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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.38</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00129</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Tratamiento estacional con amitraz contra <italic>Varroa destructor</italic> y sus efectos en colonias de <italic>Apis mellifera</italic></article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Maya-Martínez</surname>
						<given-names>Omar</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Medina-Flores</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Aquino-Pérez</surname>
						<given-names>Gildardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Olmos-Oropeza</surname>
						<given-names>Genaro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>López-Carlos</surname>
						<given-names>Marco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Salinas de Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>San Luis Potosí</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><sup>*</sup></label>Autor responsable y de correspondencia: Medina-Flores Carlos. Carretera Panamericana Km 31.5 tramo Zacatecas-Fresnillo, El Cordovel Gral Enrique Estrada, Zacatecas, México, C.P. 98500. <email>omarmaya_m@hotmail.com</email>, <email>carlosmedina@uaz.edu.mx</email>, <email>jaquino@colpos.mx</email>, <email>olmosg@colpos.mx</email>, <email>lopcarmarco@uaz.edu.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>29</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>
			
			<elocation-id>e129</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>27</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<p>Se determinó el efecto del tratamiento estacional con amitraz contra <italic>Varroa destructor</italic> sobre la población y reservas alimenticias de colonias de abejas melíferas durante las cuatro estaciones del año en el altiplano central de México. Se utilizaron 48 colonias con reinas hermanas, homogéneas en población, reservas de alimentos y niveles de <italic>Varroa</italic>. 12 colonias recibieron tratamiento en verano, 12 en invierno, 12 en verano e invierno y 12 no fueron tratadas. Los niveles de <italic>V. destructor</italic> en abejas adultas, en cría y la caída de ácaros en el piso de las colmenas se determinaron durante un año. También se evaluó la población de abejas, áreas de cría, miel, polen y peso de las colonias. Hubo diferencias en los niveles de <italic>Varroa</italic> entre tratamientos (P&lt;0.05). Finalizando el experimento (primavera), el nivel de infestación en colonias tratadas en verano (602±114) y no tratadas (416±86) fueron superiores (P=0.0002) que en las tratadas en verano e invierno (109±50) o solo en invierno (100±42), entre las cuales no hubo diferencias. Sin embargo, no hubo efecto significativo de los tratamientos sobre la población, reservas de alimentos y peso de las colonias. El tratamiento invernal fue suficiente para controlar <italic>Varroa</italic> en colonias del altiplano central de México.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Varroa destructor</kwd>
				<kwd>abejas melíferas</kwd>
				<kwd>amitraz</kwd>
				<kwd>población de abejas</kwd>
				<kwd>reservas de alimento</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="47"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>El ácaro <italic>Varroa destructor</italic> (Acari: Varroidae) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Anderson y Trueman, 2000</xref>) causante de la varroosis, es el problema sanitario número uno para la apicultura a nivel mundial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Nazzi y Le Conte, 2016</xref>). Esto se debe a que su distribución es generalizada, afecta a la cría y abejas adultas, transmite y predispone a la presencia de enfermedades bacterianas, virales y fungales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Martin <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Van Engelsdorp y Maixner, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Ryabov <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>), reduce el periodo de vida de las abejas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Dainat <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>), el tamaño poblacional y la producción de miel de las colonias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Arechavaleta y Guzmán- Novoa, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Medina-Flores <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>) y es considerado uno de los principales factores asociados a la alta pérdida anual de colonias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Marie-Pierre <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Guzmán-Novoa <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>).</p>
			<p>Además de los problemas ya mencionados por <italic>Varroa</italic> a las colonias y la industria apícola, la aplicación de los acaricidas utilizados para su control, representan otro problema ya que en general todos han mostrado efectos adversos para las abejas, más aun si estos no son aplicados de forma correcta. Los productos sintéticos (fluvalinato, flumetrina y amitraz) han sido los más efectivos, particularmente el amitraz el cual ha mostrado ser menos residual y tóxico para las abejas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Gashout <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>) y tener menos problemas de resistencia en la región del altiplano central de México (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Rodríguez-Dehaibes <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>). Sin embargo, estos acaricidas pueden afectar el desarrollo de reinas y zánganos, la habilidad de aprendizaje y la postura de la reina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Berry <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>) y provocar el desarrollo de resistencia del ácaro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Martínez-Puc y Medina-Medina, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Kamler <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Los ácidos orgánicos, como el fórmico reduce la memoria <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Gashout <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>), y el ácido oxálico afecta la longevidad y sobrevivencia de obreras y la cría (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Schneider <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>), mientras que los monoterpenos constituyentes de los aceites esenciales derivados de plantas, pueden tener efectos tóxicos y reducir la inmunidad humoral (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Boncristiani <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). La eficiencia acaricida de los ácidos orgánicos y los extractos vegetales es variable y dependiente del aplicador y su posición en la colmena, de la humedad y temperatura ambiental, del tamaño de la colmena, de la presencia de cría, entre otros factores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Pietropaoli y Formato, 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Para controlar las poblaciones de ácaros en las colonias y al mismo tiempo reducir el uso de acaricidas, es necesario identificar la época oportuna para aplicar los tratamientos; esto contribuirá a reducir los efectos negativos de los acaricidas antes mencionados, así como la presión de selección de ácaros resistentes, los riesgos de contaminación de los productos de las colonias, el costo de producción a los apicultores debido a la aplicación innecesaria de tratamientos y evitaría relajar la presión de selección para la resistencia a los ácaros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Delaplane y Hood, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Delaplane, 1998</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Caron, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">González-Cabrera <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Sin embargo, el desarrollo poblacional del ácaro difiere regionalmente debido a la variación del período de cría en las colonias y sus efectos sobre la dinámica poblacional del ácaro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Delaplane, 1998</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Caron, 1999</xref>). En consecuencia, el umbral de tratamiento debe ser determinado en regiones específicas. Por lo anterior, el objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el efecto del tratamiento a base de amitraz aplicado en verano, invierno y verano e invierno sobre los niveles de infestación por <italic>Varroa destructor</italic> y las condiciones poblacionales y alimenticias de colonias de abejas melíferas bajo condiciones del altiplano central de México.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p><bold>Ubicación. </bold>El apiario experimental se ubicó en Jalpa, Zacatecas, México, a 21°
				38’ N y 100° 51’ O, y 1,380 msnm. El área de estudio presenta una vegetación de tipo
				selva baja caducifolia y un clima semiseco semicálido. La temperatura media anual es
				de 21.2 °C y una precipitación media anual de 700 mm (<xref ref-type="bibr"
					rid="B24">INEGI, 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p><bold>Colonias experimentales y aplicación de los tratamientos acaricidas</bold>. De una
				población de 200 colonias de abejas melíferas alojadas en colmenas tipo Langstroth,
				se seleccionaron 48 con condiciones similares. En promedio, las colonias
				experimentales estaban conformadas con ocho panales cubiertos con abejas, de los
				cuales cinco panales contenían cría operculada, dos panales con miel y uno con polen
				y un nivel promedio de infestación de <italic>V. destructor</italic> en abejas
				adultas de 5.3±0.36%. Las colonias fueron establecidas en un solo apiario y sus
				reinas fueron remplazadas por reinas hermanas de la misma generación y origen.</p>
			<p>Se formaron cuatro grupos experimentales, cada uno integrado con 12 colonias de abejas. Las colonias del primer grupo recibieron tratamiento contra <italic>Varroa</italic> en el verano (los días 10, 17, 24 y 31 de julio de 2016), las colonias del segundo grupo recibieron tratamiento durante el invierno (19, 26 de enero, 2 y 9 de febrero de 2017), el grupo tres recibió doble tratamiento, uno de ellos en verano y otro en el invierno (en las mismas fechas antes mencionadas) y las colonias del grupo cuatro no recibieron tratamiento durante todo el experimento. El propósito de aplicar doble tratamiento acaricida (grupo: verano e invierno) fue provocar niveles de infestación por <italic>Varroa</italic> más bajos que en las colonias tratadas solo en una estación del año y hacer comparaciones respecto a las condiciones poblacionales y de reservas alimenticias de las colonias, además, algunos apicultores utilizan dicho protocolo lo cual probablemente sea innecesario y adverso para las colonias. Generar esta información permite tomar decisiones sobre el número de tratamientos y época de aplicación más conveniente para el control de <italic>Varroa</italic>.</p>
			<p>Los tratamientos contra <italic>Varroa</italic> consistieron en aplicar semanalmente y durante cuatro ocasiones 10 ml de amitraz (Taktic)al 1.25% en una toalla 	absorbente (Scott) de 28 x 6.5cm sobre los cabezales de los bastidores de la cámara de cría. El uso de amitraz en dichas preparaciones se basa en previas investigaciones realizadas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Lupo y Gerling (1990</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Smodiš <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Gregorc y Planinc (2012)</xref> y en la probada efectividad del amitraz (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Semkiw <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>), la poca disponibilidad de acaricidas específicos para las abejas en México y la necesidad del experimento de garantizar la reducción significativa de los niveles de infestación, independientemente de las condiciones ambientales de cada época del año.</p>
			<p><bold>Tamaño poblacional, reservas de alimento y peso</bold>. La población de abejas, áreas de
				cría, miel y polen de las colonias se calcularon a través del porcentaje promedio
				estimado por dos personas de la superficie de cada lado del panal ocupada por dichas
				variables. Para determinar la población de abejas, se utilizó la superficie
				porcentual y el número de abejas que ocupan un panal Langstroth de cámara de cría
				por ambos lados (2,430 abejas) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Delaplane <italic>et
						al</italic>., 2013</xref>). La superficie porcentual de cría, miel y polen
				se convirtió en área (cm<sup>2</sup>), usando la superficie que tiene un panal tipo
				Langstroth en ambos lados (1,760 cm<sup>2</sup>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"
					>Delaplane <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). Las mediciones se realizaron
				durante el periodo de la tarde (16 a 19 h) cuando la mayoría de las abejas se
				encontraban en el interior de las colmenas. El peso de las colonias se determinó
				restando el peso del equipo (piso, cámara de cría, techo y panales) del peso total
				de cada colmena.</p>
			<p>Las evaluaciones se realizaron con una frecuencia mensual a partir de mayo de 2016 a abril de 2017. Se suministró 1.5 L de jarabe de azúcar (1:1) semanalmente y 250 g de sustituto proteico (25% proteína) cada dos semanas, cuando las condiciones ambientales no proveían alimento a las colonias (14 de junio al 22 de julio y del 10 de diciembre de 2016 al 20 de enero de 2017).</p>
			<p><bold>Infestación por <italic>V. destructor.</italic> 
</bold> Se determinó el nivel de infestación en abejas adultas, en cría de obreras y el número de ácaros caídos en las colonias experimentales, cada mes a partir de mayo de 2016 a abril de 2017. El nivel de infestación en abejas se determinó mediante el método de De Jong al dividir el número de ácaros entre el total de abejas analizadas y multiplicado por 100 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">De Jong <italic>et al</italic>., 1982</xref>). Se estimó el número total de ácaros en las abejas adultas de las colonias con el número promedio de ácaros por abeja multiplicado por la población de abejas estimada en las colonias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Delaplane <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). El nivel de infestación en la cría de obreras se determinó al dividir el número de celdas infestadas de una porción (10 x 10 cm) de panal con cría operculada entre el número de celdas analizadas y multiplicando por 100 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">De Jong <italic>et al</italic>., 1982</xref>).</p>
			<p>Para el registro de ácaros caídos, se instaló en el piso de las colmenas una lámina galvanizada (28 x 43.5 cm) impregnada con petrolato y entre la lámina y la cámara de cría se colocó una malla (3 mm), esto para que los ácaros caídos pasen por la malla y se adhirieran a la lámina. El promedio diario de varroas caídas se obtuvo al dividir el número de ácaros registrados entre siete días que permanecieron colocadas las láminas adheribles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Dietemann <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). Además, durante la aplicación del tratamiento acaricida se registró semanalmente durante cuatro semanas la caída de ácaros en las láminas de los cuatro grupos de colonias.</p>
			<p><bold>Análisis estadístico. </bold>A partir de los registros mensuales, se determinó el
				promedio de cada una de las variables medidas (población de abejas, áreas
					(cm<sup>2</sup>) de cría, miel y polen, peso, niveles de infestación en abejas
				adultas, en cría de obreras y el número de ácaros caídos) para cada estación del
				año, y se utilizaron pruebas de análisis de varianza, de medidas repetidas y la
				prueba de comparación de medias de Newman-Keuls. Además de pruebas de correlación de
				Pearson para establecer relaciones entre las variables evaluadas y la prueba de
					<italic>X</italic>
				<sup>
					<italic>2</italic>
				</sup> para determinar posibles diferencias en la frecuencia de casos de mortalidad
				de colonias entre las colonias tratadas con amitraz en verano, verano e invierno,
				invierno y testigo. Los datos porcentuales fueron transformados a raíz cuadrada del
				arcoseno, esto para normalizar su distribución (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">SAS,
					2014</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>Al inicio del experimento (abril de 2016), las 48 colonias seleccionadas contaron con condiciones estadísticamente similares de población de abejas (F=0.14, P=0.35), cría operculada (F=0.42, P=0.52), reservas de miel (F=0.14, P=0.78), polen (F=0.39, P=0.65) y niveles de infestación de <italic>V. destructor</italic> (F=0.44, P=0.51).</p>
			<p>Se observó reducción significativa en la población de varroas a consecuencia de los tratamientos acaricidas aplicados en verano e invierno. Los valores de los niveles de infestación en abejas adultas, cría y la caída diaria de varroas antes y después de los tratamientos aplicados en verano e invierno se muestran en los <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">cuadros 1</xref> y <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Nivel de infestación por <italic>V. destructor</italic> en abejas y cría (% media±ee) y caída diaria (media±ee) de varroas antes y después del tratamiento con amitraz en el verano, de colonias de los grupos experimentales: verano, invierno, verano e invierno y testigo<bold>.</bold></title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Variable / grupo de colonias</th>
								<th align="center">Verano</th>
								<th align="center">Invierno</th>
								<th align="center">Verano e invierno</th>
								<th align="center">Testigo</th>
								<th align="center">F y P</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Infestación de abejas adultas antes del tratamiento</td>
								<td align="center">7.01±0.66a</td>
								<td align="center">10.51±2.4a</td>
								<td align="center">10.95±1.33a</td>
								<td align="center">10.36±1.69a</td>
								<td align="center">1.42, 0.25</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Infestación de abejas adultas después del tratamiento</td>
								<td align="center">0.69±0.44b</td>
								<td align="center">13.98±2.7a</td>
								<td align="center">0.94±0.50b</td>
								<td align="center">11.05±1.83a</td>
								<td align="center">18.97, &lt;0.0001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Infestación en cría antes del tratamiento</td>
								<td align="center">11.0±1.75a</td>
								<td align="center">8.40±1.84a</td>
								<td align="center">10.09±2.23a</td>
								<td align="center">10.82±1.54a</td>
								<td align="center">0.39, 0.76</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Infestación en cría después del tratamiento</td>
								<td align="center">2.31±0.57b</td>
								<td align="center">25.25±4.73a</td>
								<td align="center">5.25±1.45b</td>
								<td align="center">19.34±2.58a</td>
								<td align="center">17.68, &lt;0.0001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Caída diaria de varroas antes del tratamiento</td>
								<td align="center">51.13±9.2a</td>
								<td align="center">77.0±15a</td>
								<td align="center">72.7±10a</td>
								<td align="center">63.9±11a</td>
								<td align="center">1.01, 0.39</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Caída diaria de varroas después del tratamiento</td>
								<td align="center">38.2±3.7b</td>
								<td align="center">66.7±14.8ab</td>
								<td align="center">36.9±4b</td>
								<td align="center">113.58±31a</td>
								<td align="center">4.46, 0.008</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Valores sin transformar. Diferentes literales entre filas indican diferencias significativas basadas en un análisis de varianza y la comparación de medias con la prueba de Newman-Keuls, previa transformación de datos.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Nivel de infestación por <italic>V. destructor</italic> en abejas y cría (% media±ee) y caída diaria (media±ee) de varroas antes y después del tratamiento con amitraz en el invierno, de colonias de los grupos experimentales: verano, invierno, verano e invierno y testigo<bold>.</bold></title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Variable / grupo de colonias</th>
								<th align="center">Verano</th>
								<th align="center">Invierno</th>
								<th align="center">Verano e invierno</th>
								<th align="center">Testigo</th>
								<th align="center">F y P</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Infestación de abejas adultas antes del tratamiento</td>
								<td align="center">10.77±1.07a</td>
								<td align="center">10.43±1.69a</td>
								<td align="center">9.41±1.48a</td>
								<td align="center">9.73±1.42a</td>
								<td align="center">0.22, 0.88</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Infestación de abejas adultas después del tratamiento</td>
								<td align="center">5.68±0.72a</td>
								<td align="center">0.09±0.04b</td>
								<td align="center">0.47±0.33b</td>
								<td align="center">7.2±1.22a</td>
								<td align="center">18.97, &lt;0.0001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Infestación en cría antes del tratamiento</td>
								<td align="center">7.88±1.25a</td>
								<td align="center">16.22±2.24a</td>
								<td align="center">10.4±2.2a</td>
								<td align="center">14.1±3.63a</td>
								<td align="center">2.55, 0.070</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Infestación en cría después del tratamiento</td>
								<td align="center">0.62±0.24b</td>
								<td align="center">0.45±0.30b</td>
								<td align="center">0.20±0.10b</td>
								<td align="center">2.20±0.85a</td>
								<td align="center">2.89, 0.045</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Caída diaria de varroas antes del tratamiento</td>
								<td align="center">20.7±4.3a</td>
								<td align="center">16.8±4.2a</td>
								<td align="center">21.3±3.6a</td>
								<td align="center">17.6±3.5a</td>
								<td align="center">0.29, 0.82</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Caída diaria de varroas después del tratamiento</td>
								<td align="center">1.75±0.48b</td>
								<td align="center">1.31±0.30b</td>
								<td align="center">1.36±0.25b</td>
								<td align="center">3.8±0.9a</td>
								<td align="center">4.35, 0.01</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>Valores sin transformar. Diferentes literales entre filas indican diferencias significativas basadas en un análisis de varianza y la comparación de medias con la prueba de Newman-Keuls, previa transformación de datos.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Al utilizar los registros mensuales de los niveles de infestación por <italic>Varroa</italic> y generar un promedio para cada estación del año, se observó que estos difieren significativamente entre los cuatro grupos de colonias (P&lt;0.05), el tratamiento aplicado en el verano redujo los niveles de infestación en abejas adultas, cría y la caída de ácaros al fondo adherible de las colmenas. Sin embargo, en abejas adultas, los niveles de infestación se incrementaron rápidamente para el otoño a niveles similares a los cuales fueron tratadas inicialmente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Nivel de infestación (media±ee) de <italic>V. destructor</italic> en abejas adultas de colonias tratadas con amitraz en verano, invierno, verano e invierno y no tratadas. Valores sin transformar. Diferentes literales indican diferencias significativas (P&lt;0.05) basadas en un análisis de mediciones repetidas y la comparación de medias con la prueba de Newman-Keuls, previa transformación de datos al arcoseno de la raíz cuadrada.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e129-gf1.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>La población de <italic>Varroa</italic> en la cría y los ácaros caídos en el piso adherible de las colmenas tuvieron un comportamiento similar (figuras 2 y 3), en ambos sitios, las colonias tratadas en verano (verano y verano e invierno) presentaron niveles significativamente (F=7.01, P=0.0008) inferiores en las estaciones de verano y el otoño a diferencia de las colonias tratadas en el invierno y no tratadas. El tratamiento acaricida aplicado en el invierno solo tuvo efecto en la población de ácaros en abejas adultas. El número de ácaros en el fondo adherible y en la cría durante el invierno y la primavera, no difirieron entre los cuatro grupos de colonias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figuras 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Nivel de infestación (media±ee) de <italic>V. destructor</italic> en cría de colonias tratadas con amitraz en verano, invierno, verano e invierno y no tratadas. Valores sin transformar. Diferentes literales indican diferencias significativas (P&lt;0.05) basadas en un análisis de mediciones repetidas con valores transformados y la comparación de medias con la prueba de Newman-Keuls.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e129-gf2.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Caída diaria (media±ee) de <italic>V. destructor</italic> en colonias tratadas con amitraz en verano, invierno, verano e invierno y no tratadas. Diferentes literales indican diferencias significativas basadas en un análisis de mediciones repetidas y la comparación de medias con la prueba de Newman-Keuls (P&lt;0.05).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e129-gf3.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Respecto a la caída de varroas en el piso adherible de las colmenas durante las cuatro aplicaciones del tratamiento acaricida, se observó que la primera aplicación del tratamiento provocó significativamente (F=8.51, P&lt;0.001) mayor número de ácaros caídos que en las aplicaciones posteriores. La caída de ácaros debida a las últimas tres aplicaciones del amitraz fueron estadísticamente similares (P&gt;0.05) a la caída natural del ácaro del grupo testigo.</p>
			<p>La población de abejas, áreas de miel, polen y peso no fueron diferentes entre los cuatro grupos de colonias en las cuatro estaciones del año. Solo se observaron diferencias significativas en las áreas de cría operculada durante el otoño, las colonias tratadas en verano (6,747±352 cm<sup>2</sup>) y verano-invierno (5,960±191 cm<sup>2</sup>) tuvieron significativamente (F=3.55, P= 0.023), mayores áreas de cría que las colonias tratadas en el invierno (4,889±472 cm<sup>2</sup>) o no tratadas (5,240±631 cm<sup>2</sup>), entre las cuales no hubo diferencia significativa.</p>
			<p>Sin considerar el tratamiento al cual pertenecían las colonias, las áreas de cría operculada y la población de abejas fueron estadísticamente inferiores en las últimas dos estaciones del experimento (invierno y primavera) a diferencia de lo observado en las primeras estaciones, dichos valores se presentan en el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">cuadro 3</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Cuadro 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Áreas (cm<sup>2</sup>) de cría operculada y población de abejas adultas de colonias de abejas melíferas (n=48) durante la primavera, verano, otoño e invierno de 2016 y la primavera de 2017<bold>.</bold></title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Estación</th>
								<th align="left">Áreas de cría (cm<sup>2</sup>)</th>
								<th align="left">Población de abejas</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Primavera (2016)</td>
								<td align="left">10,410±182 a</td>
								<td align="left">9,484±136 a,b</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Verano (2016)</td>
								<td align="left">8,387±220 b</td>
								<td align="left">10,011±398 a</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Otoño (2016)</td>
								<td align="left">5,771±238 c</td>
								<td align="left">8,614±417 b</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Invierno (2016)</td>
								<td align="left">3,252±240 d</td>
								<td align="left">4,366±372 c</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Primavera (2017)</td>
								<td align="left">5,813±275 c</td>
								<td align="left">5,123±445 c</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">F y P</td>
								<td align="left">F=146.8, P&lt;0.0001</td>
								<td align="left">F=48.9, P&lt;0.0001</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>Diferentes literales en cada columna indican diferencias significativas basadas en un análisis de varianza y la comparación de medias con la prueba de Newman-Keuls.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Al final del experimento (primavera), el número promedio de varroas por abeja y el tamaño poblacional de varroas estimado en la población de abejas adultas de las colonias fue significativamente menor en los grupos tratados en el invierno (invierno y verano e invierno), pero no se presentaron diferencias significativas respecto a los valores poblacionales, reservas de alimento y peso entre las colonias tratadas en verano, invierno, verano e invierno y el grupo testigo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">cuadro 4</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Cuadro 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Población de abejas, áreas (cm<sup>2</sup>) de cría, miel, polen, peso, promedio de varroas por abeja y población de ácaros en abejas adultas de colonias tratadas con amitraz en el verano, invierno, verano e invierno y no tratadas, al término del experimento (primavera)<bold>.</bold></title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							
						
						<tr>
								<th align="center">Grupo</th>
								<th align="center">Población de abejas</th>
								<th align="center">Población de cría (cm<sup>2</sup>)</th>
								<th align="center">Reservas de miel (cm<sup>2</sup>)</th>
								<th align="center">Reservas de polen (cm<sup>2</sup>)</th>
								<th align="center">Peso (Kg)</th>
								<th align="center">Varroas por cada 100 abejas</th>
								<th align="center">Ácaros en población de abejas estimada</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Verano</td>
								<td align="center">13314±953</td>
								<td align="center">5560±475</td>
								<td align="center">3560±372</td>
								<td align="center">660±220</td>
								<td align="center">8.5±1.02</td>
								<td align="center">0.045±0.0 a</td>
								<td align="center">602±114 a</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Invierno</td>
								<td align="center">12757±1349</td>
								<td align="center">6356±464</td>
								<td align="center">3276±544</td>
								<td align="center">605±321</td>
								<td align="center">6.2±1.03</td>
								<td align="center">0.0086±0.01 b</td>
								<td align="center">109±50 b</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Verano-Invierno</td>
								<td align="center">12879±1542</td>
								<td align="center">5808±593</td>
								<td align="center">3036±266</td>
								<td align="center">968±205</td>
								<td align="center">7.3±0.81</td>
								<td align="center">0.0078±0.00 b</td>
								<td align="center">100±42 b</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Testigo</td>
								<td align="center">14200±1847</td>
								<td align="center">5555±743</td>
								<td align="center">3410±360</td>
								<td align="center">1320±525</td>
								<td align="center">6.7±0.85</td>
								<td align="center">0.0293±0.01 a</td>
								<td align="center">416±86 a</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center">F=0.19,</td>
								<td align="center">F=0.43,</td>
								<td align="center">F=0.34,</td>
								<td align="center">F=1.01,</td>
								<td align="center">F=1.13,</td>
								<td align="center">F=10.09,</td>
								<td align="center">F=8.71,</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center">P=0.90</td>
								<td align="center">P=0.73</td>
								<td align="center">P=0.79</td>
								<td align="center">P=0.39</td>
								<td align="center">P=0.35</td>
								<td align="center">P&lt;0.0001</td>
								<td align="center">P=0.0002</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>Diferentes literales en cada columna indican diferencias significativas basadas en un análisis de varianza y la comparación de medias con la prueba de Newman-Keuls.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>El nivel de infestación en abejas se relacionó positiva y significativamente con el nivel de infestación en cría (r=0.52, P= 0.0002) y con la caída de ácaros al piso adherible de las colmenas (r=0.63, P&lt; 0.0001). Asimismo, el peso de las colonias se relacionó con la población de abejas de las colonias (r=0.65, P&lt; 0.001).</p>
			<p>En el grupo de colonias tratadas en el verano murió el 8% de las colonias y el 16% en el grupo tratado en el verano e invierno, mientras que en el grupo tratado en el invierno y testigo hubo una mortalidad del 25% y 33%, respectivamente, no hubo diferencias estadísticas significativas (<italic>X</italic>
 <sup>
 <italic>2</italic>
</sup> = 2.52, gl= 3, P= 0.47).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La reducción en la población de varroas a consecuencia de los tratamientos aplicados en verano e invierno confirman la efectividad acaricida del amitraz al disminuir significativamente la población de ácaros en las colonias de abejas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Semkiw <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). Sin embargo, se observó un rápido incremento de los niveles de infestación en abejas adultas en el otoño en las colonias tratadas durante el verano, lo cual se ha presentado en otras investigaciones y ha sido atribuido a varroas sobrevivientes al tratamiento y a la migración de ácaros procedentes de colonias no tratadas del mismo apiario (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Delaplane y Hood, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Gatien y Currie, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Wilfert <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Considerando los promedios de infestación para cada estación del año, se observó que el tratamiento acaricida aplicado en el invierno solo tuvo efecto en la población de ácaros en abejas adultas (≈7.3% menos respecto a los niveles de infestación en otoño) y que el número de ácaros en el fondo adherible en las colmenas (media=10.5) y en la cría (media=10.1%) durante el invierno y la primavera (1.4 y 2.5%, respectivamente), no difirieron (P&lt;0.05) entre los cuatro grupos de colonias. En los escasos estudios con los que se puedan comparar los resultados del presente, se observa variabilidad en los resultados y algunos coinciden a los obtenidos en el presente estudio, tal es el caso del experimento realizado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Delaplane y Hood (1997)</xref> quienes no encontraron una reducción en el número de ácaros en las colonias tratadas en junio (1,702 varroas) en comparación con las colonias no tratadas (986), esto en el estado de Georgia EUA. Sin embargo, en dicho estudio encontraron que para Carolina del Sur el efecto del tratamiento sobre la población de ácaros fue significativo.</p>
			<p>La dinámica poblacional de <italic>V. destructor</italic> se relaciona con el ciclo y la cantidad de cría disponible en la colonia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Delaplane, 1998</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Caron, 1999</xref>). Y el incremento de la población de abejas y cría reduce la proporción de ácaros respecto a la población de abejas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Moretto <italic>et al</italic>., 1991</xref>). Lo anterior explica la notable reducción de los niveles de infestación al final del experimento en los cuatro grupos de colonias, ya que se presentó una reducción significativa de las áreas de cría y población de abejas en otoño e invierno (P&lt;0.0001, cuadro 3), lo que ocasionó menores posibilidades de reproducción para el ácaro. Adicionalmente, en la primavera, el incremento observado en las áreas de cría y población de abejas derivado de una mayor disponibilidad de recursos para las abejas pudo reducir la proporción de varroas respecto a la población de abejas.</p>
			<p>En relación al número de aplicaciones del tratamiento, los resultados revelan que en la primera dosis hubo mayor (P&lt;0.001) caída de ácaros respecto a las posteriores aplicaciones y al grupo testigo. Lo anterior probablemente se deba a que durante la primera aplicación muere la mayoría de los ácaros y el reducido número de varroas remanentes en fase forética y reproductiva no permita identificar diferencias significativas respecto al grupo testigo en las posteriores aplicaciones del tratamiento. Estos resultados coinciden con los reportados previamente con el uso de timol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Espinosa-Montaño y Guzmán-Novoa, 2007</xref>). No obstante, es importante mantener el tratamiento durante la emergencia de nuevas varroas que se encuentran en etapa reproductiva al interior de las celdillas, esto permitirá lograr una mejor reducción de la población de ácaros en las colonias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Rosenkranz <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>).</p>
			<p>La población de abejas, áreas de miel, polen y peso no fueron diferentes entre los cuatro grupos de colonias en las cuatro estaciones del año. Solo se observaron diferencias significativas en las áreas de cría operculada durante el otoño, las colonias tratadas en verano (6,747±352 cm<sup>2</sup>) y verano e invierno (5,960±191 cm<sup>2</sup>) tuvieron significativamente (P= 0.023), mayores áreas de cría que las colonias tratadas en el invierno (4,889±472 cm<sup>2</sup>) o no tratadas (5,240±631 cm<sup>2</sup>), entre las cuales no hubo diferencia significativa.</p>
			<p>A excepción de los tratamientos aplicados en el verano, los cuales repercutieron con mayores áreas de cría en el otoño (P= 0.023); Las diferencias en los niveles de infestación de <italic>Varroa</italic> entre los tratamientos (colonias tratadas en verano, invierno, verano-invierno y testigo) no tuvieron efectos significativos en las variables de población (abejas y áreas de cría), reservas de alimentos (miel y polen) y peso de las colonias. Al igual que en el presente estudio, en los trabajos realizados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Delaplane y Hood (1997</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">1999</xref>) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Strange y Sheppard (2001)</xref> se muestran resultados contradictorios sobre el efecto de los niveles de infestación de <italic>V. destructor</italic> sobre los parámetros poblacionales de las colonias, sus reservas alimenticias y el peso de las colonias. Al respecto, se ha reportado que no siempre existe una clara relación entre la población de ácaros y la población de la colonia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Korpela <italic>et al</italic>., 1992</xref>) y que los tratamientos acaricidas en ocasiones no repercuten en la producción de crías en colonias parasitadas por <italic>Varroa</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Delaplane, 1995</xref>). Probablemente esto se deba a una mayor producción de cría en colonias con altos niveles de infestación por <italic>Varroa</italic> debido al esfuerzo de las colonias para compensar la pérdida de crías a consecuencia de la parasitosis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Delaplane y Hood, 1997</xref>).</p>
			<p>Al final del experimento (primavera), los niveles de infestación promedio de 0.045 ácaros por abeja (4.5% de infestación) y una población estimada de 100 a 602 ácaros, no redujeron la población de abejas, áreas de cría, miel, polen y peso de las colonias del altiplano central de México con poblaciones de 12,757 a 14,200 abejas. En este sentido, se ha reportado que el nivel de infestación tolerable para la colonia cambia regionalmente debido a la variación en el período de cría en las colonias y sus efectos sobre la dinámica poblacional del ácaro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Delaplane, 1998</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Caron, 1999</xref>).</p>
			<p>En México, la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">SAGARPA (2005)</xref> recomienda que a partir del 5% de infestación por <italic>Varroa</italic> en abejas y/o 10 ácaros caídos en 24 h al piso adherible de las colmenas se implemente algún tratamiento contra la enfermedad. Sin embargo, estos umbrales difieren a otros establecidos por diferentes autores en diferentes épocas y regiones. El umbral de tratamiento establecido para el noroeste y suroeste de EU es 5% en abejas y de 12 ácaros caídos en 24 h en primavera (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Strange y Sheppard, 2001</xref>). Para el verano se recomienda que el tratamiento acaricida se aplique a partir de 23 ácaros para el noroeste y 70 a 224 caídos en 24 h o de 3,000 a 4,000 ácaros para colonias con poblaciones de 24,000 a 34,000 abejas (8-8.5% en abejas) en el sureste de los EU (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Delaplane y Hood, 1997</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">1999</xref>). En contraste, para Reino Unido el umbral de daño ha sido reportado de 2,500 ácaros por colonia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Martin, 1999</xref>).</p>
			<p>En Canadá, los niveles promedio de infestación por <italic>Varroa</italic> de 2% en abejas tienen un efecto negativo sobre la producción de miel y en colonias con niveles superiores al 4% en verano es necesario aplicar un tratamiento para prevenir su pérdida en otoño e invierno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Currie y Gatien, 2006</xref>). Contradictoriamente, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Currie y Gatien (2006)</xref> reportan que niveles de 7 y 10% en abejas no repercuten sobre la producción de miel de las colonias. En Valle de Bravo, estado de México, se observó que colonias tratadas con fluvalinato y con un promedio de infestación del 2.3% produjeron 65% más miel que colonias no tratadas y con un nivel promedio de infestación del 6.8% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Arechavaleta y Guzmán-Novoa, 2000</xref>). Lo anterior refleja variabilidad de efectos que los niveles de infestación ejercen sobre las colonias de abejas melíferas en diferentes condiciones ambientales y épocas del año. Probablemente, la presencia de virus y otros factores sanitarios podrían explicar las variaciones encontradas en los umbrales de tratamiento reportados.</p>
			<p>El análisis de correlación permitió observar una relación positiva entre los niveles de infestación en abejas y cría y con la caída diaria de ácaros, así como el peso con la población de abejas de las colonias. Lo anterior coincide con lo reportado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Gąbka (2014)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Saini (2018)</xref>. Estas características pueden ser utilizadas por los apicultores como estrategias predictivas de las condiciones de las colonias.</p>
			<p>Se ha reportado que colonias que reciben un tratamiento acaricida a inicios del año presentan una menor tasa de mortalidad a diferencia de colonias tratadas tardíamente o no tratadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Delaplane y Hood, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Fries <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>). Sin embargo, en el presente estudio la tasa de mortalidad de los cuatro grupos de colonias no difirió significativamente.</p>
			<p>Se requieren estudios adicionales que proporcionen mayor información respecto al efecto del tratamiento contra <italic>Varroa</italic> aplicado en diferentes estaciones del año sobre los niveles de infestación del ácaro y las condiciones poblacionales y alimenticias, así como su efecto en la producción de colonias de abejas melíferas en diferentes regiones.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>El tratamiento aplicado en el verano redujo significativamente los niveles de infestación por <italic>Varroa</italic>, pero estos se incrementaron para el otoño a niveles similares a los iniciales. Las diferencias en los niveles de infestación observadas en otoño, invierno y primavera no repercutieron en la población de abejas, áreas de cría, miel, polen y peso de las colonias. Niveles de infestación promedio de 4.5% en abejas y una población estimada de hasta 602 ácaros, no redujeron la población, reservas de alimento y peso de las colonias evaluadas en el presente estudio con poblaciones de hasta 14,200 abejas. Se recomienda monitorear el nivel de infestación de las colonias y aplicar acaricidas durante el invierno para evitar que la población de ácaros se incremente y repercuta sobre las condiciones y productividad de las colonias de abejas.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMIENTOS</title>
			<p>Se agradece a la Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, al Colegio de Posgraduados Campus San Luis Potosí por las facilidades otorgadas para la realización del presente estudio y la obtención del grado de Maestro en Ciencias en Innovación de Manejo de Recursos Naturales del primer autor, así como al CONACYT por la beca otorgada.</p>
		</ack>
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				<p>Clave:2020-35.</p>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Seasonal treatment with amitraz against <italic>Varroa destructor</italic> and its effects in honey bee colonies of <italic>Apis mellifera</italic></article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<p>The objective of this work was to determine the amitraz treatment effect against <italic>Varroa</italic> destructor on the population and food reserves of honeybee colonies, during the four seasons of the year in Mexico's central high plateau. 48 colonies with similar sister queens, homogeneous populations, food reserves, and <italic>Varroa</italic> infestation levels were used.12 colonies received acaricidal treatment in the summer, 12 in winter, 12 in summer and winter, and 12 were untreated. The <italic>Varroa</italic> infestation levels were determined in adult bees, worker brood, and by mites on the hives' floor for one year. The adult bee population, capped brood area, honey, pollen, and colony weight were also evaluated. There were statistical differences (P&lt;0.05) between the <italic>Varroa</italic> levels on treatments. Ending the experiment (spring) the infestation level in colonies treated in summer (602 ± 114) and not treated (416 ± 86) were higher (P = 0.0002) than those treated in summer and winter (109±50), or only in winter (100±42), between which, there were no statistical differences. However, there were no significant effects of the treatments on population bees, food stores, and weight. The winter treatment was sufficient to control <italic>Varroa</italic> infestation in colonies located in Mexico's central high plateau.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Varroa destructor</kwd>
				<kwd>honey bees</kwd>
				<kwd>amitraz</kwd>
				<kwd>bee population</kwd>
				<kwd>food stores</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>The <italic>Varroa destructor</italic> mite (Acari: Varroidae) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Anderson and Trueman, 2000</xref>), the cause of varroosis, is the number one health problem for beekeeping worldwide (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Nazzi and Le Conte, 2016</xref>). This is because its distribution is generalized, affects brood and adult bees, transmits and predisposes to the presence of bacterial, viral and fungal diseases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Martin <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">vanEngelsdorp and Maixner, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Ryabov <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Besides, it reduces the life span of bees (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Dainat <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>), the population size and the honey production of the colonies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Arechavaleta and Guzmán-Novoa, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Medina-Flores <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>) and it is considered one of the main factors associated with the high annual loss of colonies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Marie-Pierre <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Guzmán-Novoa <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p>In addition to the problems already mentioned by Varroa to the colonies and the beekeeping industry, the application of the acaricides used for its control represent another problem since in general all have shown adverse effects for the bees, even more so if they are not applied in a correct way. Synthetic products (fluvalinate, flumethrin and amitraz) have been the most effective, particularly amitraz, which has been shown to be less residual and toxic to bees (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Gashout <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>) and have fewer resistance problems in the highland region central of Mexico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Rodríguez-Dehaibes <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>). However, these acaricides can affect the development of queens and drones, the learning ability and the posture of the queen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Berry <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>) and cause the development of resistance of the mite (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Martínez-Puc and Medina-Medina, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Kamler <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Organic acids, such as formic, reduce memory <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Gashout <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>), and oxalic acid affects the longevity and survival of workers and breeding (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Schneider <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>), while monoterpenes constituents of essential oils derived from plants, can have toxic effects and reduce humoral immunity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Boncristiani <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). The acaricidal efficiency of organic acids and plant extracts is variable and depends on the applicator and its position in the hive, humidity and ambient temperature, the size of the hive, the presence of brood, among other factors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Pietropaoli and Formato, 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>To control the mite populations in the colonies and at the same time reduce the use of acaricides, it is necessary to identify the opportune time to apply the treatments. This will contribute to reducing the negative effects of the aforementioned acaricides. Also, the selection pressure for resistant mites, the risks of contamination of colony products, the cost of production to beekeepers due to the unnecessary application of treatments and would avoid relax the selection pressure for mite resistance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Delaplane and Hood, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Delaplane, 1998</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Caron, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">González-Cabrera <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). However, the population development of the mite differs regionally due to the variation of the breeding period in the colonies and its effects on the population dynamics of the mite (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Delaplane, 1998</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Caron, 1999</xref>). Consequently, the treatment threshold must be determined in specific regions. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the effect of amitraz-based treatment applied in summer, winter, and summer and winter on the levels of infestation by <italic>Varroa destructor</italic> and the population and feeding conditions of honeybee colonies under conditions of the central highlands of Mexico.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p><bold>Location.</bold> The experimental apiary was located in Jalpa, Zacatecas, Mexico, at
					21° 38' N and 100° 51' W, and 1,380 meters above sea level. The study area has a
					low deciduous forest type vegetation and a semi-dry semi-warm climate. The
					average annual temperature is 21.2 °C and an average annual rainfall of 700 mm
						(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">INEGI, 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p><bold>Experimental colonies and application of acaricidal treatments.</bold> From a
					population of 200 honeybee colonies housed in Langstroth-type hives, 48 were
					selected with similar conditions. On average, the experimental colonies
					consisted of eight combs covered with bees, of which five combs contained capped
					brood, two combs with honey and one with pollen and an average level of
						<italic>V. destructor</italic> infestation in adult bees of 5.3 ± 0.36%. The
					colonies were established in a single apiary and their queens were replaced by
					sister queens of the same generation and origin.</p>
				<p>Four experimental groups were formed, each one composed of 12 colonies of bees. The colonies of the first group received treatment against <italic>Varroa</italic> in the summer (on 10, 17, 24 and 31 July 2016). The colonies of the second group received treatment during the winter (19, 26 January, 2 and 9 February 2017), group three received double treatment, and one of them in summer and another in winter (on the same dates mentioned above) and the colonies of group four received no treatment during the entire experiment. The purpose of applying double acaricidal treatment (group: summer and winter) was to cause lower levels of infestation by <italic>Varroa</italic> than in the colonies treated only in one season of the year and to make comparisons regarding the population conditions and food reserves of the colonies. In addition, some beekeepers use this protocol which is probably unnecessary and adverse for the colonies. Generating this information allows making decisions about the number of treatments and the most convenient time of application for the control of <italic>Varroa</italic>.</p>
				<p>Treatments against Varroa consisted of applying 10 ml of amitraz (Taktic) at 1.25% on an absorbent towel (Scott) measuring 28 x 6.5 cm on a weekly basis and for four occasions on the heads of the brood chamber frames. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Lupo and Gerling (1990</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Smodiš <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Gregorc and Planinc (2012)</xref> base the use of amitraz in this preparation on previous research, in the proven effectiveness of amitraz (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Semkiw <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). Also, in the low availability of specific acaricides for bees in Mexico and the need for the experiment to guarantee a significant reduction in levels of infestation, regardless of the environmental conditions of each time of year.</p>
				<p><bold>Population size, food reserve and weight.</bold> The population of bees, brooding
					areas, honey and pollen of the colonies were calculated through the average
					percentage estimated by two people of the surface of each side of the honeycomb
					occupied by these variables. To determine the population of bees, the percentage
					area and the number of bees occupying a Langstroth honeycomb with a brood
					chamber on both sides (2,430 bees) were used (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"
						>Delaplane <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). The percentage surface of
					brood, honey and pollen was converted into area (cm<sup>2</sup>), using the surface that
					has a Langstroth-type honeycomb on both sides (1,760 cm<sup>2</sup>) (<xref ref-type="bibr"
						rid="B8">Delaplane <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). Measurements were
					made during the afternoon period (4 to 7 p.m.) when most of the bees were inside
					the hives. The weight of the colonies was determined by subtracting the weight
					of the equipment (floor, brood chamber, roof and combs) from the total weight of
					each hive.</p>
				<p>The evaluations were carried out with a monthly frequency from May 2016 to April 2017. 1.5 L of sugar syrup (1: 1) was supplied weekly and 250 g of protein substitute (25% protein) every two weeks, when the Environmental conditions did not provide food to the colonies (June 14 to July 22 and from December 10, 2016 to January 20, 2017).</p>
				<p><bold>Infestation by V. destructor.</bold> The level of infestation in adult bees, in the
					brood of workers and the number of fallen mites in the experimental colonies,
					was determined every month from May 2016 to April 2017. The level of infestation
					in bees was determined by the method of De Jong by dividing the number of mites
					by the total number of bees analyzed and multiplied by 100 (<xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">De Jong <italic>et al</italic>., 1982</xref>). The
					total number of mites in the adult bees of the colonies was estimated with the
					average number of mites per bee multiplied by the estimated bee population in
					the colonies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Delaplane <italic>et al</italic>.,
						2013</xref>). The level of infestation in the worker brood was determined by
					dividing the number of infested cells in a portion (10 x 10 cm) of honeycomb
					with capped brood by the number of cells analyzed and multiplying by 100 (<xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">De Jong <italic>et al</italic>., 1982</xref>).</p>
				<p>To register fallen mites, a galvanized sheet (28 x 43.5 cm) impregnated with petrolatum was installed on the floor of the hives and a mesh (3 mm) was placed between the sheet and the brood chamber, this so that the mites fallen through the mesh and adhere to the sheet. The daily average of fallen varroas was obtained by dividing the number of registered mites by seven days that the adherent sheets remained in place (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Dietemann <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). In addition, during the application of the acaricidal treatment, the fall of mites in the sheets of the four groups of colonies was recorded weekly for four weeks.</p>
				<p><bold>Statistical analysis.</bold> From the monthly records, the average of each of the
					measured variables (bee population, brood areas (cm<sup>2</sup>), honey and
					pollen, weight, levels of infestation in adult bees, in brood of workers and the
					number of fallen mites) for each season of the year, and analysis of variance
					tests, repeated measures and the Newman-Keuls mean comparison test were used. In
					addition to Pearson's correlation tests to establish relationships between the
					evaluated variables and the <italic>X</italic>
					<sup>
						<italic>2</italic>
					</sup> test to determine possible differences in the frequency of colony
					mortality cases between colonies treated with amitraz in summer, summer and
					winter, winter and control. The percentage data were transformed to the square
					root of the arcsine, this to normalize its distribution (<xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">SAS, 2014</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>At the beginning of the experiment (April 2016), the 48 selected colonies had statistically similar conditions of bee population (F=0.14, P=0.35), capped brood (F=0.42, P=0.52), honey reserves (F=0.14, P=0.78), pollen (F=0.39, P = 0.65) and infestation levels of <italic>V</italic>. <italic>destructor</italic> (F = 0.44, P = 0.51).</p>
				<p>A significant reduction in the varroa population was observed because of the acaricidal treatments applied in summer and winter. The values of the levels of infestation in adult bees, brood and the daily fall of varroas before and after the treatments applied in summer and winter are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">2</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Level of infestation by <italic>V. destructor</italic> in bees and breeding (% mean±se) and daily fall (mean±se) of varroas before and after treatment with amitraz in the summer, of colonies of the experimental groups: summer, winter, summer and winter and control.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Variable/group of colonies</th>
									<th align="center">Summer</th>
									<th align="center">Winter</th>
									<th align="center">Summer and winter</th>
									<th align="center">Control</th>
									<th align="center">F and P</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Adult bee infestation before treatment</td>
									<td align="center">7.01±0.66a</td>
									<td align="center">10.51±2.4a</td>
									<td align="center">10.95±1.33a</td>
									<td align="center">10.36±1.69a</td>
									<td align="center">1.42, 0.25</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Adult bee infestation after treatment</td>
									<td align="center">0.69±0.44b</td>
									<td align="center">13.98±2.7a</td>
									<td align="center">0.94±0.50b</td>
									<td align="center">11.05±1.83a</td>
									<td align="center">18.97, &lt;0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Infestation in brood before treatment</td>
									<td align="center">11.0±1.75a</td>
									<td align="center">8.40±1.84a</td>
									<td align="center">10.09±2.23a</td>
									<td align="center">10.82±1.54ª</td>
									<td align="center">0.39, 0.76</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Infestation in brood after treatment</td>
									<td align="center">2.31±0.57b</td>
									<td align="center">25.25±4.73a</td>
									<td align="center">5.25±1.45b</td>
									<td align="center">19.34±2.58a</td>
									<td align="center">17.68, &lt;0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">daily fall of <italic>varroa</italic> before treatment</td>
									<td align="center">51.13±9.2a</td>
									<td align="center">77.0±15a</td>
									<td align="center">72.7±10a</td>
									<td align="center">63.9±11a</td>
									<td align="center">1.01, 0.39</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Daily loss of <italic>varroa</italic> after treatment</td>
									<td align="center">38.2±3.7b</td>
									<td align="center">66.7±14.8ab</td>
									<td align="center">36.9±4b</td>
									<td align="center">113.58±31a</td>
									<td align="center">4.46, 0.008</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>Untransformed values. Different literals between rows indicate significant differences based on an analysis of variance and the comparison of means with the Newman-Keuls test, after data transformation</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Level of infestation by <italic>V. destructor</italic> in bees and brood (% mean ± se) and daily fall (mean ± se) of varroas before and after treatment with amitraz in winter, of colonies of the experimental groups: summer, winter, summer and winter and control.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Variable/group of colonies</th>
									<th align="center">Summer</th>
									<th align="center">Winter</th>
									<th align="center">Summer and winter</th>
									<th align="center">Control</th>
									<th align="center">F and P</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Adult bee infestation before treatment</td>
									<td align="center">10.77±1.07a</td>
									<td align="center">10.43±1.69a</td>
									<td align="center">9.41±1.48a</td>
									<td align="center">9.73±1.42a</td>
									<td align="center">0.22, 0.88</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Adult bee infestation after treatment</td>
									<td align="center">5.68±0.72a</td>
									<td align="center">0.09±0.04b</td>
									<td align="center">0.47±0.33b</td>
									<td align="center">7.2±1.22a</td>
									<td align="center">18.97, &lt;0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Infestation in brood before treatment</td>
									<td align="center">7.88±1.25a</td>
									<td align="center">16.22±2.24a</td>
									<td align="center">10.4±2.2a</td>
									<td align="center">14.1±3.63a</td>
									<td align="center">2.55, 0.070</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Infestation in brood after treatment</td>
									<td align="center">0.62±0.24b</td>
									<td align="center">0.45±0.30b</td>
									<td align="center">0.20±0.10b</td>
									<td align="center">2.20±0.85a</td>
									<td align="center">2.89, 0.045</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">daily fall of <italic>varroa</italic> before treatment</td>
									<td align="center">20.7±4.3a</td>
									<td align="center">16.8±4.2a</td>
									<td align="center">21.3±3.6a</td>
									<td align="center">17.6±3.5a</td>
									<td align="center">0.29, 0.82</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Daily loss of <italic>varroa</italic> after treatment</td>
									<td align="center">1.75±0.48b</td>
									<td align="center">1.31±0.30b</td>
									<td align="center">1.36±0.25b</td>
									<td align="center">3.8±0.9a</td>
									<td align="center">4.35, 0.01</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>Untransformed values. Different literals between rows indicate significant differences based on an analysis of variance and the comparison of means with the Newman-Keuls test, after data transformation.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>When using the monthly records of the levels of infestation by <italic>Varroa</italic> and generating an average for each season of the year, it was observed that these differ significantly between the four groups of colonies (P.05). The treatment applied in the summer reduced the levels of infestation in adult bees, brood and the fall of mites to the adherent bottom of the hives. However, in adult bees, infestation levels increased rapidly by fall to levels similar to those at which they were initially treated (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">figure 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Infestation level (mean±ee) of V. destructor in adult bees from colonies treated with amitraz in summer, winter, summer and winter and not treated. Untransformed values. Different literals indicate significant differences (P &lt;0.05) based on an analysis of repeated measurements and the comparison of means with the Newman-Keuls test, after data transformation to the arcsine of the square root.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e129-gf4.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The <italic>Varroa</italic> population in the breeding and the mites fallen on the adherent floor of the hives had a similar behavior (figures 2 and 3). In both sites, the colonies treated in summer (summer and summer and winter) presented significantly levels (F=7.01, P=0.0008) lower in the summer and autumn seasons, as opposed to the colonies treated in the winter and untreated. The acaricidal treatment applied in winter only had an effect on the mite population in adult bees. The number of mites on the sticky bottom and on the brood during winter and spring did not differ between the four groups of colonies (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figures 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title><bold>Infestation level (mean ± se) of <italic>V. destructor</italic> in colony rearing treated with amitraz in summer, winter, summer-winter and control.</bold> Untransformed values. Different literals indicate significant differences (P &lt;0.05) based on a repeated measurements analysis with transformed values and comparison of means with the Newman-Keuls test.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e129-gf5.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title><bold>Daily fall (mean±se) of <italic>V. destructor</italic> in colonies treated with amitraz in summer, winter, summer-winter and control.</bold> Different literals indicate significant differences based on a repeated measures analysis and comparison of means with the Newman-Keuls test (P &lt;0.05).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e129-gf6.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Regarding the fall of varroas on the adherent floor of the hives during the four applications of the acaricide treatment, it was observed that the first application of the treatment caused significantly (F = 8.51, P &lt;0.001) a greater number of fallen mites than in subsequent applications. The fall of mites due to the last three applications of amitraz were statistically similar (P&gt; 0.05) to the natural fall of the mite of the control group.</p>
				<p>The bee population, honey areas, pollen and weight were not different between the four groups of colonies in the four seasons of the year. Significant differences were only observed in the capped brood areas during the fall, the colonies treated in summer (6,747 ± 352 cm<sup>2</sup>) and summer-winter (5,960 ± 191 cm<sup>2</sup>) had significantly (F = 3.55, P = 0.023), larger areas of brood than the colonies treated in the winter (4,889 ± 472 cm<sup>2</sup>) or untreated (5,240 ± 631 cm<sup>2</sup>), between which there was no significant difference.</p>
				<p>Without considering the treatment to which the colonies belonged, the capped brood areas and the bee population were statistically lower in the last two seasons of the experiment (winter and spring), unlike what was observed in the first seasons, these values are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Areas (cm2) of capped brood and adult bee population of honeybee colonies (n=48) during spring, summer, autumn and winter of 2016 and spring of 2017<bold>.</bold></title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Seasons</th>
									<th align="left">Breeding areas (cm<sup>2</sup>)</th>
									<th align="left">Bee population</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Spring (2016)</td>
									<td align="left">10,410±182 a</td>
									<td align="left">9,484±136 a,b</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Summer (2016)</td>
									<td align="left">8,387±220 b</td>
									<td align="left">10,011±398 a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Autumn (2016)</td>
									<td align="left">5,771±238 c</td>
									<td align="left">8,614±417 b</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Winter (2016)</td>
									<td align="left">3,252±240 d</td>
									<td align="left">4,366±372 c</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Spring (2017)</td>
									<td align="left">5,813±275 c</td>
									<td align="left">5,123±445 c</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">F and P</td>
									<td align="left">F=146.8, P&lt;0.0001</td>
									<td align="left">F=48.9, P&lt;0.0001</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p>Different literals in each column indicate significant differences based on an analysis of variance and comparison of means with the Newman-Keuls test.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>At the end of the experiment (spring), the average number of varroa mites per bee and the estimated population size of varroa mites in the adult bee population of the colonies was significantly lower in the groups treated in winter (winter and summer and winter). There were no significant differences regarding the population values, food reserves and weight between the colonies treated in summer, winter, summer and winter and the control group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Bee population, brood areas (cm<sup>2</sup>), honey, pollen, weight, average varroa per bee and mite population in adult bees from colonies treated with amitraz in the summer, winter, summer-winter and control, at the end of the experiment (spring).</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">Group</th>
									<th align="left">Bee population</th>
									<th align="left">Breeding Populatio n (cm2)</th>
									<th align="left">Honey reserves (cm2)</th>
									<th align="left">Pollen reserves (cm2)</th>
									<th align="left">Weight (Kg)</th>
									<th align="left">Varroas per 100 bees</th>
									<th align="left">Mites in estimated bee population</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
						<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Summer</td>
									<td align="center">13314±953</td>
									<td align="center">5560±475</td>
									<td align="center">3560±372</td>
									<td align="center">660±220</td>
									<td align="center">8.5±1.02</td>
									<td align="center">0.045±0.0 a</td>
									<td align="center">602±114 a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Winter</td>
									<td align="center">12757±1349</td>
									<td align="center">6356±464</td>
									<td align="center">3276±544</td>
									<td align="center">605±321</td>
									<td align="center">6.2±1.03</td>
									<td align="center">0.0086±0.01 b</td>
									<td align="center">109±50 b</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Summer</td>
									<td align="center">12879±1542</td>
									<td align="center">5808±593</td>
									<td align="center">3036±266</td>
									<td align="center">968±205</td>
									<td align="center">7.3±0.81</td>
									<td align="center">0.0078±0.00 b</td>
									<td align="center">100±42 b</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">-winter</td>
									<td align="center">14200±1847</td>
									<td align="center">5555±743</td>
									<td align="center">3410±360</td>
									<td align="center">1320±525</td>
									<td align="center">6.7±0.85</td>
									<td align="center">0.0293±0.01 a</td>
									<td align="center">416±86 a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Control</td>
									<td align="center">F=0.19,</td>
									<td align="center">F=0.43,</td>
									<td align="center">F=0.34,</td>
									<td align="center">F=1.01,</td>
									<td align="center">F=1.13,</td>
									<td align="center">F=10.09,</td>
									<td align="center">F=8.71,</td>
								</tr>
							
							
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center">P=0.90</td>
									<td align="center">P=0.73</td>
									<td align="center">P=0.79</td>
									<td align="center">P=0.39</td>
									<td align="center">P=0.35</td>
									<td align="center">P&lt;0.0001</td>
									<td align="center">P=0.0002</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN8">
								<p>Different literals in each column indicate significant differences based on an analysis of variance and comparison of means with the Newman-Keuls test.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The level of infestation in bees was positively and significantly related to the level of infestation in brood (r = 0.52, P = 0.0002) and with the fall of mites to the adherent floor of the hives (r = 0.63, P &lt;0.0001). Likewise, the weight of the colonies was related to the bee population of the colonies (r = 0.65, P &lt;0.001).</p>
				<p>In the group of colonies treated in the summer 8% of the colonies died and 16% in the group treated in the summer and winter, while in the group treated in the winter and control there was a mortality of 25% and 33% , respectively, there were no statistically significant differences (<italic>X</italic>
 <sup>
 <italic>2</italic>
</sup> = 2.52, gl = 3, P = 0.47).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The reduction in the varroa population because of the treatments applied in summer and winter confirm the acaricidal effectiveness of amitraz by significantly reducing the population of mites in bee colonies <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">(Semkiw <italic>et al</italic>., 2013)</xref>. However, a rapid increase in the levels of infestation in adult bees was observed in the fall in the colonies treated during the summer. It has been presented in other investigations and has been attributed to varroa survivors of treatment and the migration of mites from of untreated colonies from the same apiary (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Delaplane and Hood, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Gatien and Currie, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Wilfert <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Considering the infestation averages for each season of the year, it was observed that the acaricidal treatment applied in winter only had an effect on the population of mites in adult bees (≈7.3% less compared to the levels of infestation in autumn). The number of mites on the sticky bottom in the hives (mean = 10.5) and in the brood (mean = 10.1%) during winter and spring (1.4 and 2.5%, respectively), did not differ (P&gt;0.05) between the four groups of colonies. In the few studies with which the present results can be compared, variability is observed in the results and some coincide with those obtained in the present study, such is the case of the experiment carried out by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Delaplane and Hood (1997)</xref>. They did not find a reduction in the number of mites in the colonies treated in June (1,702 varroas) compared to the untreated colonies (986), this in the state of Georgia USA. However, in this study they found that for South Carolina the effect of the treatment on the mite population was significant.</p>
				<p>The population dynamics of <italic>V. destructor</italic> is related to the cycle and the amount of young available in the colony (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Delaplane, 1998</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Caron, 1999</xref>). Moreover, the increase in the population of bees and brood reduces the proportion of mites with respect to the population of bees (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Moretto <italic>et al</italic>., 1991</xref>). This explains the notable reduction in the levels of infestation at the end of the experiment in the four groups of colonies, since there was a significant reduction in the breeding areas and bee population in autumn and winter (P &lt;0.0001, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">table 3</xref>), which caused less possibilities of reproduction for the mite. Additionally, in the spring, the increase observed in the breeding areas and bee population derived from a greater availability of resources for bees could reduce the proportion of varroas with respect to the bee population.</p>
				<p>In relation to the number of applications of the treatment, the results reveal that in the first dose there was a greater (P &lt;0.001) fall of mites with respect to the subsequent applications and the control group. This is probably because most of the mites die during the first application and the small number of remaining varroas in the phereal and reproductive phase does not allow the identification of significant differences with respect to the control group in subsequent applications of the treatment. These results coincide with those previously reported with the use of thymol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Espinosa-Montaño and Guzmán-Novoa, 2007</xref>). However, it is important to maintain the treatment during the emergence of new varroas that are in the reproductive stage inside the cells, this will allow a better reduction of the mite population in the colonies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Rosenkranz <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p>The bee population, honey areas, pollen and weight were not different between the four groups of colonies in the four seasons of the year. Significant differences were only observed in the capped brood areas during the autumn, the colonies treated in summer (6,747 ± 352 cm2) and summer and winter (5,960 ± 191 cm<sup>2</sup>) had significantly (P = 0.023), larger brood areas than the colonies treated in winter (4,889 ± 472 cm<sup>2</sup>) or untreated (5,240 ± 631 cm<sup>2</sup>), between which there was no significant difference.</p>
				<p>With the exception of the treatments applied in the summer, which had repercussions with larger breeding areas in the fall (P = 0.023). The differences in the levels of <italic>Varroa</italic> infestation between the treatments (colonies treated in summer, winter, summer-winter and control) did not have significant effects on the population variables (bees and breeding areas), food reserves (honey and pollen) and weight of the colonies.</p>
				<p>As in the present study, the works carried out by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Delaplane and Hood (1997</xref>,1999) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Strange and Sheppard (2001)</xref> show contradictory results on the effect of infestation levels of <italic>V. destructor</italic> on the population parameters of the colonies, their food reserves and the weight of the colonies. In this regard, it has been reported that there is not always a clear relationship between the mite population and the colony population (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Korpela <italic>et al</italic>., 1992</xref>) and that acaricidal treatments sometimes do not affect the production of offspring in colonies parasitized by <italic>Varroa</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Delaplane, 1995</xref>). This is probably due to increased brood production in colonies with high levels of Varroa infestation due to the efforts of the colonies to compensate for the loss of offspring because of parasitosis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Delaplane and Hood, 1997</xref>).</p>
				<p>At the end of the experiment (spring), the average infestation levels of 0.045 mites per bee (4.5% infestation) and an estimated population of 100 to 602 mites did not reduce the bee population, brood areas, honey, pollen and weight of the colonies of the central highlands of Mexico with populations of 12,757 to 14,200 bees. In this sense, it has been reported that the tolerable infestation level for the colony changes regionally due to the variation in the breeding period in the colonies and its effects on the population dynamics of the mite (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Delaplane, 1998</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Caron, 1999</xref>).</p>
				<p>In Mexico, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">SAGARPA (2005)</xref> recommends that after 5% <italic>Varroa</italic> infestation in bees and/or 10 mites fallen in 24 h on the adherent floor of hives; some treatment against the disease must be implemented. However, these thresholds differ from others established by different authors in different times and regions. The treatment threshold established for the northwestern and southwestern US is 5% in bees and 12 mites fallen in 24 hours in spring (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Strange and Sheppard, 2001</xref>). For the summer it is recommended that the acaricidal treatment be applied from 23 mites to the northwest and 70 to 224 fallen in 24 h or from 3,000 to 4,000 mites for colonies with populations of 24,000 to 34,000 bees (8- 8.5% in bees) in the southeastern US (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Delaplane and Hood, 1997</xref>,1999). In contrast, for the United Kingdom the damage threshold has been reported as 2,500 mites per colony (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Martin, 1999</xref>).</p>
				<p>In Canada, the average levels of infestation by <italic>Varroa</italic> of 2% in bees have a negative effect on honey production and in colonies with levels above 4% in summer, it is necessary to apply a treatment to prevent its loss in autumn and winter (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Currie and Gatien, 2006</xref>). Contradictorily, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Currie and Gatien (2006)</xref> report that levels of 7 and 10% in bees do not affect the honey production of the colonies. In Valle de Bravo, state of Mexico, it was observed that colonies treated with fluvalinate and with an average infestation of 2.3% produced 65% more honey than untreated colonies and with an average level of infestation of 6.8% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Arechavaleta and Guzmán-Novoa, 2000</xref>). The above reflects the variability of effects that the levels of infestation exert on the honeybee colonies in different environmental conditions and times of the year. Probably, the presence of viruses and other health factors could explain the variations found in the reported treatment thresholds.</p>
				<p>The correlation analysis allowed to observe a positive relationship between the levels of infestation in bees and brood and with the daily fall of mites, as well as the weight with the population of bees in the colonies. The foregoing coincides with that reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Gąbka (2014) </xref>and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Saini (2018)</xref>. These characteristics can be used by beekeepers as predictive strategies for colony conditions.</p>
				<p>Colonies that receive acaricidal treatment at the beginning of the year have been reported to have a lower mortality rate than colonies treated late or not treated (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Delaplane and Hood, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Fries <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>). However, in the present study the mortality rate of the four groups of colonies did not differ significantly.</p>
				<p>Additional studies are required to provide more information regarding the effect of <italic>Varroa</italic> treatment applied in different seasons of the year on the levels of mite infestation and population and feeding conditions, as well as its effect on the production of honeybee colonies in different regions.</p>
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				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The treatment applied in the summer significantly reduced the levels of <italic>Varroa</italic> infestation, but these increased for the fall to similar levels to the initial ones. The differences in the levels of infestation observed in autumn, winter and spring did not affect the population of bees, breeding areas, honey, pollen and weight of the colonies. Average infestation levels of 4.5% in bees and an estimated population of up to 602 mites did not reduce the population, food reserves and weight of the colonies evaluated in the present study with populations of up to 14,200 bees. It is recommended to monitor the infestation level of the colonies and apply acaricides during the winter to prevent the mite population from increasing and having an impact on the conditions and productivity of the bee colonies.</p>
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				<title>ACKNOWLEDGEMENT</title>
				<p>We thank the Academic Unit of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics of the Autonomous University of Zacatecas, the College of Postgraduates Campus San Luis Potosí for the facilities granted to carry out this study and obtain the degree of Master of Science in Innovation in Management of Natural Resources of the first author, as well as CONACYT for the grant awarded.</p>
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