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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.35</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00123</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Antihiperglucémico, antihiperlipidémico y cicatrización de heridas de <italic>Boswellia serrata</italic> en ratas diabéticas inducidas experimentalmente</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5917-2171</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Namjou</surname>
						<given-names>Abdolrasoul</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4543-012X</contrib-id>					
					<name>
						<surname>Rouhi-Broujeni</surname>
						<given-names>Hojjat</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Islamic Azad University</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Islamic Azad University</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Shahrekord</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="IR">Iran</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">University of Medical Sciences</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Basic Health Sciences Institute</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">University of Medical Sciences</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Shahrekord</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="IR">Iran</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">*Autor para correspondencia: Abdolrasoul Namjou. Address: Department of Pathology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University Shahrekord, Iran. P.O. box: 166. Tel: +98 38 333361045. Email: <email>ar.namjo72@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn2">
					<p>CONFLICTO DE INTERESES Los autores declaran que no hay conflicto de intereses.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>
			<elocation-id>e123</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>08</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>03</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>La diabetes mellitus es un trastorno metabólico con complicaciones como el síndrome metabólico y la cicatrización lenta de las heridas. En este estudio experimental, treinta y seis ratas Wistar machos se dividieron al azar en tres grupos: control, diabéticas y las tratadas con extracto diabético. Veinticuatro horas después de habérseles producido la herida a las ratas del grupo diabético tratadas con la crema tópica <italic>B. serrata</italic> al 2.5%, también se les administró extracto acuoso de <italic>B. serrata</italic>. (400 mg/Kg) vía sonda oral por tres semanas. A las ratas se les indujo la diabetes por medio de una inyección subcutánea de monohidrato de aloxano (120mg/Kg). Luego de estar anestesiadas, se les removió el espesor total de la piel dorsal (25mm x 25mm). En los días 4, 7, 14 y 21 se recogieron muestras de las heridas para evaluar la curación histopatológica de la mismas. Al culminarse los tratamientos, se recogieron muestras de sangre para medir los factores bioquímicos. El consumo de extracto de <italic>B.serrata</italic> en el grupo diabético redujo significativamente la glucosa, las enzimas hepáticas, los indicadores renales y el perfil lipídico, en comparación con el grupo de control diabético (P &lt; 0.05). Estudios histopatológicos mostraron que la tasa de formación de fibras de colágeno y tejido epiteleal, así como la de cicatrización de heridas, fue más alta en el grupo tratado con <italic>B. serrata</italic> que en los grupos diabéticos. Por lo tanto, esto puede ser útil en pacientes diabéticos, especialmente aquellos que presentan heridas.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Boswellia serrata</kwd>
				<kwd>aloxano</kwd>
				<kwd>úlcera diabética</kwd>
				<kwd>glucosa</kwd>
				<kwd>cicatrización</kwd>
				<kwd>rata</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="12"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="43"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La diabetes mellitus es un trastorno metabólico que afecta aproximadamente al 5% de la población mundial y se asocia con hiperglucemia y cambios anormales en el metabolismo de proteínas, grasas y carbohidratos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Wu y Parhofer, 2014</xref>). La destrucción de las células beta pancreáticas, el estrés oxidativo, la resistencia a la insulina y el aumento de la producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno juegan un papel importante en el mecanismo de inducción de la diabetes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chao et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Rodrigues et al., 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>Las complicaciones crónicas de la diabetes están directamente relacionadas con las condiciones hiperglucémicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Gomez-perez et al., 2010</xref>). La cicatrización de heridas se retrasa inicialmente por hiperglucemia, expresión excesiva de citocinas inflamatorias, estrés oxidativo, síntesis retardada de colágeno, disminución de la angiogénesis e infecciones microbianas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Lerman et al., 2003</xref>). Los estudios han demostrado que el aumento de los niveles de glucosa en sangre en pacientes diabéticos aumenta la inflamación, previene la proliferación celular y aumenta los niveles de metaloproteinasas de la matriz y citocinas inflamatorias ((<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Komesu et al., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Rahati et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Hoy en día, los tratamientos de uso común para la diabetes incluyen ejercicio, dieta, insulina y medicamentos antidiabéticos. El uso de biguanidas y sulfonilureas produce varios efectos secundarios, como hipoglucemia, hepatotoxicidad y aumento de la coagulación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Fisman y Tenenbaum, 2009</xref>). Durante la última década, las plantas medicinales en los países desarrollados y en desarrollo han jugado un papel importante en el tratamiento de enfermedades debido a sus comparativamente menos efectos secundarios y varios ingredientes activos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Kumar et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Roy et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>La importancia de las plantas medicinales es conocida por la presencia de estructuras químicas con actividad antioxidante, en altas concentraciones, para disminuir y prevenir enfermedades degenerativas como tumores, enfermedades neurológicas, cardiovasculares y diabetes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Mentreddy, 2007</xref>). Un grupo de especies de plantas que se han utilizado en la medicina tradicional y que se han estudiado de forma diversa es el género Boswellia de la familia Burseraceae perteneciente a los Sapindales, que a menudo se encuentra en regiones tropicales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Beheshti et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Boswellia serrata, una especie del género Boswellia, también se conoce, en algunos textos, como incienso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Schmiech et al., 2019</xref>). B. serrata se conoce como un fármaco útil para tratar o acelerar la recuperación de muchos pacientes. Según las fuentes más antiguas, B. serrata se ha utilizado para tratar el asma, las enfermedades digestivas, la inflamación de las articulaciones y el cáncer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Assimopoulou et al., 2005</xref>).</p>
			<p>La resina de B. serrata tiene numerosas propiedades farmacéuticas como hipoglucemiante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Mehrzadi et al., 2018</xref>), antioxidante y cicatrización de úlceras pépticas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Borrelli et al., 2006</xref>). La resina también ha mostrado cicatrización de úlceras de colon, tratamiento de la enfermedad de Crohn (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Raja et al., 2011</xref>), antitumoral (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bertocchi et al., 2018</xref>), reducción de los síntomas de la osteoartritis y propiedades que mejoran la memoria y el aprendizaje (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Beheshti et al., 2018</xref>). La resina contiene ciertos compuestos químicos como los ácidos boswélicos, que comprenden un grupo de terpenoides pentacíclicos que se encuentran libres o en combinación con otras sustancias. Los ácidos boswélicos son los ingredientes activos de B. serrata, los más importantes de ellos son el ácido beta-boswélico, el ácido ceto-boswélico y el ácido 3- acetil-11-ceto-beta-boswélico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Miao et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>B. serrata contiene resina (una combinación de terpenos) (60-85%), una secreción viscosa (una combinación de polisacáridos) (6-30%) y también pentosas y hexosas junto con algunos agentes oxidantes y enzimas digestivas. También contiene aceite esencial (5-9%) que comprende monoterpenos, diterpenos y sesquiterpenos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hamidpour et al., 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>Los estudios toxicológicos de la resina de B. serrata en diferentes animales no mostraron cambios patológicos, hematológicos o genotóxicos significativos hasta una dosis de 1000 mg/kg (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Sharma et al., 2009</xref>). Dado que la cicatrización de heridas no es satisfactoria en pacientes diabéticos y son muy importantes los estudios de nuevos fármacos para el tratamiento de heridas cutáneas en pacientes con diabetes mellitus para minimizar la inflamación y acelerar el proceso de cicatrización aumentando la síntesis de fibroblastos y colágeno, así como disminuir las complicaciones de la diabetes mellitus; por lo tanto, en el presente estudio en ratas macho con una diabetes inducida usando aloxano, se investigaron los efectos hipoglucémicos e hipolipidémicos de la administración oral de extracto de B. serrata (400 mg/kg). También se evaluó el proceso de cicatrización de heridas después de aplicar la crema del extracto.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Animales experimentales y diseño de protocolos</title>
				<p>En este estudio experimental, se compraron 36 ratas Wistar macho que pesaban entre 150 y 180 g del Instituto Pasteur de Irán. Las ratas se asignaron al azar a grupos de 3 miembros en una jaula de policarbonato en condiciones estándar [20-22 °C, ciclos de luz/oscuridad (12/12 h) y 65% de humedad] con acceso ad libitum a agua y comida estándar en el Centro de Investigación de Patología de la Universidad Islámica de Azad, filial Shahrekord, Irán.</p>
				<p>Los animales fueron trasladados al nuevo entorno al menos una semana antes de los experimentos para que pudieran aclimatarse al entorno. El Comité de Ética de la Universidad Islámica de Azad, filial Shahrekord aprobó todo el protocolo del estudio. Todos los principios éticos relacionados con los animales estudiados se observaron durante el estudio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Namjou et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p><bold>Preparación de Boswellia Serrata</bold>: Después de obtener resina de B. serrata de
					Goldaru Co. (Isfahan) y su identificación por parte del botánico del Centro de
					Investigación de Plantas Médicas de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de
					Shahrekord, las secciones de la planta fueron pulverizadas con un molino
					eléctrico.</p>
				<p>Se maceraron 200 g del polvo de resina seca en 1000 ml de agua destilada hervida enfriada y se almacenaron en el frigorífico durante 48 h.</p>
				<p>A continuación, la B. serrata macerada se calentó al baño María a 60 °C hasta su disolución. Luego, la solución se pasó a través de un papel de filtro, se aplanó en un recipiente de vidrio y luego se colocó en un horno a 37 °C para que se secara. De cada 200 g de polvo disuelto, se obtuvieron 40 g de extracto seco.</p>
				<p>Posteriormente, se recogió el extracto seco en el plato y, luego de ser disuelto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Jalili et al., 2014</xref>), se utilizó para preparar la crema de B. serrata y se administró el extracto a una dosis de 400 mg/kg de peso corporal (PC) a través de sonda gástrica.</p>
				<p><bold>Formulación de crema</bold>: Se preparó una crema a base de emulsión de aceite en agua
					(A/A) (formulación semisólida). El emulsionante (ácido esteárico) y otros
					ingredientes solubles en aceite (alcohol acetílico) se disolvieron en la fase
					oleosa (Parte A) y se calentaron a 75 ºC. Los conservantes y otros componentes
					solubles en agua (metilparabeno, propilparabeno, trietanolamina, propilenglicol,
					extracto de B. serrata) se disolvieron en la fase acuosa (Parte B) y se
					calentaron a 75 ºC. Después de calentar, la fase acuosa se añadió en porciones a
					la fase oleosa con agitación continua hasta que se enfrió el emulsionante (<xref
						ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Composición de la crema de semillas de <italic>Boswellia serrata</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Material</td>
									<td align="justify">% % de material en formulación A/A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>Boswellia serrata</italic></td>
									<td align="center">2.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Alcohol cetílico</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Ácido esteárico</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Glicerol</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Metilparabeno</td>
									<td align="center">0.02</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Tri etanolamina</td>
									<td align="center">Qs</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Agua</td>
									<td align="center">Qs</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><bold>Determinación de la estabilidad de la formulación</bold>: Las pruebas de estabilidad de
					los productos farmacéuticos comienzan como parte del descubrimiento del fármaco
					y finalizan con la desaparición completa del compuesto o producto comercial. Se
					utilizaron las directrices de la ICH para realizar estudios de estabilidad de
					formulaciones y fármacos. La crema se vertió en una botella y se mantuvo en la
					cámara de humedad, mantenida a 32±2 °C/70±5% HR y 42±2 °C/80±5% HR durante dos
					meses. Después de los experimentos, las muestras se analizaron por sus
					propiedades físicas y viscosidad y otras propiedades fisicoquímicas (<xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Nourbakhsh et al., 2016</xref>) (<xref
						ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabla 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabla 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Propiedades físicas de la crema <italic>Boswellia serrata</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">pH de la crema</th>
									<th align="justify">Viscosida d</th>
									<th align="justify">Valor de acidez</th>
									<th align="justify">Valor de saponificación</th>
									<th align="justify">Homogeneidad</th>
									<th align="justify">Después de usarla</th>
									<th align="justify">Prueba de irritabilidad</th>
									<th align="justify">Apariencia</th>
									<th align="justify">Eliminación</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">7.35±6</td>
									<td align="justify">30004±13</td>
									<td align="justify">6.9±4</td>
									<td align="justify">30.0±0.7</td>
									<td align="justify">Buena</td>
									<td align="justify">Emoliente</td>
									<td align="justify">Sin reacci ón</td>
									<td align="justify">Amarillo</td>
									<td align="justify">Eliminado lavando con agua</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><bold>Inducción de diabetes en ratas</bold>: Para inducir diabetes experimental, se
					inyectaron ratas por vía subcutánea en la parte posterior del cuello con aloxano
					(Sigma Aldrich, Alemania) a 100-120 mg/kg de PC en una solución de suero
					fisiológico frío. Después de 72 h, se consideró que el azúcar en sangre en
					ayunas (ASA) superior a 180 mg/dl indicaba el desarrollo de diabetes (<xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Mostafavinia et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p><bold>El método de creación de la herida</bold>: Después de la inducción de la anestesia en
					ratas mediante la administración intramuscular de xilazina al 2% (10 mg/kg) y
					ketamina al 10% (100 mg/kg), las ratas se colocaron en la mesa quirúrgica en una
					posición prona. La parte central de la columna de la región dorsal se desguazó y
					la povidona yodada al 10% esterilizó el área de interés. Mediante el uso de
					clorhexidina y un bisturí, se creó una herida de manera que se eliminó todo el
					grosor de la piel, incluida la epidermis, la dermis y la hipodermis, que cubre
					un área de 2,5 cm × 2,5 cm.</p>
				<p><bold>Agrupación de las ratas</bold>: las ratas se dividieron aleatoriamente en tres grupos
					de 12 cada uno de la siguiente manera:</p>
				<p>Grupo I: grupo de control que incluye ratas sanas tratadas con agua destilada mediante sonda gástrica y base de crema durante 21 días;</p>
				<p>Grupo II: ratas de control diabético tratadas con extracto acuoso de B. serrata y base de crema durante 21 días; y</p>
				<p>Grupo III: Ratas tratadas con extracto de B. serrata acuoso oral a 400 mg/kg, dividido en tres dosis, a través de una sonda gástrica, y crema al 2,5% que contiene extracto acuoso de B. serrata durante 21 días.</p>
				<p>La duración del experimento para todos los grupos fue de 21 días y el día de la cirugía se consideró el día 0. Durante los 21 días, cada grupo se sometió a su respectivo tratamiento. Dado que el día de la cirugía se consideró el día 0 y el tamaño de la herida se fijó en todos los grupos el día 0, en los días 4, 7, 14 y 21 se midió el largo y ancho de la herida con un calibre y también para más precisión, una cámara inteligente tomó la imagen de la herida (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Las imágenes se convirtieron al software AutoCAD para medir el área de la herida y el porcentaje de contracción o cicatrización de la herida se calculó utilizando la siguiente fórmula (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Lee et al., 2012</xref>):</p>
				<p>Curación de heridas (%) = Ao-At/Ao ͓100</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Imágenes macroscópicas del proceso de cicatrización de heridas en ratas no diabéticas (control), diabéticas y diabéticas tratadas con crema de extracto de Boswellia serrata al 2,5% los días 0, 4, 7, 14 y 21.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e123-gf1.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Donde: A<sub>0</sub> indica el área de la herida el día 0; y At indica el área de la herida en los días 7, 14 y 21. Para realizar exámenes microscópicos, en los días 4, 7, 14 y 21, en cada grupo, se anestesiaron tres ratas seleccionadas al azar, y muestras de tejido dérmico y epidérmico de la herida fueron removidos.</p>
				<p>Se colocó un espesor total de aproximadamente 4 mm de diámetro desde el área del tejido conectivo, adyacente a la piel, en formalina tamponada al 10%. Después del procesamiento y preparación de bloques de parafina, se obtuvieron cortes de 5 micrones de espesor y se tiñeron con hematoxilina y eosina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Namjou et al., 2018</xref>). Luego, un patólogo evaluó la infiltración de las células inflamatorias en la superficie de la herida, la formación de tejido de granulación y la regeneración del tejido epitelial utilizando un microscopio óptico. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabla 3</xref>. Al final de la tercera semana, las ratas, después de 14 h de en ayunas, fueron anestesiados con cloroformo. Después de la recolección de las muestras de heridas, también se obtuvieron muestras de sangre de los corazones y se transfirieron a tubos de ensayo de 5 ml con un fondo cubierto de parafina y se mantuvieron a 45 °C durante 45 minutos.</p>
				<p>El suero se aisló por centrifugación a 3000 rpm durante 10 min y se mantuvo a -20 °C hasta que se necesitó. La glucosa sérica, la alanina aminotransferasa (ALT), la aspartato aminotransferasa (AST), la gamma-glutamiltransferasa (GGT), la creatina fosfoquinasa (CFQ), la urea y la creatinina se midieron mediante kits bioquímicos estándar (Pars Azmoon, Teherán, Irán), utilizando un equipo -Analista (3000 BT, Biotechnica Co., Italia).</p>
				<p>Las concentraciones séricas de triglicéridos (TG), colesterol total, lipoproteínas de alta densidad (LAD) y lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LBD) se midieron utilizando el kit Pars Azmoon (Irán) de acuerdo con las instrucciones del fabricante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Namjou et al., 2018</xref>) .</p>
				<p>Además, los niveles muy LBD (VLBD) se determinaron utilizando la fórmula de Friedewald, y el Índice de plasma aterogénico (IPA) y el Índice de riesgo cardíaco se determinaron mediante las fórmulas siguientes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Othman et al., 2019</xref>):</p>
				<p>Triglicéridos/5 = lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad IPA = [Log (colesterol TG/LAD)]</p>
				<p>Índice de riesgo cardíaco = colesterol total/colesterol LAD</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Tabla 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Sistema de puntuación para la reparación cutánea histológica de ratas<bold>.</bold></title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">Puntuación</th>
									<th align="justify">Regeneración epitelial</th>
									<th align="justify">Célula inflamatoria</th>
									<th align="justify">Tejido de granulación</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">0</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Alta cantidad</td>
									<td align="justify">Ninguno</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">1</td>
									<td align="justify">Arranque</td>
									<td align="justify">Moderado</td>
									<td align="justify">Baja cantidad de inmaduros</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">2</td>
									<td align="justify">Espesor parcial</td>
									<td align="justify">Baja cantidad</td>
									<td align="justify">Grado de maduración moderado</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">3</td>
									<td align="justify">Grosor completo</td>
									<td align="justify">Ninguno</td>
									<td align="justify">Maduro</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">4</td>
									<td align="justify">Organización de espesor total</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>									
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>El análisis de datos se realizó con SPSS versión 21. Los datos bioquímicos se analizaron mediante ANOVA de una vía y se expresaron como media ± desviación estándar (DE). En caso de que la diferencia fuera estadísticamente significativa (P &lt;0.05), los datos de cada dos grupos se compararon mediante la prueba de Tukey. Los datos histopatológicos se analizaron mediante la prueba no paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis (p &lt;0,05 se consideró significativa). Cuando p era menor que 0,05, se realizaron comparaciones de grupos por pares mediante la prueba U de Mann- Whitney.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>Evaluaciones bioquímicas. La inyección intraperitoneal de aloxano en ratas aumentó el nivel de ASA en un 200% en comparación con el grupo de control (P &lt;0,001). En ratas diabéticas tratadas con extracto de B. serrata, los niveles de glucosa en sangre disminuyeron significativamente en comparación con el grupo diabético (P &lt;0,0001). Los niveles de TG, colesterol, LBD, VLBD, IPA y la relación colesterol/LAD fueron significativamente más bajos en ratas diabéticas tratadas con extracto de B. serrata que en ratas diabéticas (P &lt;0.01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabla 4</xref>). Los niveles de CFQ fueron significativamente más altos en ratas diabéticas y ratas diabéticas tratadas con extracto de B. serrata que en el grupo de control (P &lt;0.01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabla 5</xref>). Las actividades bioquímicas del nitrógeno ureico en sangre (NUS) y la urea fueron mayores en las ratas diabéticas tratadas con extracto de B. serrata que en los grupos de control y diabéticos (P &lt;0,01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabla 5</xref>). Las actividades bioquímicas de AST, ALT y GGT fueron mayores en el grupo diabético tratado con extracto de B. serrata que en el grupo de control (P &lt;0.05). Los resultados sobre otros cambios bioquímicos en el suero de ratas no mostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabla 5</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Tabla 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Cambios en los perfiles de glucosa y lípidos en suero en ratas el día 21 en ratas de los grupos de control, diabéticos y diabéticos tratados con <italic>Boswellia serrata</italic> (400 mg/kg de peso corporal)</title>
					</caption>
					<table style= "border: 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse" border="1">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Grupos <break/>Parámetros</td>
								<td align="justify">Control (Grupo1)</td>
								<td align="justify">Diabético (Grupo 2)</td>
								<td align="justify">Diabético + extracto de <italic>Boswellia</italic> (400mg/kg) (Grupo 3)</td>
								<td align="justify">Valor de P</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Glucosa(mg/dl)</td>
								<td align="justify">61.200±4.76<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">190.25±11.47<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">64.40±18.02<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Triglicéridos(mg/dl)</td>
								<td align="justify">62.4±19.28<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">117.5±16.01<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">32±13.43<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Colesterol(mg/dl)</td>
								<td align="justify">64.6±11.48<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">78.25±4.99<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">38±8.12<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">LAD(mg/dl)</td>
								<td align="justify">43.26±3.87<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">39.07±3.49<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">42.14±8.15<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">0.557</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">LBD(mg/dl)</td>
								<td align="justify">30.74±6.98<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">40.90±3.3<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">27.76±4.47<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">0.01</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">vLBD(mg/dl)</td>
								<td align="justify">12.48±3.85<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">23.500±3.2<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">6.40±2.68<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Colesterol/LAD</td>
								<td align="justify">1.84±0.16<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">2.01±0.23<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">0.922±0.24<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Índice aterogénico</td>
								<td align="justify">0.146±0.14<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">0.47±0.04<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">0.08±0.16<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">0.001</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>El número de muestras en cada grupo (n): 6, letras no similares en cada fila indican diferencias estadísticamente significativas (P ≤ 0.05).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t5">
					<label>Tabla 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Cambios bioquímicos en el suero de ratas el día 21.</title>
					</caption>
					<table style= "border: 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse" border="1">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Grupos <break/>Parámetros bioquímicos</td>
								<td align="justify">Control (Grupo1)</td>
								<td align="justify">Diabético (Grupo 2)</td>
								<td align="justify">Diabético + extracto de <italic>Boswellia</italic> (400mg/kg) (Grupo 3)</td>
								<td align="justify">Valor de p</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">ALT(IU/L)</td>
								<td align="justify">75.60±11.01<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">76.00±6.27<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">179.40±102.27<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">0.038</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">AST(IU/L)</td>
								<td align="justify">212.20±70.71<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">345.50±42.17<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">478.20±251.02<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">0.057</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">GGT(IU/L)</td>
								<td align="justify">2.50±0.45<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">3.74±0.16<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">14.90±5.30<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">ALP(IU/L)</td>
								<td align="justify">1146.400±243.53<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">1699.00±623.96<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">1517.40±153.71<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">0.698</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">CFQ(IU/L)</td>
								<td align="justify">826.60±486.47<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">1866.50±241.07<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">1965.40±495.52<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">0.003</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Creatinina(mg/dl)</td>
								<td align="justify">0.320±0.08<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">0.400±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">0.400±0.14<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">0.383</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Urea(mg/dl)</td>
								<td align="justify">138.80±6.45<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">144.50±11<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">272.00±44.66<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">NUS(mg/dl)</td>
								<td align="justify">64.85±3.01<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">67.16±5.57<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">127.13±20.86<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Albumina(g/dl)</td>
								<td align="justify">4.68±0.58<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">4.57±0.05<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">4.32±0.34<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">0.398</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">proteína(g/dl)</td>
								<td align="justify">7.88±0.72<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">7.90±0.25<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">7.90±1.03<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">0.999</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>El número de muestras en cada grupo (n): 6, letras no similares en cada fila indican diferencias estadísticamente significativas (P ≤ 0.05).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p><bold>Evaluación de la cicatrización de heridas</bold>. La <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2"
					>Figura 2</xref> muestra que el porcentaje de cicatrización o contracción de la
				herida el día 14 en las ratas diabéticas tratadas con la crema de extracto al 2,5%
				fue casi el doble que en el grupo de diabéticos. El porcentaje de curación el día 14
				también fue menor en las ratas diabéticas que en el grupo de control.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>El porcentaje de cicatrización de heridas (contracción) en diferentes días en ratas no diabéticas (control), diabéticas y diabéticas tratadas con crema de extracto de Boswellia serrata al 2,5%.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e123-gf2.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>El porcentaje de contracción de la herida el día 21 fue mayor en las ratas diabéticas tratadas con la crema al 2,5% que en el grupo de diabéticos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>). El área de la herida en la segunda y tercera semanas fue mayor en las ratas diabéticas que en el grupo control y el grupo tratado con crema de extracto de B. serrata al 2.5% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Área de la herida (mm) los días 1, 7, 14 y 21 en diferentes grupos; las letras no similares encima de cada columna indican diferencias estadísticamente significativas (P ≤ 0.01).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e123-gf3.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>El área de la herida el día 21 fue menor en las ratas diabéticas tratadas con la crema al 2,5% que en el grupo de diabéticos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). El área de la herida el día 21 fue mayor en las ratas diabéticas que en el grupo de control. Los estudios histopatológicos de los tejidos de la herida en el grupo de diabéticos en diferentes días mostraron la presencia de células inflamatorias, sangrado y necrosis en la superficie de la herida (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>b). Los procesos de regeneración del tejido epitelial y maduración del tejido conectivo, la densidad de las fibras de colágeno y la contracción de la herida en el grupo diabético tomaron más tiempo en comparación con los del grupo control y el grupo diabético que recibió crema de B. serrata (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>a, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>c y <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabla 6</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t6">
					<label>Tabla 6</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Comparaciones de rango medio y evaluación histopatológica mediana (Q1-Q3) de la cicatrización de heridas entre los grupos experimentales de ratas (n = 4/grupo) 4, 7, 14, 21 días después de la cirugía.</title>
					</caption>
					<table style= "border: 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse" border="1">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="3"/>
							<col span="3"/>
							<col span="3"/>
							<col span="3"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify">Tiempo</th>
								<th align="justify" colspan="3">Día 4 </th>
								<th align="justify" colspan="3">Día 7 </th>
								<th align="justify" colspan="3">Día 14 </th>
								<th align="justify" colspan="3">Día 21 </th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">Grupo</th>
								<th align="justify" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">Grupo I</th>
								<th align="justify" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">Grupo II</th>
								<th align="justify" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">Grupo III</th>
								<th align="justify" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">Grupo I</th>
								<th align="justify" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">Grupo II</th>
								<th align="justify" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">Grupo III</th>
								<th align="justify" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">Grupo I</th>
								<th align="justify" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">Grupo II</th>
								<th align="justify" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">Grupo III</th>
								<th align="justify" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">Grupo I</th>
								<th align="justify" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">Grupo II</th>
								<th align="justify" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">Grupo III</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Rango medio</td>
								<td align="justify">6.5 <sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">2.5 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">10.5<sup>a</sup> **</td>
								<td align="justify">6.5<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">2.5<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">10.5<sup>a</sup> **</td>
								<td align="justify">6.5<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">2.5<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">10.5<sup>a</sup> **</td>
								<td align="justify">6.75<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">2.5<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="justify">10.25<sup>a</sup> **</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
								<td align="justify" colspan="3">2(0.25-4) </td>
								<td align="justify" colspan="3">5(3-6) </td>
								<td align="justify" colspan="3">5(3-7.75) </td>
								<td align="justify" colspan="3">7.5(4-8.75) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Valor de P</td>
								<td align="justify" colspan="3">0.005 </td>
								<td align="justify" colspan="3">0.005 </td>
								<td align="justify" colspan="3">0.006 </td>
								<td align="justify">0.008</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>Diferencia significativa en comparación con el grupo de diabéticos. P ≤ 0,01. las letras no similares en cada fila indican diferencias estadísticamente significativas (P ≤ 0.05).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En los días 4, 7, 14 y 21, los procesos de formación de tejido epitelial, maduración del tejido de granulación y contracción de la herida progresaron mucho más rápidamente en el grupo de diabéticos tratado con crema de B. serrata al 2,5% que en los grupos de diabéticos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabla 6</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura. 2</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4c</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Imágenes microscópicas del proceso de cicatrización de heridas cutáneas el día 21. En el grupo de control. (A); formación de tejido epitelial en la superficie de la herida (punta de flecha) y aumento del tejido conectivo junto con la atrofia de los vasos sanguíneos en la dermis (flecha) (H&amp;E × 40); grupo diabético (B): presencia de exudado purulento y coagulación sanguínea en la superficie de la herida (punta de flecha) y formación de tejido conectivo inmaduro (alto grado de vascularización y lleno de células) en la región dérmica (flecha) (H&amp;E × 40) el grupo de diabéticos tratado con crema de extracto de Boswellia serrata al 2,5% (C): formación de tejido epitelial completo (punta de flecha) y formación de tejido de granulación maduro con densas fibras de colágeno (H &amp; E × 100). (punta de flecha) y formación de tejido de granulación maduro con densas fibras de colágeno (H &amp; E × 100).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e123-gf4.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>En este estudio, se utilizó aloxano monohidrato para inducir diabetes en ratas. El mecanismo de acción de esta sustancia en el desarrollo de la diabetes se ha estudiado con frecuencia. Se ha determinado que el aloxano (2, 4, 5, 6, tetraoxipirimidina) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Elsner et al., 2006</xref>), a través del transportador de glucosa 2 en la membrana plasmática, ingresa a la célula beta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Dra et al., 2018</xref>), y por destruyendo específicamente las células beta pancreáticas y produciendo radicales libres en estas células (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Bhawali et al., 2019</xref>), lo que lleva a la liberación rápida de insulina de estas células. Esto conduce a una caída rápida de la glucosa en sangre y luego a un aumento de la glucosa en sangre y diabetes mellitus en ratas maduras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Elsner et al., 2006</xref>). En el presente estudio, el tratamiento con extracto de B. serrata redujo significativamente la glucosa en ratas diabéticas. Varios investigadores han señalado los efectos hipoglucémicos de B. serrata (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Mehrzadi et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>En un estudio experimental, el uso de una fórmula a base de hierbas que contiene B. serrata redujo los niveles de glucosa en sangre en ratas diabéticas inducidas por aloxano, que fue similar a los efectos hipoglucémicos inducidos por el clorhidrato de fenformina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Roy et al., 2019</xref>). Los efectos hipoglucémicos de B. serrata en pacientes diabéticos se han atribuido a las propiedades antioxidantes de la planta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Yang et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
			<p>El estudio de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Mehrzadi et al., (2018)</xref>, sobre el uso de suplementos que contienen B. serrata en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 mostró una disminución de la glucosa en sangre en ayunas y un aumento de los niveles de insulina. La evaluación del uso del extracto de B. serrata sobre el perfil lipídico en ratas diabéticas mostró una reducción significativa en la relación de TG, colesterol, LBD y colesterol a LAD en comparación con las ratas de control y diabéticas.</p>
			<p>Además, el LBD disminuyó en las ratas diabéticas tratadas con B. serrata en comparación con el grupo de control diabético. En ratas diabéticas, la deficiencia de insulina provoca la degradación de las grasas y el aumento de los perfiles de lípidos y ácidos grasos libres (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ahangarpour et al., 2014</xref>). En el presente estudio, la concentración reducida de TG, LBD y IPA en ratas diabéticas tratadas con extracto de B. serrata en comparación con los grupos diabéticos y de control, mostró un papel positivo del extracto en la prevención de un aumento en los perfiles lipídicos en ratas diabéticas.</p>
			<p>El extracto de B. serrata parece mejorar con la secreción de insulina por regeneración de células beta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Mehrzadi et al., 2018</xref>). En el presente estudio, la reducción en los perfiles lipídicos fue consistente con un estudio sobre las propiedades hipolipidémicas de la resina de B. serrata (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Gomaa et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>Las actividades séricas de AST, ALT y GGT son un indicador enzimático importante del daño hepático (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Rikhi et al., 2020</xref>). El daño a las células del hígado hace que ALT y AST ingresen del citosol hepático al torrente sanguíneo. En este estudio, AST y ALT aumentaron significativamente en ratas diabéticas tratadas con extracto de B. serrata en comparación con los grupos de control y diabéticos, lo que puede estar relacionado con la dosis del extracto.</p>
			<p>La investigación sobre los efectos protectores del extracto de hexano de B. serrata sobre el daño inducido por tetracloruro de carbono mostró que el uso oral del extracto a 87,5 mg/kg durante nueve días fue mejor que el extracto a 175 mg/kg (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Jyothi et al., 2006</xref>).</p>
			<p>La urea y la creatinina son indicadores fiables de la función renal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Glastras et al., 2016</xref>), por lo que un aumento significativo de urea en ratas diabéticas tratadas con extracto de B. serrata en comparación con otros grupos puede deberse a disfunción renal por dosis elevadas de B .serrata. Los niveles elevados de CPK en ratas diabéticas inducidas por aloxano tratadas con extracto de B. serrata pueden deberse a daños en el miocardio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Baird et al., 2012</xref>). La dosis letal aguda o LD50 de esta resina se ha informado por encima de 2000 mg/kg (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Kumar et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>El proceso de cicatrización de heridas como proceso biológico natural en el cuerpo humano consta de cuatro etapas programadas: hemostasia (parada del sangrado), inflamación, proliferación, agrandamiento y regeneración (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Lodhi et al., 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>El aumento de la glucosa en sangre hace que algunas de las proteínas corporales, como el colágeno, se endulcen, lo que reduce la flexibilidad y estabilidad del colágeno y retrasa el proceso de cicatrización de heridas en pacientes diabéticos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Rahati et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Los resultados del proceso de recuperación y el porcentaje de cicatrización de heridas los días 14 y 21 en el grupo control no diabético y el grupo diabético tratado con crema y extracto de B. serrata fueron superiores a los del grupo control diabético.</p>
			<p>El área de la superficie de la úlcera los días 14 y 21 en ratas diabéticas fue mayor que en ratas no diabéticas y diabéticas tratadas con crema al 2,5% y extracto de B. serrata. Los resultados mostraron que el uso de crema al 2,5% y extracto de B. serrata tuvo efectos beneficiosos sobre el proceso de cicatrización de heridas en ratas diabéticas. Lo cual probablemente se deba a la presencia de los derivados del ácido boswélico (fórmula molecular: C35H52O4) que contienen ácido triterpénico pentacíclico con propiedades antiinflamatorias, y con una reducción en la producción de NO, el proceso de cicatrización de heridas mejora (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ahangarpour et al., 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Shehata et al. (2011)</xref> demostraron que la inyección intraperitoneal de 150 mg/kg de extractos de B. serrata durante diez días resultó en una disminución significativa de citocinas proinflamatorias, como IL-1A, IL-1B, IL-2, IL-6, interferón- gamma y factor de necrosis tumoral alfa en ratas diabéticas inducidas por estreptozotocina.</p>
			<p>No es sorprendente suponer que el extracto de resina de B. serrata previene la transcripción y producción de citocinas al reducir la función del factor estimulante de colonias de granulocitos y macrófagos, que es la fuente de producción del factor nuclear kappa B (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Shehata et al., 2011</xref>)</p>
			<p>El mecanismo de actividad antiinflamatoria del extracto de B. serrata se debe al ácido boswélico de fórmula molecular C35H52O4. Este compuesto contiene ácido triterpénico pentacíclico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Al-Harrasi, 2008</xref>), que es muy similar al esteroide (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Zhang et al., 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>La función de los ácidos triterpénicos pentacíclicos es diferente de la de los analgésicos antiinflamatorios no esteroideos y está relacionada con los componentes del sistema inmunológico y con la 5-lipoxigenasa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Ammon, 2006</xref>). Los ácidos triterpénicos pentacíclicos reducen la inflamación al bloquear la síntesis de leucotrienos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Koeberle et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Una de las principales razones del retraso en el proceso de cicatrización de heridas en ratas diabéticas fue el aumento de glucosa y el período prolongado de inflamación e infección. Esto se observó en los hallazgos macroscópicos y microscópicos de la superficie de la herida de las ratas el día 21 de la reacción inflamatoria, lo que retrasó el proceso de epitelización de la superficie de la herida.</p>
			<p>En el grupo de diabéticos, la maduración del tejido de granulación y la epitelización de la superficie de la herida de las ratas se completan en un tiempo mucho más retrasado que en los otros grupos.</p>
			<p>El extracto de B. serrata contiene varios compuestos como tanino, alcaloides y varios flavonoides, cada uno de los cuales, solo o en combinación, es eficaz para reducir los perfiles de glucosa y lípidos, así como para curar la herida. Por lo tanto, se necesitan estudios adicionales sobre cada uno de los ingredientes activos para determinar el mecanismo de recuperación.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Los hallazgos sobre la morfología de la herida y los cambios bioquímicos en ratas diabéticas tratadas con crema al 2,5% y extracto de B. serrata mostraron que el uso oral de los extractos es beneficiosamente eficaz para reducir los perfiles de glucosa y lípidos en sangre. Los resultados también muestran que el efecto sinérgico de su uso tópico y oral aumenta la contracción acorta el tiempo de reparación y epitelización de la herida expuesta, que es uno de los principales componentes de la cicatrización de heridas. B. serrata es un remedio herbal seguro con propiedades antioxidantes y eficaz en el tratamiento de heridas en pacientes con diabetes. Sin embargo, el uso de extractos de esta planta en dosis elevadas puede provocar daños en el hígado y los riñones.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMIENTOS</title>
			<p>Los autores expresan su gratitud y reconocimiento a los expertos del Centro de Investigación Bioquímica de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Shahrekord.</p>
		</ack>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and wound healing of <italic>Boswellia serrata</italic> on experimentally induced diabetic rats</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with complications such as metabolic syndrome and delayed wound healing. In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, diabetic, and diabetic-extract-treated. Twenty four h after the wound was created in the diabetic group treated with topical <italic>B</italic>. <italic>serrata</italic> cream 2.5%, and the rats also received aqueous <italic>B</italic>. <italic>serrata</italic> extract (400 mg/kg) by oral gavage daily for 3 weeks. Diabetes was induced in the rats by subcutaneous injection of alloxan monohydrate (120 mg/kg). After anesthesia, the full-thickness of the dorsal skin (25 mm × 25 mm) was removed. On days 4, 7, 14, and 21, and wound specimens were collected to evaluate histopathological wound healing. After the treatments, blood samples were collected to measure biochemical factors. Consumption of <italic>B</italic>. <italic>serrata</italic> extracts in the diabetic group significantly decreased glucose, liver enzymes, kidney indicators and lipid profile compared to the diabetic control group (<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05). Histopathologic studies showed that the rate of epithelial tissue and collagen fibers formation, as well as wound healing, was higher in the group treated with <italic>B</italic>. <italic>serrata</italic> than diabetic groups. Hence, it might be useful in diabetic patients, especially the ones with diabetic wounds. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Boswellia serrata</kwd>
				<kwd>alloxan</kwd>
				<kwd>diabetic ulcer</kwd>
				<kwd>glucose</kwd>
				<kwd>healing</kwd>
				<kwd>Rat</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that affects approximately 5% of the world's population and is associated with hyperglycemia and abnormal changes in the metabolism of protein, fat, and carbohydrates (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Wu and Parhofer, 2014</xref>). The destruction of pancreatic beta cells, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and increased production of reactive oxygen species play important roles in the mechanism of diabetes induction (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chao <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Rodrigues <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>Chronic complications of diabetes are directly related to hyperglycemic conditions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Gomez-perez <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>). Wound healing is initially delayed by hyperglycemia, excessive expression of inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, delayed collagen synthesis, decreased angiogenesis, and microbial infections (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Lerman <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>). Studies have shown that increased blood glucose levels in diabetic patients increase inflammation, prevent cell proliferation, and increase the levels of matrix metalloproteinases and inflammatory cytokines (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Komesu <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Rahati <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>Today, commonly used treatments for diabetes include exercise, diet, insulin, and antidiabetic drugs. The use of biguanides and sulfonylurea leads to various side effects, including hypoglycemia, hepatotoxicity, and increased coagulation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Fisman and Tenenbaum, 2009</xref>). Over the past decade, medicinal plants in developed and developing countries have played an important role in the treatment of diseases due to their comparatively fewer side effects and various active ingredients (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Kumar <italic>et al</italic>.,</xref> 2019; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Roy <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>The importance of medicinal plants is well-known due to the presence of chemical structures with antioxidant activity, at high concentrations, for decreasing and preventing degenerative diseases such as tumors, neurological and cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Mentreddy, 2007</xref>). A group of plant species that have been used in traditional medicine and has been variously studied is the <italic>Boswellia</italic> genus from the <italic>Burseraceae</italic> family belonging to the Sapindales, which often occurs in tropical regions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Beheshti <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p><italic>Boswellia serrata</italic>, a species of the <italic>Boswellia</italic> genus, is also known, in some texts, as frankincense (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Schmiech <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). <italic>B</italic>. <italic>serrata</italic> is known as a useful drug for treating or accelerating the recovery of many patients. Based on the oldest sources, <italic>B</italic>. <italic>serrata</italic> has been used to treat asthma, digestive diseases, joint inflammation, and cancer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Assimopoulou <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>).</p>
				<p>The resin of <italic>B</italic>. <italic>serrata</italic> has numerous pharmaceutical properties such as hypoglycemic (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Mehrzadi <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), antioxidant and peptic ulcer healing (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Borrelli <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>). The resin has also shown colon ulcer healing, Crohn's disease treating (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Raja <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>), antitumor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bertocchi <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), osteoarthritis symptoms reducing and memory and learning enhancing properties (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Beheshti <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). The resin contains certain chemical compounds such as boswellic acids, comprising a group of pentacyclic terpenoids that are found either free or in combination with other substances. Boswellic acids are the active ingredients of <italic>B</italic>. <italic>serrata</italic>, the most important of which are beta- boswellic acid, keto-boswellic acid, and 3-acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><italic>Miao et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p><italic>B</italic>. <italic>serrata</italic> contains resin (a combination of terpenes) (60-85 %), gums (a combination of polysaccharides) (6-30 %), and also pentoses and hexoses along with some oxidizing agents and digestive enzymes. It also contains essential oil (5-9 %) that comprises monoterpenes, diterpenes, and sesquiterpenes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hamidpour <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>The toxicological studies on the <italic>B</italic>. <italic>serrata</italic> resin in different animals showed no significant pathological, hematological, or genotoxic changes up to a dose of 1000 mg/kg (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Sharma <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). Since wound healing is not satisfactory in diabetic patients and studies on new drugs for the treatment of skin wounds in patients with diabetes mellitus to minimize inflammation and accelerate the healing process by increasing fibroblast and collagen synthesis and decreasing the complications of diabetes mellitus are very important; therefore, in the present study in alloxan-diabetic male rats, the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of oral administration of <italic>B</italic>. <italic>serrata</italic> extract (400 mg/kg) were investigated. The wound healing process after applying the cream of the extract was also evaluated.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Experimental animals and protocol design</title>
					<p>In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats weighing 150-180 g were purchased from the Pasteur Institute of Iran. The rats were randomly assigned to 3-member groups in a polycarbonate cage under standard conditions [20-22 °C Celsius, light/dark cycles (12/12 h), and 65% humidity] with <italic>ad libitum</italic> access to standard water and food at the Pathology Research Center of Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Iran. The animals were transferred to the new environment at least one week before the experiments so that they could acclimatize to the environment. The Ethics Committee of the Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch approved the entire protocol of the study. All ethical principles related to the studied animals were observed during the study (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Namjou <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
					<p><bold>Preparation of <italic>Boswellia Serrata</italic>:</bold> After obtaining of <italic>B</italic>. <italic>serrata</italic> resin from Goldaru Co. (Isfahan) and its identification by the botanist of the Medical Plants Research Center of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, the sections of the plant were pulverized by an electric mill. Two hundred g of the dried resin powder was macerated in 1000 ml of cooled boiled distilled water and stored in the refrigerator for 48 h.</p>
					<p>Next, the macerated <italic>B</italic>. <italic>serrata</italic> was heated in a bain-marie at 60°C until it was dissolved. The solution was then passed through a filter paper, flattened in a glass container, and then placed in an oven at 37°C to dry. From each 200 g of the dissolved powder, 40 g dried extract was obtained.</p>
					<p>Afterwards, the dry extract on the dish was collected and, after being dissolved (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Jalili <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), was used to prepare the <italic>B</italic>. <italic>serrata</italic> cream and fed the extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight (BW) via gastric tube.</p>
					<p><bold>Cream formulation</bold>: An oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion-based cream (semisolid
						formulation) was prepared. The emulsifier (stearic acid) and other
						oil-soluble ingredients (acetyl alcohol) were dissolved in the oil phase
						(Part A) and heated to 75°C. The preservatives and other water-soluble
						components (methylparaben, propylparaben, triethanolamine, propylen glycol,
							<italic>B</italic>. <italic>serrata</italic> extract) were dissolved in
						the aqueous phase (Part B) and heated to 75°C. After heating, the aqueous
						phase was added in portions to the oil phase with continuous stirring until
						the emulsifier was cooled (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table
						1</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t7">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Composition of <italic>Boswellia serrata</italic> seed cream</title>
							</caption>
							<table style= "border: 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse" border="1">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Material</td>
										<td align="center">% of material in formulation W/W</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>Boswellia serrata</italic></td>
										<td align="center">2.5</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Cetyl alcohol</td>
										<td align="center">5</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Stearic acid</td>
										<td align="center">12</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Glycerol</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Methylparaben</td>
										<td align="center">0.02</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Tri ethanolamine</td>
										<td align="center">Qs</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Water</td>
										<td align="center">Qs</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p><bold>Determination of stability of formulation</bold>: Stability testing of drug products
						begins as a part of drug discovery and ends with the complete disappearance
						of the compound or commercial product. ICH guidelines were used to conduct
						drug and formulation stability studies. The cream was poured into a bottle
						and kept in the humidity chamber, maintained at 32 ± 2°C/70 ± 5% RH, and 42
						± 2°C/80 ± 5% RH for two months. After the experiments, samples were
						analyzed for their physical properties and viscosity and other
						physicochemical properties (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Nourbakhsh
								<italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>) (<xref ref-type="table"
							rid="t7">Table 2</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t8">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Physical properties of Boswellia serrata cream</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="justify">pH of the Cream</th>
										<th align="justify">Viscosity</th>
										<th align="justify">Acid value</th>
										<th align="justify">Saponification value</th>
										<th align="justify">Homogeneity</th>
										<th align="justify">After feel</th>
										<th align="justify">Irritancy test</th>
										<th align="justify">Appearance</th>
										<th align="justify">Removal</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">7.35±6</td>
										<td align="justify">30004±13</td>
										<td align="justify">6.9±4</td>
										<td align="justify">30.0±0.7</td>
										<td align="justify">Good</td>
										<td align="justify">Emollient</td>
										<td align="justify">Not reaction</td>
										<td align="justify">Yellow</td>
										<td align="justify">Removed by washing with water</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p><bold>Induction of Diabetes in Rats</bold>: To induce experimental diabetes rats were
						injected subcutaneously in the back of the neck with alloxan (Sigma Aldrich,
						Germany) at 100- 120 mg/kg BW in a cool physiologic serum solution. After 72
						h, fasting blood sugar (FBS) of above 180 mg/dl was considered to indicate
						the development of diabetes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Mostafavinia
								<italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
					<p><bold>The Method of Creating Wound</bold>: After induction of anesthesia in rats by
						intramuscular administration of xylazine 2% (10 mg/kg) and ketamine 10% (100
						mg/kg), the rats were placed on the surgical table in a prone position. The
						central part of the spine of the dorsal region was scrapped, and 10%
						Povidone Iodine sterilized the area of interest. By using a Chlorhexidine
						and a scalpel, a wound was created in a way that full-thickness of the skin,
						including epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, covering an area of 2.5 cm ×
						2.5 cm, was removed.</p>
					<p><bold>Grouping of The Rats</bold>: Rats were randomly divided into three groups of 12 each
						as follows:</p>
					<p>Group I: Control group including healthy rats treated with distilled water via gastric tube and cream base for 21 days;</p>
					<p>Group II: Diabetic control rats treated with aqueous <italic>B</italic>. <italic>serrata</italic> extract and cream base for 21 days; and</p>
					<p>Group III: Rats treated with oral aqueous <italic>B</italic>. <italic>serrata</italic> extract at 400 mg/kg, divided into three doses, via a gastric tube, and cream 2.5% containing aqueous <italic>B</italic>. <italic>serrata</italic> extract for 21 days.</p>
					<p>The duration of the experiment for all groups was 21 days, and the day of surgery was considered day 0. During the 21 days, each group underwent its respective treatment. Given that the day of surgery was considered day 0 and the size of the wound was fixed in all groups on day 0, on days 4, 7, 14 and 21, the length and width of the wound were measured using a caliper and also for more precision, a smart camera took the image of the wound (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>)<bold>.</bold> The images were converted to the AutoCAD software to measure the area of the wound, and the percentage of contraction or wound healing was calculated by using the formula below (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Lee <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>):</p>
					<p>Wound healing (%) = Ao-At/Ao 100</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f5">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Macroscopic images of the wound healing process in non-diabetic (control), diabetic, and diabetic rats treated with <italic>Boswellia serrata</italic> extract cream 2.5% on days 0, 4, 7, 14 and 21.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e123-gf5.gif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Where: A0 indicates the area of the wound on day 0; and At indicates the area of the wound on days 7, 14, and 21. To perform microscopic examinations, on days 4, 7, 14, and 21, in each group, three randomly selected rats were anesthetized, and dermal and epidermal tissue specimens of the wound were removed.</p>
					<p>A full-thickness of approximately 4 mm in diameter from the area of the connective tissue, adjacent to the skin, was placed in 10% buffered formalin. After processing and preparation of paraffin blocks, 5 micron thick sections were obtained and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Namjou <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Then infiltration of the inflammatory cells on the wound surface, the formation of granulation tissue, and regeneration of epithelial tissue were evaluated by a pathologist with using an optical microscope <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 3</xref>. At the end of the third week, the rats, after 14 h of fasting, were anesthetized with chloroform. After collection of the wound specimens, blood samples were also obtained from the hearts and transferred to 5 ml test tubes with a paraffin-covered bottom and kept at 45 °C for 45 minutes.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t9">
							<label>Table 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Scoring system for the histological skin repair of rats<bold>.</bold></title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="justify">Score</th>
										<th align="justify">Epithelial regeneration</th>
										<th align="justify">Inflammatory cell</th>
										<th align="justify">Granulation tissue</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">0</td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">High amount</td>
										<td align="justify">None</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">1</td>
										<td align="justify">Starting</td>
										<td align="justify">Moderate</td>
										<td align="justify">Low amount of immature</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">2</td>
										<td align="justify">Partial-thickness</td>
										<td align="justify">Low amount</td>
										<td align="justify">Moderate degree of maturation</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">3</td>
										<td align="justify">Full-thickness</td>
										<td align="justify">None</td>
										<td align="justify">Mature</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">4</td>
										<td align="justify">Full-thickness organization</td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Serum was isolated by centrifuge at 3000 rpm for 10 min and kept at -20 °C until needed. Serum glucose, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), urea, and creatinine were measured by standard biochemical kits (Pars Azmoon, Tehran, Iran), using an Auto-Analyst (3000 BT, Biotechnica Co., Italy).</p>
					<p>Serum concentrations of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were measured using the Pars Azmoon Kit (Iran) according to the manufacturer's instructions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Namjou <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
					<p>Besides, very LDL (VLDL) levels were determined by using the Friedewald formula, and the Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) and Cardiac Risk Index were determined by the formulas below (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Othman <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>):</p>
					<p>Triglycerides/5 = Very low density lipoproteins AIP = [Log (TG / HDL cholesterol)]</p>
					<p>Cardiac Risk Index = Total cholesterol / HDL cholesterol</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>Data analysis was performed by SPSS version 21. Biochemical data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). In case the difference was statistically significant (P &lt; 0.05), the data of each two groups were compared by Tukey's test. Histopathological data were analyzed by the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test (p&lt;0.05 was considered significant). When p was less than 0.05, then pairwise group comparisons were performed by the Mann-Whitney U test.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>Biochemical Evaluations. Intraperitoneal injection of alloxan in rats increased the level of FBS by 200% compared to the control group (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.001). In diabetic rats treated with <italic>B</italic>. <italic>serrata</italic> extract, blood glucose levels decreased significantly when compared to the diabetic group (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.0001). The levels of TG, cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, AIP, and the cholesterol/HDL ratio were significantly lower in diabetic rats treated with <italic>B</italic>. <italic>serrata</italic> extract than in diabetic rats (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 4</xref>). The levels of CPK were significantly higher in diabetic rats and diabetic rats treated with <italic>B</italic>. <italic>serrata</italic> extract than in the control group (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Table 5</xref>). Biochemical activities of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and urea were higher in diabetic rats treated with <italic>B</italic>. <italic>serrata</italic> extract than in control and diabetic groups (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Table 5</xref>). Biochemical activities of AST, ALT, and GGT were higher in the diabetic group treated with <italic>B</italic>. <italic>serrata</italic> extract than in the control group (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05). The results on other biochemical changes in the serum of rats showed no significant difference between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Table 5</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t10">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Changes in serum glucose and lipid profiles in rats on day 21 in rats of control, diabetic, and Boswellia serrata (400 mg/kg body weight)-treated diabetic groups</title>
						</caption>
						<table style= "border: 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse" border="1">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Groups parameters</td>
									<td align="justify">Control (Group1)</td>
									<td align="justify">Diabetic (Group 2)</td>
									<td align="justify">Diabetic + Boswellia extract (400mg/kg) (Group 3)</td>
									<td align="justify">p.value</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Glucose(mg/dl)</td>
									<td align="justify">61.200±4.76<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">190.25±11.47<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">64.40±18.02<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Triglyceride(mg/dl)</td>
									<td align="justify">62.4±19.28<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">117.5±16.01<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">32±13.43<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Cholesterol(mg/dl)</td>
									<td align="justify">64.6±11.48<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">78.25±4.99<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">38±8.12<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">HDL(mg/dl)</td>
									<td align="justify">43.26±3.87<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">39.07±3.49<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">42.14±8.15<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.557</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">LDL(mg/dl)</td>
									<td align="justify">30.74±6.98<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">40.90±3.3<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">27.76±4.47<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.01</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">vLDL(mg/dl)</td>
									<td align="justify">12.48±3.85<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">23.500±3.2<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">6.40±2.68<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Cholesterol/HDL</td>
									<td align="justify">1.84±0.16<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">2.01±0.23<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.922±0.24<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Atherogenic index</td>
									<td align="justify">0.146±0.14<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.47±0.04<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.08±0.16<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.001</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>The number of samples in each group (n): 6, non-similar letters in each row indicate statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t11">
						<label>Table 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Biochemical changes in the serum of rats on day 21.</title>
						</caption>
						<table style= "border: 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse" border="1">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Groups <break/>Biochemical parameters</td>
									<td align="justify">Control (Group1)</td>
									<td align="justify">Diabetic (Group 2)</td>
									<td align="justify">Diabetic + Boswellia extract (400mg/kg) (Group 3)</td>
									<td align="justify">p.value</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">ALT(IU/L)</td>
									<td align="justify">75.60±11.01<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">76.00±6.27<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">179.40±102.27<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.038</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">AST(IU/L)</td>
									<td align="justify">212.20±70.71<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">345.50±42.17<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">478.20±251.02<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.057</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">GGT(IU/L)</td>
									<td align="justify">2.50±0.45<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">3.74±0.16<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">14.90±5.30<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">ALP(IU/L)</td>
									<td align="justify">1146.400±243.53<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">1699.00±623.96<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">1517.40±153.71<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.698</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CPK(IU/L)</td>
									<td align="justify">826.60±486.47<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">1866.50±241.07<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">1965.40±495.52<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.003</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Creatinine(mg/dl)</td>
									<td align="justify">0.320±0.08<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.400±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.400±0.14<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.383</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Urea(mg/dl)</td>
									<td align="justify">138.80±6.45<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">144.50±11<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">272.00±44.66<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">BUN(mg/dl)</td>
									<td align="justify">64.85±3.01<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">67.16±5.57<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">127.13±20.86<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Albumin(g/dl)</td>
									<td align="justify">4.68±0.58<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">4.57±0.05<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">4.32±0.34<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.398</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">protein(g/dl)</td>
									<td align="justify">7.88±0.72<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">7.90±0.25<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">7.90±1.03<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.999</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>The number of samples in each group (n): 6, non-similar letters in each row indicate statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><bold>Evaluation of Wound Healing</bold>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref> shows
					that the percentage of wound healing or contraction on day 14 in the diabetic
					rats treated with the extract cream 2.5% was almost twice as high as that in the
					diabetic group. The percentage of healing on day 14 was also lower in diabetic
					rats than in the control group.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>The percentage of wound healing (contraction) on different days in non-diabetic (control), diabetic, and diabetic rats treated with <italic>Boswellia serrata</italic> extract cream 2.5%.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e123-gf6.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The percentage of wound contraction on day 21 was higher in diabetic rats treated with the cream 2.5% than in the diabetic group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Fig. 3</xref>). The area of the wound in the second and third weeks was greater in diabetic rats than in the control group and the group treated with <italic>B. serrata</italic> extract cream 2.5% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Fig 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Area of the wound (mm) on days 1, 7, 14, and 21 in different groups; non-similar letters above each column indicate statistically significant differences (<italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.01).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e123-gf7.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The area of the wound on day 21 was lower in diabetic rats treated with the cream 2.5% than in the diabetic group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Fig. 2</xref>). The area of the wound on day 21 was greater in diabetic rats than in the control group. Histopathologic studies of the wound tissues in the diabetic group on different days showed the presence of inflammatory cells, bleeding, and necrosis on the wound surface (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Fig. 4</xref>b). The processes of epithelial tissue regeneration and connective tissue maturation, the density of collagen fibers, and contraction of the wound in the diabetic group took more time compared to those in the control group and the diabetic group receiving <italic>B</italic>. <italic>serrata</italic> cream (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Fig. 4</xref>a, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Fig. 4</xref>c, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Table 6</xref>.).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t12">
						<label>Table 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Comparisons mean rank and median (Q1-Q3) histopathological evaluation of wound healing among the experimental groups of rats (n = 4/group) 4, 7, 14, 21 days after surgery.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="3"/>
								<col span="3"/>
								<col span="3"/>
								<col span="3"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">Time</th>
									<th align="justify" colspan="3">4 Day </th>
									<th align="justify" colspan="3">7 Day </th>
									<th align="justify" colspan="3">14 Day </th>
									<th align="justify" colspan="3">21 Day </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">Group</th>
									<th align="justify" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">Group I</th>
									<th align="justify" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">Group II</th>
									<th align="justify" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">Group III</th>
									<th align="justify" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">Group I</th>
									<th align="justify" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">Group II</th>
									<th align="justify" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">Group III</th>
									<th align="justify" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">Group I</th>
									<th align="justify" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">Group II</th>
									<th align="justify" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">Group III</th>
									<th align="justify" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">Group I</th>
									<th align="justify" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">Group II</th>
									<th align="justify" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; transform: rotate(270deg)">Group III</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Mean Rank</td>
									<td align="justify">6.5 <sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">2.5 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">10.5<sup>a</sup> **</td>
									<td align="justify">6.5<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">2.5<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">10.5<sup>a</sup> **</td>
									<td align="justify">6.5<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">2.5<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">10.5<sup>a</sup> **</td>
									<td align="justify">6.75<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">2.5<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">10.25<sup>a</sup> **</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Median(Q1-Q3)</td>
									<td align="justify" colspan="3">2(0.25-4) </td>
									<td align="justify" colspan="3">5(3-6) </td>
									<td align="justify" colspan="3">5(3-7.75) </td>
									<td align="justify" colspan="3">7.5(4-8.75) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">P value</td>
									<td align="justify" colspan="3">0.005 </td>
									<td align="justify" colspan="3">0.005 </td>
									<td align="justify" colspan="3">0.006 </td>
									<td align="justify">0.008</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>Significant difference compared to the diabetic group. P ≤ 0.01. non-similar letters in each row indicate statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>On day 4, 7, 14 and 21, the processes of formation of epithelial tissue, maturation of granulation tissue, and contraction of the wound progressed much faster in the diabetic group treated with <italic>B</italic>. <italic>serrata</italic> cream 2.5% than in the diabetic groups(<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Table 6</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Fig. 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">4 c</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Microscopic images of the process of skin wound healing on day 21. In the control group. (A); epithelial tissue formation on the wound surface (arrowhead), and increased connective tissue along with the atrophy of blood vessels in the dermis (arrow) (H&amp;E × 40); diabetic group (B): The presence of purulent exudate and blood coagulation on the wound surface (arrowhead) and immature connective tissue formation (high-degrees vascularity and full of cells) in the dermal region (arrow) (H&amp;E × 40). the diabetic group treated with Boswellia serrata extract cream 2.5% (C): Full epithelial tissue formation (arrowhead) and mature granulation tissue formation with dense collagen fibers (H&amp;E×100). (arrowhead) and mature granulation tissue formation with dense collagen fibers (H&amp;E×100).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e123-gf8.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>In this study, alloxan monohydrate was used to induce diabetes in rats. The action mechanism of this substance in the development of diabetes has been frequently studied. It has been determined that alloxan (2, 4, 5, 6, tetraoxypyrimidine) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><italic>Elsner et al</italic>., 2006</xref>), via glucose transporter 2 in the plasma membrane, enters the beta cell (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Dra <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), and by specifically destroying the pancreatic beta cells and producing free radicals in these cells (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Bhawali <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), leading to the rapid release of insulin from these cells. This leads to a rapid drop in blood glucose and then increase in blood glucose and diabetes mellitus in mature rats (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Elsner <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>). In the present study, <italic>B. serrata</italic> extract treatment significantly decreased glucose in diabetic rats. Various researchers have pointed to the hypoglycemic effects of <italic>B. serrata</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Mehrzadi <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>)<italic>.</italic></p>
				<p>In an experimental study, the use of a <italic>B. serrata</italic> -containing herbal formula reduced blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, which was similar to Phenformin hydrochloride induced hypoglycemic effects (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Roy <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). The hypoglycemic effects of <italic>B. serrata</italic> in diabetic patients have been attributed to the antioxidant properties of the plant (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Yang <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>The study of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Mehrzadi <italic>et al.,</italic> (2018)</xref>, on the use of <italic>B. serrata</italic> -containing supplements in type 2 diabetic patients showed a decrease in fasting blood glucose and an increase in insulin levels. Evaluation of the use of <italic>B. serrata</italic> extract on lipid profile in diabetic rats showed a significant reduction in TG, cholesterol, LDL, and cholesterol-to-HDL ratio compared to control and diabetic rats.</p>
				<p>Also, LDL decreased in diabetic rats treated with <italic>B. serrata</italic> compared with the diabetic control group. In diabetic rats, insulin deficiency causes fat degradation and increase in lipid profiles and free fatty acids (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ahangarpour <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). In the present study, reduced concentration of TG, LDL, and AIP in diabetic rats treated with <italic>B. serrata</italic> extract compared to the diabetic and control groups, showed a positive role of the extract in preventing an increase in lipid profiles in diabetic rats.</p>
				<p>The extract of <italic>B. serrata</italic> appears to improve with insulin secretion by beta cell regeneration (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Mehrzadi <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). In the present study, the reduction in lipid profiles was consistent with a study on the hypolipidemic properties of <italic>B. serrata</italic> resin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Gomaa <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>Serum activities of AST, ALT, and GGT is an important enzymes indicator for liver damage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Rikhi <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Damage to liver cells causes the ALT and AST to enter from liver cytosol to bloodstream. In this study, AST and ALT significantly increased in diabetic rats treated with <italic>B. serrata</italic> extract compared to the control and diabetic groups, which may be related to the dosage of the extract.</p>
				<p>Research on the protective effects of hexane <italic>B. serrata</italic> extract on carbon tetrachloride- induced damage showed that the oral use of the extract at 87.5 mg/kg for nine days was better than the extract at 175 mg/kg (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Jyothi <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p>Urea and creatinine are reliable indicators of renal function (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Glastras <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), so that a significant increase in urea in diabetic rats treated with <italic>B. serrata</italic> extract compared to other groups may be due to kidney dysfunction due to high doses of <italic>B. serrata</italic>. Increased levels of CPK in alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated with <italic>B. serrata</italic> extract may be due to damage to the myocardium (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Baird <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). The acute lethal dose or LD50 of this resin has been reported above 2000 mg/kg (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Kumar <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). The process of wound healing as a natural biological process in the human body consists of four programmed stages: hemostasis (bleeding stop), inflammation, proliferation, enlargement, and regeneration (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Lodhi <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>Increased blood glucose causes some of the body proteins, such as collagen, to be sweetened, which reduces the flexibility and stability of collagen and delays the wound healing process in diabetic patients (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Rahati <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>The results of the recovery process and the wound healing percentage on days 14 and 21 in the non-diabetic control group and the diabetic group treated with cream and extract of <italic>B. serrata</italic> were higher than those in the diabetic control group.</p>
				<p>The area of the ulcer surface on days 14 and 21 in diabetic rats was greater than those in non-diabetic and diabetic rats treated with cream 2.5% and extract of <italic>B. serrata</italic>. The results showed that the use of cream 2.5% and extract of <italic>B. serrata</italic> had beneficial effects on the wound healing process in diabetic rats. Which is probably due to the presence of the derivatives of boswellic acid (molecular formula: C35H52O4) containing pentacyclic triterpene acid with anti-inflammatory properties, and with a reduction in the production of NO, the wound healing process improves (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ahangarpour <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Shehata <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref> showed that intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/kg <italic>B. serrata</italic> extracts for ten days resulted in a significant decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1A, IL-1B, IL-2, IL-6, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.</p>
				<p>It is not surprising to assume that the resin <italic>B. serrata</italic> extract prevents the transcription and production of cytokine by reducing the function of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, which is the source of production of nuclear factor-kappa B (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Shehata <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>)</p>
				<p>The mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of the <italic>B. serrata</italic> extract is due to boswellic acid with the molecular formula C35H52O4. This compound contains pentacyclic triterpene acid (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Al-Harrasi, 2008</xref>), which is very similar to steroid (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Zhang <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). The function of pentacyclic triterpene acids is different from those of non-steroidal anti- inflammatory analgesics and is related to immune system constituents and 5- lipoxygenase (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Ammon, 2006</xref>). Pentacyclic triterpene acids reduce inflammation by blocking the synthesis of leukotrienes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Koeberle <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>One of the main reasons for the delay in the wound healing process in diabetic rats was increased glucose and prolonged inflammation and infection period. This was observed in the macroscopic and microscopic findings of the wound surface of the rats on day 21 of the inflammatory reaction, which delayed the process of wound surface epithelization.</p>
				<p>In the diabetic group, the maturation of the granulation tissue and the epithelization of the wound surface of rats are completed in a far more delayed time than those in the other groups.</p>
				<p>Extract of <italic>B. serrata</italic> contains various compounds such as tannin, alkaloids, and various flavonoids, each of which alone or in combination is effective to reduce glucose and lipid profiles as well as to heal the wound. Therefore, additional studies are needed on each of the active ingredients to determine the recovery mechanism.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The findings on wound morphology and biochemical changes in diabetic rats treated with cream 2.5% and extract of <italic>B. serrata</italic> showed that oral use of the extracts is beneficially effective in reducing blood glucose and lipid profiles. The results also show that the synergistic effect of its topical and oral use increases contraction shortens the time of repair and epithelization of the exposed wound, which is one of the main components of wound healing. B. serrata is a safe herbal remedy with antioxidant properties, and efficient in the treatment of wounds in patients with diabetes. However, using the extracts of this plant at high doses may cause liver and kidney damage.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>ACKNOWLEDGEMENT</title>
				<p>The authors express their gratitude and appreciation to the experts of the Biochemistry Research Center of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>