<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.37</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00128</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Microbiota vaginal y susceptibilidad quimioterapéutica en cabras criollas</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Flores-Hernández</surname>
						<given-names>Wilfrido</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Luna-Castro</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriela</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Peña-Avelino</surname>
						<given-names>Luz</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Barrios-García</surname>
						<given-names>Hugo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Alva-Pérez</surname>
						<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria “Dr. Norberto Treviño Zapata”. Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas. Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, México. </institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria “Dr. Norberto Treviño Zapata”</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<city>Ciudad Victoria</city>
						<state>Tamaulipas</state>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">Autor responsable y de correspondencia: Jorge Alva-Pérez. Carretera Victoria-Mante km 5. CP. 87000, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, México. <email>wii_09@hotmail.com</email>, <email>sarahi.luna@docentes.uat.edu.mx</email>, <email>lypena@docentes.uat.edu.mx</email>, <email>hbarrios@docentes.uat.edu.mx</email>
					<email>jalva@docentes.uat.edu.mx</email>.</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>28</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>
			
			<elocation-id>e128</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>06</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<p>El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la microbiota vaginal aerobia de cabras criollas, así como el perfil de susceptibilidad a quimioterapéuticos. Se tomaron muestras de mucosa vaginal de 51 hembras caprinas sanas en edad reproductiva mediante hisopos estériles. Las muestras fueron procesadas bajo técnicas de identificación bacteriológica estándar. Se obtuvo aislamiento bacteriano en el 41.2% de las muestras. Las bacterias aisladas con mayor frecuencia fueron cocos Gram positivos (GP) (65.6%), los géneros principales identificados fueron <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> spp. (31.2%) y <italic>Aerococcus</italic> spp. (21.9%). En cuanto a bacterias Gram negativas (GN), los aislamientos correspondieron a <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> (15.6%)<italic>.</italic> Del perfil de resistencia a antibióticos los aislamientos de <italic>Aerococcus</italic> y <italic>Corynebacterium jeikeium,</italic> en proporción, fueron los más susceptibles a los antibióticos analizados contra bacterias GP. Los antibióticos con menor perfil de resistencia ante aislamientos GP fueron dicloxacilina, cefotaxima y ampicilina. Los aislamientos de <italic>E. coli</italic> mostraron ser altamente resistentes a todos los antibióticos probados (95%), siendo ciprofloxacina el antibiótico con menor resistencia (60%). Los hallazgos de este trabajo ponen de manifiesto la importancia de la microbiota vaginal en cabras criollas como agentes ecológicos con potencial patogénico, además de demostrar la alta resistencia de estas bacterias a agentes quimioterapéuticos.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>producción caprina</kwd>
				<kwd>microbiota vaginal</kwd>
				<kwd>susceptibilidad antimicrobiana</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<award-group award-type="contract">
					<funding-source>SAGARPA</funding-source>
					<funding-source>CONACYT </funding-source>
					<award-id>2017-02-291311</award-id>
				</award-group>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="33"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Se denomina microbiota a la población, residente o transitoria, de microorganismos y virus que viven en los epitelios de los animales, creando un ecosistema (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Pascale <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). En este ecosistema los procariontes (bacterias principalmente, aunque también hay arqueas) son los organismos más abundantes. Generalmente, estos microorganismos viven en un estado de simbiosis con el hospedador. Por otro lado, el desbalance del ambiente y del sistema inmune puede desencadenar efectos negativos sobre la salud de los hospedadores, además algunos microorganismos de la microbiota pueden tornarse patógenos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Maynard <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Belkaid <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). En rumiantes es bien conocido el papel de la microbiota ruminal en la digestión de la celulosa, lo que permite la obtención de energía para estos animales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Henderson <italic>et al</italic>. 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>Se ha determinado que la microbiota vaginal (MV) en rumiantes varía conforme el estado fisiológico/reproductivo, ciclo estral y en menor medida por la raza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Giannattasio-Ferraz <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Manes <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). En ovinos y caprinos el análisis de la MV ha cobrado relevancia en los últimos años, debido al uso de tecnologías reproductivas (uso de progestágenos, prostaglandinas y gonadotropinas), principalmente en la ganadería intensiva(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Suárez <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Martins <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Penna <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Oliveira <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Manes <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Manes <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Se conoce parcialmente la composición de la MV en cabras; se ha reportado que está compuesta principalmente por bacterias Gram positivas (GP) y en menor medida por Gram negativas (GN) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Manes <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). En cabras el cambio en la composición de la MV por el uso de dispositivos vaginales que contienen progestágenos se ha vinculado con vaginitis y con infertilidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Penna <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>En México la producción caprina está ligada a las clases sociales con ingresos económicos bajos, siguiendo un modelo primordialmente de subsistencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Pinos-Rodríguez <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). En Tamaulipas, México, la producción caprina está dirigida a la producción de cabrito destetado de 21 días de edad. El tipo de producción característico del noreste mexicano es un sistema extensivo dependiente de recursos naturales de la región (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alva-Pérez <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Aunque las cabras son animales rústicos, adaptables a diferentes condiciones ambientales, los problemas en la fertilidad y concepción de las cabras son comunes en la producción (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Salinas-González <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). El conocimiento de la MV en cabras criollas puede poner de manifiesto la población bacteriana oportunista, misma que pudiera desencadenar vaginitis clínicas y subclínicas. Este conocimiento puede sentar las bases para determinar el grado de participación de las infecciones del sistema reproductor en los problemas de producción en cabras. Aunado a ello, el conocimiento del perfil de susceptibilidad a quimioterapéuticos de las bacterias que conforman la MV contribuye a mejorar el tratamiento de estas infecciones.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p><bold>Manejo animal y sitio de muestreo.</bold> El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo en el
				municipio de Jaumave, Tamaulipas localizado entre los paralelos 23º 53´ y 23º 04´
				latitud norte, y los meridianos 99º 41´ y 99º 10´ longitud oeste, con una altura de
				735 msnm promedio. La orografía es principalmente montañosa, con un clima semiseco
				semicálido con lluvias en verano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">INEGI,
				2010</xref>). El inventario caprino en este municipio reportado en el año 2018 fue
				de 3,931 cabezas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">SIAP, 2019</xref>). Se muestrearon
				cinco unidades de producción (UP) durante junio de 2019. En cada UP se tomaron 10
				muestras, a excepción de la última en dónde se tomaron 11 muestras, para un total de
				51 muestras de hisopados vaginales. Los hatos caprinos presentan una población que
				mezcla varias razas (población criolla), con encastes predominantes de Boer, Alpino,
				Nubia y Toggenbourgh (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alva-Pérez <italic>et
						al</italic>., 2019</xref>). El criterio de inclusión fue hembras sanas y en
				edad reproductiva (2 a 4 años). El criterio de exclusión fue hembras enfermas o
				gestantes. El muestreo fue realizado bajo estándares éticos de bienestar animal, y
				fue autorizado por el Comité de Bioética y Bienestar Animal de la Facultad de
				Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas (oficio
				número CBBA_19_05).</p>
			<p><bold>Obtención de muestras y procesamiento.</bold> En las hembras seleccionadas se realizó
				restricción física momentánea con el mínimo estrés posible, para insertar un hisopo
				estéril en el vestíbulo vaginal. Los hisopos fueron frotados suavemente sobre las
				paredes de la mucosa vaginal para posteriormente ser colocados en medio de
				transporte estéril (Dehydrated culture media: transport medium amies; BD Difco,
				Maryland EU). Los hisopos se conservaron en refrigeración hasta su procesamiento en
				un periodo no mayor a 12 horas. Todo el procesamiento bacteriológico de las muestras
				fue llevado a cabo en el Laboratorio de Diagnóstico de la Facultad de Medicina
				Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas. Para el
				aislamiento e identificación de los microorganismos los hisopos fueron sembrados en
				agar sangre (Base agar sangre; Becton Dickinson-Bioxon, Querétaro México) y agar
				tripticaseína de soja (BD Difco, Maryland EU). Las muestras fueron incubadas en
				condiciones de aerobiosis, 37º C durante 24 a 48 horas.</p>
			<p>Los diferentes aislamientos fueron identificados tanto macroscópicamente (morfología colonial, producción de pigmento y hemólisis) como microscópicamente (tinción de Gram). La identificación bacteriana final se logró a través de las siguientes pruebas bioquímicas: catalasa (Peróxido de hidrógeno; Merck, Darmstadt Alemania), oxidasa (n, n, n´, n´-tetrametil-1,4-fenilendiamina, Biomerieux México, Estado de México), rojo de metilo-Voges Proskauer (Becton Dickinson Bioxon, Querétaro México), reducción de nitratos (BD Difco, Maryland EU), ureasa (Caldo urea; Becton Dickinson-Bioxon, Querétaro México), indol, ácido sulfhídrico y motilidad (medio SIM; Dibico, Estado de México México), crecimiento en agar McConkey (BD Difco, Maryland EU), triple azúcar hierro (Agar de hierro y triple azúcar, Becton Dickinson-Bioxon, Querétaro México), citrato (BBL Simmons Citrate Agar; Becton Dickinson, Le Point de Claix Francia) y utilización de los siguientes carbohidratos: maltosa, manitol, xilosa, lactosa y sorbitol (todos de Becton Dickinson Bioxon, Querétaro México, preparados con rojo fenol, caldo base rojo de fenol BD Difco, Maryland EU). La identificación se realizó siguiendo los estándares del manual de identificación bacteriana de Cowan y Steel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Barrow y Feltman, 2004</xref>).</p>
			<p><bold>Susceptibilidad a quimioterapéuticos.</bold> Los aislamientos fueron evaluados en
				diferentes antibióticos, a través del método de difusión en disco (<xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Humphries <italic>et al</italic>. 2018</xref>).
				Brevemente se describe a continuación. Se seleccionaron 3 UFC de cada aislamiento en
				cultivo puro, mismas que fueron sembradas en caldo tripticaseína de soya (BD Difco,
				Maryland EU) e incubadas a 37º C en agitación (200 rpm). El tiempo de incubación
				varió para cada aislamiento, hasta obtener un inóculo equivalente al estándar 0.5
				McFarland (0.05 ml de 1% de BaCl2 [Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri Estados
				Unidos] y 9.95 ml de 1% de H2SO4 [Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri Estados
				Unidos]) de turbidez, correspondiente a 1 a 2 × 10<sup>6</sup> UFC/ml en bacterias
				GP y 5 × 10<sup>8</sup> UFC/ml en bacterias GN. Se sembró 1ml de cada aislamiento en
				agar Müller-Hinton (MH, BD Difco, Marylando EU). Los siguientes sensidiscos
				(Investigación Diagnóstica; Ciudad de México, México) fueron utilizados: ampicilina
				(10 µg, <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> spp.: fenotipo resistente (FR): &lt; 28 mm;
				fenotipo susceptible (FS): &gt; 29 mm; otros géneros bacterianos: FR: &lt; 21 mm;
				FS: &gt; 22 mm), cefalotina (30 µg, FR: &lt; 14 mm, FS: &gt; 15 mm), cefotaxima (30
				µg, FR: &lt; 14 mm, FS: &gt; 15 mm), ciprofloxacino (5 µg, FR: &lt; 15 mm, FS: &gt;
				16 mm), clindamicina (30 µg, FR:&lt; 14 mm, FS: &gt; 15 mm), dicloxacilina (1 µg,
				FR: &lt; 10 mm, FS: &gt; 11 mm), eritromicina (15µg, FR: &lt; 13 mm, FS: &gt; 14
				mm), gentamicina (10 µg, FR: &lt; 12 mm, FS: &gt; 13 mm), penicilina (10 U,
					<italic>Staphylococcus</italic> spp.: FR: &lt; 28 mm, FS: &gt; 29 mm, otros
				géneros GP: FR: &lt; 14 mm; FS: &gt; 15 mm), sulfametoxazol-trimetroprim (25 µg, FR:
				&lt; 10 mm, FS: &gt; 11 mm), tetraciclina (30 µg, FR: &lt; 14 mm, FS: &gt; 15 mm),
				vancomicina (30 µg, FR: &lt; 14 mm, FS: &gt; 15 mm), cloranfenicol (30 µg, FR: &lt;
				12 mm, FS: &gt; 13 mm), carbenicilina (100 µg, FR: &lt; 18 mm, FS: &gt; 19 mm),
				netilmicina (30 µg, FR: &lt; 12 mm, FS: &gt; 13 mm), nitrofurantoína (300 µg, FR:
				&lt; 14 mm, FS: &gt; 15 mm), norfloxacino (100 µg, FR: &lt; 18 mm, FS: &gt; 19 mm) y
				amikacina (30 µg, FR: &lt; 14 mm, FS: &gt; 15 mm). Los quimioterapéuticos
				clindamicina, dicloxacilina, eritromicina, penicilina, tetraciclina y vancomicina
				fueron probados únicamente en aislamientos GP; mientras que cloranfenicol,
				carbenicilina, netilmicina, nitrofurantoína, norfloxacino y amikacina se probaron
				únicamente en aislamientos GN. Las zonas de inhibición en cada sensidisco se
				midieron con una regla después de 16 a 18 h de incubación a 37º C. Los aislamientos
				con una susceptibilidad intermedia se consideraron resistentes, ya que estas
				poblaciones bacterianas presentan subpoblaciones de bacterias resistentes que
				transmitirán este fenotipo a las bacterias susceptibles (<xref ref-type="bibr"
					rid="B9">Hombach <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr"
					rid="B16">Maurer <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p><bold>Análisis estadístico.</bold> Los resultados de identificación bacteriana de las
				diferentes muestras se presentan a través de estadística descriptiva y tablas de
				frecuencia. Para los resultados de la prueba de susceptibilidad a quimioterapéuticos
				se construyeron tablas de contingencia con la prueba de chi cuadrada con un nivel de
				significancia de <italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05 mediante el procedimiento de PROC FREQ
				del programa SAS (2002, v9.0. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC., USA) para conocer los
				porcentajes de resistencia. Además, se realizó un análisis de varianza en un modelo
				lineal generalizado usando el PROC GLM y la prueba de diferencia mínima
				significativa (LSD, prueba exacta de Fisher) para la comparación del perfil de
				resistencia entre antibióticos con una <italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05. Para este
				análisis se realizó la conversión de los valores porcentuales en valores en un rango
				de 0 a 1.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>Aislamiento e identificación bacteriana. De las 51 muestras únicamente 21 (41.2%) resultaron positivas al aislamiento bacteriológico. De estas 21 muestras se aislaron e identificaron 32 bacterias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Identificación y frecuencia de los aislamientos bacteriológicos de las muestras vaginales de cabras<bold>.</bold></title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="center">Frecuencia</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Bacterias Gram positivas</th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Staphylococcus</italic> spp.</td>
								<td align="right">31.2% (10/32)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Aerococcus</italic> spp.</td>
								<td align="right">21.9% (7/32)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Corynebacterium jeikeium</italic></td>
								<td align="right">15.6% (5/32)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Staphylococcus chromogenes</italic></td>
								<td align="center">6.3% (2/32)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Corynebacterium renale</italic></td>
								<td align="center">3.1% (1/32)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Staphylococcus xylosus</italic></td>
								<td align="center">3.1% (1/32)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Streptococcus</italic> spp.</td>
								<td align="center">3.1% (1/32)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><bold>Bacterias Gram negativas</bold></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Escherichia coli</italic></td>
								<td align="right">15.6% (5/32)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p><bold>Susceptibilidad a quimioterapéuticos.</bold> En el análisis del perfil de resistencia
				antimicrobiana para las bacterias GP es de notar que todas los aislados fueron
				resistentes a eritromicina y tetraciclina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro
					2</xref>). Los aislados de <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> spp. tuvieron un
				porcentaje general de resistencia de 87.5% (χ<sup>2</sup>= 18.51, p=0.0704), siendo
				la penicilina el antibiótico con menor resistencia (70%). Los dos aislamientos de
					<italic>S. chromogenes</italic> tuvieron la menor resistencia entre los
				antibióticos probados (70.8%), sin diferencia entre ellos (χ<sup>2</sup>= 16.73,
				p=0.1158). Los aislamientos de <italic>C. renale, S. xylosus</italic> y
					<italic>Streptococcus</italic> spp. tuvieron porcentajes de resistencia de 83.3%
					(χ<sup>2</sup>= 12.0, p=0.3636), 91.7% (χ<sup>2</sup>= 12.0, p=0.3636) y 83.3%
					(χ<sup>2</sup>= 12.0, p=0.3636), respectivamente. Por otro lado, los
				aislamientos del género <italic>Aerococcus</italic> spp. (resistencia 80.9%)
				mostraron una resistencia menor contra dicloxacilina (28.6%, χ<sup>2</sup>= 22.85,
				p=0.0185), en comparación con los demás antibióticos. Así mismo, los aislamientos de
					<italic>C. jeikeium</italic> mostraron un menor porcentaje de resistencia ante
				cefotaxima y ampicilina (20% y 40%, respectivamente χ<sup>2</sup>= 34.9, p&lt;0.001)
				en contraste con los demás antibióticos. Para estas bacterias la resistencia fue de
				85%. Bajo las condiciones de este trabajo los aislamientos GP tuvieron un perfil de
				resistencia de 83.2%.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Porcentaje de resistencia en aislados vaginales de cabras criollas</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Bacterias</th>
								<th align="center">(n)%</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="11">Quimioterapeutico</th>
								
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Gram +</th>
								<th align="center">AMP</th>
								<th align="center">CEF</th>
								<th align="center">CFT</th>
								<th align="left">CIP</th>
								<th align="left">CLI</th>
								<th align="left">DIC</th>
								<th align="left">ERI</th>
								<th align="center">GEN</th>
								<th align="center">PEN</th>
								<th align="left">STM</th>
								<th align="left">TET</th>
								<th align="right">VAN</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Staphylococcus</italic> spp.</td>
								<td align="left">(10) 37 80</td>
								<td align="center">90</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="left">80</td>
								<td align="left">90</td>
								<td align="left">80</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="center">80</td>
								<td align="center">70</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="right">100</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Aerococcus</italic> spp.</td>
								<td align="left">(7) 25.9 57.2</td>
								<td align="center">71.4</td>
								<td align="center">85.7</td>
								<td align="left">85.7</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="left">28.6</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="center">85.7</td>
								<td align="center">85.7</td>
								<td align="left">71.4</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="right">100</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>C. jeikeium</italic></td>
								<td align="left">(5) 18.5 40</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="right">60</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>S. chromogenes</italic></td>
								<td align="left">(2) 7.4 50</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="center">50</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="right">100</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>C. renale</italic></td>
								<td align="left">(1) 3.7 0</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="right">100</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>S. xylosus</italic></td>
								<td align="left">(1) 3.7 100</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="right">100</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Streptococcus</italic> spp.</td>
								<td align="left">(1) 3.7 100</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="right">100</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Gram-</td>
								<td align="right">AMP</td>
								<td align="center">CEF</td>
								<td align="center">CFT</td>
								<td align="left">CIP</td>
								<td align="left">CLO</td>
								<td align="left">CAR</td>
								<td align="left">NET</td>
								<td align="center">GEN</td>
								<td align="center">NIT</td>
								<td align="left">NOT</td>
								<td align="left">STM</td>
								<td align="right">AMI</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Escherichia coli</italic></td>
								<td align="left">(5) 100 100</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="left">60</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="center">80</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="left">100</td>
								<td align="right">100</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>AMP: ampicilina, CEF: cefalotina, CFT: cefotaxima, CIP: ciprofloxacino, CLI: clindamicina, DIC: dicloxacilina, ERI: eritromicina, GEN: gentamicina, PEN: penicilina, STM: sulfametoxazol-trimetroprim, TET: tetraciclina, VAN: vacomicina, CLO: cloranfenicol, CAR: carbenicilina, NET: netilmicina, NIT: nitrofurantoína, NOT: norfloxacino y AMI: amikacina.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Para las enterobacterias (aislamientos GN) el porcentaje general de resistencia fue del 95%, la mayoría de los antibióticos probados tuvieron una resistencia del 100%, a excepción de ciprofloxacina (60%) y nitrofurantoína (80%), cuyas resistencias fueron menores al resto de los antibióticos (p &lt; 0.05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">cuadro 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Cuadro 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Comparación del patrón de resistencia entre antibióticos</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col span="4"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Bacterias</th>
								
								<th align="center" colspan="13">Quimioterapéutico</th>
								
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left">AMP</th>
								<th align="center">CEF</th>
								<th align="left">CFT</th>
								<th align="left">CIP</th>
								<th align="left">CLI</th>
								<th align="left">DIC</th>
								<th align="left">ERI</th>
								<th align="left">GEN</th>
								<th align="left">PEN</th>
								<th align="left">STM</th>
								<th align="center">TET</th>
								<th align="left">VAN</th>
								<th align="center">EEM</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="center"><bold>(<italic>P</italic>)</bold></th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Gram +</td>
								<td align="left">0.63<sup>cd</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.81<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td align="left">0.77<sup>cd</sup></td>
								<td align="left">0.85<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td align="left">0.93<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td align="left">0.59<sup>d</sup></td>
								<td align="left">1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="left">0.81<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td align="left">0.81<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td align="left">0.93<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="left">0.93<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.124</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center">(0.0001)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">AMI</td>
								<td align="center">AMP</td>
								<td align="left">CAR</td>
								<td align="left">CEF</td>
								<td align="left">CFT</td>
								<td align="left">CIP</td>
								<td align="left">CLO </td>
								<td align="left">GEN</td>
								<td align="left">NET</td>
								<td align="left">NIT</td>
								<td align="center">NOT</td>
								<td align="left">STM</td>
								<td align="center">EEM</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center"><bold>(<italic>P</italic>)</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Gram -</td>
								<td align="left">1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="left">1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="left">1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="left">1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="left">0.6<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="left">1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="left">1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="left">1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="left">0.8<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="left">1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.002</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center">(0.05)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>AMP: ampicilina, CEF: cefalotina, CFT: cefotaxima, CIP: ciprofloxacina, CLI: clindamicina, DIC: dicloxacilina, ERI: eritromicina, GEN: gentamicina, PEN: penicilina, STM: sulfametoxazol-trimetroprim, TET: tetraciclina, VAN: vacomicina, CLO: cloranfenicol, CAR: carbenicilina, NET: netilmicina, NIT: nitrofurantoína, NOT: norfloxacino y AMI: amikacina. EEM: error estándar de la media. Valores de la media con el mismo superíndice no son significativamente diferentes. Los datos porcentuales fueron transformados para ser analizados a través de la prueba exacta de Fisher.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>La comparación entre los perfiles de resistencia muestra que dicloxacilina tuvo mayor efectividad entre las bacterias GP (0.59, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Cuadro 3</xref>), similar al perfil de resistencia de ampicilina (0.63) y cefotaxima (0.77). El promedio general de resistencia para los antibióticos probados contra bacterias GP fue de 0.84, mientras que el promedio general de resistencia de los antibióticos probados contra bacterias GN fue de 0.95.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Aislamiento e identificación bacteriana.</title>
				<p>Las condiciones ambientales de la MV de rumiantes favorecen el desarrollo de una microbiota conforme al desarrollo fisiológico. Esta población no permite, en general, el desarrollo de microorganismos patógenos o saprofíticos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Otero <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref> ). El comprometimiento de la integridad de la mucosa vaginal, así como las alteraciones de la microbiota, pueden desencadenar infecciones ascendentes del tracto urogenital, poniendo en riesgo la salud reproductiva de cabras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ababneh y Degefa, 2006</xref>), vacas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Otero <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>) y ovejas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sargison <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>).</p>
				<p>A partir de las hisopados vaginales el 41.2% de las muestras presentaron crecimiento bacteriológico. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Manes <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref> reportaron 52% de muestras positivas al aislamiento en cabras Saanen en etapa reproductiva, mientras que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Penna <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref> reportaron un 77% de muestras positivas en cabras Saanen en condiciones de anestro gestacional. Por otro lado, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Oliveira <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref> reportaron 100% de aislamiento bacteriano en cabras anéstricas Toggenbourgh, mientras que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ababneh y Degfa 2006 </xref>reportaron 75% de aislamiento en cabras Baladi post-parto. Estos diferentes resultados indican la alta variabilidad del aislamiento bacteriano que puede ser debido tanto a la raza, estado reproductivo y estado fisiológico. Esta investigación muestra que, en cabras criollas, sin una definición aparente de estacionalidad reproductiva, el aislamiento de la microbiota bacteriana aerobia no es mayor al 50%. Se requiere de más estudios para relacionar el estado fisiológico y el perfil racial con el aislamiento bacteriológico.</p>
				<p>En este estudio se muestra que la población bacteriana aerobia predominante en cabras criollas sanas fue bacterias GP (84.4%) y en menor medida bacterias GN (15.6%). Diversos estudios concuerdan con nuestros resultados. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Manes <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref> aislaron 77% de bacterias GP en cabras Saanen antes de la inserción de esponja vaginal con 60 mg de acetato medroxiprogesterona para la sincronización del estro; mientras que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Penna <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref> aislaron 71.3% de bacterias GP, siendo <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> coagulasa negativos (CoNS) las principales bacterias aisladas. Este hallazgo coincide con nuestro trabajo, ya que el mayor número de bacterias aisladas pertenecieron al género <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> spp. (31.2%), aunado al aislamiento de <italic>S. chromogenes</italic> (6.3%) y <italic>S. xylosus</italic> (3.1%). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Oliveira <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref> también aislaron <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> spp. en 63.6% de hisopados vaginales en cabras anéstricas. Estos hallazgos pueden indicar que el género <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> es habitante primario en la MV en cabras. No se ha reportado la presencia de vaginitis en estos animales asociado a este género bacteriano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Oliveira <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>), tal como ocurre en otras especies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Deng <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Shea <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), indicando que en estos hospedadores pueden ser patógenos oportunistas.</p>
				<p>El segundo grupo bacteriano aislado de los hisopados vaginales fue <italic>Aerococcus</italic> spp. con un porcentaje de 21.9%. Esta bacteria GP ha sido asociada a infecciones urinarias oportunistas en bovinos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Liu <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Previamente se ha reportado su presencia en mucosa vaginal de cabras, sin signos de infección (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Meekins <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Esto podría indicar que, al igual que <italic>Staphyloccocus</italic> spp, el género <italic>Aerococcus</italic> es un habitante normal de la mucosa vaginal en cabras.</p>
				<p>En proporción, los aislamientos de <italic>C. jeikeium</italic> y <italic>E. coli</italic> fueron similares (15.6%). <italic>C. jeikeium</italic>, bacilo GP, ha sido relacionado con mastitis subclínica en ovejas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Queiroga, 2017</xref>). No existen reportes de la presencia de este bacilo en cabras, y con base a la frecuencia de aislamientos de esta bacteria en este estudio, es probable que sea parte de la MV autóctona de cabras criollas en el noreste mexicano. En contraste, <italic>E. coli</italic> es una enterobacteria ampliamente distribuida, es la principal bacteria que forma parte de la microbiota intestinal en animales domésticos (excepto aves). El aislamiento de esta enterobacteria en regiones anatómicas fuera del intestino está relacionado con infecciones patógenas y oportunistas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Gyles y Fairbrother, 2010</xref>). En rumiantes ha sido relacionada como causa de aborto e infecciones urogenitales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sargison <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>). En cabras esta enterobacteria se ha reportado tanto en ausencia de vaginitis como en procesos inflamatorios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Martins <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Oliveira <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). La presencia de <italic>E. coli</italic> en este trabajo puede sugerir, por tanto, una colonización oportunista.</p>
				<p>El aislamiento de <italic>C. renale</italic> puede representar un hallazgo incidental, ya que no ha sido reportado previamente como parte de la MV en cabras. Sin embargo, este microrganismo puede producir diversas infecciones urinarias en cabras y ovejas, aunque es poco común (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Moore <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>). Adicionalmente se ha aislado en vacas clínicamente sanas, comportándose como patógeno oportunista, produciendo cistitis, uretritis y pielonefritis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Yeruham <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>), debido a su adaptabilidad ambiental (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Moore <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>). El aislamiento de <italic>C. renale</italic> en la mucosa vaginal de cabras criollas puede, al igual que <italic>E. coli</italic>, representar la colonización de una bacteria oportunista.</p>
				<p>Finalmente, <italic>Streptococcus</italic> spp. se encontró en una proporción baja (3.1%), comparado con los otros cocos GP. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Penna <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref> reportaron el aislamiento de estos agentes en 51.1% en hisopados vaginales, antes de la inserción de esponja vaginal, indicando que estas bacterias forman parte de la MV. Por otro lado, este género bacteriano se ha relacionado ampliamente como patógeno de cabras produciendo mastitis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Steward <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). No se ha reportado la presencia de vaginitis o infecciones urinarias a causa de especies de <italic>Streptococcus</italic> spp. Es probable que el hallazgo en este trabajo corresponda evidentemente a MV, tal como lo sugiere <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Penna <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Susceptibilidad a quimioterapéuticos</title>
				<p>En este trabajo se mostraron diferentes perfiles de susceptibilidad a antibióticos, tanto para bacterias GP como GN. La diferencia de susceptibilidad entre estos dos grupos bacterianos (83.2% de GP contra 95% de GN) debe ser tomado con reserva, ya que en las bacterias GN se aislaron en menor cantidad a partir de los hisopados. Sin embargo, es de hacer notar la alta resistencia de los aislamientos a la acción de los antibióticos, considerando que éstos son parte de la MV, y que por tanto, no han sido sometidos extensivamente a antibioterapia.</p>
				<p>De los antibióticos probados eritromicina y tetraciclina mostraron ser completamente ineficaces contra los aislamientos GP, mientras que todos los antibióticos probados contra GN resultaron ineficaces, a excepción de ciprofloxacina y nitrofurantoína. Al respecto <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Oliveira <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Penna <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref> consideran que el uso irrestricto de antibióticos en la promoción del crecimiento, así como en el tratamiento de animales jóvenes de enfermedades diarreicas y respiratorias, puede predisponer a la propagación de resistencia, tal como ha sido evidenciado para bacilos GN (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Moghaddam <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>Del perfil de resistencia en GP, <italic>S. chromogenes, S. xylosus, C. renale</italic> y <italic>Streptococcus</italic> spp. mostraron ser completamente susceptibles al menos a un antibiótico. Adicionalmente, los aislamientos del género <italic>Aerococcus</italic> y <italic>C. jeikum</italic> mostraron la mayor susceptibilidad probados ante dicloxacilina y, cefotaxima y ampicilina, respectivamente. De estos fármacos, únicamente ampicilina ha sido reportada por tener alta efectividad contra aislamientos bacterianos (principalmente contra <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> spp) de la mucosa vaginal, con porcentajes de 50 al 100% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Suárez <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Martins <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Oliveira <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Manes <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>) lo cual pone de manifiesto la efectividad de este antibiótico para el tratamiento de las vaginitis cuya etiología sea bacterias GP. Por otro lado, la principal etiología de las vaginitis bacterianas en pequeños rumiantes son bacterias coliformes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ababneh y Degefa, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Martins <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Oliveira <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). Con relación a ello, en los aislamientos de <italic>E. coli</italic> únicamente ciprofloxacina mostró el menor porcentaje de resistencia (60%). Al respecto <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Oliveira <italic>et al</italic>., 2013 </xref>mostraron que la ciprofloxacina fue 100% eficaz en el control de los aislamientos de <italic>E. coli</italic>, procedentes de aislados vaginales de cabras; de la misma forma que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Martins <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref> mostraron 100% de efectividad en bacterias coliformes procedentes de aislados vaginales de ovejas. Esto puede demostrar la rapidez con la cual <italic>E. coli</italic> puede desarrollar resistencia a la ciprofloxacina, por lo que es muy importante crear la concientización tanto a productores como a clínicos veterinarios en el uso responsable de antibióticos.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La MV aerobia de las cabras criollas del municipio de Jaumave, Tamaulipas está compuesta principalmente por bacterias GP (población representada principalmente por el género <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> spp) y en menor medida por bacterias GN (<italic>Escherichia coli</italic>). El aislamiento bacteriológico de los hisopados vaginales representó el 41.2% de las muestras, indicando que otro tipo de bacterias (nutricionalmente exigentes) pudieran estar formando parte de la MV. La MV aerobia GP encontrada demostró ser altamente resistente a eritromicina, tetraciclina y vancomicina, mientras que los aislamientos GN fueron resistentes a la mayoría de los quimioterapéuticos evaluados, a excepción de criprofloxacina y nitrofurantoína (con un perfil de resistencia del 60% y 80%, respectivamente). El alto porcentaje de resistencia encontrada en este trabajo pone de manifiesto la importancia de un uso responsable de antibióticos en la producción caprina extensiva.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMIENTOS</title>
			<p>Al proyecto SAGARPA CONACYT 2017-02-291311 “Desarrollo y transferencia de pruebas diagnósticas para lentivirus y microorganismos causantes de aborto: <italic>Chlamydia</italic> spp., <italic>Brucella melitensis, Leptospira spp</italic>. y <italic>Coxiella burnetti</italic>, en ovinos y caprinos”. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, al Laboratorio de Diagnóstico de la FMVZ-UAT y al personal técnico-administrativo</p>
		</ack>
		<ref-list>
			<title>LITERATURA CITADA</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<mixed-citation>Ababneh MM, Degefa T. 2006. Bacteriological findings and hormonal profiles in the postpartum Balady goats. <italic>Reproduction in Domestic Animals</italic>. 41(1):12-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2006.00638.x</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ababneh</surname>
							<given-names>MM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Degefa</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2006</year>
					<article-title>Bacteriological findings and hormonal profiles in the postpartum Balady goats</article-title>
					<source>Reproduction in Domestic Animals</source>
					<volume>41</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>12</fpage>
					<lpage>16</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1439-0531.2006.00638.x</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<mixed-citation>Alva-Pérez J, López-Corona LE, Zapata-Campos CC, Vázquez-Villanueva J, Barrios-García HB. 2019. Condiciones productivas y zoosanitarias de la producción caprina en el altiplano de Tamaulipas, México. <italic>Interciencia</italic>. 44(3):152-158. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.redalyc.org/jatsRepo/339/33958848008/33958848008.pdf">https://www.redalyc.org/jatsRepo/339/33958848008/33958848008.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Alva-Pérez</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>López-Corona</surname>
							<given-names>LE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zapata-Campos</surname>
							<given-names>CC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vázquez-Villanueva</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Barrios-García</surname>
							<given-names>HB</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Condiciones productivas y zoosanitarias de la producción caprina en el altiplano de Tamaulipas, México</article-title>
					<source>Interciencia</source>
					<volume>44</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>152</fpage>
					<lpage>158</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.redalyc.org/jatsRepo/339/33958848008/33958848008.pdf">https://www.redalyc.org/jatsRepo/339/33958848008/33958848008.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<mixed-citation>Barrow GI, Feltham RKA. 2004. Cowan and Steel´s manual for identification of medical bacteria. 3rd Edition. ISBN 9780521543286</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Barrow</surname>
							<given-names>GI</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Feltham</surname>
							<given-names>RKA.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2004</year>
					<source>Cowan and Steel´s manual for identification of medical bacteria</source>
					<edition>3</edition>
					<isbn>9780521543286</isbn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<mixed-citation>Belkaid Y, Bouladoux N, Hand TW. 2013. Effector and memory T cell responses to commensal bacteria. <italic>Trends in Immunology</italic>. 34(6):299-306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2013.03.003</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Belkaid</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bouladoux</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hand</surname>
							<given-names>TW.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Effector and memory T cell responses to commensal bacteria</article-title>
					<source>Trends in Immunology</source>
					<volume>34</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>299</fpage>
					<lpage>306</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.it.2013.03.003</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<mixed-citation>Deng L, Schilcher K, Burcham LR, Kwiecinski JM, Johnson PM, Head SR. 2019. Identification of key determinants of <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> vaginal colonization. <italic>Mbio</italic>. 10(06):e02321http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02321-19</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Deng</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schilcher</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Burcham</surname>
							<given-names>LR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kwiecinski</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Johnson</surname>
							<given-names>PM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Head</surname>
							<given-names>SR.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Identification of key determinants of Staphylococcus aureus vaginal colonization</article-title>
					<source>Mbio</source>
					<volume>10</volume>
					<issue>06</issue>
					<elocation-id>e02321</elocation-id>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/mBio.02321-19</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<mixed-citation>Giannattasio-Ferraz S, Laguardia-Nascimento M, Gasparini MR, Leite LR, Araujo FMG, de Matos Salim AC, de Oliveira AP, Nicoli JR, de Oliveira GC, da Fonseca FG, Barbosa-Stancioli EF. 2019. A common vaginal microbiota composition among breeds of <italic>Bos taurus indicus</italic> (Gyr and Nellore). <italic>Brazilian Journal of Microbiology</italic>. 50(4):1115-1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42770-019-00120-3</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Giannattasio-Ferraz</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Laguardia-Nascimento</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gasparini</surname>
							<given-names>MR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Leite</surname>
							<given-names>LR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Araujo</surname>
							<given-names>FMG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>de Matos Salim</surname>
							<given-names>AC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>de Oliveira</surname>
							<given-names>AP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nicoli</surname>
							<given-names>JR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>de Oliveira</surname>
							<given-names>GC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>da Fonseca</surname>
							<given-names>FG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Barbosa-Stancioli</surname>
							<given-names>EF.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>A common vaginal microbiota composition among breeds of Bos taurus indicus (Gyr and Nellore)</article-title>
					<source>Brazilian Journal of Microbiology</source>
					<volume>50</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>1115</fpage>
					<lpage>1124</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s42770-019-00120-3</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<mixed-citation>Gyles CL, Fairbrother JM. 2010. <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> En. Pathogenesis of bacterial infections in animals. Pp. 207-308. ISBN 978-0-8138-1237-3</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gyles</surname>
							<given-names>CL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fairbrother</surname>
							<given-names>JM.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<chapter-title>Escherichia coli</chapter-title>
					<source>Pathogenesis of bacterial infections in animals</source>
					<fpage>207</fpage>
					<lpage>308</lpage>
					<isbn>978-0-8138-1237-3</isbn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<mixed-citation>Henderson G, Cox F, Ganesh S, Jonker A, Young W, Global Rumen Census Collaborators, Janssen PH. 2015. Rumen microbial community composition varies with diet and host, but a core microbiome is found across a wide geographical range. <italic>Scientific Reports</italic>. 5(October):14567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep14567</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Henderson</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cox</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ganesh</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jonker</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Young</surname>
							<given-names>W</given-names>
						</name>
						<collab>Global Rumen Census Collaborators</collab>
						<name>
							<surname>Janssen</surname>
							<given-names>PH.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Rumen microbial community composition varies with diet and host, but a core microbiome is found across a wide geographical range</article-title>
					<source>Scientific Reports</source>
					<volume>5</volume>
					<comment>October</comment>
					<issue>14567</issue>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep14567</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<mixed-citation>Hombach M, Böttger EC, Ross M. 2013. The critical influence of the intermediate category on interpretation errors in revised EUCAST and CLSI antimicrobial susceptibility testing guidelines. <italic>Clinical Microbiology and Infection</italic>. 19(2):E59-E71. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(14)60256-1/fulltext">https://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(14)60256-1/fulltext</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hombach</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Böttger</surname>
							<given-names>EC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ross</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>The critical influence of the intermediate category on interpretation errors in revised EUCAST and CLSI antimicrobial susceptibility testing guidelines</article-title>
					<source>Clinical Microbiology and Infection</source>
					<volume>19</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>E59</fpage>
					<lpage>E71</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(14)60256-1/fulltext">https://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(14)60256-1/fulltext</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<mixed-citation>Humphries RM, Ambler J, Mitchell SL, Castanheira M, Dingle T, Hindler JA, Koeth L, Sei K, on behalf of the CLSI Methods Development and Standardization Working Group of the Subcommittee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 2018 CLSI methods development and standardization working group best practices for evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility tests. <italic>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</italic>. 56(4):e01934-17. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://jcm.asm.org/content/56/4/e01934-17.long">https://jcm.asm.org/content/56/4/e01934-17.long</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Humphries</surname>
							<given-names>RM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ambler</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mitchell</surname>
							<given-names>SL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Castanheira</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dingle</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hindler</surname>
							<given-names>JA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Koeth</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sei</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>on behalf of the CLSI Methods Development and Standardization Working Group of the Subcommittee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing</article-title>
					<year>2018</year>
					<comment>CLSI methods development and standardization working group best practices for evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility tests</comment>
					<source>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</source>
					<volume>56</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>e01934</fpage>
					<lpage>e01917</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://jcm.asm.org/content/56/4/e01934-17.long">https://jcm.asm.org/content/56/4/e01934-17.long</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<mixed-citation>INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía). 2010. Compendio de información geográfica municipal 2010 Jaumave. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www3.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/app/mexicocifras/datos_geograficos/28/28017.pdf">http://www3.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/app/mexicocifras/datos_geograficos/28/28017.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author"/>
					<year>2010</year>
					<source>Compendio de información geográfica municipal 2010 Jaumave</source>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www3.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/app/mexicocifras/datos_geograficos/28/28017.pdf">http://www3.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/app/mexicocifras/datos_geograficos/28/28017.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<mixed-citation>Liu G, Yin J, Han B, Barkema HW, Shahid M, de Buck J, Cobo ER, Kastelic JP, Gao J. 2019. Adherent/invasive capacities of bovine-associated <italic>Aerococcus viridans</italic> contribute to pathogenesis of acute mastitis in a murine model. <italic>Veterinary Microbiology</italic>. 230(November 2018):202-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.02.016</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Liu</surname>
							<given-names>G,</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yin</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Han</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Barkema</surname>
							<given-names>HW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shahid</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>de Buck</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cobo</surname>
							<given-names>ER</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kastelic</surname>
							<given-names>JP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gao</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Adherent/invasive capacities of bovine-associated Aerococcus viridans contribute to pathogenesis of acute mastitis in a murine model</article-title>
					<source>Veterinary Microbiology</source>
					<volume>230</volume>
					<comment>November 2018</comment>
					<fpage>202</fpage>
					<lpage>211</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.02.016</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<mixed-citation>Manes J, Fiorentino MA, Hozbor F, Paolicchi F, Alberio R, Ungerfeld R. 2013. Changes in the aerobic vaginal bacteria load and antimicrobial susceptibility after different oestrous synchronisation treatments in goats. <italic>Animal Production Science</italic>. 53(6):555-559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/AN12191</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Manes</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fiorentino</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hozbor</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Paolicchi</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alberio</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ungerfeld</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Changes in the aerobic vaginal bacteria load and antimicrobial susceptibility after different oestrous synchronisation treatments in goats</article-title>
					<source>Animal Production Science</source>
					<volume>53</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>555</fpage>
					<lpage>559</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1071/AN12191</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<mixed-citation>Manes J, Fiorentino MA, Martino SS, Ungerfeld R. 2018. Changes in the vaginal microbiota in ewes after insertion of intravaginal sponges at different stages of the oestrous cycle. <italic>Livestock Science</italic>. 208(November 2017):55-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2017.11.023</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Manes</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fiorentino</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Martino</surname>
							<given-names>SS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ungerfeld</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Changes in the vaginal microbiota in ewes after insertion of intravaginal sponges at different stages of the oestrous cycle</article-title>
					<source>Livestock Science</source>
					<volume>208</volume>
					<comment>November 2017</comment>
					<fpage>55</fpage>
					<lpage>59</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.livsci.2017.11.023</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<mixed-citation>Martins G, Figueira L, Penna B, Brandão F, Varges R, Vasconcelos C, Lilenbaum W. 2009. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of vaginal bacteria from ewes treated with progestin-impregnated intravaginal sponges. <italic>Small Ruminant Research</italic>. 81(2-3):182-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.12.003</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Martins</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Figueira</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Penna</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brandão</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Varges</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lilenbaum</surname>
							<given-names>W.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2009</year>
					<article-title>Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of vaginal bacteria from ewes treated with progestin-impregnated intravaginal sponges</article-title>
					<source>Small Ruminant Research</source>
					<volume>81</volume>
					<issue>2-3</issue>
					<fpage>182</fpage>
					<lpage>184</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.12.003</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<mixed-citation>Maurer FP, Courvalin P, Böttger EC, Hombach M. 2014. Integrating forecast probabilities in antibiograms: a way to guide antimicrobial prescriptions more reliably? <italic>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</italic>. 52(10):3674-3684. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://jcm.asm.org/content/52/10/3674">https://jcm.asm.org/content/52/10/3674</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Maurer</surname>
							<given-names>FP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Courvalin</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Böttger</surname>
							<given-names>EC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hombach</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Integrating forecast probabilities in antibiograms: a way to guide antimicrobial prescriptions more reliably?</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</source>
					<volume>52</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>3674</fpage>
					<lpage>3684</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://jcm.asm.org/content/52/10/3674">https://jcm.asm.org/content/52/10/3674</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<mixed-citation>Maynard CL, Elson CO, Hatton RD, Weaver CT. 2012. Reciprocal interactions of the intestinal microbiota and immune system. <italic>Nature</italic>. 489(7415):231-41. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11551</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Maynard</surname>
							<given-names>CL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Elson</surname>
							<given-names>CO</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hatton</surname>
							<given-names>RD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Weaver</surname>
							<given-names>CT.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Reciprocal interactions of the intestinal microbiota and immune system</article-title>
					<source>Nature</source>
					<volume>489</volume>
					<issue>7415</issue>
					<fpage>231</fpage>
					<lpage>241</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nature11551</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<mixed-citation>Meekins JM, Apley MD, Lubbers B, Peddireddi L, Rankin AJ. 2017. Evaluation of conjunctival bacterial flora in a herd of goats in the Midwestern United States. <italic>Veterinary Ophthalmology</italic>. 20(1):40-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12348</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Meekins</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Apley</surname>
							<given-names>MD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lubbers</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Peddireddi</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rankin</surname>
							<given-names>AJ.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Evaluation of conjunctival bacterial flora in a herd of goats in the Midwestern United States</article-title>
					<source>Veterinary Ophthalmology</source>
					<volume>20</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>40</fpage>
					<lpage>45</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/vop.12348</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<mixed-citation>Moghaddam, MJM, Mirbagheri AA, Salehi Z, Habibzade SM. 2015. Prevalence of class 1 integrons and extended spectrum beta lactamases among multi-drug resistant <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> isolates from north of Iran. <italic>Iranian Biomedical Journal</italic>. 19(4): 233-239. https://doi.org/10.7508/ibj.2015.04.007</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Moghaddam</surname>
							<given-names>MJM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mirbagheri</surname>
							<given-names>AA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Salehi</surname>
							<given-names>Z</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Habibzade</surname>
							<given-names>SM</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Prevalence of class 1 integrons and extended spectrum beta lactamases among multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli isolates from north of Iran</article-title>
					<source>Iranian Biomedical Journal</source>
					<volume>19</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>233</fpage>
					<lpage>239</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7508/ibj.2015.04.007</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<mixed-citation>Moore R, Miyoshi A, Pacheco LGC, Seyffert N, Azevedo V. 2010. Corynebacterium and Arcanobacterium. En. Pathogenesis of bacterial infections in animals. Pp. 133-147. ISBN 978-0-8138-1237-3.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Moore</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Miyoshi</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pacheco</surname>
							<given-names>LGC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Seyffert</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Azevedo</surname>
							<given-names>V.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<chapter-title>Corynebacterium and Arcanobacterium</chapter-title>
					<source>Pathogenesis of bacterial infections in animals</source>
					<fpage>133</fpage>
					<lpage>147</lpage>
					<isbn>978-0-8138-1237-3</isbn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<mixed-citation>Oliveira JK, Martins G, Esteves LV, Penna B, Hamond C, Fonseca JF, Rodrigues AL, Brandão FZ, Lilenbaum W. 2013. Changes in the vaginal flora of goats following a short- term protocol of oestrus induction and synchronisation with intravaginal sponges as well as their antimicrobial sensitivity. <italic>Small Ruminant Research</italic>. 113(1):162-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.02.011</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Oliveira</surname>
							<given-names>JK</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Martins</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Esteves</surname>
							<given-names>LV</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Penna</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hamond</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fonseca</surname>
							<given-names>JF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rodrigues</surname>
							<given-names>AL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brandão</surname>
							<given-names>FZ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lilenbaum</surname>
							<given-names>W.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Changes in the vaginal flora of goats following a short- term protocol of oestrus induction and synchronisation with intravaginal sponges as well as their antimicrobial sensitivity</article-title>
					<source>Small Ruminant Research</source>
					<volume>113</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>162</fpage>
					<lpage>166</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.02.011</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B22">
				<mixed-citation>Otero C, Saavedra L, Silva de Ruiz C, Wilde O, Holgado AR, Nader-Macías ME. 2000. Vaginal bacterial microflora modifications during the growth of healthy cows. <italic>Letters in Applied Microbiology</italic>. 31(3):251-254. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00809.x</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Otero</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Saavedra</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Silva de Ruiz</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wilde</surname>
							<given-names>O</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Holgado</surname>
							<given-names>AR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nader-Macías</surname>
							<given-names>ME.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2000</year>
					<article-title>Vaginal bacterial microflora modifications during the growth of healthy cows</article-title>
					<source>Letters in Applied Microbiology</source>
					<volume>31</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>251</fpage>
					<lpage>254</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00809.x</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B23">
				<mixed-citation>Pascale A, Marchesi N, Marelli C, Coppola A, Luzi L, Govoni S, Giustina A, Gazzaruso C 2018. Microbiota and metabolic diseases. <italic>Endocrine</italic>. 61(3):357-371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-018-1605-5</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Pascale</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Marchesi</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Marelli</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Coppola</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Luzi</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Govoni</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Giustina</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gazzaruso</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Microbiota and metabolic diseases</article-title>
					<source>Endocrine</source>
					<volume>61</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>357</fpage>
					<lpage>371</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s12020-018-1605-5</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B24">
				<mixed-citation>Penna B, Libonati H, Director A, Sarzedas AC, Martins G, Brandão FZ, Fonseca J, Lilenbaum W. 2013. Progestin-impregnated intravaginal sponges for estrus induction and synchronization influences on goats vaginal flora and antimicrobial susceptibility. <italic>Animal Reproduction Science</italic>. 142(1-2):71-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.09.006</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Penna</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Libonati</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Director</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sarzedas</surname>
							<given-names>AC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Martins</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brandão</surname>
							<given-names>FZ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fonseca</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lilenbaum</surname>
							<given-names>W.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Progestin-impregnated intravaginal sponges for estrus induction and synchronization influences on goats vaginal flora and antimicrobial susceptibility</article-title>
					<source>Animal Reproduction Science</source>
					<volume>142</volume>
					<issue>1-2</issue>
					<fpage>71</fpage>
					<lpage>74</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.09.006</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B25">
				<mixed-citation>Pinos-Rodríguez JM, Gómez-Ruiz WJ, Aguirre-Rivera JR, García-López JC, Álvarez-Fuentes G. 2015. Profitability of goat production in the Mexico highlands. <italic>Outlook on Agriculture</italic>. 44(3):223-233. https://doi.org/10.5367/oa.2015.0214</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Pinos-Rodríguez</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gómez-Ruiz</surname>
							<given-names>WJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aguirre-Rivera</surname>
							<given-names>JR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>García-López</surname>
							<given-names>JC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Álvarez-Fuentes</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Profitability of goat production in the Mexico highlands</article-title>
					<source>Outlook on Agriculture</source>
					<volume>44</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>223</fpage>
					<lpage>233</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5367/oa.2015.0214</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B26">
				<mixed-citation>Queiroga MC. 2017. Prevalence and aetiology of sheep mastitis in Alentejo region of Portugal. <italic>Small Ruminant Research</italic>. 153(June):123-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.06.003</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Queiroga</surname>
							<given-names>MC.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Prevalence and aetiology of sheep mastitis in Alentejo region of Portugal</article-title>
					<source>Small Ruminant Research</source>
					<volume>153</volume>
					<comment>June</comment>
					<fpage>123</fpage>
					<lpage>130</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.06.003</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B27">
				<mixed-citation>Salinas-González H, Valle Moysen ED, de Santiago Miramontes MA, Véliz Deras FG, Maldonado Jáquez JA, Vélez Monroy I, Torres Hernández D, Isidro Requejo LM, Figueroa Viramontes U. 2016. Análisis descriptivo de unidades caprinas en el suroeste de la región lagunera, Coahuila, México. <italic>Interciencia</italic>. 41(11):763-768. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=33948191006">https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=33948191006</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Salinas-González</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Valle Moysen</surname>
							<given-names>ED</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>de Santiago Miramontes</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Véliz Deras</surname>
							<given-names>FG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Maldonado Jáquez</surname>
							<given-names>JA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vélez Monroy</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Torres Hernández</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Isidro Requejo</surname>
							<given-names>LM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Figueroa Viramontes</surname>
							<given-names>U.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Análisis descriptivo de unidades caprinas en el suroeste de la región lagunera, Coahuila, México</article-title>
					<source>Interciencia</source>
					<volume>41</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>763</fpage>
					<lpage>768</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=33948191006">https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=33948191006</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B28">
				<mixed-citation>Sargison ND, Howie F, Mearns R, Penny CD, Foster G. 2007. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli as a perennial cause of abortion in a closed flock of Suffolk ewes. <italic>Veterinary Record</italic>. 160(25):875-876. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.160.25.875</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Sargison</surname>
							<given-names>ND,</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Howie</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mearns</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Penny</surname>
							<given-names>CD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Foster</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2007</year>
					<article-title>Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli as a perennial cause of abortion in a closed flock of Suffolk ewes</article-title>
					<source>Veterinary Record</source>
					<volume>160</volume>
					<issue>25</issue>
					<fpage>875</fpage>
					<lpage>876</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/vr.160.25.875</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B29">
				<mixed-citation>Shea EK, Berent AC, Weisse CW. 2019. Vesicovaginal fistula in a dog with urinary incontinence. <italic>Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Associaton</italic>. 255(4):466-470. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.255.4.466</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Shea</surname>
							<given-names>EK</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Berent</surname>
							<given-names>AC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Weisse</surname>
							<given-names>CW.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Vesicovaginal fistula in a dog with urinary incontinence</article-title>
					<source>Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Associaton</source>
					<volume>255</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>466</fpage>
					<lpage>470</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2460/javma.255.4.466</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B30">
				<mixed-citation>SIAP (Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera). SIACON (Sistema de Información Agrolimentaria de Consulta). 28 de junio de 2019. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.gob.mx/siap/documentos/siacon-ng-161430">https://www.gob.mx/siap/documentos/siacon-ng-161430</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="webpage">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>SIAP (Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera)</collab>
						<collab>SIACON (Sistema de Información Agrolimentaria de Consulta)</collab>
					</person-group>
					<day>28</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2019</year>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.gob.mx/siap/documentos/siacon-ng-161430">https://www.gob.mx/siap/documentos/siacon-ng-161430</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B31">
				<mixed-citation>Steward KF, Robinson C, Holden MTG, Harris SR, Ros AF, Pérez GC, Baselga R, Waller AS. 2017. Diversity of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains isolated from the Spanish sheep and goat population and the identification, function and prevalence of a novel arbutin utilisation system. <italic>Veterinary Microbiology</italic>. 207(May):231-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.06.020</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Steward</surname>
							<given-names>KF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Robinson</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Holden</surname>
							<given-names>MTG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Harris</surname>
							<given-names>SR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ros</surname>
							<given-names>AF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pérez</surname>
							<given-names>GC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Baselga</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Waller</surname>
							<given-names>AS.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Diversity of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains isolated from the Spanish sheep and goat population and the identification, function and prevalence of a novel arbutin utilisation system</article-title>
					<source>Veterinary Microbiology</source>
					<volume>207</volume>
					<comment>May</comment>
					<fpage>231</fpage>
					<lpage>238</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.06.020</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B32">
				<mixed-citation>Suárez G, Zunino P, Carol H, Ungerfeld R. 2006. Changes in the aerobic vaginal bacterial mucous load after treatment with intravaginal sponges in anoestrous ewes. <italic>Small Ruminant Research</italic>. 63(1-2):93-43. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921448805000386">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921448805000386</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Suárez</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zunino</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Carol</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ungerfeld</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2006</year>
					<article-title>Changes in the aerobic vaginal bacterial mucous load after treatment with intravaginal sponges in anoestrous ewes</article-title>
					<source>Small Ruminant Research</source>
					<volume>63</volume>
					<issue>1-2</issue>
					<fpage>93</fpage>
					<lpage>43</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921448805000386">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921448805000386</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B33">
				<mixed-citation>Yeruham I, Elad D, Avidar Y, Goshen T. 2006. A herd level analysis of urinary tract infection in dairy cattle. <italic>The Veterinary Journal</italic>. 171(1):172-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.04.005</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Yeruham</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Elad</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Avidar</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Goshen</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2006</year>
					<article-title>A herd level analysis of urinary tract infection in dairy cattle</article-title>
					<source>The Veterinary Journal</source>
					<volume>171</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>172</fpage>
					<lpage>176</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.04.005</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				
				<p>Clave:2020-57</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Vaginal microbiota and antimicrobial susceptibility in creole goats</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<p>This work´s aim was the aerobic vaginal microbiota determination of creole goats and its antimicrobial susceptibility. Vaginal swabs were taken of 51 healthy female goats in reproductive age. Samples were processed under standard bacteriological conditions. Bacterial isolation was achieved in 41.2% of the samples. Gram-positive (GP) cocci were the most abundant bacteria recovered (65.6%), the principal genera detected were <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> spp. (31.2%) and <italic>Aerococcus</italic> spp. (21.9%). <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> was the only Gram-negative (GN) genus detected. In the antimicrobial susceptibility test <italic>Aerococcus</italic> and <italic>Corynebacterium jeikeum</italic> were the most susceptible GP bacteria. Dicloxacillin, cefotaxime, and ampicillin had the lowest resistance pattern on GP bacteria. On the other hand, <italic>E. coli</italic> isolates showed high resistance to all antibiotics (95%), except for ciprofloxacin (60%). This work findings exhibit the importance of vaginal microbiota of creole goats as potential pathogenic ecological agents, as well as it showed the high antimicrobial resistance pattern of this bacteria.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>goat production</kwd>
				<kwd>vaginal microbiota</kwd>
				<kwd>antimicrobial susceptibility</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>The microbiota is the population, resident or transitory, of microorganisms and viruses that live in the epithelia of animals, creating an ecosystem (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Pascale <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). In this ecosystem, prokaryotes (mainly bacteria, although there are also archaea) are the most abundant organisms. Generally, these microorganisms live in a state of symbiosis with the host. On the other hand, the imbalance of the environment and the immune system can trigger negative effects on the health of the hosts, and some microorganisms of the microbiota can become pathogenic (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Maynard <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Belkaid <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). In ruminants, the role of the ruminal microbiota in the digestion of cellulose is well known, which allows obtaining energy for these animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Henderson <italic>et al</italic>. 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>It has been determined that the vaginal microbiota (VM) in ruminants varies according to the physiological/reproductive state, estrous cycle and to a lesser extent by breed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Giannattasio-Ferraz <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Manes <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). In sheep and goats, the VM analysis has gained relevance in recent years, due to the use of reproductive technologies (use of progestogens, prostaglandins and gonadotropins), mainly in intensive livestock (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Suárez <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Martins <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Penna <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Oliveira <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Manes <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Manes <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). The composition of VM in goats is partially known. It has been reported that it is composed mainly of Gram positive bacteria (GP) and to a lesser extent Gram negative (GN) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Manes <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). In goats, the change in VM composition due to the use of vaginal devices containing progestogens has been associated with vaginitis and infertility (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Penna <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>In Mexico, goat production is linked to social classes with low economic income, following a primarily subsistence model (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Pinos-Rodríguez <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). In Tamaulipas, Mexico, goat production is aimed at the production of 21-day-old weaned kid. The type of production characteristic of northeastern Mexico is an extensive system dependent on natural resources in the region (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alva-Pérez <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Although goats are rustic animals, adaptable to different environmental conditions, fertility and conception problems in goats are common in production (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Salinas-González <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Knowledge of VM in Creole goats can reveal the opportunistic bacterial population, which could trigger clinical and subclinical vaginitis. This knowledge can provide the basis for determining the degree of involvement of reproductive system infections in production problems in goats. In addition to this, knowledge of the chemotherapeutic susceptibility profile of the bacteria that make up the VM contributes to improving the treatment of these infections.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND MÉTODOS</title>
				<p><bold>Animal management and sampling site.</bold> The present work was carried out in Jaumave
					municipality, Tamaulipas located between the parallels 23º 53´ and 23º 04´ north
					latitude, and the meridians 99º 41´ and 99º 10´ west longitude, with an average
					height of 735 meters above sea level. The orography is mainly mountainous, with
					a semi-dry semi-warm climate with rains in summer (<xref ref-type="bibr"
						rid="B11">INEGI, 2010</xref>). The goat inventory in this municipality
					reported in 2018 was 3,931 heads (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">SIAP,
						2019</xref>). Five production units (PU) were sampled during June 2019. In
					each PU, 10 samples were taken, except for the last one, where 11 samples were
					taken, for a total of 51 vaginal swab samples. The goat herds present a
					population that mixes several races (Creole population), with predominant
					encastes of Boer, Alpino, Nubia and Toggenbourgh (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"
						>Alva-Pérez <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). The inclusion criteria
					were healthy females of reproductive age (2 to 4 years). The exclusion criterion
					was sick or pregnant females. The sampling was carried out under ethical
					standards of animal welfare, and was authorized by the Bioethics and Animal
					Welfare Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics of the
					Autonomous University of Tamaulipas (official letter number CBBA_19_05).</p>
				<p><bold>Sample collection and processing.</bold> In the selected females, momentary physical
					restraint was carried out with the minimum possible stress, to insert a sterile
					swab in the vaginal vestibule. The swabs were gently rubbed on the walls of the
					vaginal mucosa to later be placed in a sterile transport medium (Dehydrated
					culture media: transport medium amies; BD Difco, Maryland EU). The swabs were
					kept refrigerated until processing in a period no longer than 12 hours. All the
					bacteriological processing of the samples was carried out in the Diagnostic
					Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics of the
					Autonomous University of Tamaulipas. For the isolation and identification of the
					microorganisms, the swabs were sown on blood agar (Blood agar base; Becton
					Dickinson-Bioxon, Querétaro Mexico) and trypticasein soy agar (BD Difco,
					Maryland USA). The samples were incubated under aerobic conditions, 37º C for 24
					to 48 hours.</p>
				<p>The different isolates were identified both macroscopically (colonial morphology, pigment production, and hemolysis) and microscopically (Gram stain). Final bacterial identification was achieved through the following biochemical tests: catalase (Hydrogen peroxide; Merck, Darmstadt Germany), oxidase (n, n, n´, n´-tetramethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine, Biomerieux México, Estado de México), methyl red-Voges Proskauer (Becton Dickinson Bioxon, Querétaro México), nitrate reduction (BD Difco, Maryland EU), urease (Caldo urea; Becton Dickinson-Bioxon, Querétaro México), indole, hydrogen sulfide and motility (SIM medium; Dibico, Estado de México México), growth on McConkey agar (BD Difco, Maryland EU), triple sugar iron (Iron and triple sugar agar, Becton Dickinson-Bioxon, Querétaro México), citrate (BBL Simmons Citrate Agar ; Becton Dickinson, Le Point de Claix France) and use of the following carbohydrates: maltose, mannitol, xylose, lactose and sorbitol (all from Becton Dickinson Bioxon, Querétaro México, prepared with phenol red, phenol red base broth BD Difco, Maryland EU). Identification was carried out following the standards of the Cowan and Steel bacterial identification manual (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Barrow and Feltman, 2004</xref>).</p>
				<p><bold>Susceptibility to chemotherapeutics.</bold> The isolates were evaluated in different
					antibiotics, through the disk diffusion method (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"
						>Humphries <italic>et al</italic>. 2018</xref>). It is briefly described
					below. 3 CFUs were selected from each isolation in pure culture, which were
					seeded in trypticasein soy broth (BD Difco, Maryland EU) and incubated at 37 ºC
					with shaking (200 rpm). The incubation time varied for each isolate, until
					obtaining an inoculum equivalent to the 0.5 McFarland standard (0.05 ml of 1%
					BaCl2 [Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri United States] and 9.95 ml of 1% H2SO4
					[Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri United States]) of turbidity, corresponding
					to 1 to 2×10<sup>6</sup> CFU/ml in GP bacteria and 5 × 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/ml in
					GN bacteria. 1ml of each isolate was seeded on Müller-Hinton agar (MH, BD Difco,
					Marylando EU). The following sensidisks (Diagnostic Research; Mexico City,
					Mexico) were used: ampicillin (10 µg, <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> spp.:
					resistant phenotype (RF): &lt;28 mm; susceptible phenotype (FS):&gt; 29 mm;
					other bacterial genera: FR: &lt;21 mm; FS:&gt; 22 mm), Cephalothin (30 µg, FR:
					&lt;14 mm, FS:&gt; 15 mm), Cefotaxime (30 µg, FR: &lt;14 mm, FS:&gt; 15 mm) ,
					ciprofloxacin (5 µg, RF: &lt;15 mm, FS:&gt; 16 mm), clindamycin (30 µg,
					RF:&lt;14 mm, FS:&gt; 15 mm), dicloxacillin (1 µg, RF: &lt;10 mm) , FS:&gt; 11
					mm), erythromycin (15 µg, RF: &lt;13 mm, FS:&gt; 14 mm), gentamicin (10 µg, FR:
					&lt;12 mm, FS:&gt; 13 mm), penicillin (10 U , Staphylococcus spp .: FR: &lt;28
					mm, FS:&gt; 29 mm, other genera GP: FR: &lt;14 mm; FS:&gt; 15 mm),
					sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (25 μg, FR: &lt;10 mm, FS: &gt; 11 mm),
					tetracycline (30 µg, FR: &lt;14 mm, FS:&gt; 15 mm), vancomycin (30 g, FR:
					&lt;14 mm, FS:&gt; 15 mm), chloramphenicol (30 µg, FR : &lt;12 mm, FS:&gt; 13
					mm), Carbenicillin (100 µg, FR:&lt;18 mm, FS:&gt; 19 mm), Netilmicin (30 µg, FR:
					&lt;12 mm, FS: &gt; 13 mm), nitrofurantoin (300 µg, FR: &lt;14 mm, FS:&gt; 15
					mm), norfloxacin (100 µg, FR: &lt;18 mm, FS:&gt; 19 mm) and amikacin (30 µg, FR
					: &lt;14 mm, FS:&gt; 15 mm). The chemotherapeutics clindamycin, dicloxacillin,
					erythromycin, penicillin, tetracycline, and vancomycin were tested only in GP
					isolates; whereas chloramphenicol, carbenicillin, netilmicin, nitrofurantoin,
					norfloxacin, and amikacin were tested only in GN isolates. The zones of
					inhibition in each sensidisc were measured with a ruler after 16 to 18 h of
					incubation at 37 ºC. Isolates with intermediate susceptibility were considered
					resistant, since these bacterial populations present subpopulations of resistant
					bacteria that will transmit this phenotype to susceptible bacteria (<xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Hombach <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>; <xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Maurer <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p><bold>Statistical analysis.</bold> The bacterial identification results of the different
					samples are presented through descriptive statistics and frequency tables. For
					the results of the chemotherapeutic susceptibility test, contingency tables were
					constructed with the chisquare test with a significance level of P &lt;0.05
					using the PROC FREQ procedure of the SAS program (2002, v9.0. SAS Institute
					Inc., Cary, NC., USA) to know the resistance percentages. Furthermore, an
					analysis of variance was performed in a generalized linear model using the PROC
					GLM and the least significant difference test (LSD, Fisher's exact test) for the
					comparison of the resistance profile between antibiotics with a P &lt;0.05. For
					this analysis, the percentage values were converted into values in a range from
					0 to 1.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p><bold>Bacterial isolation and identification.</bold> From the 51 samples, only 21 (41.2%)
					were positive to bacteriological isolation. From these 21 samples, 32 bacteria
					were isolated and identified (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">4</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Identification and frequency of bacteriological isolates from vaginal samples of goats.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center">Frequency</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Gram-positive bacteria</th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Staphylococcus</italic> spp.</td>
									<td align="center">31.2% (10/32)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Aerococcus</italic> spp.</td>
									<td align="center">21.9% (7/32)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Corynebacterium jeikeium</italic></td>
									<td align="center">15.6% (5/32)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Staphylococcus chromogenes</italic></td>
									<td align="center">6.3% (2/32)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Corynebacterium renale</italic></td>
									<td align="center">3.1% (1/32)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Staphylococcus xylosus</italic></td>
									<td align="center">3.1% (1/32)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Streptococcus</italic> spp.</td>
									<td align="center">3.1% (1/32)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>Gram-negative bacteria</bold></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Escherichia coli</italic></td>
									<td align="center">15.6% (5/32)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><bold>Susceptibility to chemotherapeutics.</bold> In the analysis of the antimicrobial
					resistance profile for GP bacteria, it is noteworthy that all isolates were
					resistant to erythromycin and tetracycline (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5"
						>Table 2</xref>). Isolates of Staphylococcus spp. had a general percentage
					of resistance of 87.5% (χ<sup>2</sup>= 18.51, p = 0.0704), with penicillin being
					the antibiotic with the lowest resistance (70%). The two isolates of
						<italic>S</italic>. <italic>chromogenes</italic> had the lowest resistance
					among the tested antibiotics (70.8%), with no difference between them
						(χ<sup>2</sup>=16.73, p=0.1158). The isolates of <italic>C</italic>.
						<italic>renale</italic>, <italic>S</italic>. <italic>xylosus</italic> and
						<italic>Streptococcus</italic> spp., had resistance percentages of 83.3%
						(χ<sup>2</sup>= 12.0, p = 0.3636), 91.7% (χ<sup>2</sup>= 12.0, p = 0.3636)
					and 83.3% (χ<sup>2</sup>= 12.0, p = 0.3636), respectively. On the other hand,
					isolates of the genus <italic>Aerococcus</italic> spp. (resistance 80.9%) showed
					a lower resistance against dicloxacillin (28.6%, χ2= 22.85, p=0.0185), compared
					to the other antibiotics. Likewise, isolates of <italic>C</italic>.
						<italic>jeikeium</italic> showed a lower percentage of resistance to
					cefotaxime and ampicillin (20% and 40%, respectively χ2= 34.9, p &lt;0.001) in
					contrast to the other antibiotics. For these bacteria the resistance was 85%.
					Under the conditions of this work, the GP isolates had a resistance profile of
					83.2%.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Percentage of resistance in vaginal isolates of Creole goats</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Bateria</th>
									<th align="right">(n)%</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="12">Chemotherapeutic</th>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Gram +</th>
									<th align="left"></th>
									<th align="right">AMP</th>
									<th align="center">CEF</th>
									<th align="center">CFT</th>
									<th align="left">CIP</th>
									<th align="left">CLI</th>
									<th align="left">DIC</th>
									<th align="left">ERI</th>
									<th align="center">GEN</th>
									<th align="center">PEN</th>
									<th align="left">STM</th>
									<th align="left">TET</th>
									<th align="right">VAN</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Staphylococcus</italic> spp.</td>
									<td align="left">(10) 37</td>
									<td align="center">80</td>
									<td align="center">90</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">80</td>
									<td align="center">90</td>
									<td align="center">80</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">80</td>
									<td align="center">70</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
								</tr>
								
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Aerococcus</italic> spp.</td>
									<td align="left">(7) 25.9</td>
									<td align="center">57.2</td>
									<td align="center">71.4</td>
									<td align="center">85.7</td>
									<td align="center">85.7</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">28.6</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">85.7</td>
									<td align="center">85.7</td>
									<td align="center">71.4</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>C. jeikeium</italic></td>
									<td align="left">(5) 18.5</td>
									<td align="center">40</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">60</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>S. chromogenes</italic></td>
									<td align="left">(2) 7.4</td>
									<td align="center">50</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">50</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>C. renale</italic></td>
									<td align="left">(1) 3.7 0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>S. xylosus</italic></td>
									<td align="left">(1) 3.7</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Streptococcus</italic> spp.</td>
									<td align="left">(1) 3.7 100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Gram -</td>
									<td align="left"></td>
									<td align="center">AMP</td>
									<td align="center">CEF</td>
									<td align="center">CFT</td>
									<td align="center">CIP</td>
									<td align="center">CLO</td>
									<td align="center">CAR</td>
									<td align="center">NET</td>
									<td align="center">GEN</td>
									<td align="center">NIT</td>
									<td align="center">NOT</td>
									<td align="center">STM</td>
									<td align="center">AMI</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Escherichia coli</italic></td>
									<td align="left">(5) 100 100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">60</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">80</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
								</tr>
								
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>AMP: ampicillin, CEF: cephalothin, CFT: cefotaxime, CIP: ciprofloxacin, CLI: clindamycin, DIC: dicloxacillin, ERI: erythromycin, GENE: gentamicin, PEN: penicillin, STM: sulfamethoxazole-trimethroprim, TET: tetracycline, VAN: vancomycin, CLO: chloramphenicol, CAR: carbenicillin, NET: netilmicin, NIT: nitrofurantoin, NOT: norfloxacin and AMI: amikacin.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>For Enterobacteriaceae (GN isolates) the general percentage of resistance was 95%, most of the antibiotics tested had a resistance of 100%, with the exception of ciprofloxacin (60%) and nitrofurantoin (80%), whose resistance was less than rest of antibiotics (p &lt;0.05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Comparison of the resistance pattern between antibiotics</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col span="4"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Bacteria</th>
									
									<th align="center" colspan="13">Chemotherapeutic</th>
									
 
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left">AMP</th>
									<th align="left">CEF</th>
									<th align="left">CFT</th>
									<th align="left">CIP</th>
									<th align="center">CLI</th>
									<th align="left">DIC</th>
									<th align="left">ERI</th>
									<th align="left">GEN</th>
									<th align="left">PEN</th>
									<th align="left">STM</th>
									<th align="center">TET</th>
									<th align="left">VAN</th>
									<th align="center">SEM</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center"><bold>(<italic>P</italic>)</bold></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Gram +</td>
									<td align="center">0.63<sup>cd</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.81<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.77<sup>cd</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.85<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.93<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.59<sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.81<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.81<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.93<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.93<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.124</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
						
									<td align="center">(0.0001)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">AMI</td>
									<td align="left">AMP</td>
									<td align="left">CAR</td>
									<td align="left">CEF</td>
									<td align="center">CFT</td>
									<td align="left">CIP</td>
									<td align="left">CLO</td>
									<td align="left">GEN</td>
									<td align="left">NET</td>
									<td align="left">NIT</td>
									<td align="center">NOT</td>
									<td align="left">STM</td>
									<td align="center">SEM</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>(<italic>P</italic>)</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Gram -</td>
									<td align="left">1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="left">1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="left">1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="left">1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="left">0.6<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="left">1.0<sup>a</sup></td> 
									<td align="left">1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="left">1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="left">0.8<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="left">1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.002</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">(0.05)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>AMP: ampicillin, CEF: cephalothin, CFT: cefotaxime, CIP: ciprofloxacin, CLI: clindamycin, DIC: dicloxacillin, ERI: erythromycin, GENE: gentamicin, PEN: penicillin, STM: sulfamethoxazole-trimethroprim, TET: tetracycline, VAN: vancomycin, CLO: chloramphenicol, CAR: carbenicillin, NET: netilmicin, NIT: nitrofurantoin, NOT: norfloxacin and AMI: amikacin. SEM: standard error of the mean. Mean values with the same superscript are not significantly different. The percentage data were transformed to be analyzed through Fisher's exact test.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The comparison between the resistance profiles shows that dicloxacillin was more effective among GP bacteria (0.59, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>), similar to the resistance profile of ampicillin (0.63) and cefotaxime (0.77). The overall average resistance for antibiotics tested against GP bacteria was 0.84, while the overall average resistance for antibiotics tested against GN bacteria was 0.95.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Bacterial isolation and identification.</title>
					<p>The environmental conditions of the VM of ruminants favor the development of a microbiota in accordance with the physiological development. This population does not allow, in general, the development of pathogenic or saprophytic microorganisms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><italic>Otero et al</italic>., 2000</xref>). The compromise of the integrity of the vaginal mucosa, as well as the alterations of the microbiota, can trigger ascending infections of the urogenital tract, putting at risk the reproductive health of goats (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ababneh and Degefa, 2006</xref>), cows (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Otero <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>) and sheep (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sargison <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>).</p>
					<p>From the vaginal swabs, 41.2% of the samples showed bacteriological growth. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Manes <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref> reported 52% of positive samples to isolation in Saanen goats in reproductive stage, while <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Penna <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref> reported 77% of positive samples in Saanen goats in conditions of gestational anestrus. On the other hand, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Oliveira <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref> reported 100% bacterial isolation in anéstric Toggenbourgh goats, while <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ababneh and Degfa 2006</xref> reported 75% isolation in postpartum Baladi goats. These different results indicate the high variability of the bacterial isolation that can be due to race, reproductive status and physiological status. This research shows that, in creole goats, without an apparent definition of reproductive seasonality, the isolation of the aerobic bacterial microbiota is not greater than 50%. More studies are required to link physiological status and racial profiling with bacteriological isolation.</p>
					<p>In this study it is shown that the predominant aerobic bacterial population in healthy creole goats was GP bacteria (84.4%) and to a lesser extent GN bacteria (15.6%). Various studies agree with our results. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Manes <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref> isolated 77% of GP bacteria in Saanen goats before vaginal sponge insertion with 60 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate for oestrus synchronization; while <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Penna <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref> isolated 71.3% of GP bacteria, being coagulase negative <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> (CoNS) the main bacteria isolated. This finding coincides with our work, since the largest number of isolated bacteria belonged to the genus <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> spp. (31.2%), coupled with the isolation of <italic>S. chromogenes</italic> (6.3%) and <italic>S</italic>. <italic>xylosus</italic> (3.1%). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Oliveira <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref> also isolated Staphylococcus spp. in 63.6% of vaginal swabs in anestric goats. These findings may indicate that the genus <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> is a primary inhabitant of VM in goats. The presence of vaginitis has not been reported in these animals associated with this bacterial genus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Oliveira <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>), as occurs in other species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Deng <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Shea <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), indicating that in these hosts can be opportunistic pathogens.</p>
					<p>The second bacterial group isolated from vaginal swabs was <italic>Aerococcus</italic> spp. with a percentage of 21.9%. This GP bacterium has been associated with opportunistic urinary infections in cattle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Liu <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Its presence has previously been reported in the vaginal mucosa of goats, without signs of infection (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Meekins <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). This could indicate that, like <italic>Staphyloccocus</italic> spp, the <italic>Aerococcus</italic> genus is a normal inhabitant of the vaginal mucosa in goats.</p>
					<p>In proportion, the isolates of <italic>C</italic>. <italic>jeikeium</italic> and <italic>E</italic>. <italic>coli</italic> were similar (15.6%). <italic>C</italic>. <italic>jeikeium</italic>, bacillus GP, has been related to subclinical mastitis in sheep (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Queiroga, 2017</xref>). There are no reports of the presence of this bacillus in goats, and based on the frequency of isolations of this bacterium in this study, it is likely that it is part of the native VM of Creole goats in northeastern Mexico. In contrast, <italic>E</italic>. <italic>coli</italic> is a widely distributed enterobacterium, it is the main bacterium that is part of the intestinal microbiota in domestic animals (except birds). The isolation of this <italic>Enterobacteriaceae</italic> from anatomical regions outside the intestine is related to pathogenic and opportunistic infections (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Gyles and Fairbrother, 2010</xref>). In ruminants it has been linked as a cause of abortion and urogenital infections (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sargison <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>). In goats this enterobacterium has been reported both in the absence of vaginitis and in inflammatory processes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Martins <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Oliveira <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). The presence of <italic>E</italic>. <italic>coli</italic> in this work may therefore suggest opportunistic colonization.</p>
					<p>Isolation of <italic>C</italic>. <italic>renale</italic> may represent an incidental finding, since it has not been previously reported as part of VM in goats. However, this organism can cause various urinary infections in goats and sheep, although it is rare (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Moore <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>). Additionally, it has been isolated in clinically healthy cows, behaving as an opportunistic pathogen, producing cystitis, urethritis and pyelonephritis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Yeruham <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>), due to its environmental adaptability (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Moore <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>). The isolation of <italic>C</italic>. <italic>renale</italic> in the vaginal mucosa of Creole goats can, like <italic>E</italic>. <italic>coli</italic>, represent the colonization of an opportunistic bacterium.</p>
					<p>Finally, <italic>Streptococcus</italic> spp. it was found in a low proportion (3.1%), compared to the other GP cocci. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Penna <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref> reported the isolation of these agents in 51.1% in vaginal swabs, before inserting the vaginal sponge, indicating that these bacteria are part of the VM. On the other hand, this bacterial genus has been widely related as a goat pathogen producing mastitis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Steward <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). The presence of vaginitis or urinary tract infections due to <italic>Streptococcus</italic> spp. species has not been reported. It is likely that the finding in this work evidently corresponds to VM, as suggested by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Penna <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Susceptibility to chemotherapy</title>
					<p>In this work, different antibiotic susceptibility profiles were shown, both for GP and GN bacteria. The difference in susceptibility between these two bacterial groups (83.2% of GP versus 95% of GN) must be taken with reserve, since in the GN bacteria they were isolated in lesser quantity from the swabs. However, it is worth noting the high resistance of the isolates to the action of antibiotics, considering that these are part of the VM, and that therefore, they have not been extensively subjected to antibiotic therapy.</p>
					<p>From the antibiotics tested, erythromycin and tetracycline were shown to be completely ineffective against the GP isolates, whereas all the antibiotics tested against GN were ineffective, except for ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin. In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Oliveira <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Penna <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref> consider that the unrestricted use of antibiotics in the promotion of growth, as well as in the treatment of young animals for diarrheal and respiratory diseases, can predispose to the spread of resistance, as has been evidenced for GN bacilli (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Moghaddam <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
					<p>From the resistance profile in GP, <italic>S</italic>. <italic>chromogenes</italic>, <italic>S</italic>. <italic>xylosus</italic>, <italic>C</italic>. <italic>renale</italic> and <italic>Streptococcus</italic> spp., were shown to be completely susceptible to at least one antibiotic. Additionally, the isolates of the genus <italic>Aerococcus</italic> and <italic>C</italic>. <italic>jeikum</italic> showed the highest susceptibility tested to dicloxacillin and to cefotaxime and ampicillin, respectively. From these drugs, only ampicillin has been reported to be highly effective against bacterial isolates (mainly against <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> spp) from the vaginal mucosa, with percentages of 50 to 100% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Suárez <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Martins <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Oliveira <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Manes <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>) which highlights the effectiveness of this antibiotic for the treatment of vaginitis whose etiology is GP bacteria. On the other hand, the main etiology of bacterial vaginitis in small ruminants are coliform bacteria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ababneh and Degefa, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Martins <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Oliveira <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). In relation to this, in the <italic>E</italic>. <italic>coli</italic> isolates, only ciprofloxacin showed the lowest percentage of resistance (60%). In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Oliveira <italic>et al</italic>., 2013 </xref>showed that ciprofloxacin was 100% effective in the control of <italic>E</italic>. <italic>coli</italic> isolates, from vaginal isolates of goats. In the same way that <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Martins <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref> showed 100% effectiveness in coliform bacteria from vaginal isolates of sheep. This can demonstrate the speed with which <italic>E</italic>. <italic>coli</italic> can develop resistance to ciprofloxacin, so it is very important to raise awareness among both producers and veterinary clinicians in the responsible use of antibiotics.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The aerobic VM of the Creole goats of Jaumave municipality, Tamaulipas is composed mainly of GP bacteria (population represented mainly by the genus <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> spp) and to a lesser extent by GN bacteria (<italic>Escherichia coli</italic>). The bacteriological isolation of the vaginal swabs represented 41.2% of the samples, indicating that other types of bacteria (nutritionally demanding) could be part of the VM. The aerobic VM GP found proved to be highly resistant to erythromycin, tetracycline and vancomycin, while the GN isolates were resistant to most of the chemotherapeutics evaluated, except for cryprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin (with a resistance profile of 60% and 80%, respectively). The high percentage of resistance found in this work highlights the importance of a responsible use of antibiotics in extensive goat production.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>ACKNOWLEDGMENT</title>
				<p>To the project SAGARPA CONACYT 2017-02-291311 “Development and transfer of diagnostic tests for lentiviruses and abortion-causing microorganisms: <italic>Chlamydia</italic> spp., <italic>Brucella melitensis</italic>, <italic>Leptospira</italic> spp. and <italic>Coxiella burnetti</italic>, in sheep and goats”. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics of the Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, the Diagnostic Laboratory of the FMVZ-UAT and the technical-administrative staff.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>