musculus</italic> como portadores y transmisores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Torres, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Socolovschi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Calderon <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). La edad, raza y género de los perros representan factores de riesgo para la leptospirosis, asimismo, las características ambientales, como el aumento de lluvias y de la temperatura ambiente, han demostrado estar relacionadas con un aumento de incidencia de la enfermedad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Alton <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>). El contacto con la calle es un factor de riesgo importante para la población canina, los machos adultos, deambulan más por las calles que las hembras y los cachorros, por lo que tienen más contacto con otros animales. Además los perros presentan el comportamiento de marcar territorio, lo que ocasiona que libere y esparza la bacteria, lo que contribuye al ciclo de transmisión (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Raghavana <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). Investigaciones relacionadas con la etiología de la leptospirosis en algunas especies de animales domésticos, en especial los perros, indican que estos representan un riesgo de infección directa para los humanos, dada su estrecha relación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Hernández <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>), la presencia de perros y roedores infectados en los ecosistemas urbanos que se encuentran en gran parte bajo el control humano, parecen menos propensos a las variaciones estacionales naturales manteniendo poblaciones constantes de estos animales durante todo el año (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Himsworth <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>). Los perros intervienen de manera muy importante en la permanencia de la bacteria en el medio ambiente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Calderón <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Rodríguez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>), pues, como animales de compañía, son una fuente importante para la transmisión de la leptospirosis para el hombre (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Allwood <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Jiménez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>), principalmente los serovares Icterohaemorrhagiae y Canicola (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Gualtieri <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Stokes <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>). A diferencia de la infección humana, los factores de riesgo de la leptospirosis en los animales no se conocen completamente y se requieren más estudios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Kikuti <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>). Para prevenir la leptospirosis en los perros se utilizan bacterinas con los serovares Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae y Pomona (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">da Silva <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Shekatkar <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Tian <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Barmettler <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>). La aplicación de este biológico es responsabilidad de los propietarios, ya que no se realiza de manera masiva.</p>
			<p>En México los primeros trabajos sobre leptospirosis fueron realizados en 1920 en el estado de Yucatán, por Noguchi y Kleiger, quienes aislaron por primera vez a la espiroqueta de pacientes con diagnóstico de fiebre amarilla, en 1954 el Dr. Gerardo Varela, lleva a cabo las primeras encuestas seroepidemiológicas en Veracruz y Tampico posteriormente en otros estados de la República Mexicana, en 1961 observó casos en 19 entidades principalmente Campeche, Tabasco, Colima y el Distrito Federal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Varela <italic>et al</italic>., 1972</xref>). Se han realizado estudios de seroprevalencias de leptospirosis en seres humanos y perros en algunas regiones del país, en Chiapas el Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas del Sureste menciona una seropositividad del 14.5% en seres humanos, en perros domiciliados (con dueño) el 23% y en perros callejeros el 55% de seropositivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Zavala <italic>et al.,</italic> 1984</xref>). El Instituto Nacional de Referencia Epidemiológica (InDRE) realizó estudios sobre el binomio hombre-perro de diversas regiones de México y encontraron títulos de 1:160 o superiores en 46% de los propietarios y en 62% de los animales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Zuñiga y Caro, 2012</xref>). A partir del año 2000 se inicia en México el registro nacional de los casos de leptospirosis. Al analizar los datos, se observa que el estado de Sinaloa, ha permanecido históricamente dentro de los primeros lugares de leptospirosis humana a nivel nacional, durante el período 2005- 2016 se notificaron 297 casos de leptospirosis con 124 defunciones (letalidad del 41.7%), además, durante 17 años el estado ha ocupado el primer lugar nacional en mortalidad por este padecimiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">DGIS, 2017</xref>). De acuerdo a los resultados de muestras de humanos enviadas al Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Pública del Estado de Sinaloa y muestras de perros de Sinaloa, examinadas en el laboratorio de Sanidad Animal en Tecámac Edo. de México, se han identificado anticuerpos antileptospira en seres humanos y en perros. Los factores de riesgo en las áreas donde conviven ambas especies pueden determinar la presencia de la enfermedad, por lo anterior, el objetivo de esta investigación es identificar la presencia de anticuerpos de las serovariedades de <italic>Leptospira</italic> en humanos y perros, así como los factores de contagio asociados a la enfermedad.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>El estudio se realizó en la ciudad de Culiacán, Sinaloa, México localidad ubicada a 24º 48' latitud Norte y 107º 23' longitud Oeste, a una altitud promedio sobre el nivel del mar de 60 metros; el clima de la región se clasifica como semi seco muy cálido BS1(h') con una temperatura anual promedio de 25.5ºC con máximas de 45ºC en los meses de julio y agosto y mínimas de 7º C en diciembre y enero. Presenta una precipitación pluvial anual de 671.14 mm, con precipitaciones máximas en los meses de julio, agosto y septiembre (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">INEGI, 2017</xref>). El tamaño de la muestra se determinó tomando en consideración una prevalencia de reactividad antileptospira del 18% en la población mexicana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Benavides <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">De Igartua <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Gavaldón, <italic>et al.,</italic> 1995</xref>) y se calculó de acuerdo a la fórmula para estimación de las proporciones para muestras finitas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Wayne, 2006</xref>).</p>
			<p><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mi>*</mml:mi><mml:mi>Z</mml:mi><mml:mi>*</mml:mi><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mi>*</mml:mi><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>*</mml:mi><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>Z</mml:mi><mml:mi>*</mml:mi><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mi>*</mml:mi><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac></mml:math></p>
			<p>Donde</p>
			<p>n = tamaño de la muestra</p>
			<p>N = población susceptible donadores de sangre promedio anual (6,000) </p>
			<p>Z = valor distribución normal estándar (1.96)</p>
			<p>d = coeficiente de confiabilidad (0.05) </p>
			<p>p= proporción (0.18)</p>
			<p>n= 219</p>
			<p>Proporción esperada de perdidas (R) 10% </p>
			<p>Muestra ajustada n= 243</p>
			<p>Se realizó un muestreo al azar durante un período de seis meses (junio-diciembre) en bancos de sangre de dos hospitales públicos. Las muestras se obtuvieron de 247 donadores de sangre de la ciudad de Culiacán, sin distinción de género ni edad, aceptados conforme a la Norma Oficial Mexicana <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">NOM-253-SSA1-2012</xref>. Criterios de exclusión, ninguno, a excepción del mismo participante (autoeliminación). Una vez obtenidas las muestras se centrifugaron durante 10 min a 1008 <italic>Xg,</italic> el suero se mantuvo en ultracongelación a -40<sup>o</sup>C hasta su uso. El estudio de las muestras serológicas se llevó a cabo en el Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Pública del Estado de Veracruz mediante la prueba MAT. Conforme a los Lineamientos para la Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Leptospirosis, mediante Aglutinación Microscópica del Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE). La detección de anticuerpos aglutinantes se observa a partir de 4 diluciones (1:80, 1:160, 1:320, 1:640) sin embargo, esto no es indicativo de la enfermedad, solo demuestra que la persona en algún momento se infectó con la bacteria. Conforme a los lineamientos mencionados anteriormente, para el diagnóstico confirmatorio, en los humanos, se realizó con una segunda muestra obtenida 15 días después de la primera.</p>
			<p>Las muestras de sangre de los donadores fueron obtenidas, previa autorización por medio de consentimiento informado conforme a lo establecido por el Comité de Ética e Investigación de los hospitales.</p>
			<p>En seguimiento a los casos de los donadores de sangre, con resultado positivo, se visitaron sus domicilios para proceder al muestreo de perros, tanto dentro de la casa como en los alrededores de la misma; se obtuvieron 116 muestras serológicas de perros, no inmunizados con la bacterina contra <italic>Leptospira spp</italic>, esto se realizó previo consentimiento informado de los propietarios o responsables de los animales. Antes de tomar las muestras de sangre, se aplicó un cuestionario a los responsables de las mascotas para obtener información relacionada con las condiciones y características del lugar donde vivían; las muestras de sangre (3 ml) se obtuvieron mediante punción de la vena yugular, se depositaron en un tubo de vacío sin anticoagulante, se centrifugaron durante diez minutos a 1008 <italic>Xg</italic> y se obtuvieron las muestras de suero, libres de contaminantes, no hemolizadas y se mantuvieron a -40 ° C en un ultracongelador. Una vez recolectadas, todas las muestras se trasladaron al laboratorio del Centro Nacional de Salud Animal en Tecamac, Estado de México, donde fueron procesadas usando la prueba MAT, la cual detecta la presencia de anticuerpos aglutinantes para cada uno de los serovares probados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Gautam <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>), se utilizó un panel que incluía los siguientes serovariedades: Ballum, Canicola, Hardjo, Pomona, Pyogenes, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Bratislava, Wolffi, Australis, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis y Shermani. Los puntos de corte de las pruebas consideraron títulos de 1:100 o más como positivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">OMS, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">NOM-253-SSA1-2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Lau <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>).</p>
			<p><bold>Análisis estadístico</bold>. Para evidenciar si existía diferencia estadísticamente
				significativa entre las distintas serovariedades identificadas de
					<italic>Leptospira</italic>, los resultados se analizaron por la prueba de
					<italic>Ji</italic> cuadrado de <italic>Pearson</italic> para homogeneidad de
				proporciones considerando un valor estadísticamente significativo de P&lt;0.05. Las
				estimaciones absolutas de razón de momios (OR) fueron realizadas usando un modelo de
				regresión logística simple. Todos los análisis se realizaron utilizando el paquete
				estadístico Stata intercooled versión 13.1.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Se analizaron 247 muestras de donadores de sangre de hospitales públicos resultando 8 seropositivas (3.23%). Se observó una tendencia de los casos hacia el nororiente de la ciudad de Culiacán, en donde se registraron tres casos en colonias contiguas, todas localizadas cerca de corrales improvisados frente a la entrada principal del basurero municipal. En estas colonias, sus habitantes conviven de manera rutinaria con ganado porcino, ovino y caprino, la mayoría alimentados con desechos orgánicos y que llegan a tomar agua de las mismas charcas que perros, aves carroñeras y roedores. Además, todas las muestras seropositivas provienen de sectores de un nivel socioeconómico bajo, en estas viviendas es común encontrar acumulo de basura, calles sin pavimento, recipientes plásticos, mal manejo del agua almacenada y estancamientos de agua, estos factores y la presencia de reservorios incrementa el riesgo de contagio de leptospirosis en humanos y perros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Lau <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Hernández, 2019</xref>). Las serovariedades que reaccionaron a la prueba MAT, de mayor a menor frecuencia de seropositivos fueron: Canicola 4 (50%), Icterohaemorragiae 3 (37.5%), Pyrogenes 2 (25%), Autumnalis 2 (25%), Pomona 2 (25%). Los títulos más altos (1:360) se observaron para las serovariedades Canicola, Icterohaemorragiae y Pyrogenes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>). Estas tres serovariedades están consideradas las más patógenas en los seres humanos. En una investigación realizada en perros de la misma ciudad, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Hernández <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref> reportan las prevalencias más altas en la serovariedades, Canicola e Icterohaemorragia. Para que existan anticuerpos antileptospira en los seres humanos estos tuvieron que haber sufrido una infección (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">OMS, 2008</xref>) ya que en nuestro país no se utilizan vacunas para prevención de la enfermedad.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Serovariedades y títulos de <italic>Leptospira</italic> identificados en donadores de sangre</title>
					</caption>
					<table style="border: 1px solid black; border collapse: collapse" border="1">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Casos seropositivos colonia</td>
								<td align="justify">Serovariedad</td>
								<td align="justify">Título</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">El Mirador</td>
								<td align="justify">Canicola Icterohaemorrhagiae</td>
								<td align="justify">1:80 1:80</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Adolfo López Mateos</td>
								<td align="justify">Canicola Icterohaemorrhagiae</td>
								<td align="justify">1:80 1:160</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Rafael Buelna</td>
								<td align="justify">Canicola Pyrogenes</td>
								<td align="justify">1:320 1:320</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Pemex</td>
								<td align="justify">Canicola Pyrogenes</td>
								<td align="justify">1;80 1:80</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Buenavista</td>
								<td align="justify">Pomona</td>
								<td align="justify">1:80</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Fracc. Nueva Galicia</td>
								<td align="justify">Pomona</td>
								<td align="justify">1:160</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Rosario Uzárraga</td>
								<td align="justify">Autumnalis</td>
								<td align="justify">1:80</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Fracc. San Fernando</td>
								<td align="justify">Icterohaemorrhagiae<break/> Autumnalis</td>
								<td align="justify">1:320<break/> 1:80</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>La información general obtenida de las encuestas realizadas a los donadores de sangre indica la procedencia de las muestras, 138 colonias y fraccionamientos de la ciudad de Culiacán, las cuales fueron divididas en tres estratos, popular 83%, medio 15% y alto 2%. Respecto a su grupo de ocupación laboral se observó lo siguiente: el 5% realiza actividades dentro del área de la agricultura y ganadería, el 63% realiza algún tipo de oficio y el 32% es profesionista, el número de moradores por domicilio en promedio fue 4.3 personas, el 53% de los participantes manifestó ser propietario de algún perro. Las características de los perros en el estudio fue la siguiente: el 53% fueron mestizos y el 47% de alguna raza, además, la mayoría menores de 13 meses (94%) y el 70% cuenta con vacuna antirrábica, 64% corresponde a machos, del total únicamente el 10% permanece dentro de la casa, el 32% vive en el patio y el 58% entra y sale de la vivienda. El 59% de las encuestas revela la presencia de roedores en casas o calles, el 94% de las personas encuestadas refiere la presencia de otros perros en la calle; el lugar donde viven los perros indica que el 49% vive en patios con pisos de cemento, 30% en tierra y 21% en ambos tipos de piso. Se observó que el 99% de los domicilios cuenta con agua entubada, en el 65% de los domicilios existen tambos o piletas para almacenar agua, y el 95% cuentan con drenaje. El número de mascotas encontradas en los domicilios indica que los propietarios tienen en promedio 1.4 perros por domicilio.</p>
			<p>No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para la presentación de la infección, en las variables relacionadas con: el estrato socioeconómico, número de habitantes en el domicilio, si poseen perro o no, edad de las mascotas, raza, sexo, si viven en la casa en los patios en ambos espacios, tampoco se observaron diferencias significativas relacionadas con la permanencia en la calle y la casa, presencia de roedores, presencia de otros perros en la calle, en los tipos de piso en que viven las mascotas (cemento, tierra, ambos), si los domicilios cuentan con agua entubada, tambos, piletas y drenaje. Se observó diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p=0.02) para las personas que tienen como ocupación laboral un oficio, en el caso específico de los donadores de sangre seropositivos correspondieron a los oficios de empleados de la construcción, almacenistas, trabajadores de tiendas departamentales, electricista, comerciante, cerrajero y un servidor público (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>). Existen investigaciones realizadas para determinar prevalencia de leptospirosis en grupos de riesgo como trabajadores de rastros, mercados, recolectores de basura, jornaleros agrícolas, trabajadores y otros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Rahman <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alinaitwe <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Azafar <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), pero no en grupos aparentemente no relacionados con la enfermedad, como es el caso de esta investigación.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Ocupación laboral</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Ocupación</td>
								<td align="justify">Negativos</td>
								<td align="justify">Positivos</td>
								<td align="justify">Total</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Agrícultura y ganadería</td>
								<td align="justify">79</td>
								<td align="justify">0</td>
								<td align="justify">79</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Oficios</td>
								<td align="justify">148</td>
								<td align="justify">8</td>
								<td align="justify">156</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Profesionistas</td>
								<td align="justify">12</td>
								<td align="justify">0</td>
								<td align="justify">12</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Total</td>
								<td align="justify">239</td>
								<td align="justify">8</td>
								<td align="justify">247</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">%</td>
								<td align="justify">100.</td>
								<td align="justify">100</td>
								<td align="justify">100</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p><italic>Ji</italic>-cuadrada de <italic>Pearson</italic> = 4.823, GL = 2. <italic>Jj</italic>-cuadrada de la tasa de verosimilitud = 7.508, GL = 2. OR=8.2.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Las muestras serológicas de los perros (n=106) se analizaron en el Centro Nacional de Sanidad Animal en Tecámac Estado de México (CENASA) mediante la prueba MAT, resultando 18 seropositivos localizados en cinco de las ocho colonias muestreadas (62.5%), identificandose títulos de anticuerpos para once serovariedades, de mayor a menor frecuencia fueron: Wolffi, Bratislava, Australis, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Pyrogenes, Hardjo, Icterohaemorragiae, Pomona, Hebdomadis y Shermani. Los anticuerpos probados en los perros incluyen a todos los identificados en los donadores de sangre, la serovariedad Autumnalis, no está incluida en el panel de CENASA. En este estudio, la prevalencia observada 17% (18/106), en las muestras de los perros que conviven con humanos seropositivos fue mayor, a lo reportado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Hernández <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref> en la misma ciudad en perros de la población en general, pues ellos reportaron una prevalencia del 9 % (15/165). De acuerdo a las encuestas aplicadas a los propietarios los perros muestreados, estos se relacionan con otros 201 perros que pudieran estar en riesgo, así mismo, con 444 humanos. La edad de los animales muestreados índica que el 53% eran mayores de dos años y el 47% de mascotas menores de esa edad. Con respecto al tipo de raza de perro, encontramos que el 50% de las muestras de suero correspondían a perros mestizos, seguidas de cruces de razas pequeñas como caniche y chihuahueño (29%); estos dos grupos constituyeron el 79% de las muestras. El lugar de residencia de los perros también se consideró un factor importante relacionado con la epidemiología de la enfermedad, el 94.34% de los perros vivían dentro del hogar, mientras que el 53% de los perros de la muestra tenían contacto con la calle. En relación al sexo de los animales muestreados, el 55% corresponde a machos y el 45% a hembras, esta variable fue estadísticamente significativa (P &lt;0.05; OR = 2.9), las hembras tienen una frecuencia más alta en comparación con los machos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Cuadro 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Cuadro 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Sexo de los perros</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="3"/>
						</colgroup>						
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Sexo</td>
								<td align="justify">Negativos</td>
								<td align="justify">Positivos</td>
								<td align="justify">Total</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Hembras</td>
								<td align="justify">36.00</td>
								<td align="justify">12.00</td>
								<td align="justify">48</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Machos</td>
								<td align="justify">52.00</td>
								<td align="justify">6.00</td>
								<td align="justify">58</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Total</td>
								<td align="justify">88.00</td>
								<td align="justify">18.00</td>
								<td align="justify">106</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">%</td>
								<td align="justify">83.02</td>
								<td align="justify">16.98</td>
								<td align="justify">100</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p><italic>Ji</italic>-cuadrada de <italic>Pearson</italic> = 4.001; GL = 1; valor de P = 0.045. <italic>Ji</italic>-cuadrada de la tasa de verosimilitud = 4.019; GL = 1; valor de P =0.045. OR=2.9</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Resultados de estudios realizados en Canadá y Estados Unidos de Norteamérica, obtenidos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Ward <italic>et al.,</italic>(2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">2004)</xref>, refieren lo contrario, observándose una mayor incidencia en los perros machos, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Ward <italic>et al.,</italic> 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Ward <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>), sin embargo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Hernandez <italic>et al.</italic>, (2017)</xref> reportan en la Cd. de Culiacán Sinaloa una mayor frecuencia en las hembras.</p>
			<p>Los datos de las pruebas serológicas, analizadas para los perros que permanecen en las casas y tienen acceso a la calle fueron marginalmente significativos (P = 0.06) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Cuadro 4</xref>). Esto se puede deber al contacto con otros animales, orina o agua contaminada, por la cual existe un mayor riesgo de infección con <italic>Leptospira</italic> (Alton <italic>et al.,</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Kikuti <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>Las serovariedades observadas en los ocho casos positivos en humanos y los caninos en sus correspondientes áreas se describen a continuación:</p>
			<p>En el fraccionamiento “San Fernando” el donador de sangre presentó anticuerpos a las serovariedades Icterohaemorrhagiae (1:320) y Autumnalis (1:80), en contraparte el perro reaccionó a las serovariedades Grippotyphosa (1:200), Canicola (1:200), Bratislava (1:200), Hardjo (1:100), Pyrogenes (1:400), Icterohaemorrhagiae (1:100), en este perro se identificaron anticuerpos para seis serovariedades, todas estas leptospiras son las mas frecuentes y las más patógenas, agrupadas dentro del «complejo interrogans» (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Céspedes, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Sun <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>), para el humano la titulación de anticuerpos de la serovariedad Icterohaemorrhagiae es mayor a la observada en el perro, el serovar Autumnalis no está incluido en el panel de prueba para los caninos.</p>
			<p>En otro caso, colonia “El Mirador” el donador de sangre dio seropositividad a dos serovariedades, Icterohaemorrhagiae (1:80), Canicola (1:80), para el perro se observaron anticuerpos para la serovariedad Wolffi (1:100).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Cuadro 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Perros con acceso a la calle</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Perros</td>
								<td align="justify">Negative</td>
								<td align="justify">Positive</td>
								<td align="justify">Total</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Casa y calle</td>
								<td align="justify">43.00</td>
								<td align="justify">13.00</td>
								<td align="justify">56</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Casa</td>
								<td align="justify">45.00</td>
								<td align="justify">5.00</td>
								<td align="justify">50</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Total</td>
								<td align="justify">88.00</td>
								<td align="justify">18.00</td>
								<td align="justify">106</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">%</td>
								<td align="justify">83.02</td>
								<td align="justify">16.98</td>
								<td align="justify">100</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p><italic>Ji</italic>-cuadrada de Pearson = 3.272 GL = 1; P value = 0.070</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p><italic>Ji</italic>-cuadrada de la tasa de verosimilitud = 3.389; GL = 1; P value = 0.066</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En la colonia “Adolfo López Mateos” al humano se le detectaron anticuerpos antileptospira para las serovariedades Icterohaemorrhagiae (1:160) y Canicola (1:80), no se encontraron perros seropositivos. En estos tres primeros casos en humanos seropositivos se identificaron anticuerpos del serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae, considerado uno de los mas patógenos por sus características de producción de hemolisinas y toxinas que pueden desencadenar una fase severa de la enfermedad conocida como síndrome hemorrágico, fiebre icterohemorrágica o enfermedad de Weil, es la forma de presentación de peor pronóstico y de extrema gravedad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Carranza <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>).</p>
			<p>En la muestra seropositiva del donador de sangre de la colonia “Rafael Buelna” se detectaron anticuerpos para las serovariedades Canicola (1:320) y Pyrogenes (1:320), en uno de los perros muestreados se observó seropositividad para anticuerpos de las serovariedades Canicola (1:100), Bratislava (1:400), Grippotyphosa (1:100), Pyrogenes (1:800), Pomona (1:100), la titulación para la serovariedad Canicola en el humano es más elevada en relación al canino, anticuerpos para la serovariedad Pyrogenes se observaron en las dos muestras, la observación de varias serovariedades es notoria principalmente en los perros, asi como ser asintomáticos.</p>
			<p>En el caso positivo de la colonia “Pemex”, las serovariedades de anticuerpos identificados en el humano fueron Canicola (1:80) y Pyrogenes (1:80), para los caninos se observaron anticuerpos para las serovariedades Wolffi rangos de (1:200 a 1:400), Hebdomadis (1:100), Bratislava (1:100), Australis (1:100), Shermani (1:100). Los anticuerpos observados no coinciden entre el humano y los perros, sin embargo para todos estos serovares patógenos para el humano se han identificado proteínas determinantes, como factores de virulencia mediante técnicas de biología molecular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Martínez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>En la colonia “Rosario Uzárraga” se observaron en el humano anticuerpos a la serovariedad Autumnalis (1:80), para el perro los serovares que reaccionaron a la prueba fueron Wolffi (1:100), Bratislava (1:100). En las colonias Buenavista y Nueva Galicia en los humanos se detectaron anticuerpos antileptospira para las serovariedad Pomona con títulos de 1:80 y 1:160 sin encontrarse perros seropositivos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Cuadro 5</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t5">
					<label>Cuadro 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Serovariedades observadas en donadores de sangre y perros</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify" colspan="2">Donadores de sangre Serovariedades sangre positivos </th>					
								
								<th align="justify">Título</th>
								<th align="justify">Perros positivos</th>
								<th align="justify">Serovariedades</th>
								<th align="justify">Título</th>
							</tr>							
							<tr>
								<th align="justify" colspan="6">Colonia</th>
								
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">El Mirador </td>
								<td align="justify">Canicola </td>
								<td align="justify">1:80</td>
								<td align="justify">1</td>
								<td align="justify">Wolffi</td>
								<td align="justify">1:100</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">  </td>
								<td align="justify">Icterohaemorrhagiae </td>
								<td align="justify">1:80</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Adolfo López Mateos </td>
								<td align="justify">Canicola Icterohaemorrhagiae </td>
								<td align="justify">1:80 1:160</td>
								<td align="justify">0</td>
								<td align="justify">No se observaron</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Rafael Buelna </td>
								<td align="justify">Canicola </td>
								<td align="justify">1:320</td>
								<td align="justify">1</td>
								<td align="justify">Canicola</td>
								<td align="justify">1:400</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">Pyrogenes </td>
								<td align="justify">1:320</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">Grippotyphosa Pomona</td>
								<td align="justify">1:400 1:100</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">  </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">Bratislava</td>
								<td align="justify">1:100</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Pemex </td>
								<td align="justify">Canicola</td>
								<td align="justify">1:80</td>
								<td align="justify">13</td>
								<td align="justify">Pyrogenes Wolffi</td>
								<td align="justify">1:800 1:200</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">Pyrogenes </td>
								<td align="justify">1:80</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">Hebdomadis</td>
								<td align="justify">1:100</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">  </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">Bratislava Australis</td>
								<td align="justify">1:100 1:100</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">Shermani</td>
								<td align="justify">1:100</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Buenavista </td>
								<td align="justify">Pomona </td>
								<td align="justify">1:80</td>
								<td align="justify">0</td>
								<td align="justify">No se observaron</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Nueva Galicia </td>
								<td align="justify">Pomona </td>
								<td align="justify">1:160</td>
								<td align="justify">0</td>
								<td align="justify">No se observaron</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Rosario Uzárraga </td>
								<td align="justify">Autumnalis </td>
								<td align="justify">1:80</td>
								<td align="justify">2</td>
								<td align="justify">Wolffi</td>
								<td align="justify">1:100</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">San Fernando </td>
								<td align="justify">Icterohaemorrhagiae</td>
								<td align="justify">1:320</td>
								<td align="justify">1</td>
								<td align="justify">Bratislava Canicola</td>
								<td align="justify">1:100 1:200</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">Autumnalis </td>
								<td align="justify">1:80</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">Grippotyphosa</td>
								<td align="justify">1:200</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">Hardjo Bratislava</td>
								<td align="justify">1:100 1:200</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">Pyrogenes</td>
								<td align="justify">1:400</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">Icterohaemorrhagiae</td>
								<td align="justify">1:100</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Entre los seres humanos y perros que conviven con ellos se identificaron anticuerpos contra <italic>Leptospira</italic> de 12 serovariedades en las mismas áreas compartidas. Las muestras probadas en los perros incluyen las serovariedas observadas en humanos y los factores de contagio para los caninos incluyeron el sexo (hembras), los perros que permanecen en casa con acceso a la calle, fueron marginalmente significativos. En los humanos la ocupación laboral (oficios) fue un factor de riesgo significativo.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMIENTOS</title>
			<p>Se agradece plenamente las facilidades otorgadas al personal de los Bancos de Sangre de los Hospitales General de Culiacán “Dr. Bernardo J. Gastelum” y Pediátrico de Sinaloa “Dr. Rigoberto Aguilar Pico” así mismo, al Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Publica del Estado de Veracruz.</p>
		</ack>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">			
				<p>Clave:2020-1.</p>
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	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title><italic>Leptospira</italic> serovars and of contagion risks in humans and dogs from Culiacan City, in Sinaloa, Mexico</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>This work aimed to identify the <italic>Leptospira</italic> interrogans serovar and the risk factors in humans and dogs in shared areas, 247 samples of human serum, were analyzed by the Micro Agglutination technique (MAT), prior informed consent from public hospital blood banks. To obtain information from the participants regarding the presence of dogs a survey was used. A total of 106 dog sera samples were collected inside and outside the homes of seropositive humans and analyzed by MAT. The statistical analysis consisted of a Pearson's <italic>Chi</italic> square test of homogeneity. The OR estimation was made using a simple logistic regression model using the Stata Intercooled version 13.1 program. Five serovars were detected in humans; from the highest to the lowest frequency, these were: Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pyrogenes, Autumnalis, and Pomona. Eleven serovars were identified in dogs: Wolffi, Bratislava, Australis, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Pyrogenes, Hardjo, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, Hebdomadis, and Shermani. All the serovar present in dogs were also observed in humans, the serovariety Autumnalis is not included in the dog search panel. The main risk factor for humans was job occupation (p &lt;0.05); in dogs, it was sex, with females being at greater risk (p&lt;0.05, OR = 2.9) of infection. A total of 12 serovars were identified among humans and dogs.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>leptospirosis</kwd>
				<kwd>Leptospira interrogans</kwd>
				<kwd>prevalence</kwd>
				<kwd>risk factors</kwd>
				<kwd>humans</kwd>
				<kwd>canines</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Annually, more than one million cases of leptospirosis are estimated in humans, in the world with 59,000 deaths (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Costa <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>), however, the exact number is unknown since epidemiological diagnostic and registration systems are difficult to apply (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Berlios <italic>et al., 2010</italic></xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Jobbins <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>). The African continent has the highest incidence of endemic species of leptospira and the incidence rate in humans reached 95.5/100,000 inhabitants. In Asia, a seroprevalence of leptospirosis was observed in a Malaysian hospital in 8.4% of febrile patients (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Noor <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>), likewise in Korea, up to 12.4% of these patients were reported seropositive to <italic>Leptospira</italic> spp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Kim, 2013</xref>), in India in a study carried out in febrile patients from 15 private hospitals and clinics, 4% of positive patients were registered by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Basker <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). In 1916, the first report was recorded that highlighted the importance of canine leptospirosis in public health, by observing the disease in two people who had been in contact with a jaundiced dog (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Jansen <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>). The human being is susceptible to a large number of serovars and the incubation period of the disease generally lasts from one to two weeks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">García <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>). Although there are cases with incubation, as short as two days and others of more than three weeks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Bofill <italic>et al.,</italic> 1988</xref>), the signs and symptoms are nonspecific so they can be easily confused with other infectious processes of a bacterial or virus, such as dengue, influenza, malaria and brucellosis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Dircio <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">NOM-029-SSA2-1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Adler and de la Peña 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Haake y Levett, 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>The main source of contagion for animals and in particular dogs is the urine of asymptomatic infected animals, due to their status as carriers, rodents are the most important natural reservoirs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Songer and Thiermann 1988</xref>). Not all serovars occur in the same geographic areas, but they affect humans in the same way (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Torres <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). In dogs, infection by the serovar Canicola is considered the most common, the serovar Icterohaemorragiae is less frequent and is related to the rodents <italic>Rattus rattus</italic> and <italic>Mus musculus</italic> as carriers and transmitters (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Torres, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Socolovschi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Calderon <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). The age, breed, and gender of the dogs represent risk factors for leptospirosis, and environmental characteristics, such as increased rainfall and ambient temperature, have been shown to be related to an increased incidence of the disease (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Alton <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>). Contact with the street is an important risk factor for the canine population, adult males roam the streets more than females and puppies, so they have more contact with other animals. In addition, dogs have the behavior of marking territory, which causes them to release and spread the bacteria, which contributes to the transmission cycle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Raghavana <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). Research related to the etiology of leptospirosis in some species of domestic animals, especially dogs, indicates that these represent a risk of direct infection for humans, given their close relationship (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Hernández <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>), the presence of dogs and infected rodents in urban ecosystems that are largely under human control, appear less prone to natural seasonal variations by maintaining constant populations of these animals throughout the year (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Himsworth <italic>et al.,</italic></xref> 2014). Dogs play a very important role in the permanence of the bacteria in the environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Calderón <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Rodríguez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>), since, as pets, they are an important source for the transmission of leptospirosis for humans (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Allwood <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Jiménez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>), mainly the serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae and Canicola (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Gualtieri <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Stokes <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>). Unlike human infection, the risk factors for leptospirosis in animals are not fully understood and further study is required (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Kikuti <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>). To prevent leptospirosis in dogs, bacterins are used with the serovars Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Pomona (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">da Silva <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Shekatkar <italic>et</italic> al<italic>,</italic> 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Tian <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Barmettler <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>). The application of this biological is the responsibility of the owners, since it is not done in a massive way.</p>
				<p>In Mexico, the first works on leptospirosis were carried out in 1920 in Yucatán state, by Noguchi and Kleiger, who for the first time isolated the spirochete from patients diagnosed with yellow fever, in 1954 Dr. Gerardo Varela carried out the first seroepidemiological surveys in Veracruz and Tampico later in other states of the Mexican Republic, in 1961 he observed cases in 19 entities, mainly Campeche, Tabasco, Colima and the Federal District (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Varela <italic>et al</italic>., 1972</xref>). Studies of seroprevalences of leptospirosis have been carried out in humans and dogs in some regions of the country, in Chiapas the Center for Ecological Research of the Southeast mentions a seropositivity of 14.5% in humans, in domiciled dogs (with owner) 23% and in stray dogs 55% seropositive (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Zavala <italic>et al.,</italic> 1984</xref>). The National Epidemiological Reference Institute (InDRE) conducted studies on the man-dog pairing of various regions of Mexico and found titers of 1: 160 or higher in 46% of the owners and in 62% of the animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Zuñiga and Caro, 2012</xref>). As of the year 2000, the national registry of leptospirosis cases began in Mexico. When analyzing the data, it is observed that the state of Sinaloa has historically remained within the first places of human leptospirosis at the national level, during the period 2005-2016, 297 cases of leptospirosis were reported with 124 deaths (mortality of 41.7%), In addition, for 17 years the state has occupied the first national place in mortality from this disease (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">DGIS, 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>According to the results of human samples sent to the State Laboratory of Public Health of the State of Sinaloa and samples of dogs from Sinaloa, examined in the Animal Health laboratory in Tecámac Edo from Mexico, antileptospira antibodies have been identified in humans and dogs. The risk factors in the areas where both species coexist can determine the presence of the disease, therefore, the objective of this research is to identify the presence of antibodies to Leptospira serovars in humans and dogs, as well as contagion factors associated with the disease.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p>The study was carried out in the city of Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico, a locality located at 24º 48 'North latitude and 107º 23' West longitude, at an average altitude above sea level of 60 meters; the region's climate is classified as semi-dry, very warm BS1 (h ') with an average annual temperature of 25.5 ºC with maximums of 45 ºC in July and August and minimums of 7 ºC in December and January. It presents an annual rainfall of 671.14 mm, with maximum rainfall in the months of July, August and September (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">INEGI, 2017</xref>). The sample size was determined taking into account a prevalence of antileptospira reactivity of 18% in the Mexican population (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Benavides <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">De Igartua <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Gavaldón, <italic>et al.,</italic> 1995</xref>) and it was calculated from according to the formula for estimating the proportions for finite samples (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Wayne, 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mi>*</mml:mi><mml:mi>Z</mml:mi><mml:mi>*</mml:mi><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mi>*</mml:mi><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>*</mml:mi><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>Z</mml:mi><mml:mi>*</mml:mi><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mi>*</mml:mi><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac></mml:math></p>
				<p>Where</p>
				<p>n = sample size</p>
				<p>N = susceptible population, annual average blood donors (6,000) </p>
				<p>Z = standard normal distribution value (1.96)</p>
				<p>d = reliability coefficient (0.05) </p>
				<p>p = proportion (0.18)</p>
				<p>n = 219</p>
				<p>Expected proportion of losses (R) 10% </p>
				<p>Adjusted sample n = 243</p>
				<p>Random sampling was conducted over a six-month period (June-December) in blood banks of two public hospitals. The samples were obtained from 247 blood donors from the city of Culiacán, without distinction of gender or age, accepted in accordance with the Official Mexican Standard <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">NOM-253-SSA1-2012</xref>. Exclusion criteria, none, except for the same participant (self-elimination). Once the samples were obtained, they were centrifuged for 10 min at 1008 <italic>Xg</italic>, the serum was kept deep-frozen at -40 ºC until use. The study of the serological samples was carried out in the State Laboratory of Public Health of the State of Veracruz using the MAT test. In accordance with the Guidelines for the Epidemiological Surveillance of <italic>Leptospirosis</italic>, by means of Microscopic Agglutination of the Institute for Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference (InDRE). The detection of agglutinating antibodies is observed from 4 dilutions (1:80, 1:160, 1:320, 1:640) however, this is not indicative of the disease, it only shows that the person was infected at some point with the bacteria. In accordance with the aforementioned guidelines, for the confirmatory diagnosis, in humans, it was performed with a second sample obtained 15 days after the first.</p>
				<p>Blood samples from donors were obtained with prior authorization by means of informed consent in accordance with the provisions of the Hospitals Ethics and Research Committee.</p>
				<p>In follow-up to the cases of blood donors, with positive results, their homes were visited to proceed with the sampling of dogs, both inside the house and in the surroundings of it; 116 serological samples were obtained from dogs, not immunized with the bacterin against <italic>Leptospira</italic> spp. This was done with the prior informed consent of the owners or managers of the animals. Before taking the blood samples, a questionnaire was applied to those responsible for the pets to obtain information related to the conditions and characteristics of the place where they lived. Blood samples (3 ml) were obtained by puncture of the jugular vein, they were deposited in a vacuum tube without anticoagulant, they were centrifuged for ten minutes at 1008 <italic>Xg</italic> and serum samples were obtained, free of contaminants, not hemolyzed and they were kept at -40 °C in a deep freezer. Once collected, all the samples were transferred to the laboratory of the National Animal Health Center in Tecamac, State of Mexico, where they were processed using the MAT test, which detects the presence of agglutinating antibodies for each of the serovars tested (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Gautam <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>), a panel was used that included the following serovars: Ballum, Canicola, Hardjo, Pomona, Pyogenes, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Bratislava, Wolffi, Australis, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis and Shermani. The cut-off points of the tests considered titers of 1:100 or more as positive (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">OMS, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">NOM-253-SSA1-2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Lau <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p>Statistical analysis. To show whether there was a statistically significant difference between the different Leptospira serovars identified, the results were analyzed by Pearson's <italic>Chi</italic>-square test for homogeneity of proportions considering a statistically significant value of P &lt;0.05. The absolute estimates of odds ratio (OR) were performed using a simple logistic regression model. All analyzes were performed using the Stata intercooled version 13.1 statistical package.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>247 samples from blood donors from public hospitals were analyzed, resulting in 8 seropositive (3.23%). A trend of the cases was observed towards the northeast of the city of Culiacán, where three cases were registered in contiguous colonies, all located near improvised corrals in front of the main entrance of the municipal garbage dump. In these colonies, its inhabitants routinely coexist with pigs, sheep and goats, most of which are fed organic waste and which come to drink water from the same ponds as dogs, scavengers and rodents. In addition, all seropositive samples come from sectors of a low socioeconomic level, in these homes it is common to find accumulation of garbage, streets without pavement, plastic containers, poor management of stored water and water stagnations, these factors and the presence of reservoirs increase the risk of contagion of leptospirosis in humans and dogs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Lau <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Hernández, 2019</xref>). The serovars that reacted to the MAT test, from highest to lowest frequency of seropositives were: Canicola 4 (50%), Icterohaemorragiae 3 (37.5%), Pyrogenes 2 (25%), Autumnalis 2 (25%), Pomona 2 (25 %). The highest titers (1: 360) were observed for the serovars Canicola, Icterohaemorragiae and Pyrogenes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 1</xref>). These three serovars are considered the most pathogenic in humans. In an investigation carried out in dogs from the same city, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Hernández <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref> report the highest prevalences in the serovars, Canicola and Icterohaemorragia. For there to be anti-leptospira antibodies in humans, they had to have suffered an infection (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">OMS, 2008</xref>) since vaccines are not used in our country to prevent the disease.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title><italic>Leptospira</italic> serovars and titers identified in blood donors</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border: 1px solid black; border collapse: collapse" border="1">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Colony seropositive cases</td>
									<td align="justify">Serovariety</td>
									<td align="justify">Title</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">El Mirador</td>
									<td align="justify">Canicola Icterohaemorrhagiae</td>
									<td align="justify">1:80 1:80</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Adolfo López Mateos</td>
									<td align="justify">Canicola Icterohaemorrhagiae</td>
									<td align="justify">1:80 1:160</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Rafael Buelna</td>
									<td align="justify">Canicola Pyrogenes</td>
									<td align="justify">1:320 1:320</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Pemex</td>
									<td align="justify">Canicola Pyrogenes</td>
									<td align="justify">1;80 1:80</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Buenavista</td>
									<td align="justify">Pomona</td>
									<td align="justify">1:80</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Fracc. Nueva Galicia</td>
									<td align="justify">Pomona</td>
									<td align="justify">1:160</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Rosario Uzárraga</td>
									<td align="justify">Autumnalis</td>
									<td align="justify">1:80</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Fracc. San Fernando</td>
									<td align="justify">Icterohaemorrhagiae Autumnalis</td>
									<td align="justify">1:320 1:80</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The general information obtained from the surveys carried out with blood donors indicates the origin of the samples, 138 colonies and subdivisions of the city of Culiacán, which were divided into three strata, popular 83%, medium 15% and high 2%. Regarding their occupational group, the following was observed: 5% carry out activities within the area of agriculture and livestock, 63% carry out some type of trade and 32% are professionals, the number of residents per household on average was 4.3 people, 53% of the participants stated that they owned a dog. The characteristics of the dogs in the study were as follows: 53% were mongrels and 47% of some breed, in addition, the majority were younger than 13 months (94%) and 70% had an anti-rabies vaccine, 64% correspond to males, of the total only 10% stay inside the house, 32% live in the yard and 58% enter and leave the house. 59% of the surveys reveal the presence of rodents in houses or streets, 94% of the people surveyed refer to the presence of other dogs in the street; where the dogs live indicates that 49% live in patios with cement floors, 30% on dirt, and 21% on both types of flooring. It was observed that 99% of homes have piped water, in 65% of homes there are drums or basins to store water, and 95% have drainage. The number of pets found in the homes indicates that the owners have an average of 1.4 dogs per home.</p>
				<p>No statistically significant differences were observed for the presentation of the infection, in the variables related to: socioeconomic stratum, number of inhabitants in the home, whether they own a dog or not, age of the pets, race, sex, whether they live at home. In the patios in both spaces, there were also no significant differences related to the permanence in the street and the house, the presence of rodents, the presence of other dogs in the street, in the types of floors in which the pets live (cement, earth, both), if the homes have piped water, drums, sinks and drainage. A statistically significant difference (p=0.02) was observed for people who have a job as a job, in the specific case of seropositive blood donors they corresponded to the jobs of construction employees, warehouse workers, department store workers, electrician, merchant, locksmith and a public servant (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref>). There is research carried out to determine the prevalence of leptospirosis in risk groups such as slaughterhouse workers, markets, garbage collectors, agricultural laborers, workers and others (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Rahman <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><italic>Alinaitwe et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Azafar <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), but not in groups apparently unrelated to the disease, as is the case in this research.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Labor occupation</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="3"/>
							</colgroup>
							
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Occupation</td>
									<td align="justify">Negatives</td>
									<td align="justify">Positives</td>
									<td align="justify">Total</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Agriculture and Livestock</td>
									<td align="justify">79</td>
									<td align="justify">0</td>
									<td align="justify">79</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Jobs</td>
									<td align="justify">148</td>
									<td align="justify">8</td>
									<td align="justify">156</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Professionals</td>
									<td align="justify">12</td>
									<td align="justify">0</td>
									<td align="justify">12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Total</td>
									<td align="justify">239</td>
									<td align="justify">8</td>
									<td align="justify">247</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">%</td>
									<td align="justify">100.</td>
									<td align="justify">100</td>
									<td align="justify">100</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>Pearson's Chi-square = 4.823, GL = 2. Likelihood ratio Jj-square = 7.508, GL = 2. OR = 8.2.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The serological samples of the dogs (n = 106) were analyzed at the National Animal Health Center in Tecámac Estado de México (CENASA) using the MAT test, resulting in 18 seropositives located in five of the eight colonies sampled (62.5%), identifying Antibody titers for eleven serovars, from highest to lowest frequency were: Wolffi, Bratislava, Australis, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Pyrogenes, Hardjo, Icterohaemorragiae, Pomona, Hebdomadis and Shermani. The antibodies tested in dogs include all those identified in blood donors, the Autumnalis serovar, not included in the CENASA panel. In this study, the observed prevalence of 17% (18/106), in the samples of dogs living with seropositive humans, was higher than that reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Hernández <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref> in the same city in dogs of the general population, since they reported a prevalence of 9% (15/165). According to the surveys applied to the owners, the sampled dogs are related to 201 other dogs that could be at risk, as well as 444 humans. The age of the animals sampled indicates that 53% were older than two years and 47% were pets younger than that age. Regarding the type of dog breed, we found that 50% of the serum samples corresponded to mongrel dogs, followed by crosses of small breeds such as Poodles and Chihuahuas (29%); these two groups constituted 79% of the samples. The place of residence of the dogs was also considered an important factor related to the epidemiology of the disease, 94.34% of the dogs lived inside the home, while 53% of the dogs in the sample had contact with the street. In relation to the sex of the animals sampled, 55% correspond to males and 45% to females, this variable was statistically significant (P &lt;0.05; OR = 2.9), females have a higher frequency compared to males (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Sex of the dogs</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Sex</td>
									<td align="justify">Negatives</td>
									<td align="justify">Positives</td>
									<td align="justify">Total</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Females</td>
									<td align="justify">36.00</td>
									<td align="justify">12.00</td>
									<td align="justify">48</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Males</td>
									<td align="justify">52.00</td>
									<td align="justify">6.00</td>
									<td align="justify">58</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Total</td>
									<td align="justify">88.00</td>
									<td align="justify">18.00</td>
									<td align="justify">106</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">%</td>
									<td align="justify">83.02</td>
									<td align="justify">16.98</td>
									<td align="justify">100</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>Pearson's Chi-square = 4.001; GL = 1; P value = 0.045. Chi-square of the likelihood ratio = 4.019; GL = 1; P value = 0.045. OR = 2.9</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Results of studies carried out in Canada and the United States of North America, obtained by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Ward et al., (2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">2004)</xref>, refer the opposite, observing a higher incidence in male dogs, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Ward <italic>et al.,</italic> 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Ward <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>), however, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Hernandez <italic>et al.</italic>, (2017)</xref> report a higher frequency in females in the City of Culiacán Sinaloa.</p>
			
				<p>The data of the serological tests, analyzed for the dogs that remain in the houses and have access to the street, were marginally significant (P=0.06) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 4</xref>). This may be due to contact with other animals, urine or contaminated water, for which there is an increased risk of infection with <italic>Leptospira</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Alton <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Kikuti <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t9">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Dogs with access to the street</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Dogs</td>
									<td align="justify">Negative</td>
									<td align="justify">Positive</td>
									<td align="justify">Total</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Home and street</td>
									<td align="justify">43.00</td>
									<td align="justify">13.00</td>
									<td align="justify">56</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Home</td>
									<td align="justify">45.00</td>
									<td align="justify">5.00</td>
									<td align="justify">50</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Total</td>
									<td align="justify">88.00</td>
									<td align="justify">18.00</td>
									<td align="justify">106</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">%</td>
									<td align="justify">83.02</td>
									<td align="justify">16.98</td>
									<td align="justify">100</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p>Pearson's chi-square = 3,272 GL = 1; P value = 0.070. Chi-square of the likelihood ratio = 3.389; GL = 1; P value = 0.066</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The serovars observed in the eight positive cases in humans and canines in their corresponding areas are described below:</p>
				<p>In the “San Fernando” fractionation, the blood donor presented antibodies to the serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae (1:320) and Autumnalis (1:80), in contrast the dog reacted to the serovars Grippotyphosa (1:200), Canicola (1:200 ), Bratislava (1:200), Hardjo (1:100), Pyrogenes (1:400), Icterohaemorrhagiae (1:100), in this dog antibodies were identified for six serovars, all these leptospires are the most frequent and the most pathogens, grouped within the «interrogans complex» (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Céspedes, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><italic>Sun et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>), for humans the antibody titer of the serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae is higher than that observed in dogs, the serovar Autumnalis is not included in the test panel for canines.</p>
				<p>In another case, colony &quot;El Mirador&quot; the blood donor gave seropositivity to two serovars, Icterohaemorrhagiae (1:80), Canicola (1:80), for the dog antibodies to the Wolffi serovar (1: 100) were observed.</p>
				<p>In the &quot;Adolfo López Mateos&quot; colony, human antileptospira antibodies were detected for the serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae (1: 160) and Canicola (1:80), no seropositive dogs were found. In these first three cases in seropositive humans, antibodies to the serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae were identified, considered one of the most pathogenic due to its characteristics of production of hemolysins and toxins that can trigger a severe phase of the disease known as hemorrhagic syndrome, jaundice fever or Weil's disease, it is the form of presentation with the worst prognosis and extreme severity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Carranza <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>Antibodies to the Canicola (1: 320) and Pyrogenes (1: 320) serovars were detected in the seropositive sample from the blood donor from the &quot;Rafael Buelna&quot; colony, seropositivity for antibodies to the Canicola serovars (1: 100), Bratislava (1: 400), Grippotyphosa (1: 100), Pyrogenes (1: 800), Pomona (1: 100), the titration for the Canicola serovar in humans is higher in relation to the canine Antibodies to the Pyrogenes serovar were observed in both samples, the observation of several serovars is notorious mainly in dogs, as well as being asymptomatic.</p>
				<p>In the positive case of the “Pemex” colony, the serovars of antibodies identified in humans were Canicola (1:80) and Pyrogenes (1:80), for canines antibodies to the Wolffi serovars ranges of (1: 200 at 1: 400), Hebdomadis (1: 100), Bratislava (1: 100), Australis (1: 100), Shermani (1: 100). The antibodies observed do not coincide between humans and dogs, however, for all these serovars that are pathogenic for humans, determining proteins have been identified as virulence factors using molecular biology techniques (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Martínez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>In the colony &quot;Rosario Uzárraga&quot; antibodies to the Autumnalis serovar (1:80) were observed in humans, for the dog the serovars that reacted to the test were Wolffi (1: 100), Bratislava (1: 100). In the Buenavista and Nueva Galicia colonies in humans, anti- leptospira antibodies were detected for the Pomona serovars with titers of 1:80 and 1: 160, without finding seropositive dogs (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 5</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t10">
						<label>Table 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Serovars observed in blood donors and dogs</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="4"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify" colspan="2">Colony positive Serovarieties<break/> blood donors </th>					
									
									<th align="justify">Title</th>
									<th align="justify">Positive dogs</th>
									<th align="justify">Serovarieties</th>
									<th align="justify">Title</th>
								</tr>			
							
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">El Mirador</td>
									<td align="justify">Canicola</td>
									<td align="justify">1:80</td>
									<td align="justify">1</td>
									<td align="justify">Wolffi</td>
									<td align="justify">1:100</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> Adolfo López</td>
									<td align="justify">Icterohaemorrhagiae Canicola</td>
									<td align="justify">1:80 1:80</td>
									<td align="justify"> 0</td>
									<td align="justify"> not observed</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Mateos</td>
									<td align="justify">Icterohaemorrhagiae</td>
									<td align="justify">1:160</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Rafael Buelna</td>
									<td align="justify">Canicola Pyrogenes</td>
									<td align="justify">1:320 1:320</td>
									<td align="justify">1</td>
									<td align="justify">Canicola Grippotyphosa</td>
									<td align="justify">1:400 1:400</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Pomona</td>
									<td align="justify">1:100</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Bratislava Pyrogenes</td>
									<td align="justify">1:100 1:800</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Pemex</td>
									<td align="justify">Canicola</td>
									<td align="justify">1:80</td>
									<td align="justify">13</td>
									<td align="justify">Wolffi</td>
									<td align="justify">1:200</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Pyrogenes</td>
									<td align="justify">1:80</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Hebdomadis Bratislava</td>
									<td align="justify">1:100 1:100</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Australis</td>
									<td align="justify">1:100</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> Buenavista</td>
									<td align="justify"> Pomona</td>
									<td align="justify"> 1:80</td>
									<td align="justify"> 0</td>
									<td align="justify">Shermani not observed</td>
									<td align="justify">1:100</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Nueva Galicia</td>
									<td align="justify">Pomona</td>
									<td align="justify">1:160</td>
									<td align="justify">0</td>
									<td align="justify">not observed</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Rosario Uzárraga</td>
									<td align="justify">Autumnalis</td>
									<td align="justify">1:80</td>
									<td align="justify">2</td>
									<td align="justify">Wolffi Bratislava</td>
									<td align="justify">1:100 1:100</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">San Fernando</td>
									<td align="justify">Icterohaemorrhagiae</td>
									<td align="justify">1:320</td>
									<td align="justify">1</td>
									<td align="justify">Canicola</td>
									<td align="justify">1:200</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Autumnalis</td>
									<td align="justify">1:80</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Grippotyphosa Hardjo</td>
									<td align="justify">1:200 1:100</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Bratislava</td>
									<td align="justify">1:200</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Pyrogenes Icterohaemorrhagiae</td>
									<td align="justify">1:400 1:100</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>Antibodies against <italic>Leptospira</italic> of 12 serovars were identified in living with humans and dogs in the same shared areas. The samples tested in the dogs include the serovars observed in humans and the contagion factors for the canines included sex (female), the dogs that remain at home with access to the street, were marginally significant. In humans, occupational occupation (trades) was a significant risk factor.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>