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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2021.1</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00301</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Articulos de casos clínicos</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Infección secundaria por <italic>Leucobacter chromiiresistens</italic> en un perro con schwannoma axillar malingo tipo III</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6154-9983</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rivero-Perez</surname>
						<given-names>Nallely</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9208-7216</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ocampo-López</surname>
						<given-names>Juan</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					
					<name>
						<surname>Vera-Borja</surname>
						<given-names>Gerardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2302-8201</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hori-Oshima</surname>
						<given-names>Sawako</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0306-3560</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Valladares-Carranza</surname>
						<given-names>Benjamín</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6120-2819</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rosenfeld-Miranda</surname>
						<given-names>Carla</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8537-5025</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Zaragoza-Bastida</surname>
						<given-names>Adrian</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuaria, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuaria</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Baja California</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Baja California</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Mexicali</city>
					<state>Baja California</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Austral de Chile</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Austral de Chile</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Valdivia</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CL">Chile</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><sup>*</sup></label>Autor para correspondencia: Zaragoza-Bastida Adrian. Rancho Universitario, Av. Universidad Km 1, Ex-Hda. de Aquetzalpa, C.P. 43600 Tulancingo, Hidalgo, México. <email>nallely_rivero@uaeh.edu.mx</email>, <email>jocampo@uaeh.edu.mx</email>, <email>shori@uabc.edu.mx</email>, <email>benvac2004@yahoo.com.mx</email>, <email>adrian_zaragoza@uaeh.edu.mx</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>Clave: 2020-51.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>11</volume>
			
			<elocation-id>e301</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>29</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>03</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<p>El presente reporte describe un schwannoma tipo III encontrado en un macho SharPei de 12 años, la neoplasia fue retirada y analizada por histopatología e inmunohistoquímica. El schwannoma fue clasificado con alta malignidad y con metástasis al linfonodo axilar. Con técnicas de rutina y moleculares se identificó una septicemia bacteriana secundaria. El diagnostico inmunohistoquímico confirmó el diagnóstico presuntivo de schwannoma, así como su grado de malignidad. Adicionalmente se aisló e identificó <italic>Leucobacter chromiiresistens</italic>, especie de la cual a la fecha no hay reportes como patógeno de animales o humanos.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Schwannoma</kwd>
				<kwd>SharPei</kwd>
				<kwd>Leucobacter chromiiresistens</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="16"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Los tumores cutáneos de origen neurológico son poco frecuentes en animales domésticos, sin embargo, es probable que sean poco diagnosticados, debido a la similitud histológica que presenta respecto a otros tumores cutáneos más frecuentes. El nombre de tumor de la vaina del nervio periférico (TNP) es un término amplio propuesto para incluir aquellos tumores que surgen de los nervios periféricos (neurofibromas/neurofibrosarcomas/neurinomas, neurilemmomas y schwannomas); sin embargo, debido a que la mayoría de los tumores están constituidos por células de Schwann, el término schwannoma es apropiado para la mayoría de estos tumores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Maxie <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>El schwannoma (neurilemoma) es un tumor de nervios mielinizados que se origina en la vaina de los neurolemocitos (células de Schwann), que puede tener una presentación benigna o maligna. Existen reportes de casos de neurilemomas en animales, incluidos perros, la incidencia aproximada de estos tumores en perros es de 3.8 en 100,000 animales y se observan con mayor frecuencia en nervios craneales, nervios del plexo braquial y en nervios de la séptima cervical, causando compresión de la médula espinal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ramírez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Baka <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). El schwannoma en perros ha sido reportado en la pared uveal, orbital, perianal y torácica entre otros, sin embargo normalmente son subcutáneos, la localización más común de los neurilemomas cutáneos en perros son las extremidades y el dorso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Maxie <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Gaitero <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>). Los animales con tumores son susceptibles a diversas afecciones metabólicas y fisiológicas, así como infecciones secundarias incluyendo aquellas de origen bacteriano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Azap <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>). El presente reporte describe un schwannoma tipo III en un perro con una infección secundaria, asociada a <italic>Leucobacter chromiiresistens.</italic></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>Historia del caso</title>
			<p>Un perro Shar-pei, macho de 12 años de edad, visitó el Hospital Veterinario de la Universidad Autónomas del Estado de Hidalgo, para la evaluación de un crecimiento anormal en la región axilar derecha. El examen físico general reveló, enfermedad periodontal grado II, condición corporal 4/9 y la presencia de una masa subcutánea de tejido recién formada, localizada en la región axilar derecha. La masa (15 cm de largo, 5 cm de ancho, 3 cm de profundidad) era de aspecto multilobulado, no dolorosa, firme, ligeramente desplazable y con alopecia en la zona.</p>
			<p>Se realizaron un hemograma y un perfil bioquímico, no se reportaron anormalidades en el hemograma, pero el perfil bioquímico mostró hiperproteinemia marginal asociada a reacción inflamatoria. Se colectó una muestra de sangre por medio del sistema BD Vacutainer® en un tubo con heparina para hemocultivo, de acuerdo con la metodología descrita en el Manual de Productos y Procedimientos de Laboratorio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Zimbro <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>). Se realizó una nodulectomía una semana después del examen físico, la cual incluyó una incisión en la región axilar del área del plexo braquial. Se observó la formación de un nuevo tejido altamente vascularizado, poco delimitado, no encapsulado y asimétrico, e involucraba el nervio musculocutáneo y posiblemente el nervio radial. Debido a que se observó que la neoplasia se infiltró significativamente en el tejido muscular subyacente, se realizó una resección parcial del músculo pectoral profundo. Aunado a esto se observó un linfonodo regional agrandado y firme. El tumor y linfonodo regional fueron extirpados y fijados en formalina al 4% para su posterior estudio histopatológico e inmunohistoquímico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Prophet <italic>et al</italic>., 1995</xref>).</p>
			<p>En la masa tumoral se encontraron numerosas células neoplásicas en forma de huso, dispuestas en haces cortos entrelazados (cuerpos de Verocay), sostenidas y delimitadas por estroma fibrovascular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1, A</xref>). En otras partes se observaron extensas áreas de material eosinofílico granular y con pocas células fusiformes (Patrón histológico Antoni A y Antoni B) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Musha <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Salazar <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Neurilemmoma. Canino, Shar-pei, macho, 4 años. H-E. A. 100X. Apariencia del tumor: </title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e301-gf1.png"/>
					<attrib>A. Las células neoplásicas, en forma de huso, están dispuestas en haces cortos (cuerpos de Verocay), orientadas en los tres planos del espacio y sostenidad por estroma fibrovascular, relativamente escaso. </attrib>
					<attrib>B. 400X. Detalles de la celularidad tumoral. Las células son fusiformes, con bordes poco definidos, núcleo central ovalado, con cromatina granular gruesa y moderada anisocitosis, anisocariosis y cariomegalia. C. 100X. Metástasis del linfonodo regional: El tejido neoplásico ocupa la corteza y parcialmente la médula del linfonodo. </attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Las células fueron fusiformes, con bordes celulares poco definidos, pérdida moderada del citoplasma, núcleo central ovalado con bordes filosos, cromatina granular gruesa y moderada anisocitosis, anisocariosis, y cariomegalia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1, B</xref>), así mismo fueron contadas cuarenta y tres figuras mitóticas en 2.37 mm<sup>2</sup> en la periferia del tumor, área con la mayor actividad mitótica. Se observaron áreas extensas de necrosis coagulativa, hemorragia y grupos de linfocitos y neutrófilos entre las células. Los vasos linfáticos se observaron distendidos por grupos de células neoplásicas fusiformes. Estos hallazgos fueron indicativos de un neurilemoma maligno (schwannoma) grado III (alto grado de malignidad) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Ahmadi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Sharif <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>En el linfonodo regional, hubo una reducción de las células linfoides, observandose 60% de linfoblastos, 15% de los linfocitos maduros, 15% de células plasmáticas y 10% de macrófagos. Los senos medulares revelaron densos grupos de células fusiformes que reemplazaron una gran parte del parénquima del linfonodo, con una corteza muy delgada y sin la presencia característica de linfonodos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1, B</xref>). Estos hallazgos corresponden con una permeación linfática y metástasis a los linfonodos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Ahmadi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>Para determinar el origen tisular de las células, se realizó un estudio inmunohistoquímico indirecto, a través de la técnica de estreptavidina-biotina-peroxidasa con anticuerpos policlonales, que dieron positivo para la proteína ácida fibrilar glial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2, A</xref>), proteína S-100 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2, B</xref>), y vimentina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2, C</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Neurilemoma. Canino, Shar-pei, macho, 4 años. Inmunomarcaje con HRP. 400X. </title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e301-gf2.png"/>
					<attrib>A. Proteína ácida fibrilar glial, en un patrón discreto pero uniforme en la mayoría de las células neoplásicas.</attrib>
					<attrib>B. ProteínaS-100, marcado muy notorio, en grupos de células tumorales C. Vimentina, marcaje uniforme en grupos celulares del neurilemoma. </attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>En el procesamiento de la muestra a través de técnicas bacteriológicas, se observó el crecimiento de colonias pigmentadas de color amarillo, con presencia de bacilos Gram positivos. La cepa aislada se identificó por medio de la amplificación, secuenciación y comparación con el gen 16S rRNA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Zaragoza <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Los resultados del análisis molecular mostraron que la cepa tuvo una similitud del 99,4% con <italic>Leucobacter chromiiresistens</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Comparación del gen rRNA 16S de la cepa aislada con las depositadas en el GenBank, usando BLAST y EzTaxon</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Cepa</th>
								<th align="center">Tamaño (Pb)</th>
								<th align="center">Especies similares</th>
								<th align="center">Similitud GenBank (%)</th>
								<th align="center">Similitud Eztaxon (%)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" rowspan="6">ZBA-1</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="6">1400</td>
								<td align="left"><italic>Leucobacter chromiiresistens</italic></td>
								<td align="center">99</td>
								<td align="center">99.4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="left"><italic>Leucobacter alluvii</italic></td>
								<td align="center">98</td>
								<td align="center">98.7</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="left"><italic>Leucobacter musarum subsp. japonicus</italic></td>
								<td align="center">98</td>
								<td align="center">98.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="left"><italic>Leucobacter musarum subsp. musarum</italic></td>
								<td align="center">98</td>
								<td align="center">98.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="left"><italic>Leucobacter humi</italic></td>
								<td align="center">97</td>
								<td align="center">97.7</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="left"><italic>Leucobacter iarius</italic></td>
								<td align="center">97</td>
								<td align="center">97.4</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Pb: Pares de bases</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Árbol filogenético construido a través de la comparación de la secuencia del gen rRNA 16S de la cepa aislada y las cepas de referencia<bold>.</bold></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e301-gf3.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Los schwannomas pueden tener diferentes localizaciones y presentaciones, en este estudio se reporta un schwannoma tipo III con alto grado de malignidad y con metástasis al linfonodo axilar, en un macho Shar-Pei de 12 años. Los schwannomas no son comunes en perros, sin embargo en un estudio realizado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Gaitero <italic>et al</italic>., en 2008</xref> se reportaron dos casos de TNP caninos, en la región axilar derecha, ambos en perros de raza mestiza, uno de los tumores tuvo una dimensión de 3x2 cm, similar al schwannoma reportado en el presente caso (5x3 cm), dichos autores mencionan que no existe predisposición racial para este tipo de tumores, así mismo se menciona que los animales mas afectados son perros geriatras, como ocurrió en el presente caso. En la literatura se reporta que aproximadamente el 42% de los perros diagnosticados con schwannomas han sido eutanasiados, situación similar a la del presente caso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Jones <italic>et al.,</italic> 1975</xref>), después del procedimiento quirúrgico, el paciente fue enviado a casa con tratamiento analgésico, el cual incluía meloxicam 0.1 mg/kg, tramadol 3 mg/kg, cefalexina 30 mg/kg, y omeprazol 1mg/kg, se recomendó reposo y el uso de collar Isabelino. Sin embargo, siete dias despúes de la cirugía, el paciente presentó debilidad generalizada, membranas mucosas pálidas, taquicardia, pulso débil, y pérdida de 2 kg de peso. Debido al gradual deterioro del paciente, los miembros de la familia decidieron optar por el procedimiento de eutanasia, sin otorgar la autorización para la necropsia. Los resultados del análisis molecular de la bacteria determinaron que la cepa tuvo una similitud del 99.4% con <italic>Leucobacter chromiiresistens,</italic> un bacilo irregular Gram positivo, no móvil, de coloración amarilla, a la fecha no existen reportes de infección en humanos o animales a causa de estas especies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Sturm <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>)<italic>.</italic></p>
			<p>De acuerdo con la literatura, <italic>Escherichia coli</italic>, <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic>, <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>, <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic>, <italic>Streptococcus pyogenes</italic>, y <italic>Bacteroides</italic> spp comúnmente se asocian a infecciones secundarias en pacientes con cáncer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Lopardo <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). El género <italic>Leucobacter</italic> no es común en infecciones secundarias en pacientes con cáncer, sin embargo existen reportes de infecciones a causa de éste género, principalmente en pacientes con cáncer terminal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Adderson <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>). Las lesiones causadas debido a la infección secundaria por <italic>Leucobacter chromiiresistens</italic> no fueron identificadas ya que la necropsia no fue autorizada.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>El diagnóstico inmunohistoquímico de la masa tumoral, confirmó el diagnóstico presuntivo, que sugería un schwannoma así, como el grado de malignidad que presentaba. Adicionalmente se aisló <italic>Leucobacter chromiiresistens</italic>, una especie de la cual a la fecha no existen reportes de que sea un agente patógeno para humanos o animales.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMIENTOS</title>
			<p>Los autores desean agradecer el apoyo de la Secretaría de Investigación de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo y un agradecimiento especial al Dr. Julio C. Osorio Baños┼ por todas sus contribuciones a este reporte de caso.</p>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Clinical case</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Secondary infection by <italic>Leucobacter chromiiresistens</italic> in a dog with malignant axillary schwannoma type III</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					<p>Code: 2020-51.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<p>The present report describes a schwannoma type III found in a 12-year-old male SharPei dog, this neoplasm was excised and analyzed using histopathological and immunohistochemistry examinations. This schwannoma was classified as high malignancy and presented metastasis to the axillary node. A secondary bacterial septicemia was identified with routine and molecular techniques. The Inmunohistochemical diagnosis of the mass, corroborated the presumptive diagnosis, which suggested a Schwannoma as well as its malignancy degree. In addition, <italic>Leucobacter chromiiresistens</italic> was isolated, a specie of which to date there are no reports as a pathogen in animals or humans.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Schwannoma</kwd>
				<kwd>SharPei</kwd>
				<kwd>Leucobacter chromiiresistens</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Cutaneous tumors of neural origin are uncommon in domestic animals but are likely under-diagnosed because of their histologic similarity to other more common tumors of the skin. The name peripheral nerve sheath tumor (PNTs) is a broad term proposed to include all tumors arising from peripheral nerves (neurofibromas/neurofibrosarcomas, neurinomas, neurilemmomas, and schwannomas); however, because most tumors are composed of Schwann cells, the term schwannoma is appropriate for the majority of the tumors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Maxie <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>The schwannoma (neurilemmoma) is a tumor of myelinated nerves that originates in the sheath of neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells), and presents a benign or malignant appearance. Neurilemmomas have been reported in animals including dogs, approximate incidence of these tumors in dogs was 3.8 in 100,000 animals and are most commonly observed in the cranial nerves, brachial plexus nerves, and in the seventh cervical nerves causing spinal cord compression (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ramírez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Baka <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). The schwannoma in dogs are reported in uveal, orbital, perianal, thoracic wall, among others nevertheless are usually subcutaneous, the neurilemmomas in the skin from dogs the usual location is the limbs and back (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Maxie <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Gaitero <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>). The animals with tumors are prone to various metabolic, physiological, and secondary infections, including those caused by bacteria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Azap <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>). The present report describes a schwannoma type III in a dog and with secondary infection caused by <italic>Leucobacter chromiiresistens.</italic></p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>CASE HISTORY</title>
				<p>A Shar-Pei dog, male with 12-year-old, visited the Veterinary Hospital of the Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, to assess a new tissue growth in the right axillary region. The general physical examination revealed grade II periodontal disease, body condition 4/9, and presence of a newly formed tissue mass located subcutaneously in the right axillary region. The mass (15 cm long, 5 cm wide, 3 cm deep) was multi-lobed in appearance, non-painful, firm, slightly displaceable, and showed alopecia.</p>
				<p>Hemogram and biochemical profiles were performed, no abnormalities were reported in the hemogram, but the biochemical profile showed marginal hyperproteinemia associated with inflammatory reaction. A blood sample was collected with BD Vacutainer® system in a heparin tube for blood culture, according to the methodology described in the Manual of Products and Laboratory Procedures (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Zimbro <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>).</p>
				<p>Nodulectomy was performed one week after the physical examination, which involved an incision in the skin in the axillary region of the brachial plexus area. A newly formed tissue was observed that was highly vascularized, poorly delimited, non-encapsulated, and asymmetric, and involved the musculocutaneous nerve and possibly the radial nerve. Since the neoplasm was found to significantly infiltrate the underlying muscle tissue, partial resection of the deep pectoral muscle had to be performed. Furthermore, an enlarged and firm regional lymph node was observed. The excised regional tumor and lymph node mass were fixed in 4% formalin for histopathological and immunohistochemically studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Prophet <italic>et al.,</italic> 1995</xref>).</p>
				<p>In the tumoral mass, numerous spindle-shaped neoplastic cells were observed, which were arranged in short intertwined bundles (Verocay’s bodies), supported and delimited by fibrovascular stroma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1, A</xref>). In other parts, there were extensive areas of granular eosinophilic material and few fusiform cells (histological pattern Antoni A and Antoni B) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Musha <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Salazar <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>The cells were fusiform, with poorly defined cell borders, moderate loose cytoplasm, central oval nucleus with sharp edges, granular thick chromatin, and moderate anisocytosis, anisokaryosis, and kariomegaly (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1, B</xref>), and fourty three mitotic figures was counted in 2.37 mm2 in the periphery of the tumor in the area with the most mitotic activity. Extensive areas of coagulative necrosis, hemorrhage, and lymphocyte and neutrophil clusters were observed between the cells. The lymphatic vessels were seen distended by clusters of fusiform neoplastic cells. These findings were indicative of a malignant neurilemmoma (schwannoma) grade III (high degree of malignancy) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Ahmadi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Sharif <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Neurilemmoma. Canine, Shar-pei, male, 4 years. H-E. A. 100X. </title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e301-gf4.png"/>
						<attrib>General appearanceof tumor: </attrib>
						<attrib>A. The neoplastic cells, spindle-shaped, are arranged in short bundles (Verocay´s bodies), oriented in the three planes of space and supported by a fibrovascular stroma, relatively scarce. </attrib>
						<attrib>B. 400X. Details of tumor cellularity. The cells are fusiform, with poorly defined cell borders, central oval nucleus, with thick granular chromatin and moderate anisocytosis, anisokaryosis and kariomegaly. C. 100X. Metastasis to regional lymphonode: The neoplastic tissue occupies the cortex and partially the medulla of lymphonode. </attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>In the regional lymph node, there was a depletion of lymphoid cells, observing 60% of lymphoblasts, 15% mature lymphocytes, 15% plasmatic cells, and 10% of macrophages. The medullary sinuses revealed dense clusters of fusiform cells that replaced a large part of the parenchyma of the lymph node, with a very thin cortex and without the characteristic presence of lymphoid nodules (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1, B</xref>). These findings corresponded to lymphatic permeation and metastasis to axillary nodes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Ahmadi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>To determine the tissue origin of the cells, an indirect immunohistochemistry was performed using the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase technique with polyclonal antibodies, which tested positive for la glial fibrillary acidic protein (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2, A</xref>), S-100 protein (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2, B</xref>), and vimentin (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2, C</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Neurilemmoma. Canine, Shar-pei, male, 4 years. Immunolabeling with HRP. 400X. </title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e301-gf5.png"/>
						<attrib>A. Fibrillar Acid Protein Glial, in a discrete but uniform pattern in most neoplastic cells. </attrib>
						<attrib>B. Protein S-100, very notorious marking in groups of tumor cells</attrib>
						<attrib>C. Vimentin, uniform labeling in cell groups of the neurilemoma.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>In the processing of sample by bacteriological techniques, growth of yellow-pigmented colonies was observed with presence of Gram positive bacilli. The isolated strain were identified by amplification, sequencing, and comparing of the 16S rRNA gene (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Zaragoza <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). The results of molecular analysis showed that the strain it had a similarity of 99.4% with <italic>Leucobacter chromiiresistens</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Phylogenetic tree constructed by comparing the 16S rRNA gene sequence from the strain isolated and reference strains.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e301-gf6.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences of the strains isolated with those deposited in GenBank, using BLAST and EzTaxon</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								
							
							<tr>
									<th align="left">Strain</th>
									<th align="left">Size (Bp)</th>
									<th align="left">Similar species</th>
									<th align="left">Similarity Blast (%)</th>
									<th align="left">Similarity Eztaxon (%)</th>
							</tr></thead>
							<tbody>	
							<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="6">ZBA-1 </td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="6">1400 </td>
									<td align="left"><italic>Leucobacter chromiiresistens</italic></td>
									<td align="center">99</td>
									<td align="center">99.4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="left"><italic>Leucobacter alluvii</italic></td>
									<td align="center">98</td>
									<td align="center">98.7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="left"><italic>Leucobacter musarum subsp. japonicus</italic></td>
									<td align="center">98</td>
									<td align="center">98.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="left"><italic>Leucobacter musarum subsp. musarum</italic></td>
									<td align="center">98</td>
									<td align="center">98.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="left"><italic>Leucobacter humi</italic></td>
									<td align="center">97</td>
									<td align="center">97.7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="left"><italic>Leucobacter iarius</italic></td>
									<td align="center">97</td>
									<td align="center">97.4</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>Bp: base pair</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The Schwannomas can have different locations and presentations, in this study is reported an axillary schwannoma type III with high malignancy with metastasis to the axillary node, in a12-year-old male Shar-Pei. Axillar Schwannomas are not common in dogs. Nevertheless, in a study performed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Gaitero <italic>et al</italic>., in 2008</xref> there were reported two canine PNSTs cases in the right axilla region, both of them in mixed breed dogs one of the tumors had a 3x2 cm dimension, similar to the reported Schwannoma in the present case (5x3 cm), these authors mention that there isnt´t breed predilection for PNSTs either is mentioned that affected animals were predominantely old dogs similar to this case.</p>
				<p>In the literature it is reported that approximately 42% of dogs diagnosed with schwannomas have been euthanized as in the present case (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Jones <italic>et al.,</italic> 1975</xref>), after the surgical procedure, the patient was sent home with analgesia management that included meloxicam 0.1 mg/kg, tramadol 3 mg/kg, cephalexin 30 mg/kg, and omeprazole 1 mg/kg, and was advised rest and use of the Elizabethan collar. However, after 7 days, the patient presented with generalized weakness, pale mucous membranes, tachycardia, weak pulse, and loss of 2 kg weight. Due to the gradual deterioration of the patient, family members decide to opt for the euthanasia procedure, without authorization for necropsy.</p>
				<p>The results of molecular analysis of bacteria determined that the strain it has a similarity of 99.4% with <italic>Leucobacter chromiiresistens</italic>, a Gram-positive, irregular rod-shaped, non- motile and yellow-pigmented bacterium, this species to date has no reports of infection in humans and animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Sturm <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>)<italic>.</italic> In accordance with the literature, <italic>Escherichia coli</italic>, <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic>, <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>, <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic>, <italic>Streptococcus pyogenes</italic>, and <italic>Bacteroides</italic> spp are most commonly associated with secondary infections in patients with cancer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Lopardo <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). In this regard, the <italic>Leucobacter</italic> genus is not common in secondary infections in patients with cancer, but there are reports of infection by this genus, mainly in patients with terminal cancer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Adderson <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>). The injuries caused by the secondary infection by <italic>Leucobacter chromiiresistens</italic> were unidentified, because the necropsy was not authorized.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The Inmunohistochemical diagnosis of the mass, corroborated the presumptive diagnosis, which suggested a schwannoma as well as its malignancy degree. Additionally, <italic>Leucobacter chromiiresistens</italic> was isolated, a specie of which to date there are no reports as a pathogen in humans or animals.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</title>
				<p>The authors would like to acknowledge assistance from the Secretary of Research of Autonomous University of Hidalgo State and a special acknowledge to Dr. Julio C. Osorio Baños┼ for all his contributions in this case report.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>