<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.24</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00125</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Efecto de la suplementación con metionina de zinc en el desempeño productivo y morfología del epitelio intestinal en cerdos criados en ambiente caluroso o fresco</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0520-9968</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Romo-Valdez</surname>
						<given-names>Juan</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0820-7965</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barajas-Cruz</surname>
						<given-names>Rubén</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6205-6083</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Enríquez-Verdugo</surname>
						<given-names>Idalia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7825-6880</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva- Hidalgo</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriela</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1129-3016</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Güémez-Gaxiola</surname>
						<given-names>Héctor</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2364-2554</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Romo-Rubio</surname>
						<given-names>Javier</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa; Culiacán, Sinaloa, México; </institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<city>Culiacán</city>
						<state>Sinaloa</state>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">*Autor responsable y de correspondencia: Romo-Rubio Javier (romo60@uas.edu.mx) Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa; Boulevard San Ángel s/n, Colonia San Benito, Culiacán de Rosales, Sinaloa, México; CP 80246. <email>romo_14@hotmail.com</email>, <email>rubar@uas.edu.mx</email>, <email>enver@uas.edu.mx</email>, <email>gabsilhid@uas.edu.mx</email>, <email>hectorguem@gmail.com</email>, <email>romo60@uas.edu.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>			
			<elocation-id>e125</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>Con el objetivo de determinar el efecto de la suplementación con metionina de zinc durante el periodo de gestación-lactación (GL) y desarrollo-finalización (DF) en el desempeño productivo y durante DF en la morfología del epitelio intestinal en cerdos criados en ambiente caluroso o fresco, se realizaron dos experimentos (Exp. 1, en la época calurosa; Exp. 2, en la época fresca del año). Se utilizaron 192 cerdos (96 por Exp.) con una edad promedio de 79 d y 26.39±DE4.97 kg de peso, hijos de cerdas que recibieron o no, alimento adicionado con 100 mg de Zn/kg, a partir de los 80 a 114 días de gestación y durante 21 d de lactación (GL). En cada experimento, los cerdos fueron asignados a uno de cuatro tratamientos en un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 2 x 2. Los tratamientos fueron: T1 (Testigo; n = 24), madres no suplementadas-cerdos no suplementados; T2 (Zn DF; n = 24), madres no suplementadas- cerdos suplementados con 100 mg de Zn/kg alimento; T3 (Zn GL; n = 24), madres suplementadas-cerdos no suplementados y, T4 (Zn GL + Zn DF; n = 48), madres suplementadas + cerdos suplementados. La suplementación con 100 mg de Zn/kg de alimento durante GL y DF no modificó el desempeño productivo de los cerdos durante el periodo completo de estudio. La relación altura de la vellosidad: profundidad de la cripta fue mayor (p &lt;0.01) en los cerdos suplementados con Zn (3.36 vs. 2.77) durante la época de calor. Se observó una interacción (p&lt;0.02) entre el clima y la suplementación con metionina de zinc en la profundidad de la cripta y en la relación V: C. La suplementación durante GL tendió (P = 0.06) a bajar la mortalidad de los cerdos en desarrollo-finalización en la época fresca. Los resultados permiten concluir que la adición de metionina de zinc a la dieta mejora la integridad del epitelio intestinal en los cerdos en desarrollo-finalización criados bajo ambiente caluroso, y la suplementación durante el periodo de gestación y lactación reduce la mortalidad durante la engorda.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Cerdo</kwd>
				<kwd>Metionina de Zinc</kwd>
				<kwd>Epitelio intestinal</kwd>
				<kwd>Respuesta productiva</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="16"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="42"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La producción animal se ve gravemente afectada por el estrés calórico (EC); se estima que la industria porcina de los Estados Unidos pierde más de $300 millones de dólares al año; mientras que las pérdidas mundiales ascienden a miles de millones de dólares (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">St-Pierre <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>). Las pérdidas económicas inducidas por el EC son el resultado de un rendimiento deficiente de las cerdas, un crecimiento reducido e inconsistente de los cerdos en engorda, una menor calidad de la canal y un aumento de los costos veterinarios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">St-Pierre <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Renaudeau <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). Las consecuencias del EC en el bajo desempeño productivo del cerdo pueden estar relacionadas con los efectos negativos sobre la integridad intestinal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pearce <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>a; Sanz-Fernandez <italic>et al</italic>., 2014).</p>
			<p>Los mamíferos en EC redistribuyen la sangre a la periferia para maximizar la disipación de calor radiante, ocasionando un menor flujo sanguíneo y de nutrientes en el intestino; comprometiendo la barrera intestinal y aumentando su permeabilidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pearce <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>b); además, el EC puede antagonizar con la digestibilidad y las vías anabólicas en los cerdos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Mani <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rakhshandeh <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). Debido a que los requerimientos de Zn se incrementan durante el estrés calórico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Lagana <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>), se ha sugerido que la suplementación con Zn podría utilizarse para atenuar la disminución sérica del Zn durante periodos de altas temperaturas ambientales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Chand <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Li <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). El Zinc en la forma de ion metálico divalente, Zn2+, es nutricionalmente esencial para todos los organismos vivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Maret, 2013</xref>); es un mineral traza con probada importancia para la función de más de 300 enzimas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Chasapis <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>). Las dietas para cerdos son generalmente complementadas con Zn inorgánico (ZnSO4 u ZnO), para asegurar el aporte requerido, siendo la fuente inorgánica de ZnSO4 la de mayor biodisponibilidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">NRC, 2012</xref>); sin embargo, en condiciones fisiológicas normales y con la ingesta adecuada, sólo del 5 al 15% del Zn de la dieta es aparentemente absorbido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">McDowell, 2003</xref>). Se ha sugerido que las fuentes orgánicas de Zn son más biodisponibles que las formas inorgánicas, y la biodisponibilidad de las formas orgánicas respecto de las inorgánicas aumenta en presencia de antagonistas, como el Ca, P, ácido fítico y fibra cruda (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Schlegel <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Richards <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Ming-Zhe <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref>, observaron que el valor biológico del zinc orgánico a partir de metionina de zinc (ZnMet), fue 64% mayor que el del ZnSO4.</p>
			<p>El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el efecto de la suplementación con metionina de zinc durante el periodo de gestación-lactación y el periodo de desarrollo- finalización, en el desempeño productivo y durante el periodo de desarrollo-finalización en la morfología del epitelio intestinal de cerdos en engorda, criados bajo ambiente cálido o fresco.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p><bold>Ubicación del área de estudio<italic>.</italic> 
</bold> El estudio se realizó en el área experimental para cerdos de engorda de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia-UAS, ubicada en la granja porcina “La Huerta”, localizada en el municipio de Culiacán, Sinaloa, México. El estudio consistió en dos experimentos; el experimento 1 se realizó durante los meses de julio a octubre (periodo cálido), y el experimento 2 en los meses de diciembre a marzo (periodo fresco). El análisis histológico de las muestras de intestino delgado (yeyuno, duodeno e íleon), tomadas en el rastro, fueron procesadas en el Laboratorio de Patología de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, de acuerdo con el procedimiento propuesto por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Prophet <italic>et al.</italic> (1995)</xref>.</p>
			<p>Diseño experimental. Se utilizaron 192 cerdos (96 en cada experimento), con una edad promedio de 79 días y 26.39±DE4.97 kg de p.v., a los cuales se les asignó uno de cuatro tratamientos en un diseño experimental completamente al azar, con arreglo factorial 2 x 2. En cada experimento, los tratamientos consistieron en: T1 (Testigo; n = 24), madres no suplementadas-cerdos no suplementados; T2 (Zn DF; n = 24), madres no suplementadas-cerdos suplementados con 100 mg de Zn/kg MS; T3 (Zn GL; n = 24), madres suplementadas con 100 mg de Zn/kg MS-cerdos no suplementados y, T4 (Zn GL + Zn DF; n = 24), madres suplementadas + cerdos suplementados.</p>
			<p>Las dietas utilizadas se muestran en el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">cuadro 1</xref>. Los cerdos utilizados en el experimento fueron animales provenientes de un trabajo previo, hijos de cerdas (Líneas PIC®) que recibieron o no alimento adicionado con metionina de zinc (100 mg/kg de MS) durante gestación (80-114 d) y lactancia (1-21 d); las dietas proporcionadas fueron con base en maíz-pasta de soya (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">cuadro 2</xref>). El zinc orgánico se proporcionó como metionina de zinc (ZnMet) de la premezcla Zinpro 120 (Zinpro® 120; contiene 12% de Zn y 27.3% de metionina; Metionina de zinc Patente en EU No. 4,764,633 y 5,430,164; oficio de liberación México: B00.02.08.02.02.0398/11)</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Composición e información nutricional de las dietas utilizadas en la etapa de desarrollo y finalización</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Ingredientes</td>
								<td align="justify">Desarrollo <break/>(30-60 kg de peso corporal)</td>
								<td align="justify">Finalización <break/>(60-100 kg de peso corporal</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Maíz</td>
								<td align="center">749</td>
								<td align="center">810</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Pasta de soya</td>
								<td align="center">217</td>
								<td align="center">165</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Aceite</td>
								<td align="center">9</td>
								<td align="center">5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Premezcla mineral</td>
								<td align="center">25</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="center">Aporte nutrimental</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">E.M.(Mcal Kg-1)</td>
								<td align="center">3.351</td>
								<td align="center">3.353</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Proteína (%)</td>
								<td align="center">16.702</td>
								<td align="center">14.688</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Lisina (%)</td>
								<td align="center">1.052</td>
								<td align="center">0.875</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Fibra (%)</td>
								<td align="center">2.524</td>
								<td align="center">2.520</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Fósforo (%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.520</td>
								<td align="center">0.439</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Calcio (%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.570</td>
								<td align="center">0.457</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">*Zinc (mg kg-1)</td>
								<td align="center">120.28</td>
								<td align="center">105.31</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>*Contenido de Zn de la dieta testigo, aportado por la premezcla mineral como ZnO. La suplementación con 100 mg de zinc se proporcionó como metionina de zinc (ZnMet) de la premezcla Zinpro120 (833.33 gr/ton de alimento en base seca). La dieta se elaboró con base en las tablas de requerimientos nutricionales para cerdos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">NRC, 2012</xref>)</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Composición e información nutricional de las dietas utilizadas en gestación y lactancia</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Ingredientes</td>
								<td align="center">Gestación</td>
								<td align="center">Lactancia</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Maíz</td>
								<td align="center">793</td>
								<td align="center">692</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Pasta de soya</td>
								<td align="center">160</td>
								<td align="center">254</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Aceite</td>
								<td align="center">5</td>
								<td align="center">18</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Premezcla mineral</td>
								<td align="center">42 </td>
								<td align="center">36</td>								
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="center">Aporte nutrimental</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">E.M.(Mcal Kg-1)</td>
								<td align="center">3.272</td>
								<td align="center">3.351</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Proteína (%)</td>
								<td align="center">14.165</td>
								<td align="center">17.953</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Lisina (%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.866</td>
								<td align="center">1.081</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Fibra (%)</td>
								<td align="center">2.463</td>
								<td align="center">2.492</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Fósforo (%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.596</td>
								<td align="center">0.699</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Calcio (%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.980</td>
								<td align="center">0.915</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>La suplementación con 100 mg de zinc se proporcionó como metionina de zinc (ZnMet) de la premezcla Zinpro120 (833.33 gr/ton de alimento en base seca). La dieta se elaboró con base en las tablas de requerimientos nutricionales para cerdos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">NRC, 2012</xref>)</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p><bold>Manejo de los animales<italic>.</italic> 
</bold> Los cerdos de cada experimento, previamente pesados e identificados, fueron alojados en 12 corraletas, cada una con un espacio de 9 m2 (6 x 1.5 m), con piso de concreto, equipados con comedero tipo tolva y bebedero de chupón integrado; en cada corraleta se alojaron 8 cerdos (4 machos y 4 hembras). Durante el periodo de prueba, que duró 90 días en cada experimento, los cerdos tuvieron acceso permanente a agua de bebida y alimentación a libre acceso. Se registró el alimento servido en cada corraleta y al final de cada experimento los cerdos fueron pesados y enviados al rastro, donde fueron sacrificados en rastro TIF de acuerdo con la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">NOM-033- SAG/ZOO-2014</xref>. Después del sacrificio, fueron tomadas muestras de tejido del intestino delgado, de las porciones de duodeno, yeyuno e íleon, 15 cerdos de cada experimento; que recibieron o no alimento suplementado con 100 mg de metionina de zinc/kg de alimento durante el periodo de prueba.</p>
			<p>Mediciones: Se registró semanalmente el alimento servido en cada corraleta; al final de cada experimento se pesaron los cerdos de cada corral y con la información de consumo de alimento y ganancia de peso se obtuvo la conversión alimenticia; se registró la mortalidad de cerdos en cada corral y con base en ello se determinó la tasa de mortalidad.</p>
			<p>Para el caso de la prueba de comportamiento productivo, la unidad experimental fue la corraleta.</p>
			<p>Al finalizar cada experimento los cerdos fueron enviados al rastro, donde se tomaron muestras de cada segmento de intestino delgado (duodeno, yeyuno e íleon), 15 cerdos representativos de cada experimento (época calurosa y época fresca), que recibieron o no alimento suplementado con metionina de zinc; sin considerar si eran hijos de cerdas que recibieron o no alimento adicionado con metionina de zinc durante el periodo de gestación y lactancia. Las muestras fueron conservadas en frascos con formol amortiguado al 10% hasta su análisis histológico.</p>
			<p>Determinación del THI. Los datos de temperatura (t °C) y humedad relativa (HR, %) se tomaron con un termo higrómetro, ubicado dentro de la unidad experimental, y se registraron diariamente durante el periodo experimental (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">cuadros 3</xref> y <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref>). El índice de temperatura y humedad (THI), se calculó utilizando la fórmula THI = [0.8 x temperatura ambiente] + [(% HR/100) x (temperatura ambiente - 14.4)] + 46.4 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Mader <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Cuadro 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Índice de temperatura y humedad (THI), al que estuvieron expuestos los cerdos durante el periodo cálido (11 de julio al 08 de octubre de 2015)</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Semana</td>
								<td align="justify">Prom. HR</td>
								<td align="justify">Temp.<break/> Prom. (°C)</td>
								<td align="justify">Temp.<break/>Max. (°C)</td>
								<td align="justify">Temp.<break/> Min. (°C)</td>
								<td align="justify">THI<sup>1</sup> Prom.</td>
								<td align="justify">THI Max.</td>
								<td align="justify">THI Min.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">1</td>
								<td align="justify">64.6</td>
								<td align="justify">30.6</td>
								<td align="justify">38.6</td>
								<td align="justify">25.8</td>
								<td align="justify">81.34</td>
								<td align="justify">92.91</td>
								<td align="justify">74.40</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">2</td>
								<td align="justify">77.3</td>
								<td align="justify">28.0</td>
								<td align="justify">31.9</td>
								<td align="justify">25.1</td>
								<td align="justify">79.31</td>
								<td align="justify">85.44</td>
								<td align="justify">74.75</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">3</td>
								<td align="justify">59.8</td>
								<td align="justify">32.6</td>
								<td align="justify">38.1</td>
								<td align="justify">28.3</td>
								<td align="justify">83.36</td>
								<td align="justify">91.05</td>
								<td align="justify">77.35</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">4</td>
								<td align="justify">64.1</td>
								<td align="justify">31.7</td>
								<td align="justify">36.5</td>
								<td align="justify">27.5</td>
								<td align="justify">82.84</td>
								<td align="justify">89.76</td>
								<td align="justify">76.79</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">5</td>
								<td align="justify">72.9</td>
								<td align="justify">28.8</td>
								<td align="justify">34.3</td>
								<td align="justify">25.0</td>
								<td align="justify">79.93</td>
								<td align="justify">88.34</td>
								<td align="justify">74.12</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">6</td>
								<td align="justify">76.4</td>
								<td align="justify">28.7</td>
								<td align="justify">34.1</td>
								<td align="justify">25.6</td>
								<td align="justify">80.28</td>
								<td align="justify">88.73</td>
								<td align="justify">75.43</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">7</td>
								<td align="justify">73.2</td>
								<td align="justify">29.8</td>
								<td align="justify">36.9</td>
								<td align="justify">24.9</td>
								<td align="justify">81.51</td>
								<td align="justify">92.39</td>
								<td align="justify">73.76</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">8</td>
								<td align="justify">75.2</td>
								<td align="justify">29.5</td>
								<td align="justify">36.2</td>
								<td align="justify">25.1</td>
								<td align="justify">81.35</td>
								<td align="justify">91.75</td>
								<td align="justify">77.18</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">9</td>
								<td align="justify">78.1</td>
								<td align="justify">29.0</td>
								<td align="justify">35.3</td>
								<td align="justify">24.8</td>
								<td align="justify">81.39</td>
								<td align="justify">95.54</td>
								<td align="justify">74.36</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">10</td>
								<td align="justify">77.9</td>
								<td align="justify">28.9</td>
								<td align="justify">35.0</td>
								<td align="justify">24.8</td>
								<td align="justify">80.81</td>
								<td align="justify">90.44</td>
								<td align="justify">74.34</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">11</td>
								<td align="justify">73.4</td>
								<td align="justify">30.3</td>
								<td align="justify">37.4</td>
								<td align="justify">25.8</td>
								<td align="justify">82.31</td>
								<td align="justify">93.20</td>
								<td align="justify">75.40</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">12</td>
								<td align="justify">72.0</td>
								<td align="justify">30.6</td>
								<td align="justify">39.0</td>
								<td align="justify">25.5</td>
								<td align="justify">82.54</td>
								<td align="justify">84.94</td>
								<td align="justify">74.79</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">13</td>
								<td align="justify">79.1</td>
								<td align="justify">26.1</td>
								<td align="justify">32.3</td>
								<td align="justify">22.3</td>
								<td align="justify">76.53</td>
								<td align="justify">86.40</td>
								<td align="justify">71.28</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Promedio</td>
								<td align="justify">72.61</td>
								<td align="justify">29.58</td>
								<td align="justify">35.81</td>
								<td align="justify">25.42</td>
								<td align="justify">81.03</td>
								<td align="justify">90.06</td>
								<td align="justify">74.92</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p><sup>1</sup>Índice de temperatura y humedad (THI) = 0.8 × Temperatura ambiente + [(% humedad relativa ÷ 100) × (temperatura ambiente − 14.4)] + 46.4. THI rangos (normal THI &lt;74; alerta 75 a 79; peligro 79 a 84; y emergencia &gt;84).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Cuadro 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Índice de temperatura y humedad (THI), al que estuvieron expuestos los cerdos durante el periodo fresco (02 de diciembre de 2015 al 01 de marzo de 2016)</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Semana</td>
								<td align="justify">Prom. HR</td>
								<td align="justify">Temp.<break/> Prom. (°C)</td>
								<td align="justify">Temp.<break/> Max. (°C)</td>
								<td align="justify">Temp. <break/>Min. (°C)</td>
								<td align="justify">Prom. THI<sup>1</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">THI Max.</td>
								<td align="justify">THI Min.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">1</td>
								<td align="justify">64.6</td>
								<td align="justify">22.7</td>
								<td align="justify">33.3</td>
								<td align="justify">15.3</td>
								<td align="justify">70.36</td>
								<td align="justify">85.24</td>
								<td align="justify">59.22</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">2</td>
								<td align="justify">74.8</td>
								<td align="justify">19.3</td>
								<td align="justify">27.9</td>
								<td align="justify">12.5</td>
								<td align="justify">65.50</td>
								<td align="justify">78.81</td>
								<td align="justify">54.90</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">3</td>
								<td align="justify">72.7</td>
								<td align="justify">19.0</td>
								<td align="justify">26.8</td>
								<td align="justify">13.1</td>
								<td align="justify">64.94</td>
								<td align="justify">76.85</td>
								<td align="justify">55.93</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">4</td>
								<td align="justify">64.9</td>
								<td align="justify">17.2</td>
								<td align="justify">26.6</td>
								<td align="justify">9.8</td>
								<td align="justify">61.97</td>
								<td align="justify">75.59</td>
								<td align="justify">51.25</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">5</td>
								<td align="justify">66.8</td>
								<td align="justify">17.3</td>
								<td align="justify">26.1</td>
								<td align="justify">10.0</td>
								<td align="justify">62.17</td>
								<td align="justify">75.09</td>
								<td align="justify">48.00</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">6</td>
								<td align="justify">64.4</td>
								<td align="justify">20.0</td>
								<td align="justify">29.7</td>
								<td align="justify">13.6</td>
								<td align="justify">66.00</td>
								<td align="justify">80.01</td>
								<td align="justify">56.76</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">7</td>
								<td align="justify">72.2</td>
								<td align="justify">20.1</td>
								<td align="justify">27.5</td>
								<td align="justify">14.6</td>
								<td align="justify">66.59</td>
								<td align="justify">77.85</td>
								<td align="justify">58.22</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">8</td>
								<td align="justify">72.7</td>
								<td align="justify">19.6</td>
								<td align="justify">27.5</td>
								<td align="justify">13.8</td>
								<td align="justify">65.86</td>
								<td align="justify">77.92</td>
								<td align="justify">57.00</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">9</td>
								<td align="justify">76.2</td>
								<td align="justify">28.8</td>
								<td align="justify">28.9</td>
								<td align="justify">14.9</td>
								<td align="justify">80.41</td>
								<td align="justify">80.57</td>
								<td align="justify">58.70</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">10</td>
								<td align="justify">74.4</td>
								<td align="justify">20.0</td>
								<td align="justify">30.2</td>
								<td align="justify">12.7</td>
								<td align="justify">66.56</td>
								<td align="justify">82.31</td>
								<td align="justify">55.29</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">11</td>
								<td align="justify">80.6</td>
								<td align="justify">21.4</td>
								<td align="justify">28.5</td>
								<td align="justify">16.8</td>
								<td align="justify">69.16</td>
								<td align="justify">80.56</td>
								<td align="justify">62.24</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">12</td>
								<td align="justify">77.3</td>
								<td align="justify">22.0</td>
								<td align="justify">31.0</td>
								<td align="justify">15.5</td>
								<td align="justify">69.87</td>
								<td align="justify">84.03</td>
								<td align="justify">59.65</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">13</td>
								<td align="justify">74.3</td>
								<td align="justify">20.1</td>
								<td align="justify">29.2</td>
								<td align="justify">13.1</td>
								<td align="justify">66.71</td>
								<td align="justify">80.75</td>
								<td align="justify">55.58</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Promedio</td>
								<td align="justify">72.0</td>
								<td align="justify">20.57</td>
								<td align="justify">28.70</td>
								<td align="justify">13.5</td>
								<td align="justify">67.39</td>
								<td align="justify">79.66</td>
								<td align="justify">56.36</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p><sup>1</sup>Índice de temperatura y humedad (THI) = 0.8 × Temperatura ambiente + [(% humedad relativa ÷ 100) × (temperatura ambiente − 14.4)] + 46.4. THI rangos (normal THI &lt;74; alerta 75 a 79; peligro 79 a 84; y emergencia &gt;84).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p><bold>Histología intestinal</bold>. Las muestras fueron remitidas al Laboratorio de Patología
				de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma de
				Sinaloa, para su procesamiento mediante la técnica de rutina de inclusión en
				parafina y posterior tinción con la técnica de hematoxilina y eosina. Para la
				evaluación histológica se utilizó un microscopio binocular digital marca
					Motic<sup>®</sup> modelo BA 201, equipado con cámara y software para
				foto-documentar imágenes; se tomaron imágenes de 30 campos de cada sección
				intestinal, se midió la longitud (en micras) de 10 vellosidades; así como la
				profundidad (en micras) de las criptas, y con base en ello se calculó la altura
				promedio de las vellosidades de cada sección intestinal; así como de la profundidad
				de la cripta. Con base en esta información se determinó la relación altura de
				vellosidad, profundidad de la cripta (V:C); lo que se utilizó para el análisis
				estadístico correspondiente. Cabe mencionar que las muestras de cada sección del
				intestino delgado que no cumplieron con los requisitos para su análisis histológico,
				se desecharon y no fueron consideradas en el análisis estadístico.</p>
			<p><bold>Análisis estadístico</bold>. A los datos obtenidos de consumo diario de alimento (CDA),
				ganancia diaria de peso (GDP), conversión alimenticia (CA), ganancia de peso total
				por etapa (GPT) y mortalidad durante el experimento; así como, a la relación
				vellosidad, cripta; se les aplicó un análisis de varianza para un diseño
				completamente al azar, con arreglo factorial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Steel
					y Torrie, 1985</xref>); fijándose un alfa máximo de 0.05 para aceptar diferencia
				estadística.</p>
			<p>Para el análisis del desempeño productivo el modelo matemático, fue el siguiente:</p>
			<p> 𝑌<sub>𝑖𝑗𝑘</sub> = 𝜇 + 𝑍𝑛<sub>𝑖</sub> + 𝐴<sub>𝑗</sub> + 𝑍𝑛𝐴<sub>𝑖𝑗</sub> + 𝐸<sub>𝑖𝑗𝑘;</sub></p>
			<p>donde: <italic>Yijk</italic> = es la variable de respuesta, µ = es la media general del experimento, <italic>Zni</italic> = es el efecto del <italic>i-ésimo</italic> nivel de Zinc, <italic>Aj</italic> = el efecto del <italic>j- ésimo</italic> factor de alimentación, <italic>Zn*Aij</italic> = efecto de la interacción y <italic>Eijk</italic> = es el error aleatorio.</p>
			
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p><bold>Experimento 1</bold>. Los resultados del efecto del consumo de alimento adicionado con
				metionina de Zn (ZnMet) sobre el desempeño productivo de los cerdos durante la etapa
				de desarrollo-finalización, en condiciones de alta carga calórica, se muestran en el
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">cuadro 5</xref>. En la etapa de finalización
				(día 50 al 90, del periodo experimental), la GDP tendió (p = 0.07) a mejorar y el
				CDA fue mayor (p = 0.03) en los cerdos hijos de cerdas suplementadas con Zn durante
				la GL; observándose una tendencia (P = 0.10) de mejora en la ganancia de peso total
				durante esta etapa; sin embargo, al analizar el periodo completo de estudio (90 d),
				la suplementación con metionina de zinc no mejoró el desempeño productivo de los
				cerdos.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t5">
					<label>Cuadro 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Efecto del consumo de alimento adicionado con 100 ppm de Zinc orgánico en el desempeño productivo de cerdos en desarrollo-finalización, durante época calurosa (julio-octubre)</title>
					</caption>
					<alternatives>						
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="4"/>
								<col/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify" rowspan="3">Variable</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="2">Tratamientos </td>
									<td align="justify" rowspan="2">EEM<sup>1</sup></td>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">Efectos principales </td>
									<td align="justify">Interacción</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="3">Valores de P </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Testigo</td>
									<td align="justify">Zn DF</td>
									<td align="justify">Zn GL</td>
									<td align="justify">Zn GL + Zn DF</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Zn GL</td>
									<td align="justify">Zn DF</td>
									<td align="justify">Zn GL * Zn DF</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Observaciones (n)</td>
									<td align="justify">3</td>
									<td align="justify">3</td>
									<td align="justify">3</td>
									<td align="justify">3</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Cerdos (n)</td>
									<td align="justify">24</td>
									<td align="justify">24</td>
									<td align="justify">24</td>
									<td align="justify">24</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Periodo (días)</td>
									<td align="justify">90</td>
									<td align="justify">90</td>
									<td align="justify">90</td>
									<td align="justify">90</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Peso inicial (kg)</td>
									<td align="justify">21.63</td>
									<td align="justify">22.33</td>
									<td align="justify">21.73</td>
									<td align="justify">21.50</td>
									<td align="justify">0.7445</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>Peso a 49 d (kg)</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">54.16</td>
									<td align="justify">55.70</td>
									<td align="justify">56.67</td>
									<td align="justify">52.13</td>
									<td align="justify">1.9154</td>
									<td align="justify">0.90</td>
									<td align="justify">0.73</td>
									<td align="justify">0.50</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Ganancia de peso a 49 d (Kg)</td>
									<td align="justify">32.533</td>
									<td align="justify">33.333</td>
									<td align="justify">34.933</td>
									<td align="justify">30.633</td>
									<td align="justify">1.3550</td>
									<td align="justify">0.96</td>
									<td align="justify">0.57</td>
									<td align="justify">0.41</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">GDP2 (kg)</td>
									<td align="justify">0.663</td>
									<td align="justify">0.681</td>
									<td align="justify">0.713</td>
									<td align="justify">0.626</td>
									<td align="justify">0.0277</td>
									<td align="justify">0.96</td>
									<td align="justify">0.58</td>
									<td align="justify">0.41</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CDA3 (kg)</td>
									<td align="justify">1.603</td>
									<td align="justify">1.596</td>
									<td align="justify">1.650</td>
									<td align="justify">1.570</td>
									<td align="justify">0.0539</td>
									<td align="justify">0.93</td>
									<td align="justify">0.73</td>
									<td align="justify">0.77</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CA4</td>
									<td align="justify">2.426</td>
									<td align="justify">2.353</td>
									<td align="justify">2.310</td>
									<td align="justify">2.533</td>
									<td align="justify">0.0395</td>
									<td align="justify">0.66</td>
									<td align="justify">0.32</td>
									<td align="justify">0.07</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>Peso a 90 d (kg)</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">79.50</td>
									<td align="justify">79.17</td>
									<td align="justify">83.07</td>
									<td align="justify">79.67</td>
									<td align="justify">1.9142</td>
									<td align="justify">0.65</td>
									<td align="justify">0.68</td>
									<td align="justify">0.73</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Ganancia de peso de 50-90 d</td>
									<td align="justify">25.667</td>
									<td align="justify">23.467</td>
									<td align="justify">26.400</td>
									<td align="justify">27.533</td>
									<td align="justify">0.7091</td>
									<td align="justify">0.10</td>
									<td align="justify">0.69</td>
									<td align="justify">0.23</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">(kg)</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">GDP2 (kg)</td>
									<td align="justify">0.591</td>
									<td align="justify">0.568</td>
									<td align="justify">0.628</td>
									<td align="justify">0.696</td>
									<td align="justify">0.0222</td>
									<td align="justify">0.07</td>
									<td align="justify">0.57</td>
									<td align="justify">0.27</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CDA3 (kg)</td>
									<td align="justify">1.907</td>
									<td align="justify">1.773</td>
									<td align="justify">2.033</td>
									<td align="justify">1.990</td>
									<td align="justify">0.0416</td>
									<td align="justify">0.03</td>
									<td align="justify">0.23</td>
									<td align="justify">0.52</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CA4</td>
									<td align="justify">3.230</td>
									<td align="justify">3.133</td>
									<td align="justify">3.240</td>
									<td align="justify">2.923</td>
									<td align="justify">0.0910</td>
									<td align="justify">0.62</td>
									<td align="justify">0.31</td>
									<td align="justify">0.58</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>Ganancia de peso en el periodo completo (kg)</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">57.700</td>
									<td align="justify">56.800</td>
									<td align="justify">61.333</td>
									<td align="justify">58.167</td>
									<td align="justify">1.4036</td>
									<td align="justify">0.44</td>
									<td align="justify">0.52</td>
									<td align="justify">0.72</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">GDP2 (kg)</td>
									<td align="justify">0.641</td>
									<td align="justify">0.631</td>
									<td align="justify">0.681</td>
									<td align="justify">0.646</td>
									<td align="justify">0.0156</td>
									<td align="justify">0.44</td>
									<td align="justify">0.52</td>
									<td align="justify">0.72</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CDA3 (kg)</td>
									<td align="justify">1.763</td>
									<td align="justify">1.706</td>
									<td align="justify">1.850</td>
									<td align="justify">1.783</td>
									<td align="justify">0.0402</td>
									<td align="justify">0.37</td>
									<td align="justify">0.50</td>
									<td align="justify">0.95</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CA4</td>
									<td align="justify">2.760</td>
									<td align="justify">2.706</td>
									<td align="justify">2.713</td>
									<td align="justify">2.756</td>
									<td align="justify">0.227</td>
									<td align="justify">0.97</td>
									<td align="justify">0.92</td>
									<td align="justify">0.36</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Muertos</td>
									<td align="justify">0.33</td>
									<td align="justify">0.667</td>
									<td align="justify">0</td>
									<td align="justify">0.667</td>
									<td align="justify">0.1930</td>
									<td align="justify">0.69</td>
									<td align="justify">0.25</td>
									<td align="justify">0.69</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</alternatives>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<p>Tratamientos: Testigo = madres no suplementadas-cerdos no suplementados, ZnDF = Madres no suplementadas-cerdos suplementados; ZnGL = madres suplementadas-cerdos no suplementados; ZnGL + ZnDF = madres suplementadas-cerdos suplementados. Suplemento de100 mg de Zn/kg de alimento, proporcionados a partir de metionina de zinc (Zinpro 100; Zinpro, Eden Praire, MN). Dos Factores: método de suplementación = ZnGL y ZnCF, nivel de adición de Zn (0 y 100 mg/kg alimento); <sup>1</sup>Error estándar de la media; <sup>2</sup>Ganancia diaria de peso corporal; <sup>3</sup>Consumo diario de alimento y <sup>4</sup>Conversión alimenticia</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Los resultados del efecto del consumo de alimento adicionado con ZnMet en la morfología epitelial del intestino delgado durante la época de calor y época fresca, se muestran en los <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Cuadros 7</xref> y <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">8</xref>. Los resultados indican que los cerdos que consumieron dietas suplementadas con 100 mg de Zn/kg de alimento, a partir de metionina de zinc, durante la época calurosa, tuvieron una mayor (p&lt;0.01) relación V: C (3.36 vs 2.77), respecto de los que no consumieron zinc adicional durante dicho periodo. El consumo de zinc adicional disminuyó (p&lt;0.05) la profundidad de las criptas en todos los segmentos (duodeno, yeyuno e íleon) del intestino delgado.</p>
			<p><bold>Experimento 2</bold>. Durante la época fresca del año los tratamientos no modificaron la
				respuesta productiva del cerdo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">cuadro 6</xref>), ni
				la morfología del epitelio intestinal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">cuadros
					7</xref> y <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">8</xref>); sin embargo, el consumo
				adicional de metionina de zinc durante el periodo de gestación-lactación, tendió (p=
				0.06) a disminuir la mortalidad durante el periodo de engorda. Al respecto, se ha
				informado que la suplementación con Zn en la dieta de la cerda durante la gestación
				y lactancia, reduce la mortalidad predestete (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Payne
						<italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Romo
						<italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>) y mejora la función inmune de los
				lechones destetados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Romo <italic>et al</italic>.,
					2017</xref>); lo que concuerda con los resultados obtenidos en el presente
				estudio.</p>
			<p>La cantidad de Zn orgánico (ZnMet) suplementado a los cerdos en el presente estudio fue de 100 mg/kg de alimento, adicionales al contenido de Zn inorgánico aportado por las dietas (120.20 mg/kg en la dieta de desarrollo y 105.31 mg/kg en la de finalización), cantidad más alta que la recomendada por el <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">NRC (2012)</xref>; sin embargo, estos niveles no son tóxicos y son de uso rutinario en dietas porcinas comerciales.</p>
			<p>Los cerdos del exp.2 estuvieron expuestos a una temperatura promedio de 20.57°C y humedad relativa de 72.0% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">cuadro 4</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">CIAD, 2015</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">2016</xref>); permaneciendo en un THI de 67.39, condiciones ambientales bajo las cuales el cerdo no sufre tensión fisiológica derivada del ambiente físico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Mader <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>). En tanto que los cerdos del experimento 1, permanecieron en un THI de 81 puntos (en peligro fisiológico, ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">cuadro 3</xref>); con una temperatura ambiental promedio de 29.58°C y 72.61% de humedad relativa. La diferencia en la temperatura ambiental y humedad relativa entre los cerdos del experimento 1, respecto de los del experimento 2, fue de 9.01°C y 0.61%.</p>
			<p>Los resultados del análisis morfológico de las muestras de duodeno, yeyuno e íleon, muestran que los cerdos que consumieron dietas suplementadas con 100 mg de Zn/kg de alimento, a partir de metionina de zinc, durante la época calurosa, tuvieron una mayor (p&lt;0.01) relación V: C (3.36 <italic>vs</italic> 2.77), respecto de los que no consumieron zinc adicional durante dicho periodo. El consumo de zinc adicional disminuyó (p&lt;0.05) la profundidad de las criptas en todos los segmentos (duodeno, yeyuno e íleon) del intestino delgado. Se observó una interacción (p&lt;0.02) entre el clima y la suplementación con metionina de zinc en la profundidad de la cripta y en la relación V: C. El efecto del clima y la suplementación con metionina de zinc en la morfología epitelial de cada segmento del intestino delgado analizado, se describe a continuación:</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t6">
					<label>Cuadro 6</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Efecto del consumo de alimento adicionado con 100 ppm de Zinc orgánico en el desempeño productivo de cerdos en desarrollo-finalización, durante época fresca (diciembre a marzo)</title>
					</caption>
					<alternatives>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="4"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Variable</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="2">Tratamientos </td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">EEM<sup>1</sup></td>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">Efectos principales </td>
									<td align="left">Interacción</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="3">Valores de P </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Testigo</td>
									<td align="center">Zn DF</td>
									<td align="center">Zn GL</td>
									<td align="left">Zn GL +Zn DF</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="left">Zn GL</td>
									<td align="left">ZnDF</td>
									<td align="left">Zn GL * Zn DF</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Observaciones (n)</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Cerdos (n)</td>
									<td align="center">24</td>
									<td align="center">24</td>
									<td align="center">24</td>
									<td align="center">24</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Periodo (días)</td>
									<td align="center">90</td>
									<td align="center">90</td>
									<td align="center">90</td>
									<td align="center">90</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Peso inicial (kg)</td>
									<td align="center">32.13</td>
									<td align="center">30.00</td>
									<td align="center">29.93</td>
									<td align="center">31.86</td>
									<td align="center">0.8132</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>Peso a 49 d (kg)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">69.60</td>
									<td align="center">71.40</td>
									<td align="center">67.36</td>
									<td align="center">72.03</td>
									<td align="center">1.4980</td>
									<td align="center">0.81</td>
									<td align="center">0.35</td>
									<td align="center">0.67</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Ganancia de peso a 49 d (Kg)</td>
									<td align="center">37.467</td>
									<td align="center">41.400</td>
									<td align="center">37.43</td>
									<td align="center">40.133</td>
									<td align="center">1.2656</td>
									<td align="center">0.81</td>
									<td align="center">0.25</td>
									<td align="center">0.82</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">GDP1 (kg)</td>
									<td align="center">0.764</td>
									<td align="center">0.844</td>
									<td align="center">0.764</td>
									<td align="center">0.818</td>
									<td align="center">0.0258</td>
									<td align="center">0.81</td>
									<td align="center">0.26</td>
									<td align="center">0.82</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">CDA2 (kg)</td>
									<td align="center">1.980</td>
									<td align="center">2.030</td>
									<td align="center">2.043</td>
									<td align="center">2.076</td>
									<td align="center">0.0326</td>
									<td align="center">0.47</td>
									<td align="center">0.58</td>
									<td align="center">0.91</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">CA3</td>
									<td align="center">2.603</td>
									<td align="center">2.413</td>
									<td align="center">2.686</td>
									<td align="center">2.580</td>
									<td align="center">0.0723</td>
									<td align="center">0.44</td>
									<td align="center">0.36</td>
									<td align="center">0.79</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>Peso a 90 d (kg)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">107.83</td>
									<td align="center">112.23</td>
									<td align="center">104.2</td>
									<td align="center">109.29</td>
									<td align="center">1.9853</td>
									<td align="center">0.46</td>
									<td align="center">0.29</td>
									<td align="center">0.94</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Ganancia de peso de 50-90 d (kg)</td>
									<td align="center">38.35</td>
									<td align="center">40.83</td>
									<td align="center">36.92</td>
									<td align="center">37.26</td>
									<td align="center">0.8972</td>
									<td align="center">0.20</td>
									<td align="center">0.46</td>
									<td align="center">0.57</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">GDP1 (kg)</td>
									<td align="center">0.910</td>
									<td align="center">0.972</td>
									<td align="center">0.879</td>
									<td align="center">0.888</td>
									<td align="center">0.0213</td>
									<td align="center">0.21</td>
									<td align="center">0.43</td>
									<td align="center">0.55</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">CDA2 (kg)</td>
									<td align="center">3.030</td>
									<td align="center">3.016</td>
									<td align="center">2.850</td>
									<td align="center">2.863</td>
									<td align="center">0.0568</td>
									<td align="center">0.20</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.91</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">CA3</td>
									<td align="center">3.326</td>
									<td align="center">3.016</td>
									<td align="center">3.270</td>
									<td align="center">3.226</td>
									<td align="center">0.0634</td>
									<td align="center">0.82</td>
									<td align="center">0.36</td>
									<td align="center">0.53</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>Ganancia de peso en el periodo completo (kg)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">75.700</td>
									<td align="center">82.267</td>
									<td align="center">74.13</td>
									<td align="center">77.400</td>
									<td align="center">1.9356</td>
									<td align="center">0.46</td>
									<td align="center">0.29</td>
									<td align="center">0.94</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">GDP1 (kg)</td>
									<td align="center">0.841</td>
									<td align="center">0.914</td>
									<td align="center">0.826</td>
									<td align="center">0.859</td>
									<td align="center">0.0211</td>
									<td align="center">0.45</td>
									<td align="center">0.26</td>
									<td align="center">0.66</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">CDA2 (kg)</td>
									<td align="center">2.493</td>
									<td align="center">2.513</td>
									<td align="center">2.443</td>
									<td align="center">2.466</td>
									<td align="center">0.0334</td>
									<td align="center">0.54</td>
									<td align="center">0.78</td>
									<td align="center">0.98</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">CA3</td>
									<td align="center">2.963</td>
									<td align="center">2.760</td>
									<td align="center">2.976</td>
									<td align="center">2.876</td>
									<td align="center">0.0497</td>
									<td align="center">0.53</td>
									<td align="center">0.16</td>
									<td align="center">0.61</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Muertos</td>
									<td align="center">0.67</td>
									<td align="center">0.33</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0.1306</td>
									<td align="center">0.06</td>
									<td align="center">0.50</td>
									<td align="center">0.50</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</alternatives>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN6">
							<p>Tratamientos: Testigo = madres no suplementadas-cerdos no suplementados, ZnDF = Madres no suplementadas-cerdos suplementados; ZnGL = madres suplementadas-cerdos no suplementados; ZnGL + ZnDF = madres suplementadas-cerdos suplementados. Suplemento de100 mg de Zn/kg de alimento, proporcionados a partir de metionina de zinc (Zinpro 100; Zinpro, Eden Praire, MN). Dos Factores: método de suplementación = ZnGL y ZnCF, nivel de adición de Zn (0 y 100 mg/kg alimento); <sup>1</sup>Error estándar de la media; <sup>2</sup>Ganancia diaria de peso corporal; <sup>3</sup>Consumo diario de alimento y <sup>4</sup>Conversión alimenticia</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t7">
					<label>Cuadro 7</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Influencia del clima y la suplementación con zinc en la morfología de las diferentes regiones del intestino delgado, en cerdos en engorda</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="4"/>
							<col span="4"/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Variables</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="4">Época de Calor </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="4">Época Fresca </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify" colspan="2">Cerdos - Zn </td>
								<td align="justify" colspan="2">Cerdos + Zn </td>
								<td align="justify" colspan="2">Cerdos - Zn </td>
								<td align="justify" colspan="2">Cerdos - Zn </td>
								<td align="left" colspan="2">Factores Principales </td>
								<td align="justify">Interacción</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">Media</td>
								<td align="justify">± EE</td>
								<td align="justify">Media</td>
								<td align="justify">± EE</td>
								<td align="justify">Media</td>
								<td align="justify">± EE</td>
								<td align="justify">Media </td>
								<td align="justify">± EE</td>
								<td align="justify">Clima</td>
								<td align="justify">Zinc</td>
								<td align="justify">C*Z</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Duodeno</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify" colspan="2"> 
 </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Cerdos, n</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="center">14</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">13</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="center">10</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">15 </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Alto V, µm</td>
								<td align="justify">391</td>
								<td align="justify">15.90 b</td>
								<td align="justify">327</td>
								<td align="justify">15.97c</td>
								<td align="justify">423</td>
								<td align="justify">17.86ab</td>
								<td align="justify">451 </td>
								<td align="justify">14.58b</td>
								<td align="justify">&lt; 0.01</td>
								<td align="justify">0.26</td>
								<td align="justify">&lt;0 .01</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Profundo C, µm</td>
								<td align="justify">153</td>
								<td align="justify">7.88a</td>
								<td align="justify">115</td>
								<td align="justify">8.18b</td>
								<td align="justify">121</td>
								<td align="justify">9.33ab</td>
								<td align="justify">116 </td>
								<td align="justify">7.62b</td>
								<td align="justify">0.07</td>
								<td align="justify">0.02</td>
								<td align="justify">0.06</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Relación V:C </td>
								<td align="justify">2.70</td>
								<td align="justify">0.190c</td>
								<td align="justify">2.98</td>
								<td align="justify">0.197bc</td>
								<td align="justify">3.69</td>
								<td align="justify">0.215ab</td>
								<td align="justify">3.90 </td>
								<td align="justify">0.190a</td>
								<td align="justify">&lt; 0.01</td>
								<td align="justify">0.24</td>
								<td align="justify">0.86</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Yeyuno</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Cerdos, n</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="center">15</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="center">13</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="center">10</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">15 </td>
								<td align="justify" colspan="2">  </td>
							
								
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">AltoV, µm</td>
								<td align="justify">383</td>
								<td align="justify">12.60b</td>
								<td align="justify">408</td>
								<td align="justify">13.54ab</td>
								<td align="justify">458</td>
								<td align="justify">15.44a</td>
								<td align="justify">452</td>
								<td align="justify">12.60a </td>
								<td align="justify">&lt;0.01 </td>
								<td align="justify">0.51</td>
								<td align="justify">0.25</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Profundo C, µm</td>
								<td align="justify">136</td>
								<td align="justify">6.24a</td>
								<td align="justify">111</td>
								<td align="justify">6.71ab</td>
								<td align="justify">111</td>
								<td align="justify">7.64ab</td>
								<td align="justify">108</td>
								<td align="justify">6.24b </td>
								<td align="justify">0.05 </td>
								<td align="justify">0.05</td>
								<td align="justify">0.13</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Relación V:C</td>
								<td align="justify">2.97</td>
								<td align="justify">0.190b</td>
								<td align="justify">3.80</td>
								<td align="justify">0.204 a</td>
								<td align="justify">4.18</td>
								<td align="justify">0.222 a</td>
								<td align="justify">4.25</td>
								<td align="justify">0.197 a </td>
								<td align="justify">&lt; 0.01 </td>
								<td align="justify">0.03</td>
								<td align="justify">0.07</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Ileon</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Cerdos, n</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">13</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">14</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">9</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">15 </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Alto V, µm</td>
								<td align="justify">363</td>
								<td align="justify">14.03b</td>
								<td align="justify">351</td>
								<td align="justify">13.52b</td>
								<td align="justify">423</td>
								<td align="justify">16.86<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">435</td>
								<td align="justify">13.06a </td>
								<td align="justify">&lt;0 .01 </td>
								<td align="justify">0.98</td>
								<td align="justify">0.43</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Profundo C, µm</td>
								<td align="justify">140</td>
								<td align="justify">6.31a</td>
								<td align="justify">110</td>
								<td align="justify">6.38b</td>
								<td align="justify">112</td>
								<td align="justify">7.58b</td>
								<td align="justify">113</td>
								<td align="justify">5.87b </td>
								<td align="justify">0.07 </td>
								<td align="justify">0.03</td>
								<td align="justify">0.03</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Relación V:C*</td>
								<td align="justify">2.66</td>
								<td align="justify">0.16b</td>
								<td align="justify">3.30</td>
								<td align="justify">0.15a</td>
								<td align="justify">3.95</td>
								<td align="justify">0.187a</td>
								<td align="justify">3.86</td>
								<td align="justify">0.15a </td>
								<td align="justify">&lt; 0.01</td>
								<td align="justify">0.11</td>
								<td align="justify">0.04</td>
								
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN7">
							<p>*Relación V:C indica el producto de la división de la altura de vellosidad entre profundidad de cripta.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN8">
							<p><sup>a b, c,</sup> indica diferencia estadística (Tuckey, <italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05)</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t8">
					<label>Cuadro 8</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Influencia del clima y la adición de metionina de zinc a la dieta en la morfología intestinal de cerdos en engorda (valores combinados de las tres regiones: Duodeno, yeyuno e Íleon)</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="4"/>
							<col span="3"/>
							<col span="3"/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="4">Época de Calor </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="4">Época Fresca </td>				
                                <td align="justify" colspan="2"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Variables</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">Cerdos - Zn </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">Cerdos + Zn </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">Cerdos - Zn </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">Cerdos + Zn </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">Factores Principales</td>
								<td align="center">Interacción</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">Media ± EE </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">Media ± EE </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">Media ± EE </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">Media ± EE </td>
								<td align="center">Clima</td>
								<td align="center">Zinc </td>
								<td align="center">C*Z</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Intestino delgado</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2"> </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2"> </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2"> </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">  </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Cerdos, n</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">15</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">14</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">10</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">15 </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Muestras, n</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">42</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">40</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">29</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">45</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">  </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Alto V, µm</td>
								<td align="center">378</td>
								<td align="center">8.213b</td>
								<td align="center">362</td>
								<td align="center">8.414b</td>
								<td align="center">436</td>
								<td align="center">9.467a</td>
								<td align="center">446</td>
								<td align="center">8.210a</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
								<td align="center">0.68</td>
								<td align="center">0.13</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Profundo C, µm</td>
								<td align="center">143</td>
								<td align="center">3.897a</td>
								<td align="center">112</td>
								<td align="center">3.992b</td>
								<td align="center">113</td>
								<td align="center">4.463b</td>
								<td align="center">113</td>
								<td align="center">3.895b</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Relación V:C*</td>
								<td align="center">2.77</td>
								<td align="center">0.105c</td>
								<td align="center">3.36</td>
								<td align="center">0.107b</td>
								<td align="center">3.94</td>
								<td align="center">0.119a</td>
								<td align="center">4.00</td>
								<td align="center">0.105a</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
								<td align="center">0.02</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN9">
							<p>*Relación V:C, indica el producto de la división de la altura de vellosidad entre profundidad de cripta.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN10">
							<p><sup>a b, c,</sup> indica diferencia estadística (Tuckey, <italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.01)</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p><bold>Morfología epitelial del duodeno</bold>. El análisis indica una interacción (p&lt;0.01)
				del clima con el zinc, observándose que en clima fresco los cerdos tienen una mejor
				respuesta al consumo adicional de 100 mg de Zn/kg de alimento, con una mayor altura
				de las vellosidades respecto de los cerdos suplementados durante la época calurosa.
				En el caso de la profundidad de las criptas, los cerdos que consumieron alimento
				adicionado con metionina de zinc, tanto en época cálida como en época de fresca,
				tuvieron una menor (p&lt;0.02) profundidad; en tanto que la relación V:C fue
				influenciada (p&lt;0.01) por el clima; siendo mayor durante la época fresca.</p>
			<p><bold>Morfología epitelial del yeyuno</bold>. El clima fue el factor que modificó (p&lt;0.01)
				la altura de las vellosidades, observándose una mayor altura de estas en los cerdos
				tratados durante la época fresca; sin embargo, la profundidad de las criptas fue
				menor (p&lt;0.05) en los cerdos que consumieron alimento adicionado con metionina de
				zinc, tanto en la época cálida como en la fresca, así como en los que no consumieron
				zinc adicional durante la época fresca (p&lt;0.05). De igual manera, la mayor
				(p&lt;0.03) relación V:C se observó en los animales y épocas del año referidas
				previamente.</p>
			<p><bold>Morfología epitelial del íleon</bold>. En la región del íleon la altura de las
				vellosidades también fue mayor (p&lt;0.01) en los en los cerdos tratados durante la
				época fresca; sin embargo, la profundidad de la cripta fue menor (p&lt;0.03) en los
				cerdos que consumieron alimento adicionado con metionina de zinc, tanto en la época
				cálida y como en la época fresca, observándose una interacción (p&lt;0.03) entre los
				factores clima y zinc. Se encontró una interacción (p&lt;0.04) entre clima y zinc en
				la relación V: C.</p>
			<p>Al hacer el análisis agrupado (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">cuadro 8</xref>) de la morfología epitelial de los tres segmentes del intestino delgado, se observó que el clima tiene un mayor efecto (p&lt;0.01) sobre la altura de las vellosidades, y que existe una interacción (p&lt;0.02) entre el clima y la suplementación con zinc en la reducción de la profundidad de las criptas y en la elevación de la relación V: C.</p>
			<p>Los resultados del presente estudio indican que el zinc suplementario a nivel de 100 mg/kg de alimento, a partir de metionina de zinc, mejora la morfología intestinal de cerdos en engorda criados bajo ambiente caluroso; pero cuando se suplementa a cerdos criados bajo ambientes frescos se mejora la respuesta.</p>
			<p>Se ha sugerido que una baja relación V: C puede indicar una atrofia de las vellosidades, asociada con un aumento en la tasa de pérdida de células del vértice de las vellosidades, que concurre con una mayor producción de células en las criptas y, por lo tanto, una mayor profundidad de éstas. Una mayor proporción de V: C, sugiere un estado más sano del intestino (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Tang <italic>et al</italic>., 1999</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Al <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> indicaron que la altura de las vellosidades y la profundidad de la cripta muestran cambios de desarrollo notablemente interdependientes; por lo tanto, su medida morfométrica no puede considerarse individualmente; en su lugar debe evaluarse la proporción de V: C; lo que sugiere, que la mayor proporción V: C observada en el presente estudio (3.36 vs. 2.77; p&lt;0.01) en los cerdos que recibieron suplementación con 100 mg de Zn (ZnMet) kg-1 durante la época de calor, respecto de los que no recibieron zinc adicional, se debe a la acción benéfica del Zn orgánico sobre el mantenimiento de la integridad y la morfología intestinal. Estos resultados son congruentes con los obtenidos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bouwhuis <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref>, quienes informaron que la inclusión de metionina de zinc aumentó la altura de la vellosidad en el yeyuno, pero no aumentó la ganancia de peso de los cerdos. Además, estudios más recientes demostraron que la suplementación con zinc (450 mg kg-1 de nano-ZnO y 3,000 mg kg-1 de ZnO) protegen la morfología del intestino delgado, al aumentar la altura de las vellosidades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Long <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Pei <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Por su parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Li <italic>et al</italic>. (2001)</xref>, observaron que los cerdos que recibieron ZnO suplementario tuvieron mayor grosor de la mucosa y altura de la vellosidad, en los sitios proximal y medial del intestino delgado, con respecto a los cerdos que recibieron la dieta testigo.</p>
			<p>Se sabe que el estrés calórico afecta la salud y función gastrointestinal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Eshel <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>), ya que durante el estrés calórico el flujo de sangre se desvía del sistema esplénico a la piel, en un intento de disipar el exceso de calor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Lambert, 2009</xref>); un flujo sanguíneo reducido e hipertermia conducen a hipoxia, estrés oxidativo y nitrosante en el enterocito (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pearce <italic>et al</italic>., 2013a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">c</xref>), dañando las membranas celulares y mucosas; así como las uniones estrechas, aumentando la permeabilidad intestinal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Lambert <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>). Al respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Pearce <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> observaron que el estrés calórico aumenta el paso de sustancias de alto peso molecular y endotoxinas circulantes; además de un aumento en la autolisis del epitelio intestinal.</p>
			<p>Se ha demostrado que la suplementación con óxido de zinc reduce la permeabilidad intestinal en lechones al destete, al tiempo que aumenta la cantidad y expresión de proteínas de unión estrecha (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Zhang y Guo, 2009</xref>). También niveles crecientes del complejo de zinc AA (220 y 320 mg/kg) aumentaron la integridad del tracto gastrointestinal, en comparación con cerdos testigo que recibieron 120 mg/kg de ZnSO4 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Sanz-Fernandez <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>); además, este mineral protege las células contra el daño oxidativo estabilizando las membranas, inhibiendo la enzima pro-oxidante nicotinamida adenina dinucleótido fosfato oxidasa (NADPH-Oxidasa), e induciendo la síntesis de metalotioneínas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Marreiro <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Al respecto se ha informado que la suplementación con zinc induce la expresión de metalotioneínas en células Caco-2 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Wang <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>), que podrían actuar como antioxidantes, debido a su capacidad para secuestrar especies reactivas de oxígeno e intermediarios de nitrógeno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Waeytens <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). Además, el zinc aumenta la expresión y la concentración de sustancias antimicrobianas como las <italic>β</italic>-defensinas en las células IPEC-J2 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Mao <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>Por otro lado, el Zn es un componente estructural de la enzima superóxido dismutasa (SOD), presente en el citoplasma de las células; la SOD promueve la conversión de dos radicales superóxido (O2-) en peróxido de hidrógeno (H2O2) y oxígeno molecular (O2), reduciendo la toxicidad de las especies reactivas de oxígeno (EROs); porque convierte una especie altamente reactiva en una menos dañina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cruz y Soares, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Marreiro <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Los estudios también han destacado su papel en la regulación de la glutatión peroxidasa y en la expresión de la glutamato-cisteína ligasa, una enzima involucrada en la síntesis de glutatión que actúa directamente sobre la neutralización de radicales libres (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Marreiro <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). En consecuencia, parece haber una variedad de mecanismos por los cuales el zinc en la dieta puede mantener o restaurar la integridad y morfología del epitelio intestinal, bajo condiciones de estrés oxidativo.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La suplementación con 100 mg de zinc/kg de alimento, a partir de metionina de zinc, mejora la integridad del epitelio intestinal en los cerdos de engorda, criados bajo condiciones de alta carga calórica, y la suplementación durante el periodo de gestación- lactación, se puede utilizar como una estrategia para reducir la mortalidad durante la etapa de engorda.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>LITERATURA CITADA</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<mixed-citation>AL MASRI S, Hünigen H, Al Aiyan A, Rieger J, Zentek J, Richardson K, Plendl J. 2015. Influence of age at weaning and feeding regimes on the postnatal morphology of the porcine small intestine. <italic>Journal Swine Health and Production</italic>. 23(4):186-203. ISSN: 1537-209X. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1806.5043</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>AL MASRI</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hünigen</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Al Aiyan</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rieger</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zentek</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Richardson</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Plendl</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Influence of age at weaning and feeding regimes on the postnatal morphology of the porcine small intestine</article-title>
					<source>Journal Swine Health and Production</source>
					<volume>23</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>186</fpage>
					<lpage>203</lpage>
					<issn>1537-209X</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.13140/RG.2.1.1806.5043</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<mixed-citation>BOUWHUIS MA, Sweeney T, Mukhopadhya A, Thornton K, McAlpine PO and O’Doherty JV. 2016. Zinc methionine and laminarin have growth-enhancing properties in newly weaned pigs influencing both intestinal health and diarrhoea occurrence. <italic>Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition</italic>. 101(6):1273-1285. ISSN: 0931-2439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12647</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>BOUWHUIS</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sweeney</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mukhopadhya</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Thornton</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>McAlpine</surname>
							<given-names>PO</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>O’Doherty</surname>
							<given-names>JV</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Zinc methionine and laminarin have growth-enhancing properties in newly weaned pigs influencing both intestinal health and diarrhoea occurrence</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition</source>
					<volume>101</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>1273</fpage>
					<lpage>1285</lpage>
					<issn>0931-2439</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpn.12647</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<mixed-citation>CHAND N, Naz S, Khan A, Khan S, Khan RU. 2014. Performance traits and immune response of broiler chicks treated with zinc and ascorbic acid supplementation during cyclic heat stress. <italic>International Journal of Biometeorology</italic>. 58(10):2153-2157. ISSN: 1432-1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00484-014-0815-7</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>CHAND</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Naz</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Khan</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Khan</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Khan</surname>
							<given-names>RU</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Performance traits and immune response of broiler chicks treated with zinc and ascorbic acid supplementation during cyclic heat stress</article-title>
					<source>International Journal of Biometeorology</source>
					<volume>58</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>2153</fpage>
					<lpage>2157</lpage>
					<issn>1432-1254</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00484-014-0815-7</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<mixed-citation>CHASAPIS CT, Loutsidou AC, Spiliopoulou CA, Stefanidou ME. 2012. Zinc and human health: an update. Archives of Toxicology. 86(4):521-534. ISSN: 0340-5761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-011-0775-1</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>CHASAPIS</surname>
							<given-names>CT</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Loutsidou</surname>
							<given-names>AC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Spiliopoulou</surname>
							<given-names>CA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Stefanidou</surname>
							<given-names>ME</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Zinc and human health: an update</article-title>
					<source>Archives of Toxicology</source>
					<volume>86</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>521</fpage>
					<lpage>534</lpage>
					<issn>0340-5761</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00204-011-0775-1</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<mixed-citation>CIAD. Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Unidad Culiacán. Sistema Estadístico del Clima Automatizado de Sinaloa. 2015. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://187.141.135.166/CIAD/DatosPorPeriodoNuevo.aspx">http://187.141.135.166/CIAD/DatosPorPeriodoNuevo.aspx</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="webpage">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>CIAD. Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C</collab>
					</person-group>
					<source>Unidad Culiacán. Sistema Estadístico del Clima Automatizado de Sinaloa</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://187.141.135.166/CIAD/DatosPorPeriodoNuevo.aspx">http://187.141.135.166/CIAD/DatosPorPeriodoNuevo.aspx</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<mixed-citation>CIAD. Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Unidad Culiacán. Sistema Estadístico del Clima Automatizado de Sinaloa. 2016. http://187.141.135.166/CIAD/DatosPorPeriodoNuevo.aspx</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>CIAD. Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C</collab>
					</person-group>
					<source>Unidad Culiacán. Sistema Estadístico del Clima Automatizado de Sinaloa</source>
					<year>2016</year>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<mixed-citation>CRUZ JBF, Soares HF. 2011. Uma revisão sobre o zinco. Ensaios Ciência Ciências Biológicas Agrárias Saúde. 15: 207-222. ISSN: 1415-6938. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/260/26019329014.pdf">https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/260/26019329014.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>CRUZ</surname>
							<given-names>JBF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Soares</surname>
							<given-names>HF</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<article-title>Uma revisão sobre o zinco</article-title>
					<source>Ensaios Ciência Ciências Biológicas Agrárias Saúde</source>
					<volume>15</volume>
					<fpage>207</fpage>
					<lpage>222</lpage>
					<issn>1415-6938</issn>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/260/26019329014.pdf">https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/260/26019329014.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<mixed-citation>ESHEL GM, Safar P, Stezoski W. 2001. The role of thegut in the pathogenesis of death due to hyperthermia. <italic>The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology</italic>. 22(1):100-104. ISSN: 0195-7910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000433-200103000-00022</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>ESHEL</surname>
							<given-names>GM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Safar</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Stezoski</surname>
							<given-names>W</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2001</year>
					<article-title>The role of thegut in the pathogenesis of death due to hyperthermia</article-title>
					<source>The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology</source>
					<volume>22</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>100</fpage>
					<lpage>104</lpage>
					<issn>0195-7910</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/00000433-200103000-00022</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<mixed-citation>LAGANA C, Ribeiro AML, Kessler A, Kratz LR, Pinheiro CC. 2007. Effect of the supplementation of vitamins and organic minerals on the performance of broilers under heat stress. <italic>Revista Brasileira de Ciencia Avícola</italic>. 9(1):01-06. ISSN: 1806-9061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-635X2007000100006</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>LAGANA</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ribeiro</surname>
							<given-names>AML</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kessler</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kratz</surname>
							<given-names>LR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pinheiro</surname>
							<given-names>CC</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2007</year>
					<article-title>Effect of the supplementation of vitamins and organic minerals on the performance of broilers under heat stress</article-title>
					<source>Revista Brasileira de Ciencia Avícola</source>
					<volume>9</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>01</fpage>
					<lpage>06</lpage>
					<issn>1806-9061</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S1516-635X2007000100006</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<mixed-citation>LAMBERT GP, Gisolfi CV, Berg DJ, Moseley PL, Oberley LW, Kregel KC. 2002. Selected contribution: Hyperthermia-induced intestinal permeability and the role of oxidative and nitrosative stress. <italic>Journal Applied of Physiology</italic>. 92(4): 1750-1761. ISSN: 1522-1601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00787.2001</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>LAMBERT</surname>
							<given-names>GP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gisolfi</surname>
							<given-names>CV</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Berg</surname>
							<given-names>DJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Moseley</surname>
							<given-names>PL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Oberley</surname>
							<given-names>LW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kregel</surname>
							<given-names>KC</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2002</year>
					<article-title>Selected contribution: Hyperthermia-induced intestinal permeability and the role of oxidative and nitrosative stress</article-title>
					<source>Journal Applied of Physiology</source>
					<volume>92</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>1750</fpage>
					<lpage>1761</lpage>
					<issn>1522-1601</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1152/japplphysiol.00787.2001</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<mixed-citation>LAMBERT GP. 2009. Stress-induced gastrointestinal barrier dysfunction and its inflammatory effects. <italic>Journal of Animal Science</italic>. 87:E101-E108. ISSN: 1525-3163. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2008-1339</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>LAMBERT</surname>
							<given-names>GP</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2009</year>
					<article-title>Stress-induced gastrointestinal barrier dysfunction and its inflammatory effects</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Animal Science</source>
					<volume>87</volume>
					<fpage>E101</fpage>
					<lpage>E108</lpage>
					<issn>1525-3163</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2527/jas.2008-1339</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<mixed-citation>LI BT, van Kessel AG, Caine WR, Huang SX, Kirkwood RN. 2001. Small intestinal morphology and bacterial populations in ileal digesta and feces of newly weaned pigs receiving a high dietary level of zinc oxide. <italic>Canadian Journal of Animal Science</italic>. 81(4):511-516. ISSN: 0008-3984. https://doi.org/10.4141/A01-043</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>LI</surname>
							<given-names>BT</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>van Kessel</surname>
							<given-names>AG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Caine</surname>
							<given-names>WR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Huang</surname>
							<given-names>SX</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kirkwood</surname>
							<given-names>RN</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2001</year>
					<article-title>Small intestinal morphology and bacterial populations in ileal digesta and feces of newly weaned pigs receiving a high dietary level of zinc oxide</article-title>
					<source>Canadian Journal of Animal Science</source>
					<volume>81</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>511</fpage>
					<lpage>516</lpage>
					<issn>0008-3984</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4141/A01-043</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<mixed-citation>LI Y, Cao Y, Zhou X, Wang F, Shan T, Li Z, Xu W, Li C. 2015. Effects of zinc sulfate pretreatment on heat tolerance of Bama miniature pig under high ambient temperature. <italic>Journal of Animal Science</italic>. 93:3421-3430. ISSN: 1525-3163. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-8910</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>LI</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cao</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhou</surname>
							<given-names>X</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shan</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Li</surname>
							<given-names>Z</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Xu</surname>
							<given-names>W</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Li</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Effects of zinc sulfate pretreatment on heat tolerance of Bama miniature pig under high ambient temperature</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Animal Science</source>
					<volume>93</volume>
					<fpage>3421</fpage>
					<lpage>3430</lpage>
					<issn>1525-3163</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2527/jas.2015-8910</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<mixed-citation>LONG L, Chen J, Zhang Y, Liang X, Ni H, Zhang B, Yin Y. 2017. Comparison of porous and nano zinc oxide for replacing high-dose dietary regular zinc oxide in weaning piglets. <italic>Plos ONE</italic>. 12(8):e0182550. ISSN: 1932-6203. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182550</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>LONG</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chen</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhang</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liang</surname>
							<given-names>X</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ni</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhang</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yin</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Comparison of porous and nano zinc oxide for replacing high-dose dietary regular zinc oxide in weaning piglets</article-title>
					<source>Plos ONE</source>
					<volume>12</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<elocation-id>e0182550</elocation-id>
					<issn>1932-6203</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0182550</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<mixed-citation>MADER TL, Davis MS, Brown-Brandl T. 2006. Environmental factors influencing heat stress in feedlot cattle. <italic>Journal of Animal Science</italic>. 84:712-719. ISSN: 0021-8812. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1622&amp;context=animalscifacpub">http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1622&amp;context=animalscifacpub</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MADER</surname>
							<given-names>TL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Davis</surname>
							<given-names>MS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brown-Brandl</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2006</year>
					<article-title>Environmental factors influencing heat stress in feedlot cattle</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Animal Science</source>
					<volume>84</volume>
					<fpage>712</fpage>
					<lpage>719</lpage>
					<issn>0021-8812</issn>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1622&amp;context=animalscifacpub">http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1622&amp;context=animalscifacpub</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<mixed-citation>MANI V, Weber TE, Baumgard LH, Gabler NK. 2012. Growth and development symposium: Endotoxin, inflammation, and intestinal function in livestock. <italic>Journal of animal Science</italic>. 90 (5):1452-1465. ISSN: 0021-8812. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4627</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MANI</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Weber</surname>
							<given-names>TE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Baumgard</surname>
							<given-names>LH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gabler</surname>
							<given-names>NK</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Growth and development symposium: Endotoxin, inflammation, and intestinal function in livestock</article-title>
					<source>Journal of animal Science</source>
					<volume>90</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>1452</fpage>
					<lpage>1465</lpage>
					<issn>0021-8812</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2527/jas.2011-4627</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<mixed-citation>MAO X, Qi S, Yu B, He J, Yu J, Chen D. 2013. Zn (2+) and L-isoleucine induce the expressions of porcine beta-defensins in IPEC-J2 cells. <italic>Molecular Biology Reports</italic>. 40(2): 1547-1552. ISSN: 1573-4978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-012-2200-0</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MAO</surname>
							<given-names>X</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Qi</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yu</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>He</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yu</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chen</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Zn (2+) and L-isoleucine induce the expressions of porcine beta-defensins in IPEC-J2 cells</article-title>
					<source>Molecular Biology Reports</source>
					<volume>40</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>1547</fpage>
					<lpage>1552</lpage>
					<issn>1573-4978</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11033-012-2200-0</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<mixed-citation>MARET W. 2013. Zinc biochemistry: From a single zinc enzyme to a key element of life. <italic>Advances in Nutrition</italic>. 4(1):82−91. ISSN: 2161-8313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/an.112.003038.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MARET</surname>
							<given-names>W</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Zinc biochemistry: From a single zinc enzyme to a key element of life</article-title>
					<source>Advances in Nutrition</source>
					<volume>4</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>82−91</fpage>
					<lpage>82−91</lpage>
					<issn>2161-8313</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3945/an.112.003038</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<mixed-citation>MARREIRO DN, Cruz KJC, Morais JBS, Beserra JB, Severo, de Oliveira ARS. 2017. Zinc and Oxidative Stress: Current Mechanisms. <italic>Antioxidants</italic>, 6 (2): 24. ISSN: 2076-3921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox6020024</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MARREIRO</surname>
							<given-names>DN</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cruz</surname>
							<given-names>KJC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Morais</surname>
							<given-names>JBS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Beserra</surname>
							<given-names>JB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Severo</surname>
							<given-names>de Oliveira ARS</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Zinc and Oxidative Stress: Current Mechanisms</article-title>
					<source>Antioxidants</source>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>24</fpage>
					<lpage>24</lpage>
					<issn>2076-3921</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/antiox6020024</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<mixed-citation>McDOWELL LR. 2003. Zinc. En <italic>Minerals in Animal and Human Nutrition</italic>. 2nd ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Pp. 644. ISBN: 978-0-444-51367-0; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780444513670/minerals-in-animal-and-human- nutrition">https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780444513670/minerals-in-animal-and-human- nutrition</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>McDOWELL</surname>
							<given-names>LR</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2003</year>
					<chapter-title>Zinc</chapter-title>
					<source>Minerals in Animal and Human Nutrition</source>
					<edition>2</edition>
					<publisher-name>Elsevier</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Amsterdam, The Netherlands</publisher-loc>
					<fpage>644</fpage>
					<lpage>644</lpage>
					<isbn>978-0-444-51367-0</isbn>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780444513670/minerals-in-animal-and-human- nutrition">https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780444513670/minerals-in-animal-and-human- nutrition</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<mixed-citation>MING-ZHE L, Jie-Ting H, Yi-Hao T, Syuan-Yian M, Chao-Ming F, Tu-Fa L. 2016. Nanosize of zinc oxide and the effects on zinc digestibility, growth performances, immune response and serum parameters of weanling piglets. <italic>Animal Science Journal</italic>. 87: 1379-1385. ISSN: 1740-0929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/asj.12579</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MING-ZHE</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jie-Ting</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yi-Hao</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Syuan-Yian</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chao-Ming</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tu-Fa</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Nanosize of zinc oxide and the effects on zinc digestibility, growth performances, immune response and serum parameters of weanling piglets</article-title>
					<source>Animal Science Journal</source>
					<volume>87</volume>
					<fpage>1379</fpage>
					<lpage>1385</lpage>
					<issn>1740-0929</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/asj.12579</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B22">
				<mixed-citation>NOM-033. 2014. NOM-033-SAG. <italic>ZOO-2014. Métodos para dar muerte a los animales domésticos y silvestres</italic>, <italic>26</italic>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.gob.mx/profepa/documentos/norma-oficial-mexicana-nom-033-sag-zoo-2014-metodos-para-dar-muerte-a-los-animales-domesticos-y-silvestres">https://www.gob.mx/profepa/documentos/norma-oficial-mexicana-nom-033-sag-zoo-2014-metodos-para-dar-muerte-a-los-animales-domesticos-y-silvestres</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="legal-doc">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>NOM-033. 2014. NOM-033-SAG</collab>
					</person-group>
					<source>ZOO-2014. Métodos para dar muerte a los animales domésticos y silvestres</source>
					<volume>26</volume>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.gob.mx/profepa/documentos/norma-oficial-mexicana-nom-033-sag-zoo-2014-metodos-para-dar-muerte-a-los-animales-domesticos-y-silvestres">https://www.gob.mx/profepa/documentos/norma-oficial-mexicana-nom-033-sag-zoo-2014-metodos-para-dar-muerte-a-los-animales-domesticos-y-silvestres</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B23">
				<mixed-citation>NRC (National Research Council). 2012. Nutrient requirements of swine. 11th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC. USA.Pp. 420. ISBN: 978-0-309-22423-9; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.nap.edu/catalog/13298/nutrient-requirements-of-swine-eleventh-revised-edition">https://www.nap.edu/catalog/13298/nutrient-requirements-of-swine-eleventh-revised-edition</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>NRC (National Research Council)</collab>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<source>Nutrient requirements of swine</source>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<publisher-name>Natl. Acad. Press</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Washington, DC. USA</publisher-loc>
					<fpage>420</fpage>
					<lpage>420</lpage>
					<isbn>978-0-309-22423-9</isbn>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.nap.edu/catalog/13298/nutrient-requirements-of-swine-eleventh-revised-edition">https://www.nap.edu/catalog/13298/nutrient-requirements-of-swine-eleventh-revised-edition</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B24">
				<mixed-citation>PAYNE RL, Bidner TD, Fakler TM and LL Southern. 2006. Growth and intestinal morphology of pigs from sows fed two zinc sources during gestation and lactation. <italic>Journal of Animal Science</italic>. 84:2141-214. ISSN: 0021-8812, https://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2005-627</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>PAYNE</surname>
							<given-names>RL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bidner</surname>
							<given-names>TD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fakler</surname>
							<given-names>TM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Southern</surname>
							<given-names>LL</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2006</year>
					<article-title>Growth and intestinal morphology of pigs from sows fed two zinc sources during gestation and lactation</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Animal Science</source>
					<volume>84</volume>
					<fpage>2141</fpage>
					<lpage>2214</lpage>
					<issn>0021-8812</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2527/jas.2005-627</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B25">
				<mixed-citation>PEARCE SC, Gabler NK, Ross JW, Escobar J, Patience JF, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH. 2013a. The effects of heat stress and plane of nutrition on metabolism in growing pigs. <italic>Journal of Animal Science</italic>. 91:2108-2118. ISSN: 1525-3163. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-5738</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>PEARCE</surname>
							<given-names>SC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gabler</surname>
							<given-names>NK</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ross</surname>
							<given-names>JW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Escobar</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Patience</surname>
							<given-names>JF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rhoads</surname>
							<given-names>RP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Baumgard</surname>
							<given-names>LH</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>The effects of heat stress and plane of nutrition on metabolism in growing pigs</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Animal Science</source>
					<volume>91</volume>
					<fpage>2108</fpage>
					<lpage>2118</lpage>
					<issn>1525-3163</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2527/jas.2012-5738</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B26">
				<mixed-citation>PEARCE SC, Mani V, Boddicker RL, Johnson JS, Weber TE, Ross JW, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH, Gabler NK. 2013b. Heat stress reduces intestinal barrier integrity and favors intestinal glucose transport in growing pigs. <italic>PLoS ONE</italic>. 8:E70215. ISSN: 1932-6203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070215</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>PEARCE</surname>
							<given-names>SC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mani</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Boddicker</surname>
							<given-names>RL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Johnson</surname>
							<given-names>JS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Weber</surname>
							<given-names>TE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ross</surname>
							<given-names>JW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rhoads</surname>
							<given-names>RP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Baumgard</surname>
							<given-names>LH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gabler</surname>
							<given-names>NK</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Heat stress reduces intestinal barrier integrity and favors intestinal glucose transport in growing pigs</article-title>
					<source>PLoS ONE</source>
					<volume>8</volume>
					<elocation-id>E70215</elocation-id>
					<issn>1932-6203</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0070215</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B27">
				<mixed-citation>PEARCE SC, Mani V, Weber TE, Rhoads RP, Patience JF, Baumgard LH, Gabler NK. 2013c. Heat stress and reduced plane of nutrition decreases intestinal integrity and function in pigs. <italic>Journal of Animal Science</italic>. 91:5183-5193. ISSN: 1525-3163. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-6759</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>PEARCE</surname>
							<given-names>SC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mani</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Weber</surname>
							<given-names>TE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rhoads</surname>
							<given-names>RP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Patience</surname>
							<given-names>JF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Baumgard</surname>
							<given-names>LH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gabler</surname>
							<given-names>NK</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Heat stress and reduced plane of nutrition decreases intestinal integrity and function in pigs</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Animal Science</source>
					<volume>91</volume>
					<fpage>5183</fpage>
					<lpage>5193</lpage>
					<issn>1525-3163</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2527/jas.2013-6759</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B28">
				<mixed-citation>PEARCE SC, Sanz-Fernandez MV, Torrison J, Wilson ME, Baumgard LH, Gabler NK. 2015. Dietary organic zinc attenuates heat stress-induced changes in pig intestinal integrity and metabolism. Journal of Animal Science. 93:4702-4713. ISSN: 1525-3163. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas2015-9018</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>PEARCE</surname>
							<given-names>SC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sanz-Fernandez</surname>
							<given-names>MV</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Torrison</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wilson</surname>
							<given-names>ME</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Baumgard</surname>
							<given-names>LH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gabler</surname>
							<given-names>NK</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Dietary organic zinc attenuates heat stress-induced changes in pig intestinal integrity and metabolism</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Animal Science</source>
					<volume>93</volume>
					<fpage>4702</fpage>
					<lpage>4713</lpage>
					<issn>1525-3163</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2527/jas2015-9018</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B29">
				<mixed-citation>PEI X, Xiao Z, Liu L, Wang G, Tao W, Wanga M, Zou J, Leng D. 2018. Effects of Dietary Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Supplementation on Growth Performance, Zinc Status, Intestinal Morphology, Microflora Population, and Immune Response in Weaned Pigs Running. <italic>Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture</italic>. 99(3):1366-1374. ISSN: 1097-0010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9312</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>PEI</surname>
							<given-names>X</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Xiao</surname>
							<given-names>Z</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liu</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tao</surname>
							<given-names>W</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wanga</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zou</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Leng</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Effects of Dietary Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Supplementation on Growth Performance, Zinc Status, Intestinal Morphology, Microflora Population, and Immune Response in Weaned Pigs Running</article-title>
					<source>Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture</source>
					<volume>99</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>1366</fpage>
					<lpage>1374</lpage>
					<issn>1097-0010</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/jsfa.9312</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B30">
				<mixed-citation>PROPHET E, Mills B, Arrington J, Sobón L. 1995. Métodos histotecnológicos. Instituto de Patología de las Fuerzas Armadas de los Estados Unidos de América. Washington DC. Registro de Patología de los Estados Unidos de América (ARP) e Instituto de Patología de las Fuerzas Armadas de los Estados Unidos de América (AFIP). ISBN: 1881041212 9781881041214; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/metodos- histotecnologicos/oclc/630264753">https://www.worldcat.org/title/metodos- histotecnologicos/oclc/630264753</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>PROPHET</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mills</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Arrington</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sobón</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1995</year>
					<source>Métodos histotecnológicos</source>
					<publisher-name>Instituto de Patología de las Fuerzas Armadas de los Estados Unidos de América</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Washington DC</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Registro de Patología de los Estados Unidos de América (ARP) e Instituto de Patología de las Fuerzas Armadas de los Estados Unidos de América (AFIP)</publisher-name>
					<isbn>1881041212 9781881041214</isbn>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/metodos- histotecnologicos/oclc/630264753">https://www.worldcat.org/title/metodos- histotecnologicos/oclc/630264753</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B31">
				<mixed-citation>RAKHSHANDEH A, Dekkers JCM, Kerr BJ, Weber TE, English J, Gabler NK. 2012. Effect of immune system stimulation and divergent selection for residual feed intake on digestive capacity of the small intestine in growing pigs. <italic>Journal of animal Science</italic>. 90(Suppl. 4):233-235. ISSN: 0021-8812. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.53976</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>RAKHSHANDEH</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dekkers</surname>
							<given-names>JCM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kerr</surname>
							<given-names>BJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Weber</surname>
							<given-names>TE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>English</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gabler</surname>
							<given-names>NK.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Effect of immune system stimulation and divergent selection for residual feed intake on digestive capacity of the small intestine in growing pigs</article-title>
					<source>Journal of animal Science</source>
					<volume>90</volume>
					<supplement>4</supplement>
					<fpage>233</fpage>
					<lpage>235</lpage>
					<issn>0021-8812</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2527/jas.53976</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B32">
				<mixed-citation>RENAUDEAU D, Gourdine JL, St-Pierre NR. 2011. A meta-analysis of the effects of high ambient temperature on growth performance of growing finishing pigs. <italic>Journal of Animal Science</italic>. 89(7):2220-2230. ISSN: 1525-3163. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3329</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>RENAUDEAU</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gourdine</surname>
							<given-names>JL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>St-Pierre</surname>
							<given-names>NR</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<article-title>A meta-analysis of the effects of high ambient temperature on growth performance of growing finishing pigs</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Animal Science</source>
					<volume>89</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>2220</fpage>
					<lpage>2230</lpage>
					<issn>1525-3163</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2527/jas.2010-3329</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B33">
				<mixed-citation>RICHARDS JD, Fisher PM, Evans JL, Wedekind KJ. 2015. Greater bioavailability of chelated compared with inorganic zinc in broiler chicks in the presence or absence of elevated calcium and phosphorus. <italic>Open Access Animal Physiology</italic>. 7:97-109. ISSN: 1179-2779. https://doi.org/10.2147/OAAP.S83845</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>RICHARDS</surname>
							<given-names>JD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fisher</surname>
							<given-names>PM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Evans</surname>
							<given-names>JL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wedekind</surname>
							<given-names>KJ</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Greater bioavailability of chelated compared with inorganic zinc in broiler chicks in the presence or absence of elevated calcium and phosphorus</article-title>
					<source>Open Access Animal Physiology</source>
					<volume>7</volume>
					<fpage>97</fpage>
					<lpage>109</lpage>
					<issn>1179-2779</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/OAAP.S83845</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B34">
				<mixed-citation>ROMO JM, Romo JA, Barajas R, Enríquez I, Silva G, Montero A. 2017. Efecto del consume de zinc orgánico en la respuesta productiva de la cerda y su camada. <italic>Abanico veterinario</italic>. 7(2):43-59. ISSN 2448-6132. http://dx.doi.org/10.21929/abavet2017.72.4</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>ROMO</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Romo</surname>
							<given-names>JA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Barajas</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Enríquez</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Silva</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Montero</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Efecto del consume de zinc orgánico en la respuesta productiva de la cerda y su camada</article-title>
					<source>Abanico veterinario</source>
					<volume>7</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>43</fpage>
					<lpage>59</lpage>
					<issn>2448-6132</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2017.72.4</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B35">
				<mixed-citation>SANZ-FERNANDEZ MV, Pearce SC, Gabler NK, Patience JF, Wilson ME, Socha MT, Torrison JL, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH. 2014. Effects of supplemental zinc amino acid complex on gut integrity in heat-stressed growing pigs. <italic>Animal</italic>. 8:43-50. ISSN: 1751-732X. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1751731113001961</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>SANZ-FERNANDEZ</surname>
							<given-names>MV</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pearce</surname>
							<given-names>SC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gabler</surname>
							<given-names>NK</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Patience</surname>
							<given-names>JF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wilson</surname>
							<given-names>ME</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Socha</surname>
							<given-names>MT</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Torrison</surname>
							<given-names>JL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rhoads</surname>
							<given-names>RP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Baumgard</surname>
							<given-names>LH</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Effects of supplemental zinc amino acid complex on gut integrity in heat-stressed growing pigs</article-title>
					<source>Animal</source>
					<volume>8</volume>
					<fpage>43</fpage>
					<lpage>50</lpage>
					<issn>1751-732X</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S1751731113001961</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B36">
				<mixed-citation>SCHLEGEL P, Sauvant D, Jondreville C. 2013. Bioavailabiliy of zinc sources and their interaction with phytates in broilers and piglets. <italic>Animal</italic>. 7(1):47-59. ISSN: 1751-732X. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1751731112001000</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>SCHLEGEL</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sauvant</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jondreville</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Bioavailabiliy of zinc sources and their interaction with phytates in broilers and piglets</article-title>
					<source>Animal</source>
					<volume>7</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>47</fpage>
					<lpage>59</lpage>
					<issn>1751-732X</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S1751731112001000</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B37">
				<mixed-citation>STEEL GD y Torrie JH. 1985. Bioestadística: Principios y Procedimientos. (2da. Ed.) McGraw-Hill, México, DF. Pp. 624. ISBN: 968-451495-6; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.academia.edu/35066774/Steel_Robert_G_-_Bioestadistica_Principios_Y_Procedimientos_2ed">https://www.academia.edu/35066774/Steel_Robert_G_-_Bioestadistica_Principios_Y_Procedimientos_2ed</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>STEEL</surname>
							<given-names>GD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Torrie</surname>
							<given-names>JH</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1985</year>
					<source>Bioestadística: Principios y Procedimientos</source>
					<edition>2</edition>
					<publisher-name>McGraw-Hill</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>México, DF</publisher-loc>
					<fpage>624</fpage>
					<lpage>624</lpage>
					<isbn>968-451495-6</isbn>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.academia.edu/35066774/Steel_Robert_G_-_Bioestadistica_Principios_Y_Procedimientos_2ed">https://www.academia.edu/35066774/Steel_Robert_G_-_Bioestadistica_Principios_Y_Procedimientos_2ed</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B38">
				<mixed-citation>ST-PIERRE NR, Cobanov B, Schnitkey G. 2003. Economic losses from heat stress by US livestock industries. <italic>Journal of Dairy Science</italic>. 86(Suppl):E52-E77. ISSN: 0022-0302. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)74040-5</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>ST-PIERRE</surname>
							<given-names>NR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cobanov</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schnitkey</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2003</year>
					<article-title>Economic losses from heat stress by US livestock industries</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Dairy Science</source>
					<volume>86</volume>
					<fpage>E52</fpage>
					<lpage>E77</lpage>
					<issn>0022-0302</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)74040-5</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B39">
				<mixed-citation>TANG M, Laarveld B, Van Kessel AG, Hamilton DL, Estrada A, Patience JF. 1999. Effect of segregated early weaning on postweaning small intestinal development in pigs. <italic>Journal of Animal Science</italic>. 77(12):3191-3200. ISSN: 1525-3163. https://doi.org/10.2527/1999.77123191x</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>TANG</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Laarveld</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Van Kessel</surname>
							<given-names>AG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hamilton</surname>
							<given-names>DL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Estrada</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Patience</surname>
							<given-names>JF</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1999</year>
					<article-title>Effect of segregated early weaning on postweaning small intestinal development in pigs</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Animal Science</source>
					<volume>77</volume>
					<issue>12</issue>
					<fpage>3191</fpage>
					<lpage>3200</lpage>
					<issn>1525-3163</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2527/1999.77123191x</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B40">
				<mixed-citation>WAEYTENS A, De Vos M, Laukens D. 2009. Evidence for a Potential Role of Metallothioneins in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. <italic>Mediators of Inflammation</italic>. Article ID 729172: 9 pages. ISSN: 0962-9351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/729172</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>WAEYTENS</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>De Vos</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Laukens</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2009</year>
					<article-title>Evidence for a Potential Role of Metallothioneins in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases</article-title>
					<source>Mediators of Inflammation</source>
					<issn>0962-9351</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2009/729172</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B41">
				<mixed-citation>WANG X, Valenzano MC, Mercado JM, Zurbach EP, Mullin JM. 2013. Zinc supplementation modifies tight junctions and alters barrier function of CACO-2 human intestinal epithelial layers. <italic>Digestive Diseases and Sciences</italic>. 58(1): 77-87. ISSN: 0163- 2116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-012-2328-8</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>WANG</surname>
							<given-names>X</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Valenzano</surname>
							<given-names>MC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mercado</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zurbach</surname>
							<given-names>EP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mullin</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Zinc supplementation modifies tight junctions and alters barrier function of CACO-2 human intestinal epithelial layers</article-title>
					<source>Digestive Diseases and Sciences</source>
					<volume>58</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>77</fpage>
					<lpage>87</lpage>
					<issn>0163- 2116</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10620-012-2328-8</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B42">
				<mixed-citation>ZHANG B, Guo Y. 2009. Supplemental zinc reduced intestinal permeability by enhancing occludin and zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) expression in weaning piglets. <italic>The British Journal of Nutrition</italic>. 102:687-693. ISSN: 1475-2662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114509289033</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>ZHANG</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Guo</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2009</year>
					<article-title>Supplemental zinc reduced intestinal permeability by enhancing occludin and zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) expression in weaning piglets</article-title>
					<source>The British Journal of Nutrition</source>
					<volume>102</volume>
					<fpage>687</fpage>
					<lpage>693</lpage>
					<issn>1475-2662</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S0007114509289033</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">			
				<p>Clave: 2019-44.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Zinc methionine supplementation effect on performance and intestinal epithelium morphology in pigs reared in hot or cool environments</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>To determine the effect of zinc-methionine supplementation during the gestation-lactation (GL) and growing- finishing (DF) period in the performance and during DF on the epithelium intestinal morphology of fattening pigs under hot and cool condition, two experiments were carried out. The experiment (Exp.) 1 was carried out during the hot season and Exp. 2 during the cool season of the year. 192 pigs were used (96 per Exp.) with an average age of 79 days and 26.39±SD4.97 kg of body weight, piglets of sows that received or not feed added with 100 mg of Zn/kg, from 80 to 114 days of gestation and during 21 d of lactation (GL). In each experiment, the pigs were assigned to one of four treatments in a completely random design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. The treatments were T1 (control, n = 24), non-supplemented mothers-non- supplemented pigs; T2 (Zn FD; n = 24), non-supplemented mothers, pigs supplemented with 100 mg of Zn/kg feed; T3 (Zn GL; n = 24), supplemented mothers - non-supplemented pigs and, T4 (Zn GL + Zn DF; n = 24), supplemented mothers + supplemented pigs. Supplementation with 100 mg of Zn / kg of feed during GL and DF did not modify the productive performance of the pigs during the study period. However, the villus height: crypt depth ratio was higher (p &lt;0.01) in pigs supplemented with Zn (3.36 vs. 2.77) during the hot season. An interaction (p &lt;0.02) between climate and zinc, methionine supplementation was observed in the depth of the crypt and the V:C ratio. Supplementation during GL tended (P=0.06) to lower the mortality of developing-finishing pigs in the cool season. According to results, it is concluded that the addition of zinc methionine to the diet improves the integrity of the intestinal epithelium in developing-finishing pigs reared under a hot environment, and supplementation during the gestation and lactation period reduces mortality during fattening.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Pig</kwd>
				<kwd>Zinc methionine</kwd>
				<kwd>Intestinal epithelium</kwd>
				<kwd>Productive response</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Animal production is seriously affected by heat stress (HS); the United States pork industry is estimated to lose more than $ 300 million a year; while global losses amount to billions of dollars (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">St-Pierre <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>). HS -induced economic losses are the result of poor sow performance, reduced and inconsistent growth of fattening pigs, lower carcass quality, and increased veterinary costs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">St-Pierre <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Renaudeau <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). The consequences of HS in the low productive performance of the pig may be related to the negative effects on intestinal integrity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pearce <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>a; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Sanz- Fernandez <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>Mammals in HS redistribute blood to the periphery to maximize radiant heat dissipation, resulting in less blood and nutrient flow in the intestine; compromising the intestinal barrier and increasing its permeability (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pearce <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>b); in addition, HS can antagonize digestibility and anabolic pathways in pigs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Mani <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rakhshandeh <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). Because Zn requirements increase during heat stress (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Lagana <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>), it has been suggested that Zn supplementation could be used to attenuate the serum Zn decrease during periods of high ambient temperatures (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Chand <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Li <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). Zinc in the form of a divalent metal ion, Zn2+, is nutritionally essential for all living organisms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Maret, 2013</xref>); is a trace mineral with proven importance for the function of more than 300 enzymes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Chasapis <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>). Pig diets are generally supplemented with inorganic Zn (ZnSO4 or ZnO), to ensure the required contribution, being the inorganic source of ZnSO4 the one with the highest bioavailability (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">NRC, 2012</xref>); however, under normal physiological conditions and with adequate intake, only 5 to 15% of the Zn from the diet is apparently absorbed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">McDowell, 2003</xref>). It has been suggested that organic sources of Zn are more bioavailable than inorganic forms, and the bioavailability of organic versus inorganic forms increases in the presence of antagonists, such as Ca, P, phytic acid, and crude fiber (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Schlegel <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Richards <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Ming-Zhe <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref>, observed that the biological value of organic zinc from zinc methionine (ZnMet) was 64% higher than that of ZnSO4.</p>
				<p>The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of zinc methionine supplementation during the gestation-lactation period and the development-completion period, on the productive performance and during the development-completion period on the morphology of the intestinal epithelium of fattening pigs, raised under a warm or cool environment.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p>Location of the study area. The study was carried out in the experimental area for fattening pigs of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics-UAS, located in the “La Huerta” pig farm, located in Culiacán municipality, Sinaloa, Mexico. The study consisted of two experiments; Experiment 1 was carried out during the months of July to October (warm period), and Experiment 2 in the months of December to March (cool period). The histological analysis of the small intestine samples (jejunum, duodenum and ileum), taken in the trace, were processed in the Pathology Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics of the Autonomous University of Sinaloa, according to the proposed procedure by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Prophet <italic>et al.</italic> (1995)</xref>.</p>
				<p>Experimental design. 192 pigs were used (96 in each experiment), with an average age of 79 days and 26.39 ± SD4.97 kg of b.w, to which one of four treatments were assigned in a completely randomized experimental design, with factorial arrangement 2 x 2. In each experiment, the treatments consisted of T1 (Control; n = 24), non-supplemented dams- non-supplemented pigs; T2 (ZnDF; n = 24), non-supplemented dams-pigs supplemented with 100 mg of Zn/kg DM; T3 (ZnGL; n = 24), dams supplemented with 100 mg of Zn/kg DM-non-supplemented pigs and, T4 (ZnGL + ZnDF; n = 24), supplemented dams + supplemented pigs.</p>
				<p>The diets used are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">table 1</xref>. The pigs used in the experiment were animals from a previous work, piglets of sows (PIC® Lines) that received or did not receive food added with zinc methionine (100 mg/kg DM) during gestation (80-114 d) and lactation (1-21 d); the diets provided were based on corn-soybean meal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">table 2</xref>). The organic zinc was provided as zinc methionine (ZnMet) from the Zinpro120 premix (Zinpro® 120; contains 12% Zn and 27.3% methionine; Zinc methionine US Patent No. 4.764.633 and 5.430.164; Mexico release note: B00. 02.08.02.02.0398/11).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t9">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Composition and nutritional information of the diets used in the development and completion stage</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Ingredients</td>
									<td align="justify">Development (30-60 kg body weight)</td>
									<td align="justify">Ending (60-100 kg body weight</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Corn</td>
									<td align="center">749</td>
									<td align="center">810</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Soybean paste</td>
									<td align="center">217</td>
									<td align="center">165</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Oil</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Mineral premix</td>
									<td align="center">25</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center">Nutritional contribution</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">E.M.(Mcal Kg-1)</td>
									<td align="center">3.351</td>
									<td align="center">3.353</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Protein (%)</td>
									<td align="center">16.702</td>
									<td align="center">14.688</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Lysine (%)</td>
									<td align="center">1.052</td>
									<td align="center">0.875</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Fiber (%)</td>
									<td align="center">2.524</td>
									<td align="center">2.520</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Phosphorus (%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.520</td>
									<td align="center">0.439</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Calcium (%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.570</td>
									<td align="center">0.457</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">*Zinc (mg kg-1)</td>
									<td align="center">120.28</td>
									<td align="center">105.31</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN11">
								<p>*Zn content of the control diet, provided by the mineral premix as ZnO. Supplementation with 100 mg of zinc was provided as zinc methionine (ZnMet) from the Zinpro120 premix (833.33 g/ton of feed on a dry basis). The diet was developed based on the tables of nutritional requirements for pigs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">NRC, 2012</xref>)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t10">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Composition and nutritional information of the diets used in pregnancy and lactation</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Ingredients</td>
									<td align="justify">Pregnancy</td>
									<td align="justify">Lactation</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Corn</td>
									<td align="justify">793</td>
									<td align="justify">692</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Soybean paste</td>
									<td align="justify">160</td>
									<td align="justify">254</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Oil</td>
									<td align="justify">5</td>
									<td align="justify">18</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Mineral premix</td>
									<td align="justify">42 </td>
									<td align="justify">36</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>									
									<td align="center" colspan="3">Aporte nutrimental</td>									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">E.M.(Mcal Kg<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
									<td align="justify">3.272</td>
									<td align="justify">3.351</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Protein (%)</td>
									<td align="justify">14.165</td>
									<td align="justify">17.953</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Lysine (%)</td>
									<td align="justify">0.866</td>
									<td align="justify">1.081</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Fiber (%)</td>
									<td align="justify">2.463</td>
									<td align="justify">2.492</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Phosphorus (%)</td>
									<td align="justify">0.596</td>
									<td align="justify">0.699</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Calcium (%)</td>
									<td align="justify">0.980</td>
									<td align="justify">0.915</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN12">
								<p>Supplementation with 100 mg of zinc was as zinc methionine (ZnMet) provided from the Zinpro120 premix (833.33 g/ton of feed on a dry basis). The diet was based on the tables of nutritional requirements for pigs developed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">NRC, 2012</xref>)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Handling of animals. The pigs of each experiment, previously weighed and identified, were housed in 12 pens, each one with a space of 9 m2 (6 x 1.5 m), with a concrete floor, equipped with a hopper-type feeder and integrated nipple drinker; 8 pigs (4 males and 4 females) were housed in each pen. During the test period, which lasted 90 days in each experiment, the pigs had permanent access to free access drinking water and food. The food served in each pen was recorded and at the end of each experiment, the pigs were weighed and sent to the slaughterhouse, where they were slaughtered in the TIF slaughterhouse in accordance with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">NOM-033-SAG/ZOO-2014</xref>. After slaughter, tissue samples were taken from the small intestine, from the portions of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, 15 pigs from each experiment, which received or did not receive feed supplemented with 100 mg of zinc methionine/kg of feed during the test period.</p>
				<p><bold>Measurements</bold>: The food served in each pen was recorded weekly. At the end of
					each experiment, the pigs in each pen were weighed and with the information on
					feed consumption and weight gain, the feed conversion was obtained. Pig
					mortality was in each pen recorded and the mortality rate was determined based
					on this. In the case of the productive behavior test, the experimental unit was
					the pen.</p>
				<p>At the end of each experiment, the pigs were to the slaughterhouse sent, where samples were taken from each segment of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum). Fifteen representative pigs from each experiment (hot and cool season) received or not food supplemented with zinc methionine; without considering whether they were the offspring of sows that received feed or not added with zinc methionine during the gestation and lactation period. The samples were in bottles with 10% buffered formalin preserved until histological analysis.</p>
				<p><bold>Determination of THI</bold>. The temperature (t °C) and relative humidity (RH,%) data
					were taken with a thermo-hygrometer, located inside the experimental unit, and
					were recorded daily during the experimental period (<xref ref-type="table"
						rid="t11">tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">4</xref>).
					The temperature and humidity index (THI) was calculated using the formula THI =
					[0.8 x room temperature] + [(% RH/100) x (room temperature -14.4)] + 46.4 (<xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Mader <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t11">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Temperature and humidity index (THI), to which the pigs were during the warm period exposed (July 11 to October 8, 2015)</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Week</td>
									<td align="justify">Average. RH</td>
									<td align="justify">Temp. Average. (°C)</td>
									<td align="justify">Max Temp. (°C)</td>
									<td align="justify">Min Temp. (°C)</td>
									<td align="justify">THI<sup>1</sup> Average.</td>
									<td align="justify">Max THI.</td>
									<td align="justify">Min THI.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">1</td>
									<td align="justify">64.6</td>
									<td align="justify">30.6</td>
									<td align="justify">38.6</td>
									<td align="justify">25.8</td>
									<td align="justify">81.34</td>
									<td align="justify">92.91</td>
									<td align="justify">74.40</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">2</td>
									<td align="justify">77.3</td>
									<td align="justify">28.0</td>
									<td align="justify">31.9</td>
									<td align="justify">25.1</td>
									<td align="justify">79.31</td>
									<td align="justify">85.44</td>
									<td align="justify">74.75</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">3</td>
									<td align="justify">59.8</td>
									<td align="justify">32.6</td>
									<td align="justify">38.1</td>
									<td align="justify">28.3</td>
									<td align="justify">83.36</td>
									<td align="justify">91.05</td>
									<td align="justify">77.35</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">4</td>
									<td align="justify">64.1</td>
									<td align="justify">31.7</td>
									<td align="justify">36.5</td>
									<td align="justify">27.5</td>
									<td align="justify">82.84</td>
									<td align="justify">89.76</td>
									<td align="justify">76.79</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">5</td>
									<td align="justify">72.9</td>
									<td align="justify">28.8</td>
									<td align="justify">34.3</td>
									<td align="justify">25.0</td>
									<td align="justify">79.93</td>
									<td align="justify">88.34</td>
									<td align="justify">74.12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">6</td>
									<td align="justify">76.4</td>
									<td align="justify">28.7</td>
									<td align="justify">34.1</td>
									<td align="justify">25.6</td>
									<td align="justify">80.28</td>
									<td align="justify">88.73</td>
									<td align="justify">75.43</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">7</td>
									<td align="justify">73.2</td>
									<td align="justify">29.8</td>
									<td align="justify">36.9</td>
									<td align="justify">24.9</td>
									<td align="justify">81.51</td>
									<td align="justify">92.39</td>
									<td align="justify">73.76</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">8</td>
									<td align="justify">75.2</td>
									<td align="justify">29.5</td>
									<td align="justify">36.2</td>
									<td align="justify">25.1</td>
									<td align="justify">81.35</td>
									<td align="justify">91.75</td>
									<td align="justify">77.18</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">9</td>
									<td align="justify">78.1</td>
									<td align="justify">29.0</td>
									<td align="justify">35.3</td>
									<td align="justify">24.8</td>
									<td align="justify">81.39</td>
									<td align="justify">95.54</td>
									<td align="justify">74.36</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">10</td>
									<td align="justify">77.9</td>
									<td align="justify">28.9</td>
									<td align="justify">35.0</td>
									<td align="justify">24.8</td>
									<td align="justify">80.81</td>
									<td align="justify">90.44</td>
									<td align="justify">74.34</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">11</td>
									<td align="justify">73.4</td>
									<td align="justify">30.3</td>
									<td align="justify">37.4</td>
									<td align="justify">25.8</td>
									<td align="justify">82.31</td>
									<td align="justify">93.20</td>
									<td align="justify">75.40</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">12</td>
									<td align="justify">72.0</td>
									<td align="justify">30.6</td>
									<td align="justify">39.0</td>
									<td align="justify">25.5</td>
									<td align="justify">82.54</td>
									<td align="justify">84.94</td>
									<td align="justify">74.79</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">13</td>
									<td align="justify">79.1</td>
									<td align="justify">26.1</td>
									<td align="justify">32.3</td>
									<td align="justify">22.3</td>
									<td align="justify">76.53</td>
									<td align="justify">86.40</td>
									<td align="justify">71.28</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Average</td>
									<td align="justify">72.61</td>
									<td align="justify">29.58</td>
									<td align="justify">35.81</td>
									<td align="justify">25.42</td>
									<td align="justify">81.03</td>
									<td align="justify">90.06</td>
									<td align="justify">74.92</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN13">
								<p><sup>1</sup>Temperature and humidity index (THI) = 0.8 × Room temperature + [(% relative humidity ÷ 100) × (Room temperature − 14.4)] + 46.4. THI ranges (normal THI &lt;74; alert 75 a 79; danger 79 a 84; and emergency &gt;84).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t12">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Temperature and humidity index (THI), to which the pigs were during the cool period exposed (December 2, 2015 to March 1, 2016)</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Week</td>
									<td align="justify">Average. RH</td>
									<td align="justify">Average Temp. (°C)</td>
									<td align="justify">Max Temp. (°C)</td>
									<td align="justify">Min Temp. (°C)</td>
									<td align="justify">THI Average<sup>1</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">Max THI.</td>
									<td align="justify">Min THI.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">1</td>
									<td align="justify">64.6</td>
									<td align="justify">22.7</td>
									<td align="justify">33.3</td>
									<td align="justify">15.3</td>
									<td align="justify">70.36</td>
									<td align="justify">85.24</td>
									<td align="justify">59.22</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">2</td>
									<td align="justify">74.8</td>
									<td align="justify">19.3</td>
									<td align="justify">27.9</td>
									<td align="justify">12.5</td>
									<td align="justify">65.50</td>
									<td align="justify">78.81</td>
									<td align="justify">54.90</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">3</td>
									<td align="justify">72.7</td>
									<td align="justify">19.0</td>
									<td align="justify">26.8</td>
									<td align="justify">13.1</td>
									<td align="justify">64.94</td>
									<td align="justify">76.85</td>
									<td align="justify">55.93</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">4</td>
									<td align="justify">64.9</td>
									<td align="justify">17.2</td>
									<td align="justify">26.6</td>
									<td align="justify">9.8</td>
									<td align="justify">61.97</td>
									<td align="justify">75.59</td>
									<td align="justify">51.25</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">5</td>
									<td align="justify">66.8</td>
									<td align="justify">17.3</td>
									<td align="justify">26.1</td>
									<td align="justify">10.0</td>
									<td align="justify">62.17</td>
									<td align="justify">75.09</td>
									<td align="justify">48.00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">6</td>
									<td align="justify">64.4</td>
									<td align="justify">20.0</td>
									<td align="justify">29.7</td>
									<td align="justify">13.6</td>
									<td align="justify">66.00</td>
									<td align="justify">80.01</td>
									<td align="justify">56.76</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">7</td>
									<td align="justify">72.2</td>
									<td align="justify">20.1</td>
									<td align="justify">27.5</td>
									<td align="justify">14.6</td>
									<td align="justify">66.59</td>
									<td align="justify">77.85</td>
									<td align="justify">58.22</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">8</td>
									<td align="justify">72.7</td>
									<td align="justify">19.6</td>
									<td align="justify">27.5</td>
									<td align="justify">13.8</td>
									<td align="justify">65.86</td>
									<td align="justify">77.92</td>
									<td align="justify">57.00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">9</td>
									<td align="justify">76.2</td>
									<td align="justify">28.8</td>
									<td align="justify">28.9</td>
									<td align="justify">14.9</td>
									<td align="justify">80.41</td>
									<td align="justify">80.57</td>
									<td align="justify">58.70</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">10</td>
									<td align="justify">74.4</td>
									<td align="justify">20.0</td>
									<td align="justify">30.2</td>
									<td align="justify">12.7</td>
									<td align="justify">66.56</td>
									<td align="justify">82.31</td>
									<td align="justify">55.29</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">11</td>
									<td align="justify">80.6</td>
									<td align="justify">21.4</td>
									<td align="justify">28.5</td>
									<td align="justify">16.8</td>
									<td align="justify">69.16</td>
									<td align="justify">80.56</td>
									<td align="justify">62.24</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">12</td>
									<td align="justify">77.3</td>
									<td align="justify">22.0</td>
									<td align="justify">31.0</td>
									<td align="justify">15.5</td>
									<td align="justify">69.87</td>
									<td align="justify">84.03</td>
									<td align="justify">59.65</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">13</td>
									<td align="justify">74.3</td>
									<td align="justify">20.1</td>
									<td align="justify">29.2</td>
									<td align="justify">13.1</td>
									<td align="justify">66.71</td>
									<td align="justify">80.75</td>
									<td align="justify">55.58</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Average</td>
									<td align="justify">72.0</td>
									<td align="justify">20.57</td>
									<td align="justify">28.70</td>
									<td align="justify">13.5</td>
									<td align="justify">67.39</td>
									<td align="justify">79.66</td>
									<td align="justify">56.36</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN14">
								<p><sup>1</sup>Temperature and humidity index (THI) = 0.8 × Room temperature + [(% relative humidity ÷ 100) × (Room temperature − 14.4)] + 46.4. THI ranges (normal THI &lt;74; alert 75 a 79; danger 79 a 84; and emergency &gt;84).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><bold>Intestinal histology</bold>. The samples were sent to the Pathology Laboratory of the
					Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics of the Autonomous University of
					Sinaloa, for processing using the routine paraffin embedding technique and
					subsequent staining with the hematoxylin and eosin technique. For the
					histological evaluation, a Motic® model BA 201 brand digital binocular
					microscope was used, equipped with a camera and software to photo-document
					images. Images of 30 fields were taken from each intestinal section, the length
					(in microns) of 10 villi was measured; as well as the depth (in microns) of the
					crypts, and based on this, the average height of the villi of each intestinal
					section was calculated; as well as the depth of the crypt. Based on this
					information, the villus height, crypt depth (V:C) ratio was determined; which
					was used for the corresponding statistical analysis. It is worth mentioning that
					the samples from each section of the small intestine that did not meet the
					requirements for histological analysis were discarded and were not considered in
					the statistical analysis.</p>
				<p><bold>Statistical analysis</bold>. To the data obtained from daily feed consumption (DFC),
					daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion (FC), total weight gain per stage (TWG)
					and mortality during the experiment; as well as, to the relation villi, crypt.
					An analysis of variance was applied to them for a completely randomized design,
					with factorial arrangement (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Steel and Torrie,
						1985</xref>); setting a maximum alpha of 0.05 to accept statistical
					difference. </p>
				<p>𝑌<sub>𝑖𝑗𝑘</sub> = 𝜇 + 𝑍??<sub>𝑖</sub> + 𝐴<sub>𝑗</sub> + 𝑍𝑛𝐴<sub>𝑖𝑗</sub> + 𝐸<sub>𝑖𝑗𝑘;</sub></p>
				<p>For the analysis of productive performance, the mathematical model was the following:</p>
				<p>𝑌<sub>𝑖𝑗𝑘</sub> = 𝜇 + 𝑍𝑛<sub>𝑖</sub> + 𝐴<sub>𝑗</sub> + 𝑍𝑛𝐴<sub>𝑖𝑗</sub> + 𝐸<sub>𝑖𝑗𝑘;</sub></p>
				<p>where</p>
				<p><italic>Yijk</italic> = is the response variable, μ = is the general mean from the experiment, <italic>Zni</italic> = is the effect of the <italic>i-th</italic> Zinc level, <italic>Aj</italic> = the effect of the <italic>j-th</italic> feeding factor, <italic>Zn*Aij</italic> = effect of the interaction and <italic>Eijk</italic>= the random error.</p>
				<p>For the intestinal morphology analysis, the mathematical model was the following:</p>
				<p>𝑌<sub>𝑖𝑗𝑘</sub> = 𝜇 + 𝑍𝑛<sub>𝑖</sub> + 𝐶<sub>𝑗</sub> + 𝑍𝑛𝐶<sub>𝑖𝑗</sub> + 𝐸<sub>𝑖𝑗𝑘</sub>;</p>
				<p>where: <italic>Yijk</italic> = is the response variable, µ = is the general mean of the experiment, <italic>Zni</italic> = is the effect of the <italic>i-th</italic> level of Zinc, <italic>Cj</italic> = the effect of the <italic>j-th</italic> climate factor, <italic>Zn*Cij</italic> = effect of the interaction and <italic>Eijk</italic> = is the random error.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<p><bold>Experiment 1</bold>. The results of the effect of the consumption of feed added with Zn
					methionine (ZnMet) on the productive performance of pigs during the development-
					completion stage, under conditions of high caloric load, are shown in table 5.
					In the completion stage (days 50 to 90, of the experimental period), the DWG
					tended (p = 0.07) to improve. The DFC was higher (p = 0.03) in the pigs of sows
					supplemented with Zn during GL; observing a trend (P = 0.10) of improvement in
					total weight gain during this stage. However, when analyzing the entire study
					period (90 d), supplementation with zinc methionine did not improve the
					productive performance of pigs.</p>
				<p>The results of the effect of the consumption of feed added with ZnMet on the epithelial morphology of the small intestine during the hot and cool season are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t15">Tables 7</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t16">8</xref>. The results indicate that the pigs that consumed diets supplemented with 100 mg of Zn/kg of feed, from zinc methionine, during the hot season, had a higher (p &lt;0.01) V:C ratio (3.36 <italic>vs</italic> 2.77), compared to those that did not consume additional zinc during said period. Consumption of additional zinc decreased (p &lt;0.05) the depth of the crypts in all segments (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) of the small intestine.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t13">
						<label>Table 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Effect of the consumption of feed added with 100 ppm of organic zinc on the productive performance of developing-finishing pigs, during hot season (July-October)</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="4"/>
								<col/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify" rowspan="3">Variable</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="2">Treatments </td>
									<td align="justify" rowspan="2">SEM<sup>1</sup></td>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">Main effects </td>
									<td align="justify">Interaction</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="3">Values of P </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Control</td>
									<td align="justify">Zn DF</td>
									<td align="justify">Zn GL</td>
									<td align="justify">Zn GL +Zn DF</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Zn GL</td>
									<td align="justify">Zn DF</td>
									<td align="justify">Zn GL* Zn DF</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Observations (n)</td>
									<td align="justify">3</td>
									<td align="justify">3</td>
									<td align="justify">3</td>
									<td align="justify">3</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Pigs (n)</td>
									<td align="justify">24</td>
									<td align="justify">24</td>
									<td align="justify">24</td>
									<td align="justify">24</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Period (days)</td>
									<td align="justify">90</td>
									<td align="justify">90</td>
									<td align="justify">90</td>
									<td align="justify">90</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Initial weight (kg)</td>
									<td align="justify">21.63</td>
									<td align="justify">22.33</td>
									<td align="justify">21.73</td>
									<td align="justify">21.50</td>
									<td align="justify">0.7445</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>Weight to 49 d (kg)</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">54.16</td>
									<td align="justify">55.70</td>
									<td align="justify">56.67</td>
									<td align="justify">52.13</td>
									<td align="justify">1.9154</td>
									<td align="justify">0.90</td>
									<td align="justify">0.73</td>
									<td align="justify">0.50</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Gaining of weight to 49 d (Kg)</td>
									<td align="justify">32.533</td>
									<td align="justify">33.333</td>
									<td align="justify">34.933</td>
									<td align="justify">30.633</td>
									<td align="justify">1.3550</td>
									<td align="justify">0.96</td>
									<td align="justify">0.57</td>
									<td align="justify">0.41</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DWG2 (kg)</td>
									<td align="justify">0.663</td>
									<td align="justify">0.681</td>
									<td align="justify">0.713</td>
									<td align="justify">0.626</td>
									<td align="justify">0.0277</td>
									<td align="justify">0.96</td>
									<td align="justify">0.58</td>
									<td align="justify">0.41</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DFC3 (kg)</td>
									<td align="justify">1.603</td>
									<td align="justify">1.596</td>
									<td align="justify">1.650</td>
									<td align="justify">1.570</td>
									<td align="justify">0.0539</td>
									<td align="justify">0.93</td>
									<td align="justify">0.73</td>
									<td align="justify">0.77</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">FC4</td>
									<td align="justify">2.426</td>
									<td align="justify">2.353</td>
									<td align="justify">2.310</td>
									<td align="justify">2.533</td>
									<td align="justify">0.0395</td>
									<td align="justify">0.66</td>
									<td align="justify">0.32</td>
									<td align="justify">0.07</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>Weight to 90 d (kg)</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">79.50</td>
									<td align="justify">79.17</td>
									<td align="justify">83.07</td>
									<td align="justify">79.67</td>
									<td align="justify">1.9142</td>
									<td align="justify">0.65</td>
									<td align="justify">0.68</td>
									<td align="justify">0.73</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Gaining of weight to 50-90 d</td>
									<td align="justify">25.667</td>
									<td align="justify">23.467</td>
									<td align="justify">26.400</td>
									<td align="justify">27.533</td>
									<td align="justify">0.7091</td>
									<td align="justify">0.10</td>
									<td align="justify">0.69</td>
									<td align="justify">0.23</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">(kg) DWG2 (kg)</td>
									<td align="justify">0.591</td>
									<td align="justify">0.568</td>
									<td align="justify">0.628</td>
									<td align="justify">0.696</td>
									<td align="justify">0.0222</td>
									<td align="justify">0.07</td>
									<td align="justify">0.57</td>
									<td align="justify">0.27</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DFC3 (kg)</td>
									<td align="justify">1.907</td>
									<td align="justify">1.773</td>
									<td align="justify">2.033</td>
									<td align="justify">1.990</td>
									<td align="justify">0.0416</td>
									<td align="justify">0.03</td>
									<td align="justify">0.23</td>
									<td align="justify">0.52</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">FC4</td>
									<td align="justify">3.230</td>
									<td align="justify">3.133</td>
									<td align="justify">3.240</td>
									<td align="justify">2.923</td>
									<td align="justify">0.0910</td>
									<td align="justify">0.62</td>
									<td align="justify">0.31</td>
									<td align="justify">0.58</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>Gaining of weight in the whole period (kg)</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">57.700</td>
									<td align="justify">56.800</td>
									<td align="justify">61.333</td>
									<td align="justify">58.167</td>
									<td align="justify">1.4036</td>
									<td align="justify">0.44</td>
									<td align="justify">0.52</td>
									<td align="justify">0.72</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DWG2 (kg)</td>
									<td align="justify"> 0.641 </td>
									<td align="justify">0.631 </td>
									<td align="justify">0.681</td>
									<td align="justify">0.646 </td>
									<td align="justify">0.0156</td>
									<td align="justify">0.44</td>
									<td align="justify">0.52</td>
									<td align="justify">0.72</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DFC3 (kg)</td>
									<td align="justify">1.763 </td>
									<td align="justify">1.706</td>
									<td align="justify">1.850</td>
									<td align="justify">1.783 </td>
									<td align="justify">0.0402 </td>
									<td align="justify">0.37</td>
									<td align="justify">0.50</td>
									<td align="justify">0.95</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">FC4</td>
									<td align="justify">2.760 </td>
									<td align="justify">2.706</td>
									<td align="justify">2.713</td>
									<td align="justify">2.756 </td>
									<td align="justify">0.227 </td>
									<td align="justify">0.97</td>
									<td align="justify">0.92</td>
									<td align="justify">0.36</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Dead</td>
									<td align="justify">0.33 </td>
									<td align="justify">0.667</td>
									<td align="justify">0</td>
									<td align="justify">0.667 </td>
									<td align="justify">0.1930</td>									
									<td align="justify">0.69</td>
									<td align="justify">0.25</td>
									<td align="justify">0.69</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN15">
								<p>Treatments: Control = unsupplemented dams-unsupplemented pigs, ZnDF = unsupplemented dams-supplemented pigs; ZnGL = supplemented dams-unsupplemented pigs; ZnGL + ZnDF = supplemented dams-supplemented pigs. Supplement of 100 mg of Zn/kg of feed, provided from zinc methionine (Zinpro 100; Zinpro, Eden Praire, MN). Two Factors: supplementation method = ZnGL and ZnCF, Zn addition level (0 and 100 mg/kg food); <sup>1</sup>Standard error of the mean; <sup>2</sup>Daily body weight gain; <sup>3</sup> Daily food intake and <sup>4</sup>Diet conversion</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t14">
						<label>Table 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Effect of the consumption of feed added with 100 ppm of organic zinc on the productive performance of developing-finishing pigs, during the cool season (December to March)</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="4"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Variable</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="2">Treatments </td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">SEM<sup>1</sup></td>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">Main effects </td>
									<td align="left">Interacción</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="3">Values of P </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Control</td>
									<td align="center">Zn DF</td>
									<td align="center">Zn GL</td>
									<td align="left">Zn GL +Zn DF</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="left">Zn GL</td>
									<td align="left">ZnDF</td>
									<td align="left">Zn GL * Zn DF</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Observations (n)</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Pigs (n)</td>
									<td align="center">24</td>
									<td align="center">24</td>
									<td align="center">24</td>
									<td align="center">24</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Period (days)</td>
									<td align="center">90</td>
									<td align="center">90</td>
									<td align="center">90</td>
									<td align="center">90</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Initial weight (kg)</td>
									<td align="center">32.13</td>
									<td align="center">30.00</td>
									<td align="center">29.93</td>
									<td align="center">31.86</td>
									<td align="center">0.8132</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>Weight to 49 d (kg)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">69.60</td>
									<td align="center">71.40</td>
									<td align="center">67.36</td>
									<td align="center">72.03</td>
									<td align="center">1.4980</td>
									<td align="center">0.81</td>
									<td align="center">0.35</td>
									<td align="center">0.67</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Gaining of weight to 49 d (Kg)</td>
									<td align="center">37.467</td>
									<td align="center">41.400</td>
									<td align="center">37.43</td>
									<td align="center">40.133</td>
									<td align="center">1.2656</td>
									<td align="center">0.81</td>
									<td align="center">0.25</td>
									<td align="center">0.82</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">DWG 1 (kg)</td>
									<td align="center">0.764</td>
									<td align="center">0.844</td>
									<td align="center">0.764</td>
									<td align="center">0.818</td>
									<td align="center">0.0258</td>
									<td align="center">0.81</td>
									<td align="center">0.26</td>
									<td align="center">0.82</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">DFC 2 (kg)</td>
									<td align="center">1.980</td>
									<td align="center">2.030</td>
									<td align="center">2.043</td>
									<td align="center">2.076</td>
									<td align="center">0.0326</td>
									<td align="center">0.47</td>
									<td align="center">0.58</td>
									<td align="center">0.91</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">FC 3</td>
									<td align="center">2.603</td>
									<td align="center">2.413</td>
									<td align="center">2.686</td>
									<td align="center">2.580</td>
									<td align="center">0.0723</td>
									<td align="center">0.44</td>
									<td align="center">0.36</td>
									<td align="center">0.79</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>Weight to 90 d (kg)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">107.83</td>
									<td align="center">112.23</td>
									<td align="center">104.2</td>
									<td align="center">109.29</td>
									<td align="center">1.9853</td>
									<td align="center">0.46</td>
									<td align="center">0.29</td>
									<td align="center">0.94</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Gaining of weight to 50-90 d (kg)</td>
									<td align="center">38.35</td>
									<td align="center">40.83</td>
									<td align="center">36.92</td>
									<td align="center">37.26</td>
									<td align="center">0.8972</td>
									<td align="center">0.20</td>
									<td align="center">0.46</td>
									<td align="center">0.57</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">DWG 1 (kg)</td>
									<td align="center">0.910</td>
									<td align="center">0.972</td>
									<td align="center">0.879</td>
									<td align="center">0.888</td>
									<td align="center">0.0213</td>
									<td align="center">0.21</td>
									<td align="center">0.43</td>
									<td align="center">0.55</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">DFC 2 (kg)</td>
									<td align="center">3.030</td>
									<td align="center">3.016</td>
									<td align="center">2.850</td>
									<td align="center">2.863</td>
									<td align="center">0.0568</td>
									<td align="center">0.20</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.91</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">FC 3</td>
									<td align="center">3.326</td>
									<td align="center">3.016</td>
									<td align="center">3.270</td>
									<td align="center">3.226</td>
									<td align="center">0.0634</td>
									<td align="center">0.82</td>
									<td align="center">0.36</td>
									<td align="center">0.53</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>Gaining of weight in the whole period (kg)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">75.700</td>
									<td align="center">82.267</td>
									<td align="center">74.13</td>
									<td align="center">77.400</td>
									<td align="center">1.9356</td>
									<td align="center">0.46</td>
									<td align="center">0.29</td>
									<td align="center">0.94</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">DWG 1 (kg)</td>
									<td align="center">0.841</td>
									<td align="center">0.914</td>
									<td align="center">0.826</td>
									<td align="center">0.859</td>
									<td align="center">0.0211</td>
									<td align="center">0.45</td>
									<td align="center">0.26</td>
									<td align="center">0.66</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">DFC2 (kg)</td>
									<td align="center">2.493</td>
									<td align="center">2.513</td>
									<td align="center">2.443</td>
									<td align="center">2.466</td>
									<td align="center">0.0334</td>
									<td align="center">0.54</td>
									<td align="center">0.78</td>
									<td align="center">0.98</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">FC 3</td>
									<td align="center">2.963</td>
									<td align="center">2.760</td>
									<td align="center">2.976</td>
									<td align="center">2.876</td>
									<td align="center">0.0497</td>
									<td align="center">0.53</td>
									<td align="center">0.16</td>
									<td align="center">0.61</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Dead</td>
									<td align="center">0.67</td>
									<td align="center">0.33</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0.1306</td>
									<td align="center">0.06</td>
									<td align="center">0.50</td>
									<td align="center">0.50</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN16">
								<p>Treatments: Control = unsupplemented dams-unsupplemented pigs, ZnDF = unsupplemented dams-supplemented pigs; ZnGL = supplemented dams-unsupplemented pigs; ZnGL + ZnDF = supplemented dams-supplemented pigs. Supplement of 100 mg of Zn / kg of feed, provided from zinc methionine (Zinpro 100; Zinpro, Eden Praire, MN). Two Factors: supplementation method = ZnGL and ZnCF, Zn addition level (0 and 100 mg / kg food); <sup>1</sup>Standard error of the mean; <sup>2</sup>Daily body weight gain; <sup>3</sup> Daily food intake and <sup>4</sup> Diet conversion</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t15">
						<label>Table 7</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Influence of climate and zinc supplementation on the morphology of the different regions of the small intestine, in fattening pigs</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="3"/>
								<col span="4"/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Variables</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="4">Heat Season </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="4">Cool Season</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify" colspan="2">Pig - Zn </td>
									<td align="justify" colspan="2">Pig + Zn </td>
									<td align="justify" colspan="2">Pig - Zn </td>
									<td align="justify" colspan="2">Pig - Zn </td>
									<td align="left" colspan="2">Main factors </td>
									<td align="justify">Interaction</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Mean</td>
									<td align="justify">± EE</td>
									<td align="justify">Mean</td>
									<td align="justify">± EE</td>
									<td align="justify">Mean</td>
									<td align="justify">± EE</td>
									<td align="justify">Mean </td>
									<td align="justify">± EE</td>
									<td align="justify">Clima</td>
									<td align="justify">Zinc</td>
									<td align="justify">C*Z</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Duodeno</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify" colspan="2"> 
									</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Pig, n</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center">14</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">13</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">15 </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">High V, µm</td>
									<td align="justify">391</td>
									<td align="justify">15.90 b</td>
									<td align="justify">327</td>
									<td align="justify">15.97c</td>
									<td align="justify">423</td>
									<td align="justify">17.86ab</td>
									<td align="justify">451 </td>
									<td align="justify">14.58b</td>
									<td align="justify">&lt; 0.01</td>
									<td align="justify">0.26</td>
									<td align="justify">&lt;0 .01</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Deep C, µm</td>
									<td align="justify">153</td>
									<td align="justify">7.88a</td>
									<td align="justify">115</td>
									<td align="justify">8.18b</td>
									<td align="justify">121</td>
									<td align="justify">9.33ab</td>
									<td align="justify">116 </td>
									<td align="justify">7.62b</td>
									<td align="justify">0.07</td>
									<td align="justify">0.02</td>
									<td align="justify">0.06</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> V:C Ratio</td>
									<td align="justify">2.70</td>
									<td align="justify">0.190c</td>
									<td align="justify">2.98</td>
									<td align="justify">0.197bc</td>
									<td align="justify">3.69</td>
									<td align="justify">0.215ab</td>
									<td align="justify">3.90 </td>
									<td align="justify">0.190a</td>
									<td align="justify">&lt; 0.01</td>
									<td align="justify">0.24</td>
									<td align="justify">0.86</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Jejunum</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Pig, n</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center">15</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center">13</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">15 </td>
									<td align="justify" colspan="2">  </td>
									
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">High V, µm</td>
									<td align="justify">383</td>
									<td align="justify">12.60b</td>
									<td align="justify">408</td>
									<td align="justify">13.54ab</td>
									<td align="justify">458</td>
									<td align="justify">15.44a</td>
									<td align="justify">452</td>
									<td align="justify">12.60a </td>
									<td align="justify">&lt;0.01 </td>
									<td align="justify">0.51</td>
									<td align="justify">0.25</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Deep C, µm</td>
									<td align="justify">136</td>
									<td align="justify">6.24a</td>
									<td align="justify">111</td>
									<td align="justify">6.71ab</td>
									<td align="justify">111</td>
									<td align="justify">7.64ab</td>
									<td align="justify">108</td>
									<td align="justify">6.24b </td>
									<td align="justify">0.05 </td>
									<td align="justify">0.05</td>
									<td align="justify">0.13</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">V:C: Ratio </td>
									<td align="justify">2.97</td>
									<td align="justify">0.190b</td>
									<td align="justify">3.80</td>
									<td align="justify">0.204 a</td>
									<td align="justify">4.18</td>
									<td align="justify">0.222 a</td>
									<td align="justify">4.25</td>
									<td align="justify">0.197 a </td>
									<td align="justify">&lt; 0.01 </td>
									<td align="justify">0.03</td>
									<td align="justify">0.07</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Ileum</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Pigs, n</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">13</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">14</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">9</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">15 </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">High V, µm</td>
									<td align="justify">363</td>
									<td align="justify">14.03b</td>
									<td align="justify">351</td>
									<td align="justify">13.52b</td>
									<td align="justify">423</td>
									<td align="justify">16.86<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">435</td>
									<td align="justify">13.06a </td>
									<td align="justify">&lt;0 .01 </td>
									<td align="justify">0.98</td>
									<td align="justify">0.43</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Deep C, µm</td>
									<td align="justify">140</td>
									<td align="justify">6.31a</td>
									<td align="justify">110</td>
									<td align="justify">6.38b</td>
									<td align="justify">112</td>
									<td align="justify">7.58b</td>
									<td align="justify">113</td>
									<td align="justify">5.87b </td>
									<td align="justify">0.07 </td>
									<td align="justify">0.03</td>
									<td align="justify">0.03</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">V:C Ratio*</td>
									<td align="justify">2.66</td>
									<td align="justify">0.16b</td>
									<td align="justify">3.30</td>
									<td align="justify">0.15a</td>
									<td align="justify">3.95</td>
									<td align="justify">0.187a</td>
									<td align="justify">3.86</td>
									<td align="justify">0.15a </td>
									<td align="justify">&lt; 0.01</td>
									<td align="justify">0.11</td>
									<td align="justify">0.04</td>
									
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN17">
								<p>*V:C ratio indicates the product of the division of the villus height by crypt depth. <sup>a b, c,</sup> indicates statistical difference (Tuckey, P&lt;0.05)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t16">
						<label>Table 8</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Influence of the climate and the addition of zinc methionine to the diet on the intestinal morphology of fattening pigs (combined values of the three regions: Duodenum, jejunum and ileum)</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col span="4"/>
								<col span="3"/>
								<col span="3"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="4">Heat Season </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="4">Cool Season </td>				
									<td align="justify" colspan="2"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Variables</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">Pigs - Zn </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">Pigs + Zn </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">Pigs - Zn </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">Pigs + Zn </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">Main factors</td>
									<td align="center">Interaction</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">Mean ± EE </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">Mean ± EE </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">Mean ± EE </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">Mean ± EE </td>
									<td align="center">Clima</td>
									<td align="center">Zinc </td>
									<td align="center">C*Z</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> Small Intestine</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Pigs, n</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">15</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">14</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">10</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">15 </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Sample, n</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">42</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">40</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">29</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">45</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">  </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">High V, µm</td>
									<td align="center">378</td>
									<td align="center">8.213b</td>
									<td align="center">362</td>
									<td align="center">8.414b</td>
									<td align="center">436</td>
									<td align="center">9.467a</td>
									<td align="center">446</td>
									<td align="center">8.210a</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
									<td align="center">0.68</td>
									<td align="center">0.13</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Deep C, µm</td>
									<td align="center">143</td>
									<td align="center">3.897a</td>
									<td align="center">112</td>
									<td align="center">3.992b</td>
									<td align="center">113</td>
									<td align="center">4.463b</td>
									<td align="center">113</td>
									<td align="center">3.895b</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">V:C Ratio*</td>
									<td align="center">2.77</td>
									<td align="center">0.105c</td>
									<td align="center">3.36</td>
									<td align="center">0.107b</td>
									<td align="center">3.94</td>
									<td align="center">0.119a</td>
									<td align="center">4.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.105a</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
									<td align="center">0.02</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN18">
								<p>* Ratio V: C, indicates the product of the division of the height of villi by depth of crypt. a b, c, indicates statistical difference (Tuckey, P &lt;0.01)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><bold>Experiment 2</bold>. During the cool season of the year the treatments did not modify
					the productive response of the pig (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">table
						6</xref>), nor the morphology of the intestinal epithelium (<xref
						ref-type="table" rid="t15">tables 7</xref> and <xref ref-type="table"
						rid="t16">8</xref>). However, the additional consumption of zinc methionine
					during the gestation-lactation period tended (p = 0.06) to decrease mortality
					during the fattening period. In this regard, it has been reported that
					supplementation with Zn in the sow's diet during gestation and lactation reduces
					pre-weaning mortality (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Payne <italic>et
							al</italic>., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Romo
							<italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>) and improves the immune function
					of weaned piglets (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Romo <italic>et al</italic>.,
						2017</xref>); which agrees with the results obtained in the present
					study.</p>
				<p>The amount of organic Zn (ZnMet) supplemented to the pigs in the present study was 100 mg/kg of feed, in addition to the inorganic Zn content provided by the diets (120.20 mg/kg in the development diet and 105.31 mg/kg in completion), an amount higher than recommended by the NRC (2012). However, these levels are not toxic and are routinely used in commercial swine diets. The pigs of exp. 2 were exposed to an average temperature of 20.57 °C and relative humidity of 72.0% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">table 4</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">CIAD, 2015</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">2016</xref>); remaining at a THI of 67.39, environmental conditions under which the pig does not suffer physiological stress derived from the physical environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Mader <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>). While the pigs of experiment 1, they remained in a THI of 81 points (in physiological danger, see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">table 3</xref>) with an average environmental temperature of 29.58 °C and 72.61% relative humidity. The difference in environmental temperature and relative humidity between the pigs in experiment 1, compared to those in experiment 2, was 9.01 °C and 0.61%.</p>
				<p>The results of the morphological analysis of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum samples show that the pigs that consumed diets supplemented with 100 mg of Zn/kg of feed, from zinc methionine, during the hot season, had a higher (p &lt;0.01) V: C ratio (3.36 <italic>vs</italic> 2.77), with respect to those who did not consume additional zinc during said period. Consumption of additional zinc decreased (p &lt;0.05) the depth of the crypts in all segments (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) of the small intestine. An interaction (p &lt;0.02) was observed between the climate and zinc methionine supplementation in the depth of the crypt and in the V:C ratio. The effect of climate and zinc methionine supplementation on the epithelial morphology of each segment of the small intestine analyzed is described below:</p>
				<p><bold>Epithelial morphology of the duodenum</bold>. The analysis indicates an interaction (p
					&lt;0.01) of the climate with zinc, observing that in cool climate the pigs have
					a better response to the additional consumption of 100 mg of Zn/kg of feed, with
					a greater height of the villi with respect to the pigs supplemented during hot
					weather. In the case of the depth of the crypts, the pigs that consumed feed
					added with zinc methionine, both in the warm season and in the cool season, had
					a lower depth (p &lt;0.02); while the V:C relationship was influenced (p
					&lt;0.01) by the climate; being older during the cool season.</p>
				<p><bold>Jejunum epithelial morphology</bold>. The climate was the factor that modified (p
					&lt;0.01) the height of the villi, observing a higher height of these in the
					pigs treated during the cool season. However, the depth of the crypts was lower
					(p &lt;0.05) in the pigs that consumed feed added with zinc methionine, both in
					the warm and cool seasons, as well as in those that did not consume additional
					zinc during the cool season. (p &lt;0.05). Similarly, the highest (p &lt;0.03)
					V: C relationship was d in the animals and times of the year observe previously
					referred.</p>
				<p><bold>Ileum epithelial morphology</bold>. In the ileum region, the height of the villi was
					also higher (p &lt;0.01) in the pigs treated during the cool season. However,
					the depth of the crypt was lower (p &lt;0.03) in the pigs that consumed feed
					added with zinc methionine, both in the warm season and in the cool one,
					observing an interaction (p &lt;0.03) between the factors climate and zinc an
					interaction (p &lt;0.04) between climate and zinc was found in the V: C
					ratio.</p>
				<p>When doing the pooled analysis (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t16">Table 8</xref>) of the epithelial morphology of the three segments of the small intestine, it was observed that the climate has a greater effect (p&lt;0.01) on the height of the villi, and that there is an interaction (p&lt;0.02) between climate and zinc supplementation in reducing crypt depth and increasing V: C ratio.</p>
				<p>The results of the present study indicate that supplemental zinc at the level of 100 mg / kg of feed, from zinc methionine, improves the intestinal morphology of fattening pigs reared under a hot environment; but when it is supplemented to pigs raised under cool environments the response is improved.</p>
				<p>It has been suggested that a low V: C ratio may indicate villus atrophy, associated with an increased rate of cell loss from the villus apex, concurrent with increased cell production in the crypts, and thus therefore, a greater depth of these. A higher V: C ratio suggests a healthier state of the intestine (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Tang <italic>et al</italic>., 1999</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Al <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> indicated that the height of the villi and the depth of the crypt show remarkably interdependent developmental changes. Therefore, its morphometric measurement cannot be considered individually; instead the V: C ratio should be evaluated. It suggests that the higher V: C ratio observed in the present study (3.36 <italic>vs</italic>. 2.77; p &lt;0.01) in pigs that received supplementation with 100 mg of Zn (ZnMet) kg-1 during the hot season, regarding of those who did not receive additional zinc. It is due to the beneficial action of organic Zn on the maintenance of intestinal integrity and morphology. These results are congruent with those obtained by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bouwhuis <italic>et al</italic>. (2016</xref>), who reported that the inclusion of zinc methionine increased the height of the villi in the jejunum, but did not increase the weight gain of pigs. In addition, studies that are more recent demonstrated that zinc supplementation (450 mg kg-1 of nano-ZnO and 3,000 mg kg-1 of ZnO) protects the morphology of the small intestine, by increasing the height of the villi (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Long <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Pei <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). For their part, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Li <italic>et al</italic>.</xref> (2001) observed that the pigs that received supplemental ZnO had greater thickness of the mucosa and height of the villi, in the proximal and medial sites of the small intestine, with respect to the pigs that received the control diet.</p>
				<p>Heat stress is known to affect gastrointestinal health and function (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Eshel <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>), since during heat stress blood flow is diverted from the splenic system to the skin, in an attempt to dissipate excess heat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Lambert, 2009</xref>). A reduced blood flow and hyperthermia lead to hypoxia, oxidative and nitrosating stress in the enterocyte (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pearce <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>a, b, c), damaging cell and mucous membranes; as well as tight junctions, increasing intestinal permeability (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Lambert <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>). In this regard, Pearce <italic>et al</italic>. (2015) observed that heat stress increases the passage of high molecular weight substances and circulating endotoxins, in addition to an increase in the autolysis of the intestinal epithelium.</p>
				<p>Zinc oxide supplementation has been shown to reduce intestinal permeability in piglets at weaning, while increasing the amount and expression of tightly bound proteins (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Zhang and Guo, 2009</xref>). Also increasing levels of the zinc complex AA (220 and 320 mg/kg) increased the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract, compared to control pigs that received 120 mg/kg of ZnSO4 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Sanz-Fernandez <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). In addition, this mineral protects cells against oxidative damage by stabilizing membranes, inhibiting the pro-oxidant enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH-Oxidase), and inducing metallothionein synthesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Marreiro <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). In this regard, it has been reported that zinc supplementation induces the expression of metallothioneins in Caco-2 cells (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Wang <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>), which could act as antioxidants, due to their ability to sequester reactive oxygen species and nitrogen intermediates (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Waeytens <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). Furthermore, zinc increases the expression and concentration of antimicrobial substances such as <italic>β</italic>- defensins in IPEC-J2 cells (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Mao <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>On the other hand, Zn is a structural component of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), present in the cytoplasm of cells. SOD promotes the conversion of two superoxide radicals (O2-) into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and molecular oxygen (O2), reducing the toxicity of reactive oxygen species (ROS); because it converts a highly reactive species into a less harmful one (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cruz and Soares, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Marreiro <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Studies have also highlighted its role in the regulation of glutathione peroxidase and in the expression of glutamate-cysteine ligase, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of glutathione that acts directly on the neutralization of free radicals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Marreiro <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Consequently, there appear to be a variety of mechanisms by which dietary zinc can maintain or restore the integrity and morphology of the intestinal epithelium, under conditions of oxidative stress.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>Supplementation with 100 mg of zinc/kg of feed, from zinc methionine, improves the integrity of the intestinal epithelium in fattening pigs, reared under conditions of high caloric load, and supplementation during the gestation-lactation period. It can be used as a strategy to reduce mortality during the fattening stage.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>