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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.39</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00122</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Efecto del nivel de dióxido de carbono de la incubadora sobre el desarrollo embrionario y parámetros de eclosión en pollo de engorda</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8802-0177</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Prado-Rebolledo</surname>
						<given-names>Omar</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3267-5390</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Castellano-Ortega</surname>
						<given-names>José</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2078-467X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ruíz-Ramírez</surname>
						<given-names>Johnatan</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9564-7768</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Zepeda-Batista</surname>
						<given-names>José</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7716-210X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>García-Casillas</surname>
						<given-names>Arturo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">**</xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Colima. México.</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Colima</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Colima</institution>
					<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">*Autor responsable: Prado-Rebolledo Omar. Kilómetro 40, Carretera Colima-Manzanillo. Crucero de Tecomán, Colima. C.P. 28100.</corresp>
				<corresp id="c2">**Autor de correspondencia: García-Casillas Arturo. <email>omarpr@ucol.mx</email>, <email>jcastellanos4@ucol.mx</email>, <email>jruiz7@ucol.mx</email>, <email>jzepeda15@ucol.mx</email>, <email>cesargarciacasillas@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>			
			<elocation-id>e122</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>28</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN </title>
				<p>El oxígeno (O<sub>2</sub>) y el dióxido de carbono (CO<sub>2</sub>) son gases vitales para el embrión durante el proceso de incubación, su nivel es imprescindible en el momento del picaje, con la finalidad de evaluar el efecto del nivel de dióxido de carbono de la incubadora sobre el desarrollo embrionario, los parámetros de eclosión y el posterior crecimiento del pollo de engorda, se midió la pérdida de humedad, incubabilidad, peso del pollo, tamaño del pollo, glucosa sanguínea, hematocrito y proteínas plasmáticas. Un total de 600 huevos de reproductora comercial Cobb 500 de 41 semanas, se seleccionaron por peso de 65 y 70 g, se distribuyeron en dos máquinas incubadoras. Una máquina se mantuvo a 4000 ppm y la otra a 3000 ppm de CO<sub>2</sub>. Se utilizó un diseño factorial 2 x 2. La incubabilidad fue mayor a 3000 ppm de CO<sub>2</sub> y peso de huevo de 65 g; el pollo más pesado fue con huevo de 70 g, a mayor ppm de CO<sub>2</sub> menor pérdida de humedad, a menor ppm de CO<sub>2</sub> se observó un pollo más grande, los niveles de glucosa no se afectaron, pero los valores de proteínas plasmáticas fueron menores a 3000 ppm de CO<sub>2</sub>. Se mejoran los parámetros de eclosión al bajar las ppm de CO<sub>2</sub> durante el proceso de incubación. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>incubación</kwd>
				<kwd>dióxido de carbono</kwd>
				<kwd>embrión</kwd>
				<kwd>gases</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="22"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>
			<table-wrap id="t1">
				<caption>
					<title>ABREVIATURAS</title>
				</caption>
				<table>
					<colgroup>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<tbody>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">DE</td>
							<td align="justify">Desarrollo embionario</td>
							<td align="justify">SA</td>
							<td align="justify">Síndrome ascítico</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">CO<sub>2</sub></td>
							<td align="justify">Dióxico de carbono</td>
							<td align="justify">HR</td>
							<td align="justify">Humedad relativa</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">pO<sub>2</sub></td>
							<td align="justify">Presión parcial de oxígeno</td>
							<td align="justify">O<sub>2</sub></td>
							<td align="justify">oxígeno</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">pCO<sub>2</sub></td>
							<td align="justify">Presión parcial de dióxico de carbono</td>
							<td align="justify"> </td>
							<td align="justify"> </td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
			</table-wrap>
		</p>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>El desarrollo embrionario (<bold>DE</bold>) depende en primera instancia de los poros del cascarón que permiten la difusión del oxígeno (<bold>O</bold>
 <sub>2</sub>) y el dióxido de carbono (<bold>CO</bold>
 <sub>2</sub>) entre el medio ambiente externo del huevo y la sangre del embrión <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">(Cordeiro y Hincke, 2016)</xref>. Este intercambio gaseoso se desarrolla a través de la membrana corioalantoidea (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">John, 2017</xref>), que está irrigada por vasos sanguíneos y cuya función es similar a la placenta de los fetos mamíferos <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">(Koyama y Tennyson, 2016)</xref>. La función primaria del sistema respiratorio, es transportar O<sub>2</sub> y CO<sub>2</sub>, entre el ambiente y los tejidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">D'Alba <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>); por lo que la respiración está regulada para enfrentar las demandas metabólicas, suministrando O<sub>2</sub> y eliminando CO<sub>2</sub><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">(Okur, 2019)</xref>. La presión parcial de oxígeno (<bold>pO</bold>
 <sub>2</sub>) y la presión parcial de dióxido de carbono (<bold>pCO</bold>
 <sub>2</sub>) en la cámara de aire, son un estímulo para que el embrión realice el picaje (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Deeming, 2016</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Gildersleeve y Boeschen (1983</xref>) realizaron un experimento con huevos de pavo, donde adicionaron niveles de CO2 más elevados que las concentraciones atmosféricas, con la finalidad de estimular el DE durante el inicio del periodo de incubación, aunque el DE se estimuló, no se encontraron diferencias en la incubabilidad entre los huevos incubados en rangos de CO<sub>2</sub> atmosférico al 1% de CO<sub>2</sub> durante los primeros 2 días de incubación, por lo que la temperatura del cascarón, junto a la concentración de CO<sub>2</sub>, afecta el peso corporal del pollo al nacer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Maatjens <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>a; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Maatjens <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014b</xref>). </p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">De Smit <italic>et al</italic> (2006)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">De Smit <italic>et al</italic> (2008)</xref> modificaron las condiciones de ventilación, para elevar el CO<sub>2</sub> durante los primeros 10 días del DE, utilizando dos estirpes reproductoras, pesadas de 45 y 60 semanas; con diferentes niveles de susceptibilidad al síndrome ascítico (<bold>SA</bold>). Los niveles de CO<sub>2</sub> resultaron en 1 y 1.5%, así que el DE10 de niveles más altos de CO<sub>2</sub> resultaron con mayor peso corporal absoluto y relativo (al peso del huevo) del DE10 hasta DE18; tuvieron un crecimiento acelerado, niveles elevados de corticosterona y T3 en plasma y pCO<sub>2</sub> más alta en la cámara de aire; la ventana de eclosión fue más reducida en un tiempo de 10 a 15 h, y el peso del pollo fue mayor con respecto a la ventilación normal. Asimismo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">García <italic>et al</italic> (2013)</xref>, restringieron la ventilación durante los primeros 10 días del DE y encontraron una mejora en los parámetros de incubación. </p>
			<p>Durante la última fase del desarrollo, el embrión de pollo varía su consumo de O<sub>2</sub> con la temperatura ambiental (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Deeming, 2016</xref>) . Durante la 2<sup>da</sup> fase del DE, una vez que el embrión produce su propio calor metabólico, elimina CO<sub>2</sub> en un rango de 0.05 a 0.3% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">D'Alba <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>) , por lo que también depende de la difusión de gases a través de los poros <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">(Mortola y Labbe, 2005)</xref>. Así que una condición de hipoxia puede limitar el DE, limitar el desarrollo del pico y patas, desarrollar hipertrofia del corazón, cambios en el ritmo cardiaco, edema pericárdico y pulmonar, cambios en la hemoglobina y SA; ya que en la última etapa del DE, fase donde se produce la condición de hipoxia, el embrión llega a consumir hasta un 60% más de O<sub>2</sub> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Burggren y Elmonoufy, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">John, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Itani <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). Otro factor que puede jugar un papel importante en el DE, es la altitud; ya que disminuye la conductancia del cascarón. En esta etapa el embrión necesita energía del metabolismo anaeróbico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Huang <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>). Las reservas de glucosa en sangre y glucógeno tisular, son las que proporcionan esta energía, necesaria para realizar la eclosión (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Fathollahipour <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). Se sabe que existen diferencias en el metabolismo de embriones con diferentes edades y líneas comerciales, por lo que si se pretende optimizar las condiciones de incubación, es necesario profundizar en sus requerimientos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hamidu <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar el efecto de los parámetros de incubación con dos niveles de CO<sub>2</sub> y dos pesos de huevo. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>El experimento siguió las pautas institucionales y nacionales para el cuidado y uso de animales; todos los procedimientos fueron aprobados por el Comité de Revisión Ética de la Universidad de Colima. El estudio se realizó con 600 huevos fértiles de reproductora comercial Cobb 500, de 41 semanas de edad y peso de 65 y 70 g. Los huevos se colocaron en dos incubadoras comerciales de una sola etapa (HatchTech; Gildetrom 25.3905 TB., Veenendaal, Netherlands), con capacidad de 4800 huevos/cada una. Las máquinas, las cuales tienen sensor de temperatura (± 0.1 ºF), sensor de humedad [± 1 % de humedad relativa (<bold>HR</bold>)] y sensor de CO<sub>2</sub> (± 100 ppm). Los huevos se voltearon a un ángulo de 45° y luego 90° cada hora. </p>
			<p>La circulación del aire fue horizontal y laminar, a través de radiadores perforados, los cuales hacen que existan diferencias de presión, para una mejor distribución del aire y un flujo uniforme a través de cada masa de huevo, de arriba abajo y de adelante atrás. Las mismas máquinas hicieron la función de nacedoras, y en ambas se realizó el manejo de rutina propio de una planta incubadora, desde la recepción del huevo, hasta el retiro de las máquinas nacedoras. </p>
			<sec>
				<title>Diseño experimental</title>
				<p>El experimento se estableció como un diseño completamente al azar, con arreglo factorial 2 x 2, con 2 concentraciones de CO<sub>2</sub> de la incubadora (3000 vs. 4000 ppm), y 2 pesos de huevo (65 y 70 g); los tratamientos se dividieron en 2 grupos posteriores con 2 tratamientos por grupo. De manera previa, se realizó una selección donde se descartaron huevos rotos, sucios, microfracturados, deformes y fuera de peso. Los huevos se identificaron de forma individual, con marcador de tinta indeleble sobre la superficie ancha donde se localiza la cámara de aire. Las máquinas incubadoras se mantuvieron a igual temperatura por etapa durante todo el proceso de incubación; de 37.8 °C durante el día 0, 37.6 °C del día 1 al 8, 37.5 °C del día 9 al 11 y 37.2 °C del día 12 al 21. La HR se mantuvo en 50 % durante todo el proceso de incubación. La concentración de CO<sub>2</sub> fue monitoreada durante todo el proceso de incubación, para verificar que se mantuviera dentro de los rangos establecidos en el protocolo de investigación. Los criterios de respuesta fueron peso individual de los huevos antes de incubar y durante la transferencia al día 18, para determinar por diferencia de peso la pérdida de humedad, incubabilidad, peso corporal y tamaño (medición del pico hasta el dedo medio sin considerar la uña).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Mediciones de parámetros sanguíneos</title>
				<p>Se asignaron al azar 20 embriones para su uso en la determinación de parámetros sanguíneos. La sangre se extrajo de la vena yugular de los embriones o pollos, con una jeringa de 1 mL y una aguja de calibre 30, y se recogió en tubos heparinizados.</p>
				<p>Posteriormente, se extrajo sangre en un capilar heparinizado (150 μL) y se presentó inmediatamente a un analizador de gases en sangre (GEM Premier 3000; Instrumentation Laboratory., Lexington, Massachusetts), para determinar los criterios de respuesta glucosa, hematocrito y proteínas plasmáticas.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>Los datos se procesaron utilizando el programa estadístico (SAS, System, v. 8.2, Cary, NC). Se examinaron las distribuciones de las medias y los residuos para verificar los supuestos del modelo. Los valores de incubabilidad, peso del pollo, pérdida de humedad, tamaño del pollo, glucosa, hematocrito y proteínas plasmáticas se analizaron por momento de muestreo; utilizando regresión lineal general (PROC GLM), con 2 concentraciones de CO<sub>2</sub>, 2 pesos de huevo y su interacción como variables de clase. Para todos los parámetros, se consideró pollito como la unidad experimental. Se realizó una prueba de comparación múltiple de Tukey, cuando se encontró que el efecto grupo era significativo (<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05). Los datos expresados en porcentajes fueron transformados a la proporción arco seno para su análisis.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 1</xref>, se observa que el mayor porcentaje de incubabilidad fue con la concentración a 3000 ppm de CO<sub>2</sub>, y con 65 g en el peso de los huevos. Los niveles de CO<sub>2</sub> considerados en el experimento no afectaron el peso del pollo; por lo que los tratamientos con huevos de 70 g obtuvieron pollos más pesados. El menor porcentaje en la pérdida de humedad con respecto a la concentración de CO2, se registró a 4000 ppm y sin diferencias estadísticas (<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05), entre huevos con 65 y 70 g. El mayor tamaño del pollo con respecto a la concentración de CO<sub>2</sub>, se observó a 3000 ppm y sin diferencias estadísticas entre huevos con 65 y 70 g. </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Efectos de 2 concentraciones de dióxido de carbono de la incubadora (3000 y 4000 ppm) y 2 pesos de huevo (65 y 70g) sobre incubabilidad, peso del pollo, pérdida de humedad, tamaño del pollo, glucosa, hematocrito y proteínas plasmáticas (<italic>n</italic> = 20 por CO2 × peso del huevo)</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Factor</td>
								<td align="center">Incubabilidad (%) </td>
								<td align="center">Peso del pollo (g) </td>
								<td align="center">Pérdida de humedad (%) </td>
								<td align="center">Tamaño del pollo (cm) </td>
								<td align="center">Glucosa (mg/dL) </td>
								<td align="center">Hematocrito (%) </td>
								<td align="center">Proteínas plasmáticas (g/dL) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">CO<sub>2</sub> (ppm) </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">3000 </td>
								<td align="center">88.10a </td>
								<td align="center">46.53 </td>
								<td align="center">10.19a </td>
								<td align="center">19.44a </td>
								<td align="center">200.05 </td>
								<td align="center">33.60 </td>
								<td align="center">2.43b </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">4000 </td>
								<td align="center">86.40b </td>
								<td align="center">47.00 </td>
								<td align="center">8.70b </td>
								<td align="center">18.44b </td>
								<td align="center">188.85 </td>
								<td align="center">36.80 </td>
								<td align="center">2.71a </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Error de cuadrado medio </td>
								<td align="center">2.77 </td>
								<td align="center">2.91 </td>
								<td align="center">2.59 </td>
								<td align="center">0.22 </td>
								<td align="center">373.53 </td>
								<td align="center">12.05 </td>
								<td align="center">0.17 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Peso del huevo (g) </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">65 </td>
								<td align="center">88.10a </td>
								<td align="center">44.99b </td>
								<td align="center">9.49 </td>
								<td align="center">18.83 </td>
								<td align="center">195.20 </td>
								<td align="center">34.60 </td>
								<td align="center">2.56 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">70 </td>
								<td align="center">86.40b </td>
								<td align="center">48.54a </td>
								<td align="center">9.41 </td>
								<td align="center">19.06 </td>
								<td align="center">193.70 </td>
								<td align="center">35.80 </td>
								<td align="center">2.59 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Error de cuadrado medio </td>
								<td align="center">2.77 </td>
								<td align="center">2.91 </td>
								<td align="center">2.59 </td>
								<td align="center">0.22 </td>
								<td align="center">373.53 </td>
								<td align="center">12.05 </td>
								<td align="center">0.17 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">CO2 (ppm) x peso del huevo (g) </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">3000 x 65 </td>
								<td align="center">88.60 </td>
								<td align="center">44.13 </td>
								<td align="center">10.51 </td>
								<td align="center">19.44 </td>
								<td align="center">195.60 </td>
								<td align="center">34.30 </td>
								<td align="center">2.34 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">3000 x 70 </td>
								<td align="center">87.60 </td>
								<td align="center">48.93 </td>
								<td align="center">9.87 </td>
								<td align="center">19.45 </td>
								<td align="center">204.50 </td>
								<td align="center">32.90 </td>
								<td align="center">2.53 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">4000 x 65 </td>
								<td align="center">87.60 </td>
								<td align="center">45.85 </td>
								<td align="center">8.47 </td>
								<td align="center">18.22 </td>
								<td align="center">194.80 </td>
								<td align="center">34.90 </td>
								<td align="center">2.78 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">4000 x 70 </td>
								<td align="center">85.20 </td>
								<td align="center">48.16 </td>
								<td align="center">8.94 </td>
								<td align="center">18.67 </td>
								<td align="center">182.90 </td>
								<td align="center">38.70 </td>
								<td align="center">2.65 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>P-valor</italic></td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">CO2 </td>
								<td align="center">0.03 </td>
								<td align="center">0.38 </td>
								<td align="center">&lt;.0001 </td>
								<td align="center">&lt;.0001 </td>
								<td align="center">0.07 </td>
								<td align="center">0.006 </td>
								<td align="center">0.04 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Peso del huevo </td>
								<td align="center">0.03 </td>
								<td align="center">&lt;.0001 </td>
								<td align="center">0.62 </td>
								<td align="center">0.13 </td>
								<td align="center">0.80 </td>
								<td align="center">0.28 </td>
								<td align="center">0.82 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">CO2 x peso del huevo </td>
								<td align="center">0.36 </td>
								<td align="center">0.02 </td>
								<td align="center">0.0007 </td>
								<td align="center">0.15 </td>
								<td align="center">0.09 </td>
								<td align="center">0.02 </td>
								<td align="center">0.23 </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p><sup>a,b</sup>Las medias de los mínimos cuadrados seguidas de diferentes superíndices dentro de una columna y factor son significativamente diferentes (<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05). </p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 1</xref>, se observa que la combinación entre las concentraciones de CO2 y los pesos del huevo, no mostraron diferencias dentro de grupo (65 y 70 g, respectivamente); pero sí entre grupos, con el menor peso del pollo (<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05), en el tratamiento que combina 3000 ppm de CO<sub>2</sub> con huevos de 65 g. Con respecto al tamaño del pollo, el resultando con mayor talla se observó en la combinación de 3000 ppm de CO<sub>2</sub>, con huevos de 65 y 70 g. La concentración de glucosa sanguínea no mostró diferencias en ambos factores. El mayor porcentaje de hematocrito con respecto a la concentración de CO2, se registró a 4000 ppm y sin diferencias estadísticas (<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05), entre huevos con 65 y 70 g. La mayor concentración de proteínas plasmáticas con respecto a la concentración de CO<sub>2</sub>, se registró a 4000 ppm. El resultando con mayor porcentaje de hematocrito se registró en la combinación de 4000 ppm de CO<sub>2</sub>, con huevos de 70g.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN </title>
			<p>La incubabilidad (es la capacidad del huevo para eclosionar), mejora con una menor concentración de CO<sub>2</sub> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Fathollahipour <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). En el presente trabajo se encontró que la concentración más baja de CO<sub>2</sub> mejora la incubabilidad; por lo que la integridad del cascarón juega un papel importante para el intercambio gaseoso; así que cuando el embrión llega al día 18 de incubación, inicia la respiración pulmonar, donde la hormona tiroidea juega un rol importante en el desarrollo del surfactante pulmonar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hamidu <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). El proceso de la respiración pulmonar aporta O<sub>2</sub> al embrión del pollo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Deeming, 2016</xref>); sin embargo, la maduración de la respiración pulmonar sin tener el cascarón intacto, y con el incremento de la demanda metabólica de O<sub>2</sub> al final de la incubación, ocasionan un aumento en la pCO<sub>2</sub> y una disminución en la pO<sub>2</sub> en la cámara de aire, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Flores-Santin <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>), activando el mecanismo detonador del nacimiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">(Ramachandran y McDaniel, 2018</xref>). Así que el DE normal del pollo, depende de los cambios de aire que se realizan a través de la membrana corioalantoidea (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">John, 2017</xref>), que junto con los poros del cascarón realiza los intercambios de O<sub>2</sub> y CO<sub>2</sub> entre la sangre y el medio ambiente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Deeming, 2016</xref>). </p>
			<p>El cascarón es el principal responsable de la diferencia entre la pCO<sub>2</sub> y el vapor de agua, donde el flujo de O<sub>2</sub> es afectado por el cascarón y la membrana interna (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Ramachandran y McDaniel, 2018</xref>); de manera que puede ser una de las razones principales por la que la incubabilidad no fue efectiva a mayor nivel de CO<sub>2</sub>. De la misma manera la conductancia del gas en el cascarón, depende de la proporción de área del poro por su longitud; al final esta relación es equivalente al grosor del cascarón (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Cordeiro y Hincke, 2016</xref>). </p>
			<p>En el presente estudio, se observó que al disponer de una menor concentración de CO<sub>2</sub> en el ambiente, se mejoró la eclosión; ya que no se creó una condición de hipoxia al final del proceso de incubación y no se afectó la pO<sub>2</sub> y la pCO<sub>2</sub> en la cámara de aire. Cuando los embriones se someten a condiciones de hipoxia durante el proceso de incubación, se inhibe el crecimiento del cuerpo, pico y patas; tal como lo mencionan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Burggren y Elmonoufy, 2017</xref>). En el experimento, el peso del pollo no se afectó por las diferentes concentraciones de CO<sub>2</sub>, pero sí fueron más pesados los pollos que provenían de huevos con 70 g. Al respecto, se sabe que el peso del pollo está directamente relacionado con el peso del huevo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">D'Alba <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>). El tamaño del pollo fue mayor cuando la concentración de CO<sub>2</sub> fue de 3000 ppm, estos datos sugieren que si los embriones se desarrollan en condiciones ambientales con una concentración baja de O<sub>2</sub>, pierden peso durante el picaje y la eclosión (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Ramachandran y McDaniel, 2018</xref>). Por lo tanto, los embriones en condiciones densas de O<sub>2</sub> ambiental ganan peso; esto implica que los embriones en escenarios ambientales ricos en O<sub>2</sub>, están mejor preparados metabólicamente para iniciar el picaje y el nacimiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Deeming, 2016</xref>). En el estudio, el tamaño del pollo se utilizó como criterio de calidad para determinar el desempeño productivo de la parvada; por otro lado, el contenido de glucógeno en los tejidos corporales, es importante en el requerimiento fisiológico al momento de iniciar el picaje (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Maatjens <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>a; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Maatjens <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014b</xref>). De igual manera, influye directamente en la sobrevivencia embrionaria; así, en el estudio las condiciones de CO<sub>2</sub> no afectaron los niveles de glucosa sanguínea en los pollos, lo cual puede condicionar a la vitalidad de las aves en la granja. El nivel de hematocrito mostró una tendencia numérica ligeramente mayor en el tratamiento con más concentración de CO<sub>2</sub>, información similar a lo reportado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Scheele <italic>et al.</italic> (2003)</xref> quienes cuantificaron valores elevados de hematocrito como resultado de un incremento en la respuesta eritropoyética. La concentración de proteínas plasmáticas, fue menor cuando las condiciones de CO<sub>2</sub> se mantuvieron en 4000 ppm; estos datos sugieren que en ambientes ricos en CO<sub>2</sub>, se utiliza más la respuesta eritropoyética (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Ramachandran y McDaniel, 2018</xref>), y como consecuencia se reduce la concentración de proteínas plasmáticas, tal como se observó en el presente estudio. Durante el DE del pollo, las incubadoras comerciales manejan concentraciones de 4000 ppm de CO<sub>2</sub>; pero con los resultados obtenidos, se sugiere bajar dicha concentración a 3000 ppm, para mejorar principalmente la incubabilidad. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Concentraciones de 3000 ppm de CO<sub>2</sub> mejoran la incubabilidad, pérdida de humedad y el tamaño del pollo; asimismo tiene niveles bajos de proteínas plasmáticas.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
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			<title-group>
				<article-title>Effect of incubator carbon dioxide level on embryonic development and hatching parameters in broiler chicken</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>Oxygen (<bold>O</bold>
 <sub>2</sub>) and carbon dioxide (<bold>CO</bold>
 <sub>2</sub>) are vital gases for the embryo during the incubation process, its level is essential at pipping, to evaluate the effect of incubator carbon dioxide level on embryonic development, hatching parameters, and post-hatch growth of broiler, humidity loss, hatchability, weight of chicken, size of chicken, blood glucose, hematocrit and plasma proteins were measured. A total of 600 eggs from commercial breeding Cobb 500 41 weeks, were selected by weight from 65 to 70 g, were distributed on two incubators. A machine was kept at 4000 ppm and the other to 3000 ppm CO<sub>2</sub>. A 2 x 2 factorial design was used. The hatchability was better to 3000 ppm of CO<sub>2</sub> and egg weight of 65 g chicken egg; the chicken was heavier with eggs of 70 g, to more ppm of CO<sub>2</sub> reduction in the loss of humidity, was observed over a large chicken, blood glucose levels were not affected, but the values of plasma protein were less than 3000 ppm CO<sub>2</sub>. Improved hatching parameters at lower ppm of CO<sub>2</sub> during the incubation process. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>incubation</kwd>
				<kwd>carbon dioxide</kwd>
				<kwd>embryo</kwd>
				<kwd>gases</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<caption>
						<title>ABBREVIATIONS</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">ED </td>
								<td align="justify">embryonic development</td>
								<td align="justify">AS</td>
								<td align="justify">ascites syndrome</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">CO<sub>2</sub></td>
								<td align="justify">carbon dioxide</td>
								<td align="justify">RH</td>
								<td align="justify">relative humidity humedad relativa </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">pO<sub>2</sub></td>
								<td align="justify">partial pressure of oxygen </td>
								<td align="justify">O<sub>2</sub></td>
								<td align="justify">oxygen </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">pCO<sub>2</sub></td>
								<td align="justify">partial pressure of carbon dioxide</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Embryonic development (<bold>ED</bold>) depends in the first instance on the pores of the shell that allow the diffusion of oxygen (<bold>O</bold>
 <sub>2</sub>
 <bold>)</bold> and carbon dioxide (<bold>CO</bold>
 <sub>2</sub>) between the external environment of the egg and the embryo's blood (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Cordeiro and Hincke, 2016</xref>). This gas exchange develops through the chorioallantoic membrane (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">John, 2017</xref>), which is supplied by blood vessels and whose function is similar to the placenta of mammalian fetuses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Koyama and Tennyson, 2016</xref>). The primary function of the respiratory system is to transport <bold>O</bold>
 <sub>2</sub> and <bold>CO</bold>
 <sub>2</sub>, between the environment and the tissues (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">D'Alba <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>); therefore, respiration is regulated to meet metabolic demands, supplying O<sub>2</sub> and eliminating <bold>CO</bold>
 <sub>2</sub> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Okur, 2019</xref>). The partial pressure of oxygen (<bold>pO2</bold>) and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (<bold>pCO2</bold>) in the air chamber are a stimulus for the embryo to perform the pecking (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Deeming, 2016</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Gildersleeve and Boeschen (1983)</xref> carried out an experiment with turkey eggs, where they added CO<sub>2</sub> levels higher than atmospheric concentrations, in order to stimulate ED during the beginning of the incubation period, although ED was stimulated, no differences in hatchability between eggs incubated in ranges of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> to 1% CO<sub>2</sub> during the first 2 days of incubation, so that the temperature of the shell, together with the concentration of CO<sub>2</sub>, affects the body weight of the chick at birth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Maatjens <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Maatjens <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014b</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">De Smit <italic>et al</italic> (2006)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">De Smit <italic>et al</italic> (2008)</xref> modified the ventilation conditions, to raise CO<sub>2</sub> during the first 10 days of the ED, using two reproductive strains, 45 and 60 weeks old; with different levels of susceptibility to ascites syndrome (<bold>AS</bold>). The CO<sub>2</sub> levels resulted in 1 and 1.5%, so the ED10 of higher CO<sub>2</sub> levels resulted in higher absolute and relative body weight (to the egg weight) than the ED10 to ED18; they had accelerated growth, elevated levels of corticosterone and plasma T3, and higher pCO2 in the air chamber; the hatching window was smaller in a time of 10 to 15 h, and the chick weight was greater with respect to normal ventilation. Likewise, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">García <italic>et al</italic> (2013)</xref> restricted ventilation during the first 10 days of the ED and found an improvement in the incubation parameters.</p>
				<p>During the last phase of development, the chicken embryo varies its O<sub>2</sub> consumption with the ambient temperature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Deeming, 2016</xref>). During the 2nd phase of ED, once the embryo produces its own metabolic heat, it removes CO<sub>2</sub> in a range of 0.05 to 0.3% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">D'Alba <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>), so it also depends on the diffusion of gases to through the pores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Mortola and Labbe, 2005</xref>). Thus, a hypoxic condition can limit ED, limit beak and foot development, develop heart hypertrophy, changes in heart rhythm, pericardial and pulmonary edema, changes in hemoglobin and AS; since in the last stage of ED, the phase where the hypoxic condition occurs, the embryo consumes up to 60 % more O<sub>2</sub> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Burggren and Elmonoufy, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">John, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Itani <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). Another factor that can play an important role in ED is altitude; since shell decreasing conductance. At this stage, the embryo needs energy from anaerobic metabolism (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Huang et al., 2017</xref>). Blood glucose and tissue glycogen reserves are what provide this energy, necessary for hatching (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Fathollahipour <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). It is known that there are differences in embryos metabolism with different ages and commercial lines, so if it is intended to optimize the incubation conditions, it is necessary to deepen their requirements (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Huang <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>). </p>
				<p>The objective of the present investigation was to determine incubation parameter effect with two levels of CO<sub>2</sub> and two egg weights. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p>The experiment followed institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of animals; all procedures were approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the University of Colima. The study was carried out with 600 fertile eggs of commercial Cobb 500 breeder, 41 weeks old and weighing 65 and 70 g. The eggs were placed in two commercial single-stage incubators (HatchTech; Gildetrom 25.3905 TB., Veenendaal, Netherlands), with a capacity of 4800 eggs/each. The machines, which have a temperature sensor (± 0.1ºF), a humidity sensor [± 1% relative humidity (<bold>RH</bold>)] and a CO<sub>2</sub> sensor (± 100 ppm). The eggs were turned at an angle of 45° and then 90° every hour. </p>
				<p>The air circulation was horizontal and laminar, through perforated radiators, which cause pressure differences, for better air distribution and a uniform flow through each egg mass, from top to bottom and from front to back. The same machines functioned as hatchers, and in both, the routine management of an incubator plant was carried out, from the reception of the egg to the removal of the hatchery machines. </p>
				<sec>
					<title>Experimental design</title>
					<p>The experiment was established as a completely randomized design, with a 2x2 factorial arrangement, with 2 concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub> from the incubator (3000 vs. 4000 ppm), and 2 egg weights (65 and 70 g); the treatments were divided into 2 subsequent groups with 2 treatments per group. Previously, a selection was made where broken, dirty, microfractured, deformed and out-of-weight eggs were discarded. The eggs were identified individually, with an indelible ink marker on the wide surface where the air chamber is located. The incubator machines were kept at the same temperature per stage throughout the incubation process; 37.8 °C during day 0, 37.6 °C from day 1 to 8, 37.5 °C from day 9 to 11 and 37.2 °C from day 12 to 21. The RH was kept at 50% throughout the ncubation process. The CO<sub>2</sub> concentration was monitored throughout the incubation process, to verify that it remained within the ranges established in the research protocol. </p>
					<p>The response criteria were individual weight of the eggs before incubation and during the transfer on day 18, to determine by weight difference the moisture loss, hatchability, body weight and size (measurement from the peak to the middle finger without considering the nail).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Blood parameter measurements</title>
					<p>Twenty embryos were randomized for use in determining blood parameters. Blood was extracted from the jugular vein of the embryos or chickens, with a 1 mL syringe and a 30 gauge needle, and collected in heparinized tubes. Subsequently, blood was drawn in a heparinized capillary (150 μL) and immediately presented to a blood gas analyzer (GEM Premier 3000; Instrumentation Laboratory., Lexington, Massachusetts), to determine the glucose, hematocrit and plasma protein response criteria.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>The data were processed using the statistical program (SAS, System, v. 8.2, Cary, NC). The distributions of means and residuals were examined to verify the assumptions of the model. The hatchability, chick weight, moisture loss, chick size, glucose, hematocrit and plasma proteins were analyzed by sampling time; using general linear regression (PROC GLM), with 2 CO2 concentrations, 2 egg weights and their interaction as class variables. For all parameters, chick was considered as the experimental unit. A Tukey multiple comparison test was performed, when the group effect was found to be significant (<italic>P</italic> &lt;0.05). The data expressed in percentages were transformed to the arc-sine proportion for analysis. </p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">table 1</xref>, it is observed that the highest percentage of hatchability was with the concentration of 3000 ppm of CO<sub>2</sub>, and with 65 g in egg weight. The CO<sub>2</sub> levels considered in the experiment did not affect the weight of the chicken; therefore, the treatments with 70 g eggs obtained heavier chickens. The lowest percentage in moisture loss with respect to CO<sub>2</sub> concentration was recorded at 4000 ppm and without statistical differences (<italic>P</italic> &lt;0.05), between eggs with 65 and 70 g. The largest size of the chicken with respect to the CO<sub>2</sub> concentration was observed at 3000 ppm and without statistical differences between eggs with 65 and 70 g. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Effects of 2 incubator carbon dioxide concentrations (3000 and 4000 ppm) and 2 egg weights (65 and 70g) on hatchability, chick weight, moisture loss, chick size, glucose, hematocrit and proteins plasma (n = 20 per CO2 × egg weight)</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Factor</td>
									<td align="center">Hatchability (%) </td>
									<td align="center">Chicken weight (g) </td>
									<td align="center">Moisture loss (%) </td>
									<td align="center">Chicken size (cm) </td>
									<td align="center">Glucose (mg/dL) </td>
									<td align="center">Hematocrit (%) </td>
									<td align="center">Plasma proteins (g/dL) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">CO<sub>2</sub> (ppm) </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">3000 </td>
									<td align="center">88.10a </td>
									<td align="center">46.53 </td>
									<td align="center">10.19a </td>
									<td align="center">19.44a </td>
									<td align="center">200.05 </td>
									<td align="center">33.60 </td>
									<td align="center">2.43b </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">4000 </td>
									<td align="center">86.40b </td>
									<td align="center">47.00 </td>
									<td align="center">8.70b </td>
									<td align="center">18.44b </td>
									<td align="center">188.85 </td>
									<td align="center">36.80 </td>
									<td align="center">2.71a </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Mean square error </td>
									<td align="center">2.77 </td>
									<td align="center">2.91 </td>
									<td align="center">2.59 </td>
									<td align="center">0.22 </td>
									<td align="center">373.53 </td>
									<td align="center">12.05 </td>
									<td align="center">0.17 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Egg weight (g) </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">65 </td>
									<td align="center">88.10a </td>
									<td align="center">44.99b </td>
									<td align="center">9.49 </td>
									<td align="center">18.83 </td>
									<td align="center">195.20 </td>
									<td align="center">34.60 </td>
									<td align="center">2.56 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">70 </td>
									<td align="center">86.40b </td>
									<td align="center">48.54a </td>
									<td align="center">9.41 </td>
									<td align="center">19.06 </td>
									<td align="center">193.70 </td>
									<td align="center">35.80 </td>
									<td align="center">2.59 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Mean square error </td>
									<td align="center">2.77 </td>
									<td align="center">2.91 </td>
									<td align="center">2.59 </td>
									<td align="center">0.22 </td>
									<td align="center">373.53 </td>
									<td align="center">12.05 </td>
									<td align="center">0.17 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">CO<sub>2</sub> (ppm) x egg weight (g) </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">3000 x 65 </td>
									<td align="center">88.60 </td>
									<td align="center">44.13 </td>
									<td align="center">10.51 </td>
									<td align="center">19.44 </td>
									<td align="center">195.60 </td>
									<td align="center">34.30 </td>
									<td align="center">2.34 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">3000 x 70 </td>
									<td align="center">87.60 </td>
									<td align="center">48.93 </td>
									<td align="center">9.87 </td>
									<td align="center">19.45 </td>
									<td align="center">204.50 </td>
									<td align="center">32.90 </td>
									<td align="center">2.53 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">4000 x 65 </td>
									<td align="center">87.60 </td>
									<td align="center">45.85 </td>
									<td align="center">8.47 </td>
									<td align="center">18.22 </td>
									<td align="center">194.80 </td>
									<td align="center">34.90 </td>
									<td align="center">2.78 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">4000 x 70 </td>
									<td align="center">85.20 </td>
									<td align="center">48.16 </td>
									<td align="center">8.94 </td>
									<td align="center">18.67 </td>
									<td align="center">182.90 </td>
									<td align="center">38.70 </td>
									<td align="center">2.65 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>P-value</italic></td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">CO<sub>2</sub></td>
									<td align="center">0.03 </td>
									<td align="center">0.38 </td>
									<td align="center">&lt;.0001 </td>
									<td align="center">&lt;.0001 </td>
									<td align="center">0.07 </td>
									<td align="center">0.006 </td>
									<td align="center">0.04 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Peso del huevo </td>
									<td align="center">0.03 </td>
									<td align="center">&lt;.0001 </td>
									<td align="center">0.62 </td>
									<td align="center">0.13 </td>
									<td align="center">0.80 </td>
									<td align="center">0.28 </td>
									<td align="center">0.82 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">CO<sub>2</sub> x peso del huevo </td>
									<td align="center">0.36 </td>
									<td align="center">0.02 </td>
									<td align="center">0.0007 </td>
									<td align="center">0.15 </td>
									<td align="center">0.09 </td>
									<td align="center">0.02 </td>
									<td align="center">0.23 </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>a,b The least squares means followed by different superscripts within a column and factor are significantly different (<italic>P</italic> &lt;0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>, it is observed that the combination between CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations and egg weights did not show differences within the group (65 and 70 g, respectively); but it occurred between groups, with the lowest chicken weight (P &lt;0.05), in the treatment that combines 3000 ppm of CO<sub>2</sub> with 65 g eggs. Regarding chicken size, the result with the largest size was observed in the combination of 3000 ppm of CO<sub>2</sub>, with eggs of 65 and 70 g. Blood glucose concentration did not show differences in both factors. The highest percentage of hematocrit with respect to CO<sub>2</sub> concentration was recorded at 4000 ppm and without statistical differences (P &lt;0.05), between eggs with 65 and 70 g. The highest concentration of plasma proteins with respect to the concentration of CO<sub>2</sub>, was recorded at 4000 ppm. The result with the highest percentage of hematocrit was recorded in the combination of 4000 ppm of CO<sub>2</sub>, with eggs of 70 g. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>Hatchability (it is the ability of the egg to hatch) improves with a lower concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Fathollahipour <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). In the present work, it was found that the lower concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> improves hatchability; so the integrity of the shell plays an important role for gas exchange. Then, when the embryo reaches day 18 of incubation, lung respiration begins, where thyroid hormone plays an important role in the lung surfactant development (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hamidu <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). The process of pulmonary respiration contributes O2 to the chicken embryo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Deeming, 2016</xref>). However, the lung respiration maturation without having the shell intact, and with the increase in the metabolic demand for O2 at the end of incubation, cause an increase in pCO2 and a decrease in pO<sub>2</sub> in the air chamber, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Flores-Santin <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>), activating the birth trigger mechanism (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Ramachandran and McDaniel, 2018</xref>). So the normal ED of the chicken depends on the air changes that take place through the chorioallantoic membrane (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">John, 2017</xref>), which, together with shell pores, carries out the exchanges of O<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> between the blood and the environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Deeming, 2016</xref>). </p>
				<p>The shell is the main responsible for the difference between pCO<sub>2</sub> and water vapor, where the O<sub>2</sub> flow is affected by the shell and the inner membrane (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Ramachandran and McDaniel, 2018</xref>); so it may be one of the main reasons why hatchability was not effective at a higher level of CO<sub>2</sub>. In the same way, the conductance of the gas in the shell depends on the ratio of the area of the pore to its length; in the end, this relationship is equivalent to shell thickness (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Cordeiro and Hincke, 2016</xref>). </p>
				<p>In the present study, it was observed that by having a lower concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> in the environment, hatching was improved; since a hypoxic condition was not created at the end of the incubation process and pO<sub>2</sub> and pCO<sub>2</sub> in the air chamber were not affected. When embryos are subjected to hypoxic conditions during the incubation process, the body growth, beak and legs is inhibited; as mentioned (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Burggren and Elmonoufy, 2017</xref>). In the experiment, chicken weight was not affected by the different CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations, but the chickens that came from eggs with 70 g were heavier. In this regard, it is known that chicken weight is directly related to egg weight (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">D'Alba <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>). The chicken size was greater when the CO<sub>2</sub> concentration was 3000 ppm, these data suggest that if the embryos develop in environmental conditions with a low O<sub>2</sub> concentration, they lose weight during pecking and hatching (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Ramachandran and McDaniel, 2018</xref>). Therefore, embryos in dense conditions of ambient O<sub>2</sub> gain weight. This implies that embryos in O2- rich environmental settings are better metabolically prepared to initiate pecking and birth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Deeming, 2016</xref>). </p>
				<p>In the study, chicken size was used as a quality criterion to determine the productive performance of the flock; on the other hand, the glycogen content in body tissues is important in the physiological requirement at the time of initiating the pecking (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Maatjens <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>a; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Maatjens <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014b</xref>). Similarly, it directly influences embryo survival; thus, in the study, the CO2 conditions did not affect the blood glucose levels in the chickens, which may condition birds’ vitality on the farm. </p>
				<p>The hematocrit level showed a slightly higher numerical trend in the treatment with a higher
					concentration of CO<sub>2</sub>, information similar to that reported by <xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Scheele <italic>et al.</italic> (2003)</xref> who
					quantified elevated hematocrit values as a result of an increase in the
					erythropoietic response. The plasma protein concentration was lower when the
						CO<sub>2</sub> conditions were kept at 4000 ppm. These data suggest that in
						CO<sub>2</sub>-rich environments, the erythropoietic response is used more
						(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Ramachandran and McDaniel, 2018</xref>),
					and as a consequence the concentration of plasma proteins is reduced, as
					observed in the present study. </p>
				<p>During chicken ED, commercial incubators handle concentrations of 4000 ppm of CO<sub>2</sub>; but with the results obtained, it is suggested to lower said concentration to 3000 ppm, mainly to improve hatchability. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>3000 ppm CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations improve hatchability, moisture loss and chick size; it
					also has low levels of plasma proteins.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>