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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.26</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00119</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo Original.</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Caracterización química de extracto alcohólico de hoja de guayaba (<italic>Psidium guajava</italic>) y su efecto como inhibidor de movilidad para <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> O157:H7</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3276-7519</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva-Vega</surname>
						<given-names>Mónica</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Bañuelos-Valenzuela</surname>
						<given-names>Rómulo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">**</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6640-2753</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Delgadillo-Ruiz</surname>
						<given-names>Lucía</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3247-568X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gallegos-Flores</surname>
						<given-names>Perla</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6170-5464</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Meza-López</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0306-3560</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Valladares-Carranza</surname>
						<given-names>Benjamín</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4910-5677</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Echavarría-Cháirez</surname>
						<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas. Avenida preparatoria s/n colonia Hidráulica, CP. 98068, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Toluca, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Toluca</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias. Campo experimental Zacatecas, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Zacatecas</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">**Autor de correspondencia: Rómulo Bañuelos-Valenzuela. Carretera Panamericana Fresnillo-Zacatecas s/n, Centro, CP. 98500 Víctor Rosales, Zacatecas, México. <email>msilva58@hotmail.com</email>, <email>apozolero@hotmail.com</email>, <email>delgadillolucia@gmail.com</email>, <email>perla_gf17@hotmail.com</email>, <email>carmezlop@yahoo.com.mx</email>, <email>benvac2004@yahoo.com.mx</email>, <email>fechava1@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>*Autor responsable: Mónica Silva-Vega.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>28</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>			
			<elocation-id>e119</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>03</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN </title>
				<p>El objetivo fue caracterizar y determinar el efecto inhibitorio de movilidad en <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> O157:H7 de extractos de hojas de guayaba (<italic>Psidium guajava</italic>). Se han buscado nuevas alternativas de origen natural “extractos de plantas” para eliminar la colonización de bacterias patógenas en animales y prevenir la contaminación de carne. El extracto de hoja de guayaba (<italic>Psidium guajava</italic>) tiene actividad antibacteriana de amplio espectro, debido al principio activo quercetina. <italic>E. coli</italic> O157:H7 enterohemorragica, es un patógeno de importancia en salud pública, que puede causar síndrome urémico hemolítico, además los rumiantes son reconocidos como el principal hospedero de <italic>E. coli</italic> O157:H7. El extracto fue preparado con hojas de guayaba en etanol al 70%, obteniendo un extracto crudo (Extracto A) y uno concentrado mediante el uso del equipo soxhlet (Extracto B). Se determinó la composición química por cromatografía de gases. Se muestrearon rumiantes lactantes con síndrome diarreico, las muestras fueron transportadas en medio Stuart. Las bacterias se aislaron en medio Mac Conkey y posteriormente fueron sembradas en medio CHROMagar™ 0157 para la identificación de <italic>E. coli</italic> O157:H7. Se realizaron pruebas de movilidad de <italic>E. coli</italic> O157:H7 en medio SIM, con extracto de hoja de guayaba y como referencia se utilizaron concentraciones de carvacrol de 0.3, 1 y 5 mM y quercetina 205, 102 y 51 mM. Se identificaron 78 <italic>E. coli</italic> O157:H7, las cuales mostraron inhibición en la movilidad a diferentes concentraciones de carvacrol, en quercetina 205 mM y 102.5 mM y en los extractos A y B. Se concluye que el extracto alcohólico de hojas de guayaba y su compuesto en mayor proporción (quercetina) son efectivos en la inhibición de movilidad de <italic>E. coli</italic> O157 H7. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Extractos</kwd>
				<kwd>carvacrol</kwd>
				<kwd>quercetina</kwd>
				<kwd>inhibición</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="39"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p><italic>Escherichia coli</italic> O157, es un patógeno importante en salud pública, que puede llegar a producir toxina Shiga (STEC) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Kaper <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>). Los productos STEC son transmitidos a través de los alimentos, especialmente el serotipo O157:H7. Las enfermedades causadas al humano por el serotipo que produce STEC, van desde diarrea leve a colitis hemorrágica y síndrome urémico hemolítico (SHU), que por lo general afecta a niños, pacientes de edad avanzada e inmunocomprometidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Rodríguez-Angeles, 2002</xref>). La patogenicidad de STEC reside en diferentes factores de virulencia, incluyendo las toxinas Shiga (Stx1 y Stx2), intimina, enterohemolisina y el autoaglutinantes STEC adhesina (AEA) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Gyles, 2007</xref>). Se ha reportado que los rumiantes domésticos como vacas, ovejas y cabras son portadores asintomáticos, que pueden portar STEC y <italic>E. coli</italic> O157:H7 en sus heces, por lo que se consideran reservorios naturales de estos patógenos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Blanco <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Milton <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Iweriebor <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bolukaoto <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Para eliminar la colonización de bacterias patógenas en animales y prevenir la contaminación de la carne, existe una variedad de agentes químicos antimicrobianos que están disponibles para la terapéutica en ganado; sin embargo, investigadores en nutrición animal han reportado que con el aumento del uso de agentes antimicrobianos en animales y seres humanos, ha aumentado la prevalencia de cepas resistentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Cattoir y Leclercq, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Kim <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Los genes CTX-Mβ-lactamasas han sido reportados en <italic>E. coli,</italic> a partir de ganado con fines alimenticios en todo el mundo; levantando una amenaza potencial para la salud pública (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Wittum <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Botelho <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Vitas <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). A partir del aumento de cepas resistentes a antibióticos, se han buscado nuevas alternativas de origen natural, como los extractos de plantas; por ejemplo, el extracto de hoja de guayaba (<italic>Psidium guajava</italic>), que tiene actividad antibacteriana de amplio espectro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Martínez <italic>et al.,</italic> 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bermúdez-Vásquez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Rattanachaikunsopon y Phumkhachorn (2010)</xref>, reportan que el extracto acuoso de hoja de guayaba mostró actividad antibacteriana en un 35% de los casos, el alcohólico en un 65% y el cetónico en el 100%, contra bacterias patógenas; incluyendo <italic>Bacillus stearothermophilus</italic>, <italic>Brochothrix thermosphacta</italic>, <italic>E. coli</italic> O157:H7, <italic>Listeria monocytogenes</italic>, <italic>Pseudomonas fluorescens</italic>, <italic>Salmonella enterica</italic>, <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> y <italic>Vibrio cholerae</italic>. El extracto acuoso de las hojas de guayaba disminuye la producción de toxinas lábiles de <italic>E. coli</italic> y del cólera (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Birdi <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>) . <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Echemendía y Morón (2004)</xref> en su ensayo clínico concluyeron que la tintura al 20% de hoja de <italic>Psidium guajava</italic> tiene efecto antidiarreico y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Lozoya <italic>et al</italic>. (2002)</xref> evaluaron el polvo de las hojas secas, comprobándose este efecto. Se han aislado diversos compuestos químicos, a partir del extracto de hoja de guayaba, como son: el triterpenoide pentacíclico, el ácido guajanoico; así como, ß-sitosterol, uvaol, ácido oleanólico y ácido ursólico y quercetina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Biswas <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>), para comprobar el efecto antibacteriano que presentan las hojas de guayaba. Por lo que el objetivo del presente trabajo fue la caracterización y determinación del efecto inhibitorio de movilidad en <italic>E. coli</italic> O157:H7, de extractos de hojas de guayaba (<italic>Psidium guajava</italic>). </p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>Obtención del extracto alcohólico de hojas <italic>Psidium guajava</italic>
</bold></title>
				<p>Para cada extracto se utilizó etanol al 70% J.T. Baker, en una relación de 25 gramos de la muestra molida por cada 200 mL de solvente. La mezcla fue colocada y sellada en frascos color ámbar de un litro, se homogenizo vigorosamente por 10 min; el extracto se dejó reposar durante un mes a temperatura ambiente. El sobrenadante fue pasado a través de papel filtro (Whatman No. 2), para remover los restos del polvo de la planta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Pesewu <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>). Una parte del extracto preparado se empleó para concentrarlo mediante el uso del equipo soxhlet durante una hora, recuperando la mitad del volumen inicial, llamándolo Extracto B. El extracto A se le nombró al extracto más diluido, o como se obtuvo después de la filtración. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Composición química de los extractos de hoja de guayaba por cromatografía de gases</title>
				<p>La composición química se determinó mediante un cromatógrafo de gases (CG; Agilent Technologies serie 6890N fabricado en U.S.A), con una columna polar DB_WAXetr, a 250 °C y 12.13 psi con un flujo de He 36.5 mL min<sup>-1</sup> después de la inyección. Las condiciones para la columna fueron: temperatura inicial 50 °C, de cero a dos min, aumentando de 10 en 10 °C hasta llegar a 250 °C, manteniendo la temperatura constante por 5 min, para luego descender a 50 °C por dos min con un flujo de He de 1.6 mL min<sup>-1</sup> a una presión de 12.13 psi y una velocidad promedio de 25 cm s<sup>-1</sup>, utilizando un detector de flama ionizante (FID) a una temperatura de 210 °C, con un flujo de H2 de 40 mL min<sup>-1</sup> y un flujo de aire de 450 mL min<sup>-1</sup>. Para el corrimiento de muestras en el cromatógrafo se emplearon los estándares de carvacrol y timol (Sigma-Aldrich) (Bañuelos-Valenzuela <italic>et al., 2018)</italic></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Determinación de la dosis mínima hemolítica de los extractos</title>
				<p>Se extrajeron 10 mL de sangre en un tubo heparinizado; se centrifugó el tubo con la sangre sin coagular a 2500 rpm x 10 min a 10ºC, removieron la fracción del suero con una pipeta; posteriormente se realizaron tres lavados con un regulador de lavado [PBS al 50% (v/v) y glucosa al 2.25% (w/v)] (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">López <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>); luego se centrifugó en cada lavado a 2500 rpm x 10 min a 10ºC. El paquete de eritrocitos se recuperó́ y se resuspendió́ hasta una concentración del 0.1% (v/v) con un regulador de suspensión, que consiste en PBS al 50% (v/v) glucosa al 2.25% (w/v) y gelatina al 0.05% (w/v). Se realizó́ por triplicado el ensayo en placas de 96 pozos de fondo U; se mezclaron 100 μL de la suspensión de eritrocitos al 1% con 100 μL de la suspensión de cada extracto y con diluciones de 1:10, 1:100 y 1:1000. El control negativo únicamente se inoculó 100 μL; este mismo procedimiento se realizó para cada principio activo en sus diferentes concentraciones (carvacrol, timol y quercetina), de la suspensión de eritrocitos al 1%. Para el control positivo se mezclaron 100 μL de la suspensión de eritrocitos al 1% con 100 μL de Tritón X al 1%; se observaron los cambios en la suspensión de eritrocitos cada hora, hasta cumplir 24 h. Con base a los controles positivo y negativo se determinó́ si había actividad hemolítica del extracto sobre los eritrocitos. Para el corrimiento de muestras en el cromatógrafo, se emplearon los estándares de carvacrol y timol, de la marca SIGMA grado reactivo. Se concentró el extracto de hoja de guayaba (40 mg/mL) mediante ebullición (Ext A). </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Identificación de bacterias en medio cromogénico CHROMagar<sup>TM</sup></title>
				<p>Se obtuvieron hisopados rectales provenientes de rumiantes lactantes, con presencia de síndrome diarreico, menores de 21 días de edad y con la seguridad de haber ingerido calostro. La colecta de las muestras se realizó vía rectal con un hisopo estéril, se etiquetaron y transportaron en medio Stuar® elaborado en México D.F; cada muestra se sembró en la caja petri con agar MacConkey. Se tomó una colonia para proseguir con la identificación, la cual se realizó mediante una siembra por estría en placa en medio cromogénico CHROMagar<sup>TM</sup> O:157, para <italic>E. coli</italic> O:157:H7 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Moyne <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). Luego seleccionaron 78 cepas bacterianas de heces de rumiantes lactantes con síndrome diarreico menores de tres meses, identificadas como <italic>E. coli</italic> O157:H7 en CHROMagar™ las cuales presentaron coloración rosa malva, debido a sustratos cromogénicos en el medio; permitiendo así la identificación presuntiva de la placa de aislamiento primario y la diferenciación de otros organismos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hirvonen <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Lara <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Preparación del medio SIM en tubo con extracto</title>
				<p>Se preparó medio SIM para cada tipo de estándar y extracto. Para la preparación del medio SIM, se pesaron 30 g de agar por cada litro de agua destilada; el agar fue esterilizado en autoclave a 121 °C por 15 min. Se dejó enfriar el agar a una temperatura de 35 °C aproximadamente, para adicionar el extracto y el estándar correspondiente; posteriormente se adicionaron 4 mL de la mezcla anterior en tubos estériles de 10 mL. Para cada bacteria se realizó una serie de tubos por triplicado, como se describe a continuación: Control (sin extracto), Carvacrol (C 0.3 mM, C 1 mM y C 5 mM), Ext A (extracto guayaba diluido), Ext B (extracto guayaba concentrado), Q 205 (quercetina 205 mM), Q 102 (quercetina 102 mM), Q 51 (quercetina 51.25 mM) y OH (control alcohol). </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Pruebas de movilidad bacteriana</title>
				<p>Cada una de las bacterias identificadas por CHROMagar<sup>TM</sup> O:157, fue sembrada en agar base por estría, con el objetivo de obtener una sola colonia asilada para posteriormente realizar la siembra en tubo. La siembra en tubo se realizó mediante picadura, que consiste en tomar una colonia aislada de bacterias y hacer una picadura en el medio SIM, atravesando el agar hasta el fondo del tubo; al medio se preparó con los extractos, estándares y control. Una vez terminada la siembra por picadura, todas las muestras permanecieron a una temperatura de 37 °C, en una incubadora Thermo ® durante un periodo de 24 h. Las condiciones de siembra se hicieron con debida esterilidad para evitar contaminación; estas se realizaron en una campana de flujo laminar (Lab tech ®). La movilidad bacteriana fue medida, usando un método cualitativo; a) motilidad positiva (+): presencia de turbidez difusa o total en el medio. b) motilidad negativa (-): ausencia o presencia leve de crecimiento, solo en el sitio de la picadura. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>El análisis estadístico realizado fue el de tablas de contingencia de dimensión 2×2, entre las variables extracto A y extracto B <italic>vs</italic> carvacrol 0.3 mM, carvacrol 1 mM, carvacrol 5 mM, quercetina 205 mM, quercetina 102 mM y quercetina 51 mM. Los criterios utilizados fueron las pruebas de independencia de X<sup>2</sup> (prueba ji cuadrada), considerando un nivel de significancia de <italic>p</italic>&lt;0.05 y un intervalo de confianza del 95% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Good, 2000</xref>). Los datos fueron capturados en Excel y analizados en el programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS por sus siglas en inglés) versión 17. </p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>, se muestra la presencia de los principios activos carvacrol y timol en los extractos alcohólicos de hojas de guayaba, así como su concentración por cromatografía de gases. </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Resultados de la cromatografía de gases expresado en unidades de concentración mg/mL </title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Extracto de hoja de Guayaba </th>
								<th align="center">Carvacrol </th>
								<th align="center">Timol </th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Extracto A</td>
								<td align="center">3.0869</td>
								<td align="center">1.5130</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Extracto B </td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0.3525 </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Ambos principios activos (carvacrol y timol), estuvieron presentes en el extracto A; mientras que el extracto B, sólo se identificó el timol. El principio activo de mayor concentración en los extractos fue el carvacrol con 3.0869 mg/mL en el extracto A. Las plantas medicinales son comúnmente ricas en terpenos (carvacrol, citral, linalol y geraniol) y compuestos fenólicos, compuestos eficaces como aditivos alimentarios <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">(Nile <italic>et al</italic>., 2017) </xref>. El modo primario de acción antibacteriana del timol no se conoce completamente, pero se cree que implica la disrupción de la membrana externa e interna y la interacción con proteínas de membrana y dianas intracelulares. Los estudios de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Wang y Yam (2018)</xref> han demostrado que el timol interactúa con las membranas celulares, y estas interacciones afectan la permeabilidad de la membrana bacteriana. Para el efecto hemolítico y con base a los controles positivo y negativo, se determinó́ si había actividad hemolítica de los extractos de hojas de guayaba y los principios activos sobre los eritrocitos. En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref> se observó que para carvacrol a una concentración de 0.3 mM, no se presentó hemolisis, en los extractos A y B sólo hay hemolisis hasta la dilución 1:10. Por último, para quercetina la concentración mínima de hemolisis fue en dilución 1:10 de sus tres concentraciones. Como menciona <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">López <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref> el término hemólisis hace referencia al proceso de destrucción de los eritrocitos, que genera la liberación de los componentes intraeritrocitarios; por lo tanto, la prueba de hemólisis se utiliza para conocer el efecto provocado sobre la célula eritrocitaria al enfrentarla con los extractos a diferentes concentraciones, que es lo que se pretendió con este experimento. La inhibición de hemólisis se debe a los componentes bioactivos, tipo flavonoides y compuestos fenólicos presentes en los extractos de guayaba. </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Actividad hemolítica de los extractos de hoja de guayaba</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Dilución muestra</th>
								<th align="center">Solución madre</th>
								<th align="center">1:10</th>
								<th align="center">1.:100</th>
								<th align="center">1:1000</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">C 0.3Mm</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">C 1Mm</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">C 5 Mm</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">EXT A</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">EXT B</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Q 205 mM</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Q 102 Mm</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Q 51mM</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Los eritrocitos pueden cambiar su forma normal a la forma de equinocitos o estomatocitos, lo cual depende de factores citoplasmáticos, entre ellos el pH (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Gedde <italic>et al.,</italic> 1997</xref>). Las altas concentraciones de flavonoides hallados en frutas como el mango (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">García Bacallao <italic>et al.</italic>, 2001</xref>), hojas de guayaba (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Rodríguez <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>) y flavonoides obtenidos de maqui (<italic>Aristotelia chilensis</italic>) con propiedades antioxidantes, son inductores de equinocitos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Gironés-Vilaplana <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Durán <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). </p>
			<p>Con el uso del CHROMagar se identificó <italic>E. coli</italic> O:157 H7, diferenciándose por el color de la colonia en el medio, presenta una coloración rosa malva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Lara <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Este medio inicialmente se utilizaba en la industria alimentaria para la liberación rápida de alimentos libres de patógenos, pero actualmente se encuentra aprobado para el análisis de muestras clínicas y ha sido empleado en diversos estudios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bettelheim, 1998</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><italic>Tang et al., 2014</italic></xref><italic>;</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Gutierrez <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Parsons <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Se identificaron 78 cepas de <italic>E. coli</italic> O157:H7 mediante CHROMagar™ selectivo, y estas bacterias fueron inoculadas en medio SIM. Los resultados de la movilidad <italic>in vitro</italic> de los extractos de hoja de guayaba y los estándares (principios activos de hoja de guayaba) sobre las bacterias, se observan en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 3</xref>. Este efecto se evaluó cualitativamente por la presencia o ausencia de turbidez en el tubo; los resultados mostraron que los estándares de carvacrol tienen amplia actividad antibacteriana, frente a 65 microorganismos; inhibiendo en 56 bacterias el crecimiento bacteriano a una concentración de 5 mM (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 3</xref>); en relación con el extracto A de guayaba que presentó efecto en la inhibición de la movilidad de 62 bacterias; mientras que el extracto B inhibe 46 bacterias<italic>.</italic> Quercetina a una concentración de 51 mM, presentó la mayor inhibición de movilidad en 60 bacterias. </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabla 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Resultados totales de movilidad bacteriana</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col span="2"/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" colspan="2">C 5 mM </th>
								<th align="center">C 1 mM </th>
								<th align="center">C 0.3 mM </th>
								<th align="center">EXT A </th>
								<th align="center">EXT B </th>
								<th align="center">Q 205 </th>
								<th align="center">Q 102 </th>
								<th align="center">Q 51 </th>
								<th align="center">OH </th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">+ </td>
								<td align="center">56 </td>
								<td align="center">60 </td>
								<td align="center">65 </td>
								<td align="center">62 </td>
								<td align="center">46 </td>
								<td align="center">59 </td>
								<td align="center">51 </td>
								<td align="center">60 </td>
								<td align="right">0 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">-</td>
								<td align="center">22 </td>
								<td align="center">18 </td>
								<td align="center">13 </td>
								<td align="center">16 </td>
								<td align="center">32 </td>
								<td align="center">19 </td>
								<td align="center">27 </td>
								<td align="center">18 </td>
								<td align="right">78 </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>(+): Presencia de turbidez difusa o total en el medio. (-): Ausencia o presencia leve de crecimiento. </p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gallegos-Flores <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref> reportaron que el carvacrol a una concentración de 0.3 mM disminuye la movilidad de la cepa determinada con la técnica de Wertern Blot, donde observaron la disminución de la síntesis de flagelina; esta proteína se encuentra en un 8% de la proteína total celular. Estos resultados difieren de los reportados en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref>, debido principalmente a que la concentración de 0.3 mM, no inhibió la movilidad en el 100% de las bacterias <italic>E. coli</italic> O157:H7. Desde el punto de vista de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gallegos-Flores <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref>, las células de <italic>E. coli</italic> crecen en presencia de carvacrol a una concentración de 5 mM sin síntesis de flagelos, provocando que el microorganismo crezca sin movilidad; es decir, cuando la célula bacteriana está sujeta a un estrés ocasionado por sustancias tóxicas y se encuentra en riesgo su supervivencia; la cual es capaz de suprimir la producción de la proteína flagelina y conservar energía para otras funciones celulares, que pueden por lo tanto, ser una táctica de supervivencia; sin embargo, a una concentración mayor de 5 mM la bacteria cesa inmediatamente la movilidad y ocurre muerte celular; observándose que la concentración de 5 mM es la que presenta mayor número de bacterias que inhibieron el crecimiento. La interacción carvacrol-quercetina que se encuentra presente en el extracto A de hojas de guayaba, presenta una mayor inhibición en la movilidad de las bacterias, siempre y cuando las concentraciones de carvacrol y quercetina sean las antes señaladas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 4</xref>). Ambos casos son significativos, pero se distinguen una magnitud de comparación mayor del extracto A con carvacrol y quercetina, debido a los compuestos químicos presentes. Menor magnitud de Chi cuadrada representa mayor semejanza al extracto; por lo tanto, el extracto B representa más semejante al estándar de quercetina, pero no tiene el efecto de inhibición. </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Tabla 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Eficiencia de los extractos</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col span="4"/>
							<col span="4"/>
							<col/>
							<col span="3"/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="2"><bold>Concentración</bold>
								</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="3"><bold>Extracto A </bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold> </bold></td>
								<td align="center" colspan="3"><bold>Extracto B </bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><bold>X<sup>2</sup></bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>z </bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold><italic>p</italic></bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold> </bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>X<sup>2</sup></bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>z</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold><italic>p</italic></bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center">0.3 </td>
								<td align="left">+ -</td>
								<td align="left">127 29 </td>
								<td align="left">81.41 18.59 </td>
								<td align="center">7.84 </td>
								<td align="left">0.0001 </td>
								<td align="left">111 45 </td>
								<td align="left">71.15 28.85 </td>
								<td align="center">5.28 </td>
								<td align="right">0.0001 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Carvacrol (mM) </td>
								<td align="center">1 </td>
								<td align="left">+ -</td>
								<td align="left">122 34 </td>
								<td align="left">78.21 21.79 </td>
								<td align="center">7.04 </td>
								<td align="left">0.0001 </td>
								<td align="left">106 50 </td>
								<td align="left">67.95 32.05 </td>
								<td align="center">4.48 </td>
								<td align="right">0.0001 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center">5 </td>
								<td align="left">+ -</td>
								<td align="left">118 38 </td>
								<td align="left">75.64 24.36 </td>
								<td align="center">6.4 </td>
								<td align="left">0.0001 </td>
								<td align="left">102 54 </td>
								<td align="left">65.38 34.62 </td>
								<td align="center">3.84 </td>
								<td align="right">0.0001 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center">205 </td>
								<td align="left">+ -</td>
								<td align="left">121 35 </td>
								<td align="left">77.56 22.44 </td>
								<td align="center">6.88 </td>
								<td align="left">0.0001 </td>
								<td align="left">105 51 </td>
								<td align="left">67.31 32.69 </td>
								<td align="center">4.32 </td>
								<td align="right">0.0001 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Quercetina (mM) </td>
								<td align="center">102.5 </td>
								<td align="left">+ -</td>
								<td align="left">113 43 </td>
								<td align="left">72.44 27.56 </td>
								<td align="center">5.6 </td>
								<td align="left">0.0001 </td>
								<td align="left">97 59 </td>
								<td align="left">62.18 37.82 </td>
								<td align="center">3.04 </td>
								<td align="right">0.0023 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center">51.25 </td>
								<td align="left">+ -</td>
								<td align="left">122 34 </td>
								<td align="left">78.21 21.79 </td>
								<td align="center">7.04 </td>
								<td align="left">0.0001 </td>
								<td align="left">106 50 </td>
								<td align="left">67.95 32.05 </td>
								<td align="center">4.48 </td>
								<td align="right">0.0001 </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>X<sup>2</sup>: valor de ji cuadrada calculada.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>El carvacrol daña la membrana exterior de las bacterias gram negativas e incrementan la permeabilidad de la membrana citoplasmática que causa pérdidas de ATP, fuga de iones y lisis celular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Meira <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). El hecho de que las bacterias gram negativas flageladas en presencia de carvacrol no desarrollen flagelos, podría tener implicaciones para el uso de este compuesto como aditivo antibacteriano para productos alimenticios y/o para la generación de nuevos antibióticos; ya que si la célula bacteriana no presenta flagelos, esto disminuye o inhibe su mecanismo de patogenicidad, al ser menos capaz de adherirse a las células epiteliales del huésped. Finalmente, el efecto de quercetina sobre la <italic>E. coli</italic> O157:H7 a una concentración de 102 mM, resulta ser la óptima en la movilidad de las bacterias, teniendo el mismo efecto en la interacción quercetina-extracto B; esto puede ser atribuido a que el principal compuesto activo en las hojas de guayaba es el flavonoide quercetina, al cual se le atribuye un efecto antibacteriano <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">(Echemendía y Morón, 2004)</xref> . </p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Se concluye que el extracto A de hoja de guayaba y su compuesto en mayor proporción (quercetina) son efectivos en la inhibición de la movilidad de <italic>E. coli</italic> O157:H7; por lo tanto lo hace una alternativa de origen natural para el tratamiento del síndrome diarreico en rumiantes.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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				<label>2</label>
				<p>Clave: 2020-53.</p>
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	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Chemical characterization of alcoholic extract of guava leaf (<italic>Psidium guajava</italic>) and its effect as a mobility inhibitor for <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> O157:H7</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT </title>
				<p>The objective was to characterize and determine the mobility inhibitory effect in <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> O157: H7 of extracts of guava leaves (<italic>Psidium guajava</italic>). New alternatives of natural origin &quot;plant extracts&quot; have been sought to eliminate colonization of pathogenic bacteria in animals and prevent contamination of meat. Guava leaf extract (<italic>Psidium guajava</italic>) has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, due to the active ingredient quercetin. <italic>E. coli</italic> O157: H7 enterohemorrhagic, is a pathogen of great importance in public health, which can cause hemolytic uremic syndrome, and ruminants are recognized as the main host of <italic>E. coli</italic> O157: H7. The extract was prepared with guava leaves in 70% ethanol, obtaining a crude extract (Extract A) and a concentrated extract using the soxhlet equipment (Extract B). Its chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography. Nursing ruminants with diarrheal syndrome were sampled, the samples were transported in Stuart medium. The bacteria were isolated in Mac Conkey medium and subsequently seeded in CHROMagar™ 0157 medium for the identification of <italic>E. coli</italic> O157:H7<italic>.</italic> Mobility tests of <italic>E. coli</italic> O157: H7 were carried out in SIM medium, with guava leaf extract and as a reference, concentrations of carvacrol of 0.3, 1 and 5 mM and quercetin 205, 102 and 51 mM were used. 78 <italic>E. coli</italic> O157: H7 were identified, which showed inhibition in mobility at different concentrations of carvacrol, in quercetin 205 mM and 102.5 mM and in extracts A and B. It is concluded that the alcoholic extract of guava leaves and its compound in a greater proportion (quercetin) they are effective in inhibiting the mobility of <italic>E. coli</italic> O157 H7. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Extracts</kwd>
				<kwd>carvacrol</kwd>
				<kwd>quercetin</kwd>
				<kwd>inhibition</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p><italic>Escherichia coli</italic> O157, is an important pathogen in public health, which can produce Shiga toxin (STEC) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Kaper <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>). STEC products are transmitted through food, especially serotype O157: H7. The diseases caused to humans by the serotype that produces STEC range from mild diarrhea to hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which generally affects children, elderly and immunocompromised patients (Rodríguez-Angeles, 2002). The pathogenicity of STEC resides in different virulence factors, including Shiga toxins (Stx1 and Stx2), intimin, enterohemolysin, and the self-binding STEC adhesin (AEA) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Gyles, 2007</xref>). Domestic ruminants such as cows, sheep and goats have been reported to be asymptomatic carriers, which can carry STEC and <italic>E. coli</italic> O157: H7 in their feces, which is why they are considered natural reservoirs of these pathogens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Blanco <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Milton <italic>et al</italic>., 2018;</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Iweriebor <italic>et al</italic>., 2015;</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bolukaoto <italic>et al</italic>., 2019)</xref>. To eliminate the colonization of pathogenic bacteria in animals and prevent contamination of meat, there are a variety of chemical antimicrobial agents that are available for therapeutics in livestock. However, animal nutrition researchers have reported that with the increased use of antimicrobial agents in animals and humans, the prevalence of resistant strains has increased (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Cattoir and Leclercq, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Kim <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). The CTX-M β-lactamases genes have been reported in <italic>E. coli</italic>, from livestock for food purposes throughout the world; raising a potential threat to public health (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Wittum <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Botelho <italic>et al</italic>., 2015;</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Vitas <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). From the increase in antibiotic resistant strains, new alternatives of natural origin have been sought, such as plant extracts; for example, the extract of guava leaf (<italic>Psidium guajava</italic>), which has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Martínez <italic>et al.,</italic> 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bermúdez-Vásquez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Rattanachaikunsopon and Phumkhachorn (2010</xref>), report that the aqueous extract of guava leaf showed antibacterial activity in 35% of the cases, the alcoholic in 65% and the ketone in 100%, against pathogenic bacteria; including <italic>Bacillus stearothermophilus</italic>, <italic>Brochothrix thermosphacta</italic>, <italic>E. coli</italic> O157: H7, <italic>Listeria monocytogenes</italic>, <italic>Pseudomonas fluorescens</italic>, <italic>Salmonella enterica</italic>, <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, and <italic>Vibrio cholerae</italic>. The aqueous extract of guava leaves reduces the production of labile toxins of <italic>E. coli</italic> and cholera (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Birdi <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Echemendía and Morón (2004</xref>) in their clinical trial concluded that the 20% tincture of <italic>Psidium guajava</italic> leaf has an antidiarrheal effect and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Lozoya <italic>et al</italic>. (2002)</xref> evaluated the dust of the dry leaves, verifying this effect. Various chemical compounds have been isolated from guava leaf extract, such as: pentacyclic triterpenoid, guajanoic acid; as well as ß-sitosterol, uvaol, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid and quercetin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Biswas <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>), to verify the antibacterial effect of guava leaves. Therefore, the objective of this work was the characterization and determination of the inhibitory effect of mobility in <italic>E. coli</italic> O157: H7, of extracts of guava leaves (<italic>Psidium guajava)</italic>. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Obtaining the alcoholic extract of Psidium guajava leaves</italic></title>
					<p>For each extract, 70% ethanol J.T. Baker, in a ratio of 25 grams of the ground sample for every 200 mL of solvent. The mixture was placed and sealed in one liter amber flasks, it was vigorously homogenized for 10 min; the extract was allowed to stand for a month at room temperature. The supernatant was passed through filter paper (Whatman No. 2), to remove the remains of the plant dust (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Pesewu <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>). A part of the prepared extract was used to concentrate it by using the soxhlet equipment for one hour, recovering half the initial volume, calling it Extract B. Extract A was named the most dilute extract, or as it was obtained after filtration. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Chemical composition of guava leaf extracts by gas chromatography</title>
					<p>The chemical composition was determined using a gas chromatograph (GC; Agilent Technologies 6890N series manufactured in the USA), with a DB_WAXetr polar column, at 250 °C and 12.13 psi with a He flow of 36.5 mL min<sup>-1</sup> after injection. The conditions for the column were: initial temperature 50 ° C, from zero to two min, increasing from 10 to 10 °C until reaching 250 °C, keeping the temperature constant for 5 min, and then descending to 50 °C for two min with a He flow of 1.6 mL min<sup>-1</sup> at a pressure of 12.13 psi and an average velocity of 25 cm s<sup>-1</sup>, using an ionizing flame detector (IFD) at a temperature of 210 °C, with a flow of H2 of 40 mL min<sup>-1</sup> and an air flow of 450 mL min<sup>-1</sup>. Carvacrol and thymol standards (Sigma-Aldrich) (Bañuelos-Valenzuela <italic>et al</italic>., 2018) were used for the running of samples in the chromatograph. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Determination of the minimum hemolytic dose of the extracts</title>
					<p>10 mL of blood was drawn into a heparinized tube; the tube with the uncoagulated blood was centrifuged at 2500 rpm x 10 min at 10 °C, the serum fraction was removed with a pipette; subsequently, three washes were carried out with a wash regulator [PBS 50% (v/v) and glucose 2.25% (w/v)] (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">López <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>); then it was centrifuged in each wash at 2500 rpm x 10 min at 10 °C. The erythrocyte packet was recovered and resuspended to a concentration of 0.1% (v/v) with a suspension regulator, consisting of PBS at 50% (v/v), glucose at 2.25% (w/v) and gelatin at 0.05% (w/v). The assay was performed in triplicate in U-bottom 96-well plates; 100 μL of the 1% erythrocyte suspension were mixed with 100 μL of the suspension of each extract and with dilutions of 1:10, 1: 100 and 1: 1000. </p>
					<p>The negative control was inoculated only 100 µL. This same procedure was carried out for each active principle in its different concentrations (carvacrol, thymol and quercetin), from the 1% erythrocyte suspension. For the positive control, 100 µL of the 1% erythrocyte suspension was mixed with 100 µL of 1% Triton X; Changes in the suspension of erythrocytes were observed every hour, up to 24 h. Based on the positive and negative controls, it was determined if there was hemolytic activity of the extract on the erythrocytes. For the running of samples in the chromatograph, the standards of carvacrol and thymol, of the reagent grade SIGMA brand, were used. The guava leaf extract (40 mg/mL) was concentrated by boiling (Ext A). </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Identification of bacteria in CHROMagar<sup>TM</sup> chromogenic medium</title>
					<p>Rectal swabs were obtained from lactating ruminants, with the presence of diarrheal syndrome, under 21 days of age and with the assurance of having ingested colostrum. The samples were collected rectally with a sterile swab, they were labeled and transported in Stuar<sup>®</sup> medium made in Mexico City; each sample was seeded in the petri dish with MacConkey agar. A colony was taken to continue with the identification, which was carried out by streaking plating in a chromogenic medium CHROMagar<sup>TM</sup> O: 157, for <italic>E. coli</italic> O: </p>
					<p>157: H7 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Moyne <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). They then selected 78 bacterial strains from feces of lactating ruminants with diarrheal syndrome under three months, identified as E. coli O157: H7 in CHROMagar™ which presented mauve pink coloration, due to chromogenic substrates in the medium; thus allowing the presumptive identification of the primary isolation plate and the differentiation of other organisms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hirvonen <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Lara <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Preparation of SIM medium in tube with extract</title>
					<p>SIM medium was prepared for each type of standard and extract. For the preparation of the SIM medium, 30 g of agar were weighed for each liter of distilled water; the agar was sterilized in an autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min. The agar was allowed to cool to a temperature of approximately 35 °C, to add the extract and the corresponding standard; later, 4 mL of the previous mixture were added in sterile 10 mL tubes. For each bacterium, a series of tubes was made in triplicate, as described below: Control (without extract), Carvacrol (C 0.3 mM, C 1 mM and C 5 mM), Ext A (diluted guava extract), Ext B ( concentrated guava extract), Q 205 (205 mM quercetin), Q 102 (102 mM quercetin), Q 51 (51.25 mM quercetin) and OH (alcohol control). </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Bacterial mobility tests</title>
					<p>Each one of the bacteria identified by CHROMagar<sup>TM</sup> O: 157, was seeded on base agar by striae, with the aim of obtaining a single isolated colony to later carry out the sowing in tube. The sowing in the tube was carried out by stinging, which consists of taking an isolated colony of bacteria and making a sting in the SIM medium, crossing the agar to the bottom of the tube; the medium was prepared with the extracts, standards and control. Once the seeding by stinging was finished, all samples remained at a temperature of 37 °C, in a Thermo<sup>®</sup> incubator for a period of 24 h. The sowing conditions were made with due sterility to avoid contamination. These were carried out in a laminar flow hood (Lab tech<sup>®</sup>). Bacterial mobility was measured, using a qualitative method; a) positive motility (+): presence of diffuse or total turbidity in the medium. b) Negative motility (-): absence or slight presence of growth, only at the site of the bite. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>The statistical analysis performed was the contingency tables of dimension 2 × 2, between the variables extract A and extract B vs 0.3 mM carvacrol, 1 mM carvacrol, 5 mM carvacrol, 205 mM quercetin, 102 mM quercetin and 51 mM quercetin. The criteria used were the <sup>2</sup> independence tests (chi-square test), considering a level of significance of p &lt;0.05 and a 95% confidence interval (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Good, 2000</xref>). The data were captured in Excel and analyzed in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17. </p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref> shows the presence of the active principles carvacrol and thymol in the alcoholic extracts of guava leaves, as well as their concentration by gas chromatography. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Gas chromatography results expressed in mg/mL concentration units</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Guava leaf extract </th>
									<th align="center">Carvacrol </th>
									<th align="right">Thymol </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Extract A </td>
									<td align="center">3.0869 </td>
									<td align="right">1.5130 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Extract B </td>
									<td align="center">0 </td>
									<td align="right">0.3525 </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Both active principles (carvacrol and thymol) were present in extract A; while extract B, only thymol was identified. The active principle with the highest concentration in the extracts was carvacrol with 3.0869 mg/mL in extract A. Medicinal plants are commonly rich in terpenes (carvacrol, citral, linalol and geraniol) and phenolic compounds, effective compounds as food additives (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Nile <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). </p>
				<p>The primary mode of antibacterial action of thymol is not fully understood but is believed to involve outer and inner membrane disruption and interaction with membrane proteins and intracellular targets. Studies by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Wang and Yam (2018)</xref> have shown that thymol interacts with cell membranes, and these interactions affect the permeability of the bacterial membrane. For the hemolytic effect and based on the positive and negative controls, it was determined if there was hemolytic activity of the extracts of guava leaves and the active principles on the erythrocytes. In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref> it was observed that for carvacrol at a concentration of 0.3 mM, hemolysis did not occur, in extracts A and B there is only hemolysis until the 1:10 dilution. Finally, for quercetin, the minimum concentration of hemolysis was in a 1:10 dilution of its three concentrations. As mentioned by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">López <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref> the term hemolysis refers to the process of destruction of erythrocytes, which generates the release of intraerythrocytic components; therefore, the hemolysis test is used to know the effect on the erythrocyte cell when confronting it with the extracts at different concentrations, which is what was intended with this experiment. The inhibition of hemolysis is due to the bioactive components, such as flavonoids and phenolic compounds present in the guava extracts. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Hemolytic activity of guava leaf extracts</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Sample </th>
									<th align="center">Stock </th>
									<th align="center">1:10 </th>
									<th align="center">1:100 </th>
									<th align="center">1:1000 </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">dilution </th>
									<th align="center">solution </th>
									<th align="center"> </th>
									<th align="center"> </th>
									<th align="center"> </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">C 0.3 mM </td>
									<td align="center">+ </td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">C 1 mM </td>
									<td align="center">+ </td>
									<td align="center">+ </td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">C 5 mM </td>
									<td align="center">+ </td>
									<td align="center">+ </td>
									<td align="center">+ </td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">EXT A </td>
									<td align="center">+ </td>
									<td align="center">+ </td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">EXT B </td>
									<td align="center">+ </td>
									<td align="center">+ </td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q 205 mM </td>
									<td align="center">+ </td>
									<td align="center">+ </td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q 102 mM </td>
									<td align="center">+ </td>
									<td align="center">+ </td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Q 51 mM </td>
									<td align="center">+ </td>
									<td align="center">+ </td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>(+) presence of hemolysis; (-) absence of hemolysis</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Erythrocytes can change their normal shape to echinocytes or stomatocytes, which depends on cytoplasmic factors, including pH (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Gedde <italic>et al.,</italic> 1997</xref>). The high concentrations of flavonoids found in fruits such as mango (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">García Bacallao <italic>et al.</italic>, 2001</xref>), guava leaves (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Rodríguez <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>) and flavonoids obtained from maqui (<italic>Aristotelia chilensis</italic>) with antioxidant properties, are inducers of echinocytes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Gironés-Vilaplana <italic>et al., 2012</italic></xref><italic>;</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Durán <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). </p>
				<p>With the use of CHROMagar™, <italic>E. coli</italic> O: 157 H7 was identified, differing by the color of the colony in the medium, it presents a mauve pink coloration (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Lara <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). This medium was initially used in the food industry for the rapid release of pathogen-free foods, but is currently approved for the analysis of clinical samples and has been used in various studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bettelheim, 1998</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Tang <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Gutierrez <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Parsons <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). 78 strains of <italic>E. coli</italic> O157: H7 were identified by selective CHROMagar ™, and these bacteria were inoculated in SIM medium. The results of the <italic>in vitro</italic> mobility of the guava leaf extracts and the standards (active ingredients of guava leaf) on the bacteria are observed in table 3. This effect was qualitatively evaluated by the presence or absence of turbidity in the tube; The results showed that the carvacrol standards have broad antibacterial activity, against 65 microorganisms; inhibiting bacterial growth in 56 bacteria at a concentration of 5 mM (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>); in relation to the extract A of guava that showed an effect on the inhibition of the mobility of 62 bacteria; while extract B inhibits 46 bacteria. Quercetin at a concentration of 51 mM, presented the highest mobility inhibition in 60 bacteria. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Total results of bacterial mobility</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" colspan="2">C 5 mM </th>
									<th align="center">C 1 mM </th>
									<th align="center">C 0.3 mM </th>
									<th align="center">EXT A </th>
									<th align="center">EXT B </th>
									<th align="center">Q 205 </th>
									<th align="center">Q 102 </th>
									<th align="center">Q 51 </th>
									<th align="center">OH </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">+ </td>
									<td align="center">56 </td>
									<td align="center">60 </td>
									<td align="center">65 </td>
									<td align="center">62 </td>
									<td align="center">46 </td>
									<td align="center">59 </td>
									<td align="center">51 </td>
									<td align="center">60 </td>
									<td align="right">0 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">-</td>
									<td align="center">22 </td>
									<td align="center">18 </td>
									<td align="center">13 </td>
									<td align="center">16 </td>
									<td align="center">32 </td>
									<td align="center">19 </td>
									<td align="center">27 </td>
									<td align="center">18 </td>
									<td align="right">78 </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>(+): Presence of diffuse or total turbidity in the medium. (-): Absence or slight presence of growth</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gallegos-Flores <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref> reported that carvacrol at a concentration of 0.3 mM decreases the mobility of the strain determined with the Wertern Blot technique, where they observed a decrease in flagellin synthesis; this protein is found in 8% of the total cellular protein. These results differ from those reported in table 2, mainly due to the fact that the 0.3 mM concentration did not inhibit the mobility in 100% of the <italic>E. coli</italic> O157: H7 bacteria. </p>
				<p>From the point of view of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gallegos-Flores <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref>, E. coli cells grow in the presence of carvacrol at a concentration of 5 mM without flagella synthesis, causing the microorganism to grow without mobility; that is, when the bacterial cell is subjected to stress caused by toxic substances and its survival is at risk; which is capable of suppressing the production of the flagellin protein and conserving energy for other cellular functions, which can therefore be a survival tactic; however, at a concentration greater than 5 mM, the bacteria immediately cease mobility and cell death occurs; observing that the concentration of 5 mM is the one with the highest number of bacteria that inhibited growth. The carvacrol-quercetin interaction that is present in extract A of guava leaves, shows a greater inhibition in the mobility of bacteria, as long as the concentrations of carvacrol and quercetin are those indicated above (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>). Both cases are significant, but a greater magnitude of comparison of extract A with carvacrol and quercetin is distinguished, due to the chemical compounds present. Smaller Chi square magnitude represents greater similarity to the extract; therefore, extract B represents more similar to quercetin standard, but does not have the inhibiting effect. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Efficiency of the extracts</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col span="3"/>
								<col span="4"/>
								<col/>
								<col span="3"/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="4" rowspan="2"><bold>Concentration </bold></td>
									<td align="center" colspan="3"><bold>Extract A </bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold> </bold></td>
									<td align="center" colspan="3"><bold>Extract B </bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>X<sup>2</sup></bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>z </bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold><italic>p</italic></bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold> </bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>X<sup>2</sup></bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>z</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold><italic>p</italic></bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">0.3 </td>
									<td align="center">+ -</td>
									<td align="center">127 29 </td>
									<td align="center">81.41 18.59 </td>
									<td align="center">7.84 </td>
									<td align="center">0.0001 </td>
									<td align="center">111 45 </td>
									<td align="center">71.15 28.85 </td>
									<td align="center">5.28 </td>
									<td align="center">0.0001 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Carvacrol (mM) </td>
									<td align="center">1 </td>
									<td align="center">+ -</td>
									<td align="center">122 34 </td>
									<td align="center">78.21 21.79 </td>
									<td align="center">7.04 </td>
									<td align="center">0.0001 </td>
									<td align="center">106 50 </td>
									<td align="center">67.95 32.05 </td>
									<td align="center">4.48 </td>
									<td align="center">0.0001 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">5 </td>
									<td align="center">+ -</td>
									<td align="center">118 38 </td>
									<td align="center">75.64 24.36 </td>
									<td align="center">6.4 </td>
									<td align="center">0.0001 </td>
									<td align="center">102 54 </td>
									<td align="center">65.38 34.62 </td>
									<td align="center">3.84 </td>
									<td align="center">0.0001 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">205 </td>
									<td align="center">+ -</td>
									<td align="center">121 35 </td>
									<td align="center">77.56 22.44 </td>
									<td align="center">6.88 </td>
									<td align="center">0.0001 </td>
									<td align="center">105 51 </td>
									<td align="center">67.31 32.69 </td>
									<td align="center">4.32 </td>
									<td align="center">0.0001 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Quercetin (mM) </td>
									<td align="center">102.5 </td>
									<td align="center">+ -</td>
									<td align="center">113 43 </td>
									<td align="center">72.44 27.56 </td>
									<td align="center">5.6 </td>
									<td align="center">0.0001 </td>
									<td align="center">97 59 </td>
									<td align="center">62.18 37.82 </td>
									<td align="center">3.04 </td>
									<td align="center">0.0023 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">51.25 </td>
									<td align="center">+ -</td>
									<td align="center">122 34 </td>
									<td align="center">78.21 21.79 </td>
									<td align="center">7.04 </td>
									<td align="center">0.0001 </td>
									<td align="center">106 50 </td>
									<td align="center">67.95 32.05 </td>
									<td align="center">4.48 </td>
									<td align="center">0.0001 </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>X<sup>2</sup>: calculated chi square value</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Carvacrol damages the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and increases the permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane, causing ATP losses, ion leakage, and cell lysis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Meira <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). The fact that flagellated gram negative bacteria in the presence of carvacrol do not develop flagella could have implications for the use of this compound as an antibacterial additive for food products and/or for the generation of new antibiotics; since if the bacterial cell does not present flagella, this decreases or inhibits its pathogenicity mechanism, as it is less able to adhere to the host's epithelial cells. Finally, the effect of quercetin on <italic>E. coli</italic> O157: H7 at a concentration of 102 mM, turns out to be optimal in the mobility of bacteria, having the same effect on the quercetin-extract B interaction; This can be attributed to the fact that the main active compound in guava leaves is the flavonoid quercetin, to which an antibacterial effect is attributed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Echemendía and Morón, 2004</xref>) . </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>It is concluded that guava leaf extract A and its compound in a higher proportion (quercetin) are effective in inhibiting the mobility of <italic>E. coli</italic> O157: H7; therefore it makes it an alternative of natural origin for the treatment of diarrheal syndrome in ruminants.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>