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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.34</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00126</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Comportamiento productivo y composición de la canal de la gallina de Guinea (<italic>Numida meleagris</italic>)</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6542-9612</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Camas-Robles</surname>
						<given-names>Georgina</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7945-3624</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ruiz-Sesma</surname>
						<given-names>Benigno</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2792-6156</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mendoza-Nazar</surname>
						<given-names>Paula</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7253-3752</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Portillo-Salgado</surname>
						<given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0255-0722</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hernández-Marín</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7432-8880</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cigarroa-Vázquez</surname>
						<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>**</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas. México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Programa en Ganadería, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo. México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad de Guanajuato. México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Escuela de Estudios Agropecuarios Mezcalapa, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas. México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">**Autor de correspondencia: Cigarroa-Vázquez Francisco. Carretera Chicoasén, Malpaso. Km. 24,3, San Miguel El cocal, C.P. 29625. Copainalá, Chiapas, México. Correo Electrónico: <email>camasgeorgina@gmail.com</email>, <email>ruizsb71@gmail.com</email>, <email>paulamendozanazar@gmail.com</email>, <email>rps_1303@hotmail.com</email>, <email>jahmarin@ugto.mx</email>. <email>antonio.cigarroa@unach.mx</email>.</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>*Autor responsable: Camas-Robles Georgina.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>28</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>			
			<elocation-id>e126</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>08</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN </title>
				<p>Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar indicadores productivos del crecimiento, rasgos de la canal y la composición proximal de carne de la Gallina de Guinea (GG) criada bajo condiciones tropicales de México. Se realizó de julio 2016 a mayo 2017. Se evaluó el comportamiento productivo (CP) de 100 keets en 14 semanas y para los rasgos de la canal (RC) se analizaron muestras de 5 machos y 5 hembras. Se evaluó en CP, la Ganancia de peso (GPE), consumo de alimento (CAL) y conversión alimenticia (ECA) y en RC, rendimiento de la canal (RCA), capacidad de retención de agua (CRA), pH y color. Se realizó estadística descriptiva y para detectar diferencias entre sexo se usó un modelo lineal generalizado (GLM), usando el paquete estadístico SAS (Ver. 9.4). El peso final promedio fue de 1161.56 ± 94.82 g con una GPE de 10.98 ± 0.95 g/ave, CAL de 62.04 ± 2.48 g y una ECA de 5.65 ± 0.57 g. Los machos fueron superiores (79.3%) en la RCA, sin diferencias estadísticas (P&gt;0.05). La CRA y el pH fueron muy similares. La producción de GG es una alternativa de suministro de carne siendo una fuente de proteína de origen animal. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>crecimiento</kwd>
				<kwd>calidad de la canal</kwd>
				<kwd>calidad de carne</kwd>
				<kwd>gallinas de Guinea</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="41"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Las aves de corral contribuyen significativamente en la seguridad alimentaria de las familias de escasos recursos en los países en desarrollo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">FAO, 2014</xref>). En México, por ejemplo, estas aves tienen un rol importante en la mejora de la alimentación de los campesinos al proveerles alimentos de buena calidad nutricional, siendo la carne el producto de mayor importancia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Gutiérrez-Triay <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>). Las aves mayormente utilizadas son las gallinas y los guajolotes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Juárez y Gutiérrez, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Itza-Ortiz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>); sin embargo, debido al creciente aumento de la población humana, existe un déficit de alimentos proteicos de origen animal, por lo cual es necesario diversificar las especies avícolas criadas para este fin. Una alternativa biológica y económicamente viable es la gallina de Guinea (<italic>Numida meleagris</italic>), ave nativa del continente africano, en donde su carne es apreciada como una fuente importante de proteína animal, por lo que es ampliamente consumida por las familias locales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Ebegbulem, 2018</xref>). </p>
			<p>La crianza de <italic>N. meleagris</italic> tiene ventajas considerables; por ejemplo, las aves se adaptan a diversas condiciones agroclimáticas, consumen una gran variedad de alimentos no convencionales, tienen la capacidad de protegerse ante depredadores, controlan las garrapatas y otras plagas, son tolerantes a la mayoría de las enfermedades comunes de las aves de corral y no se requiere demasiada mano de obra e infraestructura costosa para su manejo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Ebegbulem, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Koné <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Musundire <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). Productivamente, la gallina de Guinea también presenta buena ganancia de peso, conversión alimenticia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Houndonougbo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Eleroğlu <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>) y rendimiento de la canal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Mareko <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Chiroque <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>), aun cuando es comparado con el rendimiento de la canal del pollo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Musundire <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). Otra cualidad relevante de esta ave es la calidad nutricional de su carne, ya que se ha determinado el alto contenido de minerales y ácidos grasos esenciales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bernacki <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>), además de su alto contenido proteico y bajo contenido de grasa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hoffman y Tihong, 2012</xref>), características que mejoran cuando las aves son criadas de manera semi-intensiva o &quot;al aire libre&quot; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Sarica <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>). </p>
			<p>Por lo anterior, en los últimos años la demanda de carne de gallina de Guinea ha ido en aumento <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">(Sarica <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019)</xref>, por ello algunos países del mundo están adoptando la crianza de esta ave, evidenciando su buena rentabilidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Nahashon <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>). En México no existe información del sistema de producción de la gallina de Guinea, menos aún sobre sus características productivas y de la calidad de su carne. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar indicadores productivos del crecimiento, rasgos de la canal y determinar la composición proximal de carne de la gallina de Guinea criada bajo condiciones tropicales de México. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Área de estudio</title>
				<p>Este estudio se realizó de julio 2016 a mayo 2017 en la unidad experimental del Cuerpo Académico “Producción Animal Tropical Sustentable” de la Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, ubicada en el Ejido Loma Bonita del municipio de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas localizada en las coordenadas geográficas 19°8.64´N y 98°16.55´O, a una altitud de 522 m s.n.m. La región presenta un clima cálido subhúmedo con lluvias en verano; Aw2 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">García, 2004</xref>). La temperatura media anual y precipitación anual total varían entre 20 28°C y 800-1200 mm, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">INEGI, 2017</xref>). Este estudio se realizó de acuerdo con los estándares para el uso de animales de investigación de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas y de acuerdo con las Normas Oficiales Mexicanas NOM-024-ZOO-1995 y la NOM-033-ZOO-1995 (NOM-024 ZOO-1995; NOM-033-ZOO-1995). </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Animales experimentales</title>
				<p>Los animales utilizados en este estudio, provenían de huevos de una parvada constituida de 209 gallinas de Guinea en etapa de postura, las cuales fueron mantenidas bajo condiciones ambientales naturales. La recolección de huevos se realizó en las primeras horas del día durante una semana, registrando la fecha de colecta, el peso del huevo (g) y el número total de huevos colectados/día. Los huevos eran colectados en contenedores especiales de 30 x 30 cm, previamente desinfectados, y almacenados a temperatura ambiente. Un total de 200 huevos con un peso promedio de 38.5 g fueron incubados artificialmente durante 25 días utilizando una incubadora Texotronics® (modelo CM108V1, México), ajustada a un rango de temperatura y humedad relativa de 37.5-37.8ºC y 70-98%, respectivamente <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">(Eleroğlu <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016)</xref>, logrando obtener una población de 120 polluelos. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Evaluación del comportamiento productivo</title>
				<p>Para esta fase del estudio se seleccionaron 100 polluelos sin considerar el sexo, debido a la dificultad en el sexado ocasionado por el monomorfismo sexual de las Guineas en las primeras semanas de edad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abdul-Rahman <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). Posteriormente, fueron divididos aleatoriamente en 10 grupos con 10 individuos (repeticiones) cada uno. Cada polluelo fue identificado con una cintilla colocada en el ala. Las aves fueron alojadas en corrales convencionales de 2 x 1 m elaborados con malla gallinera, piso de concreto y cama de viruta. Se utilizaron bebederos y comederos rústicos elaborados con tubos de cloruro de polivinilo (PVC). Desde la semana 0 a la 3 se les ofreció alimento comercial para pollo con un contenido de proteína cruda de 21%, mientras que a partir de la semana 4 a la 14 el alimento comercial ofrecido tenía un contenido de proteína cruda de 13% (National Research Council, 1994). Tanto el alimento como el agua fueron ofrecidos <italic>ad libitum</italic> durante todo el periodo experimental. Cada 15 días se midió el peso corporal (PC) de las aves utilizando una báscula electrónica Medidata® (modelo PS-5, México) para determinar la ganancia de peso (GPE) utilizando la siguiente formula: </p>
				<p><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>G</mml:mi><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mi>E</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>g</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>g</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mi> </mml:mi></mml:math></p>
				<p>También se determinó el consumo de alimento (CAL) por cada grupo utilizando la siguiente formula: </p>
				<p><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mi>L</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>h</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>z</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>ú</mml:mi><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>v</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac></mml:math></p>
				<p>Asimismo, se determinó la eficiencia de conversión alimenticia (ECA) con la fórmula utilizada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Sebola <italic>et al.</italic> (2015)</xref>, la cual se muestra a continuación: </p>
				<p><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>E</mml:mi><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi>u</mml:mi><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>g</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac></mml:math></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Determinación de rasgos de la canal</title>
				<p>Esta fase del estudio fue realizada en el Laboratorio de Nutrición Animal del Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, México. Para evaluar las características de la canal se seleccionó aleatoriamente un individuo de cada grupo, considerando cinco hembras y cinco machos previamente sexados a través de evaluación visual y morfométrica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Arhin <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). Se midió el PC de cada ave y posteriormente fueron sacrificadas de manera convencional (aturdimiento, sangrado, desplume y evisceración). Se determinó el rendimiento de la canal (RCA) a través de la relación del peso de la canal caliente (eviscerado y sin considerar la cabeza, cuello y patas) y el PC del animal*100 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Barbosa-Filho <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Para determinar la capacidad de retención de agua (CRA), pH y color se utilizaron las metodologías sugeridas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Guerrero <italic>et al.</italic> (2002</xref>), las cuales se describen a continuación: </p>
				<p>Para evaluar la CRA se utilizaron dos muestras de 5 g/ave del músculo <italic>pectoralis major</italic>. Cada muestra fue colocada en una mini licuadora especial, se le añadió 8 mL de solución fría de NaCl 0.6 M y posteriormente fueron molidas durante 30 s. Las mezclas obtenidas fueron transferidas a tubos de centrifuga y colocados en un baño de hielo por 30 min, agitándolos periódicamente cada 10 min. Después todos los tubos fueron centrifugados durante 15 min a una velocidad de 11,200 × g y 4°C utilizando una centrífuga Beckman Coulter® (modelo Avanti J-E, Jersey City, CA). Se decantó y midió el sobrenadante utilizando una probeta de 10 mL. Se registró la cantidad de mL de solución retenida en 100 g de muestra para determinar la CRA utilizando la siguiente formula: </p>
				<p><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mi>u</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mn>100</mml:mn></mml:math></p>
				<p>Dónde: Va es el volumen de solución salina añadida al tubo de centrífuga; Vs: es el volumen del sobrenadante. </p>
				<p>El pH se determinó con un electrodo de penetración en muestras del músculo <italic>pectoralis major</italic> inmediatamente al sacrificio de las aves y 24 h después (<italic>postmortem</italic>) utilizando un potenciómetro portátil Hanna® (modelo HI 99163, Bogotá, Colombia). </p>
				<p>El color se midió 4 h después del sacrificio en muestras de músculo <italic>pectoralis major</italic> de aproximadamente 1 cm² de grosor utilizando un medidor de colorimetría marca Konica Minolta® (modelo CR-200, Osaka, Japón). Las muestras fueron expuestas a la luz durante 30 min antes de las lecturas. Se registraron en el sistema de la CIE Lab los valores de luminosidad (L*), enrojecimiento (entre verde y rojo; a*) y amarillez (entre azul y amarillo; b*). Los valores promedio de L *, a * y b* se calcularon a partir de tres lecturas en diferentes posiciones considerando el promedio de las lecturas para los análisis estadísticos. </p>
				<p>El análisis de la composición proximal de la carne se realizó considerando los métodos analíticos de la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">AOAC (2000)</xref>, determinando la humedad y materia seca por el método gravimétrico por desecación en estufa de 110°C durante 24 h, el contenido de cenizas a través de la oxidación de la materia orgánica por incineración, la proteína total por determinación de nitrógeno utilizando el método micro Kjeldahl y el extracto etéreo por extracción con solventes tipo Soxhlet. Todos los análisis se realizaron por duplicado. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>Todos los análisis estadísticos fueron realizados usando el programa SAS, ver 9.4 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">SAS, 2016</xref>). </p>
				<p>El conjunto de datos fue analizado mediante estadística descriptiva usando el procedimiento de medias (PROC MEANS); para diferenciar entre el sexo, el conjunto de datos de las variables sobre los rasgos de la canal y composición proximal de la carne, se utilizó el procedimiento de modelo lineal generalizado (PROC GLM), el modelo utilizado fue: </p>
				<p><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Y</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>j</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi>μ</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>S</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>i</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>j</mml:mi></mml:math></p>
				<p>Dónde: <italic>Y</italic>
 <sub>
 <italic>ij</italic>
</sub> se refiere a la observación del animal <italic>j</italic> y del tratamiento <italic>i</italic> para cada una de las variables dependientes; µ es la media general; <italic>Si</italic> es efecto fijo debido al sexo de las guineas; y <italic>ij</italic> es el efecto residual aleatorio asociado con la observación <italic>ij.</italic> Cuando aparecieron diferencias significativas (P&lt;0.05) al realizar el F-test (ANOVA), se realizó la prueba de Tukey para diferenciar las medias entre sí. </p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Caracterización del comportamiento productivo</title>
				<p>Los resultados de los indicadores productivos del crecimiento de la gallina de Guinea se muestran en el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">cuadro 1</xref>. Cada ave consumió diariamente 62.04 ± 2.48 g de alimento comercial, logrando obtener un peso final promedio a la semana 14 de 1161.56 ± 94.82 g, con un mínimo y máximo de 905 y 1365 g, respectivamente. Se obtuvo una ganancia de peso diaria de 10.98 ± 0.95 g/ave. Estos datos fueron superiores a los reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Dahouda <italic>et al</italic>. (2008)</xref>, quienes mostraron que las gallinas de Guinea criadas bajo condiciones intensivas presentan un consumo de alimento promedio de 41.8 g/día/ave en el mes 4 de edad, un peso corporal de 831 ± 141.5 y 846 ± 146.7 g en hembras y machos, respectivamente, y una ganancia de peso diaria de 4.16 g/ave. La variación en los datos podría deberse al tipo de sistema de producción usado en la investigación, ya que los animales confinados en condiciones totalmente intensivas tienen mayores niveles de estrés, lo que provoca un menor consumo de alimento y con ello una menor ganancia de peso corporal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Lara y Rostagno, 2013</xref>). En el estudio se obtuvo una eficiencia de la conversión alimenticia de 5.65 ± 0.57 g. Al respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Seabo <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref> evidenciaron que este parámetro mejora al incrementar los niveles de proteína cruda en las dietas de la gallina de Guinea, ya que determinaron una conversión alimenticia de 6.71, 6.37 y 6.23 g al aumentar el nivel de proteína cruda en un 14, 16 y 18%, respectivamente. En pollos criollos se ha reportado una conversión alimenticia de 3.41 ± 0.27 y 3.34 ± 0.25 g en hembras y machos, respectivamente <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">(Paredes <italic>et al</italic>., 2019)</xref>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Rezaei <italic>et al</italic>., (2018)</xref> señala que el principal factor de variación de la conversión alimenticia en las aves de corral es el tipo de raza, línea o estirpe genético utilizado. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Cuadro 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Estadísticos descriptivos de las características productivas de la gallina de Guinea criada bajo condiciones tropicales de México.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Variable</td>
									<td align="center">n</td>
									<td align="center">Media</td>
									<td align="center">DE</td>
									<td align="center">Mínimo</td>
									<td align="center">Máximo</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Peso inicial(g)</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">110.14</td>
									<td align="center">35.87</td>
									<td align="center">59</td>
									<td align="center">200</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Peso final (g)</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">1161.56</td>
									<td align="center">94.82</td>
									<td align="center">905</td>
									<td align="center">1365</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Ganancia de peso (g/ave/día)</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">10.98</td>
									<td align="center">0.95</td>
									<td align="center">8.62</td>
									<td align="center">13</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Consumo de alimento (g/ave/día)</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">62.04</td>
									<td align="center">2.48</td>
									<td align="center">55.36</td>
									<td align="center">64.91</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Eficiencia de conversión alimenticia (g)</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">5.65</td>
									<td align="center">0.57</td>
									<td align="center">4.62</td>
									<td align="center">7.39</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>n: Número de observaciones, DE: Desviación estándar de la media.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>La curva de crecimiento de la gallina de Guinea durante las primeras 14 semanas se muestra en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>. Se puede observar una ligera disminución de la ganancia de peso entre la semana 4 y 6 de edad, debido posiblemente a la etapa de adaptación causada por el cambio de alimento ofrecido a las aves, el cual contenía un menor porcentaje de proteína cruda. Los datos obtenidos fueron superiores a los hallados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Houndonougbo <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref> al evaluar el crecimiento de cinco variedades genéticas de gallina de Guinea, ya que encontraron un rango de variación entre pesos corporales a la semana 16 de 876.70 ± 36.10 g a 965.00 ± 22.00 g de las variedades denominadas en el estudio como “negra” y “común”, respectivamente. Sin embargo, fueron inferiores a los reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Nahashon <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref> en gallinas de Guinea Francesas para hembras (1138.9 ± 118.9 g) y machos (1145.6 ± 114.7 g) de 8 semanas de edad. De acuerdo con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Seabo <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>) la variación en el crecimiento de las Guineas se debe principalmente a factores asociados con la nutrición. </p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Curva de crecimiento de la gallina de Guinea criada bajo condiciones tropicales de México.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e126-gf1.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Otro de los factores asociados es la genética de las aves, ya que el peso corporal en aves de corral es moderadamente a ligeramente heredable, lo que implicaría que la selección de individuos más pesados en una población de gallinas de Guinea, debería dar como resultado una mejora genética del rasgo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">(Oke <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004)</xref>, sin embargo, las condiciones ambientales pueden afectar o mejorar el crecimiento <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">(Porter <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010)</xref>, ya que en los sistemas de producción el aumento de peso corporal es de importancia económica <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">(Aggrey, 2009)</xref>. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis de los rasgos de la canal</title>
				<p>No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas (P&gt;0.05) en el rendimiento de canal por efecto del sexo; sin embargo, fue superior en los machos (79.3%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>). Estos resultados son consistentes con los reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Houndonougbo <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref> en diferentes variedades de gallina de Guinea: gris (85.1%), negra (79.2%), bonaparte (78.5%), blanca (78.2%) y común (77.4%). Por su parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Mareko <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref> encontraron rendimientos de canal &gt;90% en gallinas de Guinea africanas a diferentes edades. La demanda de los consumidores de carne de aves de corral se centra en rasgos de la canal con alto peso, siendo el musculo <italic>pectoralis major</italic> o comúnmente conocido como la pechuga el de mayor importancia <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">(Faria <italic>et al</italic>., 2010)</xref>. En este estudio el sexo no tuvo efecto (P&gt;0.05) en ninguno de los rasgos evaluados en el músculo <italic>pectoralis major</italic> de la gallina de Guinea (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>). Se obtuvo una capacidad de retención de agua de 14.46 y 14.47% para hembras y machos, respectivamente. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Cuadro 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Estadísticos descriptivos de los rasgos de la canal de la gallina de Guinea, según sexo.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Variable</td>
									<td align="center">Hembras(n=5)</td>
									<td align="center">Machos(n=5)</td>
									<td align="center">Hembras y machos (n=10)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"></td>
									<td align="center">Media± EEM</td>
									<td align="center">Media±EEM</td>
									<td align="center">Media±EEM</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Rendimiento de canal (%)</td>
									<td align="center">77.15±1.81<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">79.30±1.27<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">78.23±1.10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Capacidad de retención de agua (%)</td>
									<td align="center">14.46±0.002<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">14.47±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">14.47±0.01</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">pH</td>
									<td align="center">6.04±0.04<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">6.03±0.04<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">6.04±0.30</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Color</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">L*</td>
									<td align="center">44.40±1.66<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">45.04±0.89<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">44.72±0.89</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">a*</td>
									<td align="center">15.58±0.72<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">14.95±0.25<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">15.27±037</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">b*</td>
									<td align="center">7.51±0.63<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">7.11±0.29<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">7.31±0.33</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>n: Número de observaciones, EEM: Error estándar de la media. Literales diferentes en una misma fila entre sexos indican diferencias significativas a la prueba de Tukey (P&lt;0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>El pH es un factor importante que afecta la calidad de la carne, por ejemplo, un pH alto acorta la vida útil de la carne ya que crea un ambiente más favorable para las bacterias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Sarica <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>). En el presente estudio se encontró un pH de 6.04 y 6.03 en hembras y machos, respectivamente. Estos resultados son similares a los hallados por Sarica <italic>et al.</italic> (2019) en el músculo <italic>pectoralis major</italic> de gallinas de Guinea de 14 semanas de edad (6.56-6.79), además reportaron que el tipo de sistema de producción, la edad al sacrificio y el sexo tienen un efecto en este parámetro. Otro factor importante que afecta la calidad sensorial de la carne de aves de corral es el color, debido a que los consumidores relacionan esta característica con la frescura de la carne. En general, los colores superficiales de la carne están controlados por pigmentos primarios que consisten en mioglobina, hemoglobina y citocromo C <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">(Boz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019)</xref>. Los valores de luminosidad (44.40 y 45.04), enrojecimiento (15.58 y 14.95) y amarillez (7.51 y 7.11) encontrados en este estudio para hembras y machos, respectivamente, son semejantes con los reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Tufarelli <italic>et al</italic>., (2015)</xref>) en gallinas de Guinea de 12 semanas de edad. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Sarica <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref> encontraron que los valores de amarillez de la pechuga de Guineas se vieron afectadas significativamente por el sexo, con valores más altos para las hembras que para los machos (8.21 vs 5.93), por lo que atribuyeron esta diferencia al mayor contenido de grasa que tienen las hembras. Los valores de color obtenidos en el presente estudio son consistentes con las demandas de los consumidores, quienes prefieren carne blanca, particularmente en la pechuga (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Sarica <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>). </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Composición proximal de la carne</title>
				<p>Los resultados del análisis proximal del músculo <italic>pectoralis major</italic> o pechuga de la gallina de Guinea se muestran en el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">cuadro 3</xref>. Ninguno de los nutrientes evaluados presentó diferencias estadísticas (P&gt;0.05) por efecto del sexo. Los resultados del contenido de humedad (45.33 y 49.18%), proteína cruda (19.95 y 19.98%) y extracto etéreo (2.59 y 2.61%) obtenidos en este estudio para hembras y machos, respectivamente, fueron diferentes a los reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Premavalli <italic>et al.</italic> (2015)</xref> en carne de la pechuga de gallinas de Guinea criadas bajo un manejo tradicional en la India; estos autores también encontraron que el valor de estos nutrientes se ve afectado significativamente por la edad de las aves. Por su parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Musundire <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref> hallaron que la especie (Guineas vs pollos) y edad de las aves tuvieron un efecto significativo en el contenido de materia seca y proteína cruda en muestras de carne de la pechuga, con valores más altos para las Guineas. Asimismo, encontraron que el contenido del extracto etéreo estuvo afectado por la especie, la edad y el sexo, mientras que el contenido de ceniza difirió con la edad de las aves. En la literatura se ha reportado que el método de cocción de la pechuga de las Guineas tiene un efecto significativo en el contenido de humedad, proteína y cenizas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hoffman y Tlhong, 2012</xref>) . </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Cuadro 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Composición proximal de nutrientes del músculo <italic>pectoralis major</italic> de la gallina de Guinea, según sexo</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Variable</td>
									<td align="center">Hembras(n=5)</td>
									<td align="center">Machos(n=5)</td>
									<td align="center">Hembras y machos (n=10) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">Media± EEM</td>
									<td align="center">Media±EEM</td>
									<td align="center">Media±EEM</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Humedad (%)</td>
									<td align="center">45.33±5.18<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">49.18±1.61<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">47.26±2.63</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Materia seca (%)</td>
									<td align="center">54.66±5.18<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">50.81±1.61<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">52.73±2.63</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Ceniza(%)</td>
									<td align="center">6.26±0.90<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">5.79±0.31<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">6.02±0.45</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Proteína cruda(%)r</td>
									<td align="center">19.95±2.<sup>15a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">19.98±0.87</td>
									<td align="center">19.96±1.09</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Extracto etéreo</td>
									<td align="center">2.59±0.24<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2.61±0.31<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2.60±0.18</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>n: Número de observaciones, EEM: Error estándar de la media. Literales diferentes en una misma fila entre sexos indican diferencias significativas a la prueba de Tukey (P&lt;0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La producción de gallina de Guinea es una alternativa de suministro de carne siendo una fuente de proteína de origen animal, con rendimientos en la canal superiores a otras aves domésticas.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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				<label>2</label>
				<p>Clave: 2020-37</p>
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	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Productive behavior and composition of the carcass of the Guinea fowl (<italic>Numida meleagris</italic>)</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT </title>
				<p>This study aimed to evaluate productive indicators of growth, carcass aspects and the proximal composition of the meat of the Guinea Fowl (GF) reared under tropical conditions in Mexico. It was carried out from July 2016 to May 2017. The productive behavior (PB) of 100 keets in 14 weeks was evaluated and for the trait of the carcass (TC) samples of 5 males and 5 females were analyzed. It was evaluated in PB, Weight gain (WG), feed consumption (FC) and feed conversion (FCO) and in TC, carcass yield (CY), water retention capacity (WRC), pH and color. Descriptive statistics were performed and a generalized linear model (GLM) was used to detect differences between sexes, using the SAS statistical package (Ver. 9.4). The final average weight was 1161.56 ± 94.82 g with a WG of 10.98 ± 0.95 g/bird, FC of 62.04 ± 2.48 g and an FCO of 5.65 ± 0.57 g. Males were superior (79.3%) in the CY, without statistical differences (P&gt; 0.05). The WRC and the pH were very similar. GF production is an alternative meat supply being a source of animal protein. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>growth</kwd>
				<kwd>carcass quality</kwd>
				<kwd>meat quality</kwd>
				<kwd>Guinea fowl</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Poultry contributes significantly to the food security of poor families in developing countries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">FAO, 2014</xref>). In Mexico, for example, these birds play an important role in improving farmers' nutrition by providing them with food of good nutritional quality, with meat being the most important product (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Gutiérrez-Triay <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>). The most commonly used birds are chickens and turkeys (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Juárez and Gutiérrez, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Itza-Ortiz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>); However, due to the growing increase in the human population, there is a deficit of protein foods of animal origin, which is why it is necessary to diversify the poultry species raised for this purpose. A biologically and economically viable alternative is the guinea fowl (<italic>Numida meleagris</italic>), a native bird of the African continent, where its meat is appreciated as an important source of animal protein, which is why it is widely consumed by local families (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Ebegbulem, 2018</xref>). </p>
				<p>Breeding <italic>N. meleagris</italic> has considerable advantages; For example, birds adapt to various agroclimatic conditions, consume a wide variety of unconventional foods, and have the ability to protect themselves from predators, control ticks and other pests. They are tolerant of most common poultry diseases and it does not require too much labor and expensive infrastructure for its management (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Ebegbulem, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Koné <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Musundire <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). Productively, the guinea fowl also shows good weight gain, feed conversion (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Houndonougbo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Eleroğlu <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>) and carcass performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Mareko <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Chiroque <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>), even when compared to the performance of the chicken carcass (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Musundire <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). Another relevant quality of this bird is the nutritional quality of its meat. The high content of minerals and essential fatty acids has been determined (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bernacki <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>), in addition to its high protein content and low fat content <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">(Hoffman and Tihong, 2012)</xref>, characteristics that improve when the birds are raised semi-intensively or &quot;in the open air&quot; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Sarica <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>). </p>
				<p>Therefore, in recent years, the demand for guinea fowl meat has been increasing (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Sarica <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>), therefore some countries in the world are adopting the breeding of this bird, showing its good profitability (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Nahashon <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>). In Mexico, there is no information on the guinea fowl production system, even less on its productive characteristics and the quality of its meat. The objective of this study was to evaluate productive indicators of growth, carcass traits and to determine the meat proximal composition of the guinea fowl raised under tropical conditions in Mexico. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Study area</title>
					<p>This study was from July 2016 to May 2017 conducted, in the experimental unit of the Academic Body &quot;Sustainable Tropical Animal Production&quot; of the Autonomous University of Chiapas, located in the Ejido Loma Bonita of Tuxtla Gutiérrez municipality, Chiapas. It is located at geographical coordinates 19° 8.64´N and 98° 16.55´W, at an altitude of 522 m a.s.l. The region has a warm subhumid climate with rains in summer Aw2 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">García, 2004</xref>). The mean annual temperature and total annual precipitation vary between 20-28 ° C and 800-1200 mm, respectively (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">INEGI, 2017</xref>). This study was carried out in accordance with the standards for the use of research animals of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics of the Autonomous University of Chiapas and in accordance with the Official Mexican Standards NOM-024-ZOO-1995 and NOM-033 -ZOO-1995 (NOM-024-ZOO-1995; NOM-033-ZOO-1995). </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Experimental animals</title>
					<p>The animals used in this study came from eggs from a flock of 209 guinea fowls in the laying stage, which were under natural environmental conditions kept. Egg collection was carried out in the first hours of the day for a week, recording the collection date, the egg weight (g) and the total number of eggs collected/day. The eggs were in special 30 x 30 cm containers collected, previously disinfected, and they were stored at room temperature. A total of 200 eggs with an average weight of 38.5 g were artificially incubated for 25 days using a Texotronics<sup>®</sup> incubator (model CM108V1, Mexico), adjusted to a temperature and relative humidity range of 37.5-37.8 ºC and 70-98%, respectively (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Eleroğlu <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>), managing to obtain a population of 120 chicks. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Evaluation of productive behavior</title>
					<p>For this phase of the study, 100 chicks were without considering sex selected, due to the difficulty in sexing caused by the sexual monomorphism of Guinea fowls in the first weeks of age (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abdul-Rahman <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). Subsequently, they were randomly into 10 groups divided with 10 individuals (repetitions) each. Each chick was with a tag attached to the wing identified. The birds were in conventional 2x1 m pens housed, made with chicken mesh, concrete floor and chip bed. Rustic drinkers and feeders made with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubes were used. From week 0 to 3 they were offered commercial chicken feed with a crude protein content of 21%, while from week 4 to 14 the commercial feed offered had a crude protein content of 13% (National Research Council, 1994). Both food and water were offered <italic>ad libitum</italic> throughout the experimental period. Every 15 days the body weight (BW) of the birds was using a Medidata<sup>®</sup> electronic scale measured (model PS-5, Mexico) to determine the weight gain (WG) using the following formula: </p>
					<p> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>W</mml:mi><mml:mi>G</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>B</mml:mi><mml:mi>W</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>g</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>B</mml:mi><mml:mi>W</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>g</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mi> </mml:mi></mml:math></p>
					<p>The feed consumption (FC) was also determined for each group using the following formula: </p>
					<p> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>F</mml:mi><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mi>u</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>u</mml:mi><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mi>b</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>b</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac></mml:math></p>
					<p>Likewise, the feed conversion efficiency (FCO) was determined with the formula used by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Sebola <italic>et al.</italic> (2015)</xref>, which is shown below: </p>
					<p> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>F</mml:mi><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi>u</mml:mi><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>w</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>g</mml:mi><mml:mi>h</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>g</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac></mml:math></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Determination of carcass traits</title>
					<p>This phase of the study was carried out in the Animal Nutrition Laboratory of the Postgraduate College, Montecillo Campus, Texcoco, Mexico. To evaluate the characteristics of the carcass, an individual from each group was randomly selected, considering five females and five males previously sexed through visual and morphometric evaluation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Arhin <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). The BW of each bird was measured and later they were slaughtered in a conventional manner (stunning, bleeding, plucking and evisceration). Carcass yield (CY) was determined through the relationship of the weight of the hot carcass (gutted and without considering the head, neck and legs) and the WB of the animal*100 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Barbosa-Filho <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). To determine the water retention capacity (WRC), pH and color, the methodologies suggested by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Guerrero <italic>et al.</italic> (2002)</xref>, which are described below: </p>
					<p>To evaluate the WRC two samples of 5 g/bird of the <italic>pectoralis major</italic> muscle were used. Each sample was placed in a special mini blender, 8 mL of cold 0.6 M NaCl solution was added and subsequently they were ground for 30 s. The obtained mixtures were transferred to centrifuge tubes and they were placed in an ice bath for 30 min, shaking them periodically every 10 min. All tubes were then centrifuged for 15 min at a speed of 11,200 × g and 4 °C using a Beckman Coulter<sup>®</sup> centrifuge (Avanti J-E model, Jersey City, CA). The supernatant was decanted and measured using a 10 mL graduated cylinder. The amount of mL of solution retained in 100 g of sample was recorded to determine the WRC using the following formula: </p>
					<p> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>W</mml:mi><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>w</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>g</mml:mi><mml:mi>h</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mn>100</mml:mn></mml:math></p>
					<p>Where: Va is the volume of saline added to the centrifuge tube; Vs: is the volume of the supernatant. </p>
					<p>The pH was determined with a penetration electrode in samples of the <italic>pectoralis major</italic> muscle immediately after the slaughter of the birds and 24 h later (<italic>postmortem</italic>) using a portable Hanna<sup>®</sup> potentiometer (model HI 99163, Bogotá, Colombia). </p>
					<p>Color was measured 4 h after sacrifice in <italic>pectoralis major</italic> muscle samples approximately 1 cm² thick using a Konica Minolta<sup>®</sup> brand colorimetry meter (model CR-200, Osaka, Japan). The samples were to light for 30 min before the readings exposed. The values of luminosity (L*), redness (between green and red; a*) and yellowness (between blue and yellow; b*) were recorded in the CIE Lab system. The average values of L*, a* and b* were calculated from three readings in different positions considering the average of the readings for the statistical analyzes. </p>
					<p>The analysis of the proximal composition of the meat was carried out considering the analytical methods of the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">AOAC (2000)</xref>, determining the humidity and dry matter by the gravimetric method by drying in an oven at 110 °C for 24 h. Also was determined the ash content through from the oxidation of organic matter by incineration, the total protein by nitrogen determination using the micro Kjeldahl method and the ethereal extract by extraction with Soxhlet-type solvents. All analysis were done in duplicate. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>All statistical analysis were performed using the SAS program, see 9.4 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">SAS, 2016</xref>). The data set was analyzed by descriptive statistics using the means procedure (PROC MEANS). To differentiate between sexes, the data set of the variables on the carcass traits and proximal composition of the meat, the generalized linear model procedure (PROC GLM) was used, the model used was: </p>
					<p>𝑌<sub>𝑖𝑗</sub> = 𝜇 + 𝑆<sub>𝑖</sub> + 𝑖𝑗 </p>
					<p>Where: Y<italic>ij</italic> refers to the observation of animal <italic>j</italic> and treatment <italic>i</italic> for each of the dependent variables; µ is the general mean; <italic>Si</italic> is a fixed effect due to the sex of the guineas; and <italic>ij</italic> is the random residual effect associated with observation <italic>ij</italic>. When significant differences (P &lt;0.05) appeared when performing the F-test (ANOVA), the Tukey test was performed to differentiate the means from each other. </p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Characterization of productive behavior</title>
					<p>The results of the productive indicators of the growth of the guinea fowl are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">table 1</xref>. Each bird consumed daily 62.04±2.48 g of commercial feed, achieving an average final weight at week 14 of 1161.56±94.82 g, with a minimum and maximum of 905 and 1365 g, respectively. A daily weight gain of 10.98±0.95 g/bird was obtained. These data were superior to those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Dahouda <italic>et al</italic>. (2008)</xref>, who showed that guinea fowl reared under intensive conditions have an average feed intake of 41.8 g/day/bird in month 4 of age, a body weight of 831±141.5 and 846±146.7 g in females and males, respectively, and a daily weight gain of 4.16 g/bird. The variation in the data could be due to the type of production system used in the research, since the animals confined in very intensive conditions have higher levels of stress, which causes a lower consumption of feed and with it a lower gain in body weight <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">(Lara and Rostagno, 2013)</xref> . </p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4">
							<label><bold>Table 1.</bold></label>
							<caption>
								<title>Descriptive statistics of the productive characteristics of the guinea fowl raised under tropical conditions in Mexico</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Variable</td>
										<td align="center">n</td>
										<td align="center">Mean</td>
										<td align="center">SD</td>
										<td align="center">Mínimum</td>
										<td align="center">Máximum</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Initial weight(g)</td>
										<td align="center">100</td>
										<td align="center">110.14</td>
										<td align="center">35.87</td>
										<td align="center">59</td>
										<td align="center">200</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Final weight (g)</td>
										<td align="center">100</td>
										<td align="center">1161.56</td>
										<td align="center">94.82</td>
										<td align="center">905</td>
										<td align="center">1365</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Weight gain (g/bird/day)</td>
										<td align="center">100</td>
										<td align="center">10.98</td>
										<td align="center">0.95</td>
										<td align="center">8.62</td>
										<td align="center">13</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Feed consumption (g/bird/day)</td>
										<td align="center">100</td>
										<td align="center">62.04</td>
										<td align="center">2.48</td>
										<td align="center">55.36</td>
										<td align="center">64.91</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Feed conversión efficiency (g)</td>
										<td align="center">100</td>
										<td align="center">5.65</td>
										<td align="center">0.57</td>
										<td align="center">4.62</td>
										<td align="center">7.39</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN4">
									<p>n: Number of observations, SD: Standard deviation of the mean.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>In the study, an efficiency of feed conversion of 5.65 ± 0.57 g was obtained. In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Seabo <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref> showed that this parameter improves by increasing the levels of crude protein in the diets of guinea fowl, since they determined a feed conversion of 6.71, 6.37 and 6.23 g by increasing the level of crude protein by 14, 16 and 18%, respectively. In Creole chickens, a feed conversion of 3.41±0.27 and 3.34±0.25 g has been reported in females and males, respectively <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">(Paredes <italic>et al</italic>., 2019)</xref>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Rezaei <italic>et al</italic>., (2018)</xref> point out that the main factor of variation of feed conversion in poultry is the type of breed, line or genetic line used. </p>
					<p>The growth curve of the guinea fowl during the first 14 weeks is in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figure 1</xref> shown. A slight decrease in weight gain can be between week 4 and 6 of age observed, possibly due to the adaptation stage caused by the change of feed offered to the birds, which contained a lower percentage of crude protein. The data obtained were superior to those found by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Houndonougbo <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref> when evaluating the growth of five genetic varieties of guinea fowl, since they found a range of variation between body weights at week 16 of 876.70±36.10 g to 965.00±22.00 g of the varieties known in the study as &quot;black&quot; and &quot;common&quot;, respectively. However, they were lower than the reported ones by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Nahashon <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref> in French guinea fowls for 8-week-old females (1138.9 ± 118.9 g) and males (1145.6 ± 114.7 g). According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Seabo <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref>, the variation in the growth of Guineas is mainly due to factors associated with nutrition. </p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f2">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Growth curve of the guinea fowl raised under tropical conditions in Mexico</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e126-gf2.png"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Another of the associated factors is the genetics of the birds, since the body weight in poultry is moderately to slightly heritable, which would imply that the selection of heavier individuals in a population of guinea fowl, should result in a genetic improvement of the trait (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Oke <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>). However, environmental conditions can affect or improve growth <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">(Porter <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010)</xref>, since in production systems the increase in body weight is of economic importance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aggrey, 2009</xref>). </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Analysis of carcass traits</title>
					<p>No statistical differences (P&gt; 0.05) were found in carcass yield due to the effect of sex; however, it was higher in males (79.3%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>). These results are consistent with those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Houndonougbo <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref> in different varieties of guinea fowl: gray (85.1%), black (79.2%), bonaparte (78.5%), white (78.2%) and common (77.4%). For their part, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Mareko <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref> found carcass yields&gt; 90% in African guinea fowls at different ages. Consumer demand for poultry meat is on high-weight carcass traits focused, with the muscle <italic>pectoralis major</italic> or commonly known as the breast being the most important (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Faria <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>). In this study, sex had no effect (P&gt; 0.05) on any of the traits evaluated in the <italic>pectoralis major</italic> muscle of the guinea fowl (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>). A water retention capacity of 14.46 and 14.47% was obtained for females and males, respectively. </p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5">
							<label><bold>Table</bold></label>
							<caption>
								<title>2. Descriptive statistics of the traits of the guinea fowl carcass, according to sex</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Variable</td>
										<td align="center">Famales(n=5)</td>
										<td align="center">Males(n=5)</td>
										<td align="center">Fameles and Males (n=10) </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										<td align="center">Mean± SEM</td>
										<td align="center">Mean±SEM</td>
										<td align="center">Mean±SEM</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Carcass yield (%)</td>
										<td align="center">77.15±1.81<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">79.30±1.27<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">78.23±1.10</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Water retention capacity (%)</td>
										<td align="center">14.46±0.002<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">14.47±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">14.47±0.01</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">pH</td>
										<td align="center">6.04±0.04<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">6.03±0.04<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">6.04±0.30</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Color</td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">L*</td>
										<td align="center">44.40±1.66<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">45.04±0.89<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">44.72±0.89</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">a*</td>
										<td align="center">15.58±0.72<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">14.95±0.25<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">15.27±037</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">b*</td>
										<td align="center">7.51±0.63<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">7.11±0.29<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">7.31±0.33</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN5">
									<p>n: Number of observations, SEM: Standard error of the mean. Different literals in the same row between sexes indicate significant differences to the Tukey test (P &lt;0.05).</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>The pH is an important factor that affects the quality of meat, for example, a high pH shortens the shelf life of meat as it creates a more favorable environment for bacteria <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">(Sarica <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019)</xref>. In the present study, a pH of 6.04 and 6.03 was in females and males, respectively found. These results are similar to those found by Sarica <italic>et al.</italic> (2019) in the <italic>pectoralis major</italic> muscle of 14-week-old guinea fowls (6.56-6.79), also reported that the type of production system, age at slaughter and sex have an effect on this parameter. Another important factor that affects the sensory quality of poultry meat is color, since consumers associate this characteristic with the freshness of the meat. In general, primary pigments consisting of myoglobin, hemoglobin, and cytochrome C <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">(Boz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019)</xref> control the surface colors of meat. The values of luminosity (44.40 and 45.04), redness (15.58 and 14.95) and yellowness (7.51 and 7.11) found in this study for females and males, respectively, are similar to those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Tufarelli <italic>et al</italic>., (2015)</xref> in hens from Guinea 12 weeks old. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Sarica <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref> found that the yellowness values of Guineas breast were significantly affected by sex, with higher values for females than for males (8.21 vs 5.93), for which they attributed this difference to the higher fat content that females have. The color values obtained in the present study are consistent with the demands of consumers, who prefer white meat, particularly breast (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Sarica <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>). </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Proximal meat composition</title>
					<p>The results of the proximal analysis of the <italic>pectoralis major</italic> muscle or breast of the guinea fowl are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">table 3</xref>. None of the evaluated nutrients presented statistical differences (P&gt; 0.05) due to the effect of sex. The results of the moisture content (45.33 and 49.18%), crude protein (19.95 and 19.98%) and ether extract (2.59 and 2.61%) obtained in this study for females and males. Respectively, they were different from those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Premavalli <italic>et al.</italic> (2015)</xref> on meat from the breast of guinea fowl raised under traditional management in India; these authors also found that the value of these nutrients is significantly by the age of the birds affected. For their part, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Musundire <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref> found that the species (Guinea fowls vs chickens) and age of the birds had a significant effect on the content of dry matter and crude protein in breast meat samples, with higher values for Guineas. Likewise, they found that the content of the ether extract was affected by species, age and sex, while the ash content differed with the age of the birds. In the literature, it has been reported that the Guineas fowls´ breast cooking method has a significant effect on the moisture, protein and ash content <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">(Hoffman and Tlhong, 2012)</xref> . </p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<label>Table 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Proximal composition of nutrients of the <italic>pectoralis major</italic> muscle of the guinea fowl, according to sex</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Variable</td>
										<td align="center">Fameles(n=5)</td>
										<td align="center">Males(n=5)</td>
										<td align="center">Fameles and males (n=10) </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										<td align="center">Media± SEM</td>
										<td align="center">Media±SEM</td>
										<td align="center">Media±SEM</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Humidity (%)</td>
										<td align="center">45.33±5.18<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">49.18±1.61<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">47.26±2.63</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Dry material (%)</td>
										<td align="center">54.66±5.18<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">50.81±1.61<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">52.73±2.63</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Ash(%)</td>
										<td align="center">6.26±0.90<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">5.79±0.31<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">6.02±0.45</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Crude protein(%)r</td>
										<td align="center">19.95±2.<sup>15a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">19.98±0.87</td>
										<td align="center">19.96±1.09</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Ethereal extract</td>
										<td align="center">2.59±0.24<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">2.61±0.31<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">2.60±0.18</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN6">
									<p>n: Number of observations, SEM: Standard error of the mean. Different literals in the same row between sexes indicate significant differences to the Tukey test (P &lt;0.05).</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>CONCLUSION</title>
					<p>Guinea fowl production is an alternative meat supply being a protein source of animal origin, with carcass yields superior to other domestic birds.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>