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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.27</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00120</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo Original.</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Actividad ovárica postparto de cabras Alpinas consumiendo diferentes niveles de energía</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3356-1499</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rivas-Jacobo</surname>
						<given-names>Marco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6538-9649</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>González-Aguilar</surname>
						<given-names>Elizabeth</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5283-6975</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ballesteros-Rodea</surname>
						<given-names>Gilberto</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Hernández-Marín</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6062-805X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gallegos-Sánchez</surname>
						<given-names>Jaime</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9655-1867</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Herrera-Corredor</surname>
						<given-names>Alejandra</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">**</xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de San Luís Potosí</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2 </label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Guanajuato, Departamento de Veterinaria y Zootecnia, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Salamanca</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Colegio de Postgraduados, Ganadería, Campus Montecillo, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">** Autor de correspondencia: Herrera-Corredor Alejandra, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Apartado Postal 32. 444 826 1300. Ejido Palma de la Cruz. Km. 14.5 Carretera San Luis-Matehuala. Soledad de Graciano Sánchez, San Luis Potosí. <email>marco.rivas@uaslp.mx</email>, <email>eli_blue_17@hotmail.com</email>, <email>gilberto.ballesteros@uaslp.mx</email>, <email>jahmarin@ugto.mx</email>, <email>gallegos@colpos.mx</email>, <email>alejandra.herrera@uaslp.mx</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>*Autor responsable: Rivas-Jacobo Marco.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>28</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>			
			<elocation-id>e120</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN </title>
				<p>Se utilizaron 34 cabras Alpinas con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la densidad de energía en la dieta, en el retorno a la actividad ovárica postparto. Se conformaron tres grupos: E80: 80% de los requerimientos de energía en postparto, E100:100% de los requerimientos y E120: 120% de los requerimientos. La dieta se proporcionó 3 semanas antes y hasta 60 días después del parto. Se determinó el peso de las hembras cada cinco días y se escanearon los ovarios por ultrasonografía dos veces por semana, para evaluar el crecimiento folicular. Por medio de Radioinmunoanálisis se determinó el día en que las hembras ovularon, con base en la concentración de progesterona. Las cabras en E120, observaron pesos más altos que en E80 y E100 (P≤0.05). En E100 el primer folículo se presentó más temprano (27.09±08.5 días; P≤0.05) y presentó el mayor porcentaje de ovulación (54.54%). No hubo diferencias en el intervalo parto-ovulación entre E100 y E120 (P&lt;0.05). El nivel de consumo de energía en la dieta estimula la actividad ovárica postparto; sin embargo, un bajo porcentaje de animales ovulan lo que puede indicar que hay otros factores que pueden condicionar la recuperación completa del ovario como el amamantamiento. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras Clave:</title>
				<kwd>Postparto</kwd>
				<kwd>energía</kwd>
				<kwd>folículos ováricos</kwd>
				<kwd>actividad ovulatoria</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="33"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>En la cabra, así como en el resto de los animales rumiantes, el último tercio de gestación, es uno de los periodos más críticos del ciclo de producción. Entre las tres semanas finales de la gestación y las tres semanas iniciales de la lactancia, aumenta la demanda metabólica para el crecimiento fetal y la producción de leche, y estos eventos fisiológicos coinciden con un descenso en el consumo de materia seca; lo que puede ocasionar un balance energético negativo (BEN). Así, cuando la energía es escasa, los mecanismos fisiológicos que contribuyen a su metabolismo, van a favorecer aquellos procesos que aseguran la viabilidad del individuo, sobre aquellos procesos que promueven el crecimiento, la longevidad y reproducción, lo que retrasa la aparición de ciclos estrales después del parto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Van Knegsel <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>). Durante la primera semana posparto se han observado oleadas de crecimiento folicular en ganado bovino, independientemente del grado de BEN en respuesta a la elevación de la hormona Folículo Estimulante (FSH), la cual disminuye en la segunda semana postparto. Contrariamente, los niveles de estrógenos disminuyen en la primera semana posparto y empiezan a incrementarse lentamente después de la primera semana, lo cual coincide con el desarrollo del folículo dominante (FD; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Beam y Buttler, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><italic>Emerick et al., 2010</italic></xref><italic>)</italic>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Canfield y Butler (1990)</xref> señalan que la pulsatilidad de LH se suprime hasta que el valor nadir de BEN se alcanza; tiempo en el cual la frecuencia de pulsos de LH empieza a incrementarse estimulando la ovulación. La ovulación del FD se da solamente cuando un pulso de LH ocurre cada 40-60 minutos, para estimular una producción máxima de estradiol, retroalimentación positiva y un pico preovulatorio de LH y FSH. Estos episodios pulsátiles se detectan alrededor de 10 a 20 días postparto en vacas en ordeña; mientras que en hembras amamantando se observa un retardo en la presentación de la secreción pulsátil de LH (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Crowe <italic>et al</italic>., 1998</xref>). Por otro lado, las causas del anestro postparto en pequeños rumiantes es multifactorial, aunado a las condiciones nutricionales del manejo y el fotoperiodo; el amamantamiento es otro factor potencial que puede retrasar los ciclos ovulatorios postparto, ya que inhibe la secreción de la Hormona Liberadora de Gonadotropinas (GnRH; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Morales-Terán <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>) que desencadenará los eventos hormonales que dan paso a la ovulación; al respecto se han implementado estrategias de control del amamantamiento encaminadas a adelantar la ciclicidad ovárica en periodo postparto. Con base en lo anterior, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar si los diferentes niveles de consumo de energía favorecen o no el reinicio de la actividad ovárica postparto en cabras que paren en la estación reproductiva y que están amamantando. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Ubicación</title>
				<p>El estudio se realizó en las instalaciones de la Unidad Caprina de la Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, ubicada en el Municipio de Soledad de Graciano Sánchez, San Luis Potosí, México. Se localiza a 22º11’de Latitud Norte y 100º56’ de Longitud Oeste, a una altitud de 1850 msnm. El clima es seco templado, con una franja al suroeste de clima semi seco templado. La temperatura media anual es de 17.1 °C, la temperatura cálida comprende los meses de marzo a octubre y el periodo frío de noviembre a febrero. Su precipitación pluvial es de 362 mm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"> (García, 2004)</xref> . </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Animales y tratamientos</title>
				<p>Para que los partos se presentaran en el mes de noviembre y así eliminar efectos confundidos por fotoperiodo, en el mes de julio se sincronizaron cabras de raza Alpina Francesa, multíparas, con peso de 45 ± 4.3 kg y condición corporal de 3 en escala de 1 a 5 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Ghosh <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Se utilizaron dispositivos intravaginales (CIDR-Pfizer®; 0.3 g progesterona natural) los cuales permanecieron durante 9 días, 24 horas antes de retirar los dispositivos, se aplicaron 300 UI de eCG (Folligon®-Intervet) vía intramuscular. Doce horas después de retirado el dispositivo se procedió a detectar estros, utilizando machos provistos con mandil para evitar la cópula; una vez que la hembra fue detectada en estro se dio un solo servicio por medio de monta natural, con un semental Alpino con condición corporal de 3. El diagnóstico de gestación se realizó 30 días después del servicio por ultrasonografía en tiempo real (Sonovet PICO, Universal Medical Systems Inc) y transductor convexo de 3.5 MHz. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Manejo de la alimentación</title>
				<p>Tres semanas antes del parto los tratamientos se asignaron al azar a las hembras, para conformar los siguientes grupos experimentales: E80 (dieta que cubre el 80% de energía de la etapa, NRC, 2007), E100 (dieta con el 100% de los requerimientos) y E120 (dieta con 120% de requerimientos; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Aporte de energía de la dieta y Materia Seca</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Tratamiento</th>
									<th align="center">
										<p>Energía de la dieta</p>
										<p>(Mcal/Kg MS)</p>
									</th>
									<th align="center"><p>Materia seca</p>
										<p>(Kg MS/día)</p></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">E80 </td>
									<td align="center">1.48 </td>
									<td align="center">1.60 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">E100 </td>
									<td align="center">1.85 </td>
									<td align="center">2.00 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">E120 </td>
									<td align="center">2.22 </td>
									<td align="center">2.22 </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>E80: Alimentación con densidad energética baja; E100: Alimentación con densidad energética adecuada; E120: Alimentación con densidad energética alta. MS: Materia seca</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Las cabras se sometieron a un periodo de adaptación a la nueva dieta por 7días, en donde gradualmente su alimento (A) fue sustituido por las dietas experimentales (D), en proporciones 85%A:15%D, 70%A:30%D, hasta alcanzar el 100%D. La dieta se proporcionó dos veces al día, durante 2 meses después del parto (destete). La dieta se formuló a base de alfalfa achicalada, heno de avena, grano y ensilado de maíz y sales minerales. Las cabras disponían de agua a libre acceso. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Atención de partos y manejo de las crías</title>
				<p>Las hembras y las crías se pesaron 24 horas después del parto, para evitar que el manejo interviniera con el reconocimiento de la cría y la toma de calostro. Las hembras se pesaron cada 5 días, después del parto y hasta el destete. Las crías permanecieron todo el tiempo con las hembras y a los 8 días recibieron un suplemento con 20% de PC, en un corral especial en donde la hembra no tenía acceso. Se utilizaron cabras con parto simple, lo cual se determinó al momento en que se realizó la asignación de tratamientos. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Desarrollo folicular postparto</title>
				<p>Quince días después del parto, dos veces por semana hasta el destete, se realizó un escaneo ovárico y se registró el día en que apareció en la superficie del ovario el primer folículo ≥ 6 mm de diámetro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">González-Bulnes <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>), mediante ultrasonografía (Sonovet PICO, Universal Medical Systems Inc), usando un transductor transrectal lineal de 7.5 MHz, acoplado a un manipulador rígido, previo vaciado del recto, con la cabra en posición de pie. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Restablecimiento de la actividad ovárica postparto (Intervalo parto-ovulación)</title>
				<p>A partir del día 15 postparto, dos veces por semana se recolectaron muestras sanguíneas de la vena yugular; utilizando agujas estériles 0.8×38 mm (Becton Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, USA) y tubos recolectores estériles Vacutainer de 10 mL (Corvac Sherwood Medical, Saint Louis, Mo, USA). Las muestras fueron centrifugadas 15 min a 1500 rpm para separar el suero sanguíneo, el cual se almacenó en microtubos de polipropileno de 1.5 mL (MCT-150C, AxygenMR Scientific, INC., Union City California, USA), a −20 °C para su posterior análisis en serie, al final del periodo de recolección. El restablecimiento de la actividad ovárica postparto se evaluó por medio de las concentraciones de progesterona, las cuales se determinaron por radioinmunoanálisis (RIA) en fase sólida, con sensibilidad del ensayo de 0.1 ng mL<sup>−1</sup> y con un coeficiente de variación intraensayo de 4.1%. Para determinar si la cabra restableció su actividad ovárica (ovulación) se utilizó el criterio de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Srikandakumar <italic>et al</italic>. (1986)</xref> quiénes señalan que cuando dos muestras consecutivas presentan 0.5 ng mL<sup>−1</sup>,o más de1ngmL<sup>−1</sup> de progesterona en una sola muestra, entonces hay un cuerpo lúteo funcional en el ovario y por lo tanto la hembra ha ovulado. De acuerdo al análisis de laboratorio, se registró el día en que se observaron aumentos en la concentración de progesterona, de acuerdo al criterio establecido anteriormente. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>Para la variable cambio de peso vivo, se utilizó un análisis de medidas repetidas en el tiempo con el procedimiento MIXED de SAS (2002). Para determinar diferencias en el número de cabras que ovularon antes de los 60 d postparto, se empleará la prueba de homogeneidad de ji-cuadrada. Las variables, días en que se presentó el primer folículo de mayor diámetro y día de ovulación, se analizaron empleando un diseño experimental completamente al azar y Pruebas de Tukey (α=0.05). </p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Cambio de peso vivo en periodo postparto</title>
				<p>No hubo diferencias en el peso de las hembras al parto (P&gt;0.05). A partir del día 15 postparto, las cabras en E120 presentaron los mayores pesos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref>) y las del grupo E80, los menores. Este comportamiento se mantuvo hasta el día 30 postparto; sin embargo, a partir del día 35 postparto, las cabras E80 y E100, comenzaron a bajar de peso, presentando diferencias (P≤0.05) con respecto a las cabras en E120; lo que se observó hasta el final del periodo de evaluación. En el día 65, después del parto y cuando el destete ya se había realizado, se observa una ligera tendencia a incrementar el peso en los tres grupos; sin embargo, la diferencia en peso se sigue manteniendo entre los tratamientos E120 vs E100 y E80 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabla 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Peso vivo de cabras Alpina Francesa consumiendo diferentes niveles de energía en periodo postparto</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col span="13"/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">Trat</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">n</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="13">Días postparto </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Peso parto </td>
									<td align="center">15</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">25</td>
									<td align="center">30</td>
									<td align="center">35</td>
									<td align="center">40</td>
									<td align="center">45</td>
									<td align="center">50</td>
									<td align="center">55</td>
									<td align="center">60</td>
									<td align="center">65</td>
									<td align="right">EE</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">E80 </td>
									<td align="center">11 </td>
									<td align="center">57.2a </td>
									<td align="center">43.3c </td>
									<td align="center">40.1c </td>
									<td align="center">39.6c </td>
									<td align="center">38.5c </td>
									<td align="center">38.7b </td>
									<td align="center">38.8b </td>
									<td align="center">38.8b </td>
									<td align="center">38.7b </td>
									<td align="center">38.8b </td>
									<td align="center">39.2b </td>
									<td align="center">40.7b </td>
									<td align="right">5.2 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">E100 </td>
									<td align="center">11 </td>
									<td align="center">58.4a </td>
									<td align="center">43.9b </td>
									<td align="center">42.8b </td>
									<td align="center">42.0b </td>
									<td align="center">40.0b </td>
									<td align="center">39.6b </td>
									<td align="center">39.7b </td>
									<td align="center">38.7b </td>
									<td align="center">38.4b </td>
									<td align="center">38.6b </td>
									<td align="center">39.4b </td>
									<td align="center">41.5b </td>
									<td align="right">5.1 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">E120 </td>
									<td align="center">12 </td>
									<td align="center">57.5a </td>
									<td align="center">45.5a </td>
									<td align="center">45.2a </td>
									<td align="center">44.9a </td>
									<td align="center">43.7a </td>
									<td align="center">43.8a </td>
									<td align="center">44.2a </td>
									<td align="center">44.5a </td>
									<td align="center">44.5ª </td>
									<td align="center">44.7a </td>
									<td align="center">45.2a </td>
									<td align="center">48.7a </td>
									<td align="right">3.8 </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>Trat: Tratamiento, n = Número de cabras por tratamiento. E80: Alimentación con densidad energética baja; E100: Alimentación con densidad energética adecuada; E120: Alimentación con densidad energética alta.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>a,b,c Medias con literal diferente en una hilera son diferentes (P≤0.05), EE = Error estándar. </p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>La lactancia es uno de los factores que contribuyen a la mayor pérdida de peso y condición corporal en rumiantes después del parto. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Pérez-Hernández <italic>et al</italic>. (2009)</xref> señalan que cuando las crías permanecen en contacto con la madre todo el día, las hembras pierden más peso, ya que se estimula la producción de leche, llegando a remover reservas de tejido graso, lo que prolonga el anestro postparto. Existe controversia entre investigadores sobre el papel del peso y la condición corporal en la reproducción en periodo postparto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Lwelyin <italic>et al</italic>. (1992)</xref>, señalan que la actividad ovárica reinicia aún antes de que se presenten cambios en el peso y la condición corporal en cabras africanas. De igual forma, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Mbayahaga <italic>et al</italic>. (1998)</xref>, no encontraron correlación en el tiempo al que se presenta el primer estro postparto y la pérdida de peso en hembras caprinas. Sin embargo estudios más recientes sí reportan retardo en el restablecimiento de la ciclicidad ovárica en ovejas, debido a la pérdida de peso por la lactancia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Geoffrey y Dodson, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Robinson <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Nascimento <italic>et al</italic>. (2014)</xref> en cabras destetadas a los 15 días en periodo postparto, tampoco encontraron un fuerte correlación entre peso y actividad ovárica postparto, por lo que concluyeron que existen otros factores como el número de parto, producción de leche, edad de la madre e involución uterina; los cuales tienen un efecto conjunto en el retorno a la actividad estral postparto. En este estudio, las cabras en E120 mantuvieron su peso en el periodo postparto, por lo que se puede atribuir a que el consumo de energía, superior a sus necesidades para la etapa fisiológica, se haya dirigido a la acumulación de reservas en tejido adiposo. Las diferencias de peso que hubo en los grupos E80 y E100, con respecto a E120, coinciden con el tiempo en que las cabras alcanzan su pico de lactación, por lo que la demanda metabólica de energía es mayor y la restricción energética en el caso de E80 y los niveles de E100, pudieron no ser suficientes para cubrirla y mantener el peso. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Día en que aparece el primer folículo mayor en la superficie del ovario</title>
				<p>En ganado caprino, así como en otros rumiantes, la participación de la energía tiene un papel aún más importante, ya que los procesos metabólicos que ocurren entre el periodo preparto y el posparto temprano afectan el reinicio de la actividad ovárica, así como la eficiencia reproductiva. Durante este periodo el organismo prioriza funciones como metabolismo basal y la lactancia sobre los procesos reproductivos; así, un balance energético negativo inhibe el reinicio de la actividad ovárica en periodo postparto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Canfield y Butler, 1990</xref>). En los tres grupos la actividad ovárica reinició posterior a la segunda semana postparto. Las cabras en el grupo E100 presentaron un folículo de diámetro mayor antes de los 30 días postparto (P≤0.05; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 3</xref>). En los grupos E80 y E120, en promedio se observan días más tarde, aunque estos se presentaron más dispersos en el tiempo, comparados con E100. No hubo diferencia en estos dos grupos (P&gt;0.05). </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Tabla 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Día después del parto en que el primer folículo alcanza el tamaño mayor en cabras que consumieron diferentes niveles de energía</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Consumo de energía</th>
									<th align="center">N</th>
									<th align="left">Presencia del folículo de diámetro mayor (día postparto)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">E80 </td>
									<td align="center">11 </td>
									<td align="center">54.33±17.19ª </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">E100 </td>
									<td align="center">11 </td>
									<td align="center">27.09±08.5b </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">E120 </td>
									<td align="center">12 </td>
									<td align="center">41.27±19.72ª </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>a, b Medias con distinta literal en la misma con columna son diferentes (P≤0.05)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>La alta frecuencia de secreción pulsátil de LH es determinante para la maduración final de los folículos, en ganado bovino, la secreción de patrones normales de LH sucede de 10 a 20 días postparto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Savio <italic>et al</italic>. (1990)</xref> señalan un intervalo para la detección del primer folículo dominante por medio de ultrasonografía de 11.6±8.9 días, observándose la primera ovulación en vacas lecheras con puerperios normales y no afectados por enfermedades ováricas quísticas alrededor de 15 y 21 días postparto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Opsomer <italic>et al</italic>., 1996</xref>); mientras que en vacas amamantando tiende a retrasarse. En el caso de la oveja el primer estro postparto se presenta entre 25 y 60 días (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Morales-Terán <italic>et al,</italic> 2004</xref>). En el ganado ovino y caprino, el estudio de la dinámica folicular durante el periodo postparto es más limitado; sin embargo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Al-Gubory y Martinet (1986)</xref> señalan que en ovejas de lana, el número de folículos preantrales (2-4 mm) en cada ovario incrementa al día 5 postparto y esto se correlaciona con un incremento en la secreción de FSH después del parto. De igual manera <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Rubianes y Ungerfeld (1993)</xref> observaron en el día 1 postparto folículos con un diámetro de 1-2 mm y en el día 5, folículos 2-4 mm, y es hasta después del día 17 postparto, cuando la involución uterina se ha completado, que se observan en la superficie del ovario folículos mayores a 4 mm. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bartlewski <italic>et al</italic>. (2000)</xref> por medio de ultrasonografía observaron folículos mayores a 4 mm hasta el día 21 postparto. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Zongo <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> señalan que en cabras Sahelian la actividad ovárica inicia en la primera semana postparto, caracterizado por 1 a 3 folículos de tamaño medio en ambos ovarios. Así, uno de los eventos fisiológicos que marcan el inicio de la actividad ovárica postparto en pequeños rumiantes, es el desarrollo de folículos a un diámetro en el que tienen el potencial de ovular (≥6mm; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">González-Bulnes <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>). Los resultados del estudio concuerdan con lo reportado por estos investigadores. Si bien en cada escaneo ovárico se observaron folículos de diámetro menor, los folículos mayores se observaron posterior a la tercera semana postparto. Cabe señalar que en las cabras en E80 y E120, se observó un amplio rango de días en la aparición de este folículo, contrariamente a E100, en donde las cabras presentaron este folículo en forma más agrupada. Si bien el crecimiento del folículo es dependiente de energía, se puede apreciar que mientras la cabra cubra al 100% su demanda energética es suficiente para promover los mecanismos hormonales que desencadenan la ovulación después del parto. Asimismo, el crecimiento del folículo hasta alcanzar un diámetro de ovulación, concuerda con el tiempo en el que la involución uterina ya ha finalizado. Al respecto, Greyling y van Nierker (1991) señalan que las estructuras carunculares regresan a su tamaño normal a los 26.3 días post parto; mientras que a los 28 días aproximadamente la involución uterina se ha completado, en ganado caprino. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Salmazo <italic>et al</italic>. (2008)</xref> señalan que en la relación entre balance energético y reproducción participa los factores de crecimiento insulínicos I y II (IGF-I e IGF-II) y la hormona lutenizante (LH). Cuando hay un déficit de energía, la concentración de insulina baja en sangre, reduce la secreción de la Hormona liberadora de las gonadotropinas (GnRH), y como consecuencia las gonadotropinas disminuyen, así como la proliferación de las células de la granulosa del folículo y la actividad de la enzima aromatasa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Scaramuzzi <italic>et al</italic>, 2006</xref>), por lo tanto se retrasa la actividad ovárica postparto. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Actividad ovulatoria postparto</title>
				<p>Con base en los análisis de progesterona en sangre, se confirma que el porcentaje de cabras que ovuló fue mayor (P≤0.05) en las cabras que cubrieron sus necesidades de energía de acuerdo a sus requerimientos para el periodo postparto (E100); mientras las hembras en E80, solo una cabra ovuló (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 4</xref>). De acuerdo con el criterio de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Srikandakumar <italic>et al</italic>. (1986),</xref> una hembra restableció su actividad ovárica cuando la concentración de progesterona en dos muestras consecutivas son iguales o superiores a 0.5 ng mL<sup>−1</sup> , o bien, cuando la concentración de progesterona es mayor a 1 ng mL<sup>−1</sup> en una sola muestra; por lo que siguiendo este criterio, las cabras en el grupo de E100 ovularon en mayor proporción (54.54%) con respecto a los grupos E80 y E120. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Tabla 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Respuesta ovulatoria e intervalo parto-primera ovulación de cabras que consumieron diferentes niveles de energía en periodo postparto</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Consumo de energía </th>
									<th align="center">n </th>
									<th align="center">Cabras que ovularon</th>
									<th align="center">Intervalo Parto-Primera ovulación (días)</th>
								</tr>
								
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">E80 </td>
									<td align="center">11 </td>
									<td align="center">9.09 (1/11)c </td>
									<td align="center">43.00 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">E100 </td>
									<td align="center">11 </td>
									<td align="center">54.54 (6/11) a </td>
									<td align="center">37.33±5.32a </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">E120 </td>
									<td align="center">12 </td>
									<td align="center">33.33 (4/12)b </td>
									<td align="center">34.00±5.71a </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>a, b Medias con distinta literal en la misma con columna son diferentes (P≤0.05)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>No hubo diferencias (P&gt;0.05) en el intervalo parto-primera ovulación en las cabras en E100 y E120 (tabla 4). Sólo una cabra ovuló en el E80 y la ovulación se presentó hasta el día 43 después del parto. Hasta el término del periodo experimental no se observó más respuesta ovulatoria. </p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Delgadillo <italic>et al.</italic> (1998</xref>) señalan que la longitud del anestro postparto en cabras ubicadas en regiones subtropicales, es fuertemente influenciada por el tiempo del año en que ocurren los partos, siendo el periodo anovulatorio más largo cuando el parto ocurre en enero, comparado con los meses de mayo y octubre. El parto de estas hembras ocurrió en el mes de noviembre, plena estación reproductiva para la región. La programación de partos se hizo en esta época para evitar un efecto confundido por fotoperiodo, por lo que se esperaba que el mayor consumo de energía acelerara la recuperación de la actividad ovárica. La respuesta observada, indica que si bien el consumo de energía puede promover el desarrollo folicular, alcanzando diámetros de ovulación, como se observa en los tres grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref>), existen otros factores que impiden la ovulación de los mismos. El retardo en el inicio de la ovulación después del parto, tiene causas multifactoriales, además de deficiencias en el consumo de energía; se ha reportado que el amamantamiento es un factor que puede inhibir la secreción de GnRH, retardando el inicio de la ovulación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Morales-Terán <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Castillo-Maldonado <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). La inhibición de la secreción de GnRH a nivel de eminencia media debido al amamantamiento, se ejerce vía opioides endógenos (encefalinas y β-endorfina; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Gordon <italic>et al</italic>., 1997</xref>), al actuar directamente en las neuronas productoras de GnRH (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Leshin <italic>et al.</italic>, 1991</xref>). La poca respuesta ovulatoria observada en las cabras se puede atribuir más al efecto negativo del amamantamiento en la secreción de gonadotropinas, independientemente del consumo de energía, ya que todas las cabras permanecieron con sus crías durante el periodo experimental. </p>
				<p>En ovejas, se ha determinado que el restringir el amamantamiento a 30 minutos, 2 veces por día, adelanta el intervalo parto-ovulación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Pérez Hernández <italic>et al</italic>. 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Arroyo <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Morales-Terán, 2004</xref>; en ganado bovino la restricción del amamantamiento también ha mostrado efectos positivos sobre el restablecimiento de la actividad ovárica postparto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Zárate-Martínez <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>); sin embargo, esa estrategia de manejo para este sistema de producción puede no ser viable, ya que para las condiciones de la región de estudio, el principal objetivo de producción es la venta de cabritos al destete, por los que las crías deben permanecer hasta este tiempo con la madre para que puedan alcanzar los pesos requeridos para el mercado. </p>
				<p>Los resultados de este experimento, en las hembras que ovularon, no coinciden con los resultados en ovejas que permanecieron todo el tiempo con sus crías, en donde el intervalo parto-primera ovulación, se presenta a los 60.5±2.7 días (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Morales-Terán; 2004</xref>) y 52.6±2.0 días, y en estas hembras se presentó a pocos días después de los 30 días postparto (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 4</xref>). En este sentido, estos resultados pueden indicar que el nivel de energía estimula el crecimiento folicular y la ovulación; sin embargo, el efecto inhibitorio del amamantamiento puede ser aún más fuerte, impidiendo que las hembras, así hayan desarrollado folículos con potencial ovulatorio en el periodo temprano postparto, no ovulen, aún eliminando efecto del fotoperiodo. </p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>El consumo de energía promovió el retorno a la actividad ovárica postparto en las cabras; el crecimiento folicular reinició en las primeras semanas postparto en animales que cubrieron sus requerimientos de energía y en los que recibieron un aporte extra de energía en la dieta. Durante esta etapa de alta demanda metabólica, las hembras mantuvieron su peso corporal; sin embargo, aún teniendo el efecto positivo del fotoperiodo, dado que los partos se presentaron en la estación reproductiva, no todos los animales ovularon, lo que indica que hay otro factor que puede estar inhibiendo la actividad ovulatoria, como el amamantamiento de las crías.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMIENTOS </title>
			<p>Al responsable y personal técnico del Laboratorio de Medicina Nuclear, de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, por su invaluable apoyo en el procesamiento de muestras para Radioinmnoanálisis</p>
		</ack>
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			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>2</label>
				<p>Clave: 2020-34.</p>
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	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Postpartum ovarian activity of Alpine goats consuming different energy levels</article-title>
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			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT </title>
				<p>34 Alpine goats were used with the objective of evaluating the effect of energy density in the diet, on the return to postpartum ovarian activity. Three experimental groups were formed: E80: 80% of the postpartum energy requirements, E100: 100% of the requirements and E120: 120% of the requirements. The diet was provided 3 weeks before and up to 60 days after delivery. Female weight was determined every five days and the ovaries were scanned by ultrasonography twice a week to assess follicular growth. The day the females ovulated was determined by radioimmunoassay, based on the progesterone concentration. The goats in E120, observed higher weights than in E80 and E100 (P≤0.05). In E100 the first follicle presented earlier (27.09 ± 08.5 days; P≤0.05) and presented the highest percentage of ovulation (54.54%). There were no differences in the calving-ovulation interval between E100 and E120 (P &lt;0.05). The level of energy consumption in the diet stimulates postpartum ovarian activity; however, a low percentage of animals ovulate, which may indicate that there are other factors that can condition the complete recovery of the ovary, such as suckling. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Postpartum</kwd>
				<kwd>energy</kwd>
				<kwd>ovarian follicles</kwd>
				<kwd>ovulatory activity</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>In the goat, as well as in the rest of the ruminant animals, the last third of gestation is one of the most critical periods of the production cycle. Between the final three weeks of gestation and the initial three weeks of lactation, the metabolic demand for fetal growth and milk production increases, and these physiological events coincide with a decrease in dry matter consumption; which can cause a negative energy balance (NEB). Thus, when energy is scarce, the physiological mechanisms that contribute to its metabolism will favor those processes that ensure the viability of the individual, over those processes that promote growth, longevity and reproduction, delaying the appearance of estrous cycles after delivery (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Van Knegsel <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>). During the first week postpartum, waves of follicular growth have been observed in cattle, regardless of the degree of NEB in response to the elevation of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), which decreases in the second week postpartum. Conversely, estrogen levels decrease in the first postpartum week and begin to slowly increase after the first week, which coincides with the development of the dominant follicle (DF; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Beam and Buttler, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Emerick <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Canfield and Butler (1990)</xref> point out that the pulsatility of LH is suppressed until the nadir value of NEB is reached; time in which the LH pulse rate begins to increase stimulating ovulation. DF ovulation occurs only when an LH pulse occurs every 40-60 minutes, to stimulate peak estradiol production, positive feedback, and a pre-ovulatory surge in LH and FSH. These pulsatile episodes are detected around 10-20 days postpartum in milking cows; while in lactating females a delay is observed in the presentation of pulsatile LH secretion (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Crowe <italic>et al</italic>., 1998)</xref>. On the other hand, the causes of postpartum anestrus in small ruminants is multifactorial, coupled with the nutritional conditions of the handling and the photoperiod; breastfeeding is another potential factor that can delay postpartum ovulatory cycles, since it inhibits the secretion of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Morales-Terán <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>) that will trigger the hormonal events that lead to ovulation; In this regard, breastfeeding control strategies have been implemented aimed at advancing ovarian cyclicity in the postpartum period. Based on the above, the objective of the present investigation was to determine whether or not the different levels of energy consumption favor the restart of postpartum ovarian activity in goats that give birth in the reproductive season and are breastfeeding. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Location</title>
					<p>The study was carried out at the facilities of the Caprine Unit of the Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine of the Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, located in the Municipality of Soledad de Graciano Sánchez, San Luis Potosí, Mexico. It is located at 22º11 'North Latitude and 100º56' West Longitude, at an altitude of 1850 meters above sea level. The climate is dry temperate, with a southwestern fringe of semi-dry temperate climate. The average annual temperature is 17.1 °C, the warm temperature includes the months of March to October and the cold period from November to February. Its pluvial precipitation is 362 mm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">García, 2004</xref>) . </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Animals and treatments</title>
					<p>In order for the parturitions to occur in the month of November and thus eliminate effects confused by photoperiod, in the month of July, multiparous French Alpine breed goats were synchronized, weighing 45±4.3 kg and body condition of 3 on a scale of 1 a 5 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Ghosh <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Intravaginal devices (CIDR-Pfizer<sup>®</sup>; 0.3 g natural progesterone) were used which remained for 9 days, 24 hours before removing the devices, 300 IU of eCG (Folligon<sup>®</sup>-Intervet) were applied intramuscularly. Twelve hours after removing the device, estrus was detected, using males provided with an apron to prevent copulation. Once the female was detected in estrus, a single service was given by means of natural breeding, with an Alpine stallion with a body condition of 3. The pregnancy diagnosis was made 30 days after service by real-time ultrasonography (Sonovet PICO, Universal Medical Systems Inc) and 3.5 MHz convex transducer. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Feeding management</title>
					<p>Three weeks before parturition, the treatments were randomly assigned to the females, to form the following experimental groups: E80 (diet that covers 80% of the energy of the stage, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">NRC, 2007</xref>), E100 (diet with 100% of the requirements) and E120 (diet with 120% of requirements; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">table 1</xref>). </p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Energy contribution of the diet and Dry Matter</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">Treatment</th>
										<th align="center">Diet energy(Mcal/Kg DM)</th>
										<th align="center">Dry mass(Kg DM/days)</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">E80 </td>
										<td align="center">1.48 </td>
										<td align="center">1.60 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">E100 </td>
										<td align="center">1.85 </td>
										<td align="center">2.00 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">E120 </td>
										<td align="center">2.22 </td>
										<td align="center">2.22 </td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN7">
									<p>E80: Food with low energy density; E100: Power supply with adequate energy density; E120: Power supply with high energy density. DM: Dry matter</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>The goats were subjected to an adaptation period to the new diet for 7 days, where their food (A) was gradually replaced by the experimental diets (D), in proportions 85% A: 15% D, 70% A: 30% D, until reaching 100% D. The diet was provided twice a day, for 2 months after delivery (weaning). The diet was formulated based on chopped alfalfa, oat hay, grain and corn silage, and mineral salts. The goats had free access to water. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Calving care and handling of young</title>
					<p>Females and calves were weighed 24 hours after parturition, to avoid that handling interfered with the recognition of the calf and the intake of colostrum. The females were weighed every 5 days, after parturition and until weaning. The pups stayed all the time with the females and after 8 days they received a supplement with 20% CP, in a special pen where the female did not have access. Goats with simple delivery were used, which was determined at the time the treatment was assigned. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Postpartum follicular development</title>
					<p>Fifteen days after delivery, twice a week until weaning, an ovarian scan was performed and the day on which the first follicle ≥ 6 mm in diameter appeared on the ovary surface was recorded (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">González-Bulnes <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>, by ultrasonography (Sonovet PICO, Universal Medical Systems Inc), using a 7.5 MHz linear transrectal transducer, coupled to a rigid manipulator, after emptying the rectum, with the goat in a standing position. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Reestablishment of postpartum ovarian activity (Delivery-ovulation interval)</title>
					<p>From the 15<sup>th</sup> day postpartum, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein twice a week; using sterile 0.8 × 38 mm needles (Becton Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, USA) and sterile 10 mL Vacutainer collection tubes (Corvac Sherwood Medical, Saint Louis, Mo, USA). The samples were centrifuged for 15 min at 1500 rpm to separate the blood serum, which was stored in 1.5 mL polypropylene microtubes (MCT-150C, AxygenMR Scientific, INC., Union City California, USA), at −20 °C for subsequent serial analysis at the end of the collection period. The reestablishment of postpartum ovarian activity was evaluated through progesterone concentrations, which were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in solid phase, with assay sensitivity of 0.1 ng mL<sup>-1</sup> and with an intra-assay coefficient of variation of 4.1%. To determine if the goat restored its ovarian activity (ovulation), the criterion of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Srikandakumar <italic>et al</italic>. (1986)</xref> who point out that when two consecutive samples present 0.5 ng mL <sup>-1</sup>, or more than 1 ng mL<sup>-1</sup> of progesterone in a single sample, then there is a functional corpus luteum in the ovary and therefore the female has ovulated. According to the laboratory analysis, the day on which increases in progesterone concentration were observed, according to the criteria established above, was recorded. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>For the variable live weight change, an analysis of repeated measures over time was used with the MIXED procedure of SAS (2002). To determine differences in the number of goats that ovulated before 60 d postpartum, the chi-square homogeneity test will be used. The variables, days on which the first follicle with the largest diameter appeared and the day of ovulation, were analyzed using a completely randomized experimental design and Tukey's tests (α = 0.05). </p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Change of live weight in the postpartum period</title>
					<p>There were no differences in the weight of the females at parturition (P&gt; 0.05). From the 15th day postpartum, goats in E120 presented the highest weights (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>) and those in group E80, the lowest. This behavior was maintained until day 30 postpartum; However, from day 35 postpartum, goats E80 and E100 began to lose weight, presenting differences (P≤0.05) with respect to goats at E120; what was observed until the end of the evaluation period. On day 65, after delivery and when weaning had already been carried out, a slight tendency to increase weight is observed in the three groups; however, the difference in weight continues to be maintained between treatments E120 vs E100 and E80 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>). </p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Live weight of French Alpine goats consuming different energy levels in the postpartum period </title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col span="13"/>
								</colgroup>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" rowspan="2">Treatments</td>
										<td align="center" rowspan="2">n</td>
										<td align="center" colspan="13">Postpartum days </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Delivery weight </td>
										<td align="center">15</td>
										<td align="center">20</td>
										<td align="center">25</td>
										<td align="center">30</td>
										<td align="center">35</td>
										<td align="center">40</td>
										<td align="center">45</td>
										<td align="center">50</td>
										<td align="center">55</td>
										<td align="center">60</td>
										<td align="center">65</td>
										<td align="center">SE</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">E80 </td>
										<td align="center">11 </td>
										<td align="center">57.2a </td>
										<td align="center">43.3c </td>
										<td align="center">40.1c </td>
										<td align="center">39.6c </td>
										<td align="center">38.5c </td>
										<td align="center">38.7b </td>
										<td align="center">38.8b </td>
										<td align="center">38.8b </td>
										<td align="center">38.7b </td>
										<td align="center">38.8b </td>
										<td align="center">39.2b </td>
										<td align="center">40.7b </td>
										<td align="right">5.2 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">E100 </td>
										<td align="center">11 </td>
										<td align="center">58.4a </td>
										<td align="center">43.9b </td>
										<td align="center">42.8b </td>
										<td align="center">42.0b </td>
										<td align="center">40.0b </td>
										<td align="center">39.6b </td>
										<td align="center">39.7b </td>
										<td align="center">38.7b </td>
										<td align="center">38.4b </td>
										<td align="center">38.6b </td>
										<td align="center">39.4b </td>
										<td align="center">41.5b </td>
										<td align="right">5.1 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">E120 </td>
										<td align="center">12 </td>
										<td align="center">57.5a </td>
										<td align="center">45.5a </td>
										<td align="center">45.2a </td>
										<td align="center">44.9a </td>
										<td align="center">43.7a </td>
										<td align="center">43.8a </td>
										<td align="center">44.2a </td>
										<td align="center">44.5a </td>
										<td align="center">44.5ª </td>
										<td align="center">44.7a </td>
										<td align="center">45.2a </td>
										<td align="center">48.7a </td>
										<td align="right">3.8 </td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN8">
									<p>Treat: Treatment, n = Number of goats per treatment. E80: Food with low energy density; E100: Power supply with adequate energy density; E120: Power supply with high energy density.</p>
								</fn>
								<fn id="TFN9">
									<p>a, b, c Means with different literals in a row are different (P≤0.05), SE = Standard error. </p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Lactation is one of the factors that contribute to the greatest loss of weight and body condition in ruminants after parturition. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Pérez-Hernández <italic>et al</italic>. (2009)</xref> point out that when the young remain in contact with the mother all day, the females lose more weight, and since milk production is stimulated, removing fat tissue reserves, which prolongs the postpartum anestrus. There is controversy among researchers about the role of weight and body condition in postpartum reproduction, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Lwelyin <italic>et al</italic>. (1992)</xref>, point out that ovarian activity restarts even before changes in weight and body condition occur in African goats. Similarly, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Mbayahaga <italic>et al</italic>. (1998)</xref>, found no correlation in the time to which the first postpartum estrus occurs and weight loss in female goats. However, more recent studies do report a delay in the reestablishment of ovarian cyclicity in ewes, due to the loss of weight due to lactation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Godfrey and Dodson, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Robinson <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Nascimento <italic>et al</italic>. (2014)</xref> in goats weaned at 15 days in the postpartum period, did not find a strong correlation between weight and postpartum ovarian activity, for which they concluded that there are other factors such as the number of calving, milk production, age of the mother and involution uterine; which have a joint effect on the return to postpartum estrous activity. </p>
					<p>In this study, the goats in E120 maintained their weight in the postpartum period, so it can be attributed to the fact that the energy consumption, higher than their needs for the physiological stage, has been directed to the accumulation of reserves in adipose tissue. The weight differences that existed in the E80 and E100 groups, with respect to E120, coincide with the time in which the goats reach their lactation peak, so the metabolic demand for energy is greater and the energy restriction in the case of E80 and E100 levels may not be enough to cover it and maintain the weight. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Day the first major follicle appears on the surface of the ovary</title>
					<p>In goats, as well as in other ruminants, energy participation plays an even more important role, since the metabolic processes that occur between the antepartum and early postpartum period affect the restart of ovarian activity, as well as reproductive efficiency. During this period the body prioritizes functions such as basal metabolism and lactation over reproductive processes; thus, a negative energy balance inhibits the restart of ovarian activity in the postpartum period <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">(Canfield and Butler, 1990)</xref>. </p>
					<p>In all three groups, ovarian activity resumed after the second week postpartum. Goats in group E100 presented a follicle with a larger diameter before 30 days postpartum (P≤0.05; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>). In the E80 and E120 groups, on average they were observed days later, although these were more dispersed in time, compared to E100. There was no difference in these two groups (P&gt; 0.05). </p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t7">
							<label>Table 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Day after parturition in which the first follicle reaches the largest size in goats that consumed different energy levels</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">Energy consumption</th>
										<th align="center">N</th>
										<th align="left">Presence of the largest diameter follicle (day postpartum)</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">E80 </td>
										<td align="center">11 </td>
										<td align="center">54.33±17.19ª </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">E100 </td>
										<td align="center">11 </td>
										<td align="center">27.09±08.5b </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">E120 </td>
										<td align="center">12 </td>
										<td align="center">41.27±19.72ª </td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN10">
									<p>a, b Means with different literal in the same with column are different (P≤0.05)</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>The high frequency of pulsatile LH secretion is decisive for the final maturation of the follicles, in cattle, the secretion of normal LH patterns occurs 10 to 20 days postpartum, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Savio <italic>et al</italic>. (1990)</xref> indicate an interval for the detection of the first dominant follicle by means of ultrasonography of 11.6 ± 8.9 days, observing the first ovulation in dairy cows with normal puerperium and not affected by cystic ovarian diseases around 15 and 21 days postpartum (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Opsomer <italic>et al</italic>., 1996</xref>); while in lactating cows it tends to be delayed. In the case of sheep, the first postpartum estrus occurs between 25 and 60 days (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Morales-Terán <italic>et al,</italic> 2004</xref>). </p>
					<p>In sheep and goats, the study of follicular dynamics during the postpartum period is more limited; however <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Al-Gubory and Martinet (1986)</xref> point out that in wool ewes, the number of preantral follicles (2-4 mm) in each ovary increases on day 5 postpartum and this correlates with an increase in FSH secretion after birth. Similarly, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Rubianes and Ungerfeld (1993)</xref> observed on day 1 postpartum follicles with a diameter of 1-2 mm and on day 5, follicles 2-4 mm, and it is until after day 17 postpartum, when uterine involution is has completed, which are observed on the surface of the ovary follicles larger than 4 mm. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bartlewski <italic>et al</italic>. (2000)</xref> by means of ultrasonography observed follicles greater than 4 mm up to day 21 postpartum. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Zongo <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> point out that in Sahelian goats, ovarian activity begins in the first week postpartum, characterized by 1 to 3 medium-sized follicles in both ovaries. Thus, one of the physiological events that mark the beginning of postpartum ovarian activity in small ruminants is the development of follicles at a diameter where they have the potential to ovulate (≥6mm; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">González-Bulnes <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>). The results of the study agree with those reported by these researchers. Although smaller diameter follicles were observed in each ovarian scan, larger follicles were observed after the third week postpartum. It should be noted that in goats at E80 and E120, a wide range of days was observed in the appearance of this follicle, contrary to E100, where goats presented this follicle in a more grouped form. Although the growth of the follicle is energy dependent, it can be seen that as long as the goat meets its energy demands 100% it is enough to promote the hormonal mechanisms that trigger ovulation after giving birth. Likewise, the growth of the follicle until reaching an ovulation diameter is consistent with the time in which the uterine involution has already ended. In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Greyling and van Nierker (1991)</xref> point out that caruncular structures return to their normal size at 26.3 days postpartum; while at approximately 28 days the uterine involution has been completed, in goats. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Salmazo <italic>et al</italic>. (2008)</xref> point out that insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II) and lutenizing hormone (LH) participate in the relationship between energy balance and reproduction. When there is an energy deficit, the low insulin concentration in the blood reduces the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and as a consequence, gonadotropins decrease, as well as the proliferation of the granulosa cells of the follicle and the activity of the aromatase enzyme (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Scaramuzzi <italic>et al</italic>, 2006</xref>), therefore postpartum ovarian activity is delayed. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Postpartum ovulatory activity</title>
					<p>Based on the progesterone blood analysis, it is confirmed that the percentage of goats that ovulated was higher (P≤0.05) in the goats that met their energy needs according to their requirements for the postpartum period (E100); while females at E80, only one goat ovulated (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">table 4</xref>). According to the criteria of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Srikandakumar <italic>et al</italic>. (1986)</xref>, a female restored her ovarian activity when the progesterone concentration in two consecutive samples is equal to or greater than 0.5 ng mL <sup>-1</sup>, or when the progesterone concentration is greater than 1 ng mL <sup>-1</sup> in a single sample. Therefore, following this criterion, the goats in the E100 group ovulated in a higher proportion (54.54%) compared to the E80 and E120 groups. </p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t8">
							<label>Table 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Ovulatory response and calving-first ovulation interval of goats that consumed different energy levels in the postpartum period</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Energy consumption</th>
										<th align="center">n </th>
										<th align="center">Goats that ovulated (%)</th>
										<th align="center">Delivery Interval -First ovulation (days) </th>
									</tr>									
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">E80 </td>
										<td align="center">11 </td>
										<td align="center">9.09 (1/11)c </td>
										<td align="center">43.00 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">E100 </td>
										<td align="center">11 </td>
										<td align="center">54.54 (6/11) a </td>
										<td align="center">37.33±5.32a </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">E120 </td>
										<td align="center">12 </td>
										<td align="center">33.33 (4/12)b </td>
										<td align="center">34.00±5.71a </td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN11">
									<p>a, b Means with different literal in the same with column are different (P≤0.05)</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>There were no differences (P&gt; 0.05) in the calving-first ovulation interval in goats at E100 and E120 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">table 4</xref>). Only one goat ovulated at E80 and ovulation occurred until day 43 postpartum. Until the end of the experimental period, no more ovulatory response was observed. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Delgadillo <italic>et al.</italic> (1998)</xref> point out that the length of the postpartum anestrum in goats located in subtropical regions is strongly influenced by the time of year in which the parturitions occur, being the longest anovulatory period when parturition occurs in January, compared to the months of May and October. The delivery of these females occurred in the month of November, the full reproductive season for the region. The birth scheduling was done at this time to avoid a confused effect by photoperiod, so it was expected that the higher energy consumption would accelerate the recovery of ovarian activity. The observed response indicates that although energy consumption can promote follicular development, reaching ovulation diameters, as observed in the three groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>), there are other factors that prevent their ovulation. The delay in the onset of ovulation after delivery has multifactorial causes, in addition to deficiencies in energy consumption. It has been reported that breastfeeding is a factor that can inhibit GnRH secretion, delaying the onset of ovulation <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">(Morales-Terán <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Castillo-Maldonado <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). Inhibition of GnRH secretion at the mid-eminence level due to breastfeeding is exerted via endogenous opioids (enkephalins and β endorphin; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Gordon <italic>et al.</italic>, 1997</xref>) , by acting directly on GnRH-producing neurons (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Leshin <italic>et al.</italic>, 1991</xref>). The low ovulatory response observed in goats can be attributed more to the negative effect of suckling on gonadotropin secretion, regardless of energy consumption, as all goats remained with their young during the experimental period. In sheep, it has been determined that restricting suckling to 30 minutes, 2 times a day, advances the parturition-ovulation interval (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Pérez Hernández <italic>et al</italic>. 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Arroyo <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Morales-Terán, 2004</xref>; in cattle breastfeeding restriction has also shown positive effects on the reestablishment of postpartum ovarian activity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Zárate-Martínez <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>); however, this management strategy for this production system may not be viable, since for the conditions of the study region, the main production objective is the sale of kids at weaning, for which the offspring must remain until this time with the mother so that they can reach the weights required for the market. </p>
					<p>The results of this experiment, in the females that ovulated, do not coincide with the results in ewes that remained all the time with their young, where the calving-first ovulation interval occurs at 60.5 ± 2.7 days (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Morales-Terán; 2004</xref>) and 52.6 ± 2.0 days, and in these females it appeared a few days after 30 days postpartum (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">table 4</xref>). In this sense, these results may indicate that the energy level stimulates follicular growth and ovulation; However, the inhibitory effect of suckling can be even stronger, preventing females, even if they have developed follicles with ovulatory potential in the early postpartum period, from ovulating, even eliminating the effect of the photoperiod. </p>
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			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>Energy consumption promoted a return to postpartum ovarian activity in goats; follicular growth resumed in the first postpartum weeks in animals that met their energy requirements and in those that received an extra supply of energy in the diet. During this stage of high metabolic demand, females maintained their body weight; However, even having the positive effect of the photoperiod, given that the parturitions occurred in the reproductive season, not all the animals ovulated, which indicates that there is another factor that may be inhibiting ovulatory activity, such as suckling the young.</p>
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				<title>ACKNOWLEDGMENT</title>
				<p>To the head and technical staff of the Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, of the Faculty of Medicine of the Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, for their invaluable support in processing samples for Radioimnoanalysis</p>
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