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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.32</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00117</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Efecto de la temperatura de extrusión, humedad y contenido del aceite de girasol sobre las propiedades funcionales y digestibilidad de alimentos para ganado bovino</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Delgado</surname>
						<given-names>Efren</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2252-7431</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Alvarado-González</surname>
						<given-names>Óscar</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1088-8958</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Medrano-Roldán</surname>
						<given-names>Hiram</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1290-5670</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rodríguez-Miranda</surname>
						<given-names>Jesús</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3372-0306</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carrete-Carreón</surname>
						<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Reyes-Jáquez</surname>
						<given-names>Damián</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">**</xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Food Science and Technology, New Mexico State University, USA.</institution>				
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Food Science and Technology</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">New Mexico State University</institution>
				<country country="US">USA</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departmento de Ingeniería Química y Bioquímica, Posgrado en Ingeniería Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/ Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departmento de Ingeniería Química y Bioquímica</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Tecnológico Nacional de México</institution>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Tecnológico Nacional de México/ Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtepec, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Tecnológico Nacional de México</institution>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango</institution>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">*Autor responsable: Efren Delgado</corresp>
				<corresp id="c2">**Autor para correspondencia: Damián Reyes-Jáquez. Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioquímica, Posgrado en Ingeniería Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/ Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Col. Nueva Vizcaya, C.P. 34080, Durango, Durango, México. Tel. + 52 (618) 829-0900. <email>edelgad@nmsu.edu</email>, <email>ingoscaralvarado@gmail.com</email>, <email>hiramdurango@yahoo.com</email>, <email>jesus.rm@ittux.edu.mx</email>, <email>focc1928mx@yahoo.com</email>, <email>damian.reyes@itdurango.edu.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>			
			<elocation-id>e117</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>31</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>28</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN </title>
				<p>La preparación de productos extruidos con alto contenido de aceite presenta un desafío tecnológico, debido a que el aceite disminuye la fuerza mecánica específica pero también actúa como lubricante y forma complejos de almidón y lípidos; disminuyendo así la gelatinización del almidón. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la temperatura, la humedad y el contenido de aceite de girasol en el proceso de extrusión de alimento para ganado bovino. Se usaron dos ingredientes principales para cada dieta: alfalfa (<italic>Medicago sativa</italic> L.) y frijol (<italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</italic> L.). Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la alta temperatura, la humedad y el contenido de aceite, disminuyeron la densidad aparente y la dureza (P &lt; 0.05). La interacción entre el contenido de aceite y la temperatura aumentó tanto la densidad aparente como la dureza, mientras que la interacción entre el contenido de humedad y aceite aumentó la dureza (P &lt; 0.05). La optimización se realizó con base en las características fisicoquímicas de alimentos comerciales, mostrando que las mejores dietas de frijol se obtuvieron a 121 ºC, 14% de contenido de humedad con 0% de aceite de girasol; 120 ºC y 16% de contenido de humedad con 3.5% de aceite de girasol; y, 142 ºC y 15% de contenido de humedad con 7% de aceite de girasol. La degradabilidad efectiva varió de 87.4 a 90.4% para todas las dietas extruidas; y ninguno de ellos mostró diferencias significativas entre el frijol y la alfalfa (P &lt; 0.05), lo que abre una gran oportunidad potencial de producir altas concentraciones de ALC a partir del aceite de girasol a nivel ruminal. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>alimento para ganado bovino</kwd>
				<kwd>digestibilidad</kwd>
				<kwd>aceite de girasol</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="26"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La cría de ganado es una de las principales piedras angulares de la economía mundial, y generalmente se sustenta en los pastizales, que últimamente se han visto afectados por muchos problemas, en particular, las estaciones secas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Petherick, 2005</xref>). Una opción viable para ayudar a resolver este problema es utilizar frijoles pintos (<italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</italic> L.) como ingrediente para la alimentación de los animales. Los frijoles pequeños, divididos o partidos se consideran un subproducto agroindustrial, no apto para el consumo humano. El frijol tiene un buen contenido proteico (18-24%) y energético (60-65%), pero también tiene la desventaja de factores anti-nutricionales (ácido fítico, taninos condensados, polifenoles, inhibidores de tripsina, quimotripsina, inhibidores de α-amilasa, y presencia de actividad hemaglutinante) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Iniestra-González <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>). Sin embargo, estos factores pueden inhibirse mediante procesos térmicos, como la extrusión (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">González-Valadez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2008</xref>). El aceite de girasol es rico en ácido linoleico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">El-Saidy <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>), que los rumiantes transforman en ácido linoleico conjugado (ALC); término común que se refiere a todos los isómeros de un ácido carboxílico octadecanoico con insaturación en diferentes posiciones. El ALC presenta varios beneficios para la salud: ayuda a disminuir la pérdida de peso promoviendo el crecimiento de la masa muscular y, además, es anticancerígeno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Pariza <italic>et al.</italic>, 2001</xref>). El contenido de ALC en la leche bovina varía de 6 a 16 mg/g de lípidos, siendo menor en la carne (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chillard <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007</xref>).</p>
			<p>El consumo diario recomendado de ALC es de 3 g/d para una persona de 70 kg, teniendo las tasas de consumo más altas en Australia (1,5 g/d) y Alemania (0,5 g/d) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Poulson <italic>et al.</italic>, 2004</xref>). Los estudios mostraron un aumento de 1,5 g/100 g de lípidos en la leche obtenida de bovinos alimentados con un 11,2% de pipas de girasol y un aumento de 0,8 g/100 g de lípidos de bovinos alimentados con un 5% de una mezcla de aceite de girasol y aceite de pescado (3:1) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abu-Ghazaleh y Holmes, 2006</xref>). La extrusión tiene una amplia gama de aplicaciones alimentarias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Singh <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007</xref>), lo que representa una buena alternativa de procesamiento, debido a su viabilidad económica, ya que los residuos de cultivos están infrautilizados en muchos países en desarrollo. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo estudiar el efecto de la temperatura (T), el contenido de humedad (CH) y el contenido de aceite de girasol (CA) en el proceso de extrusión para la elaboración de pienso bovino, lo que podría reflejarse en el contenido de ALC de leche y carne para consumo humano.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Dietas experimentales</title>
				<p>Se elaboraron dos dietas con 10% de harina de frijol (HF) o 10% de harina de alfalfa (HA). Se utilizó residuo agroindustrial de frijol saltillo (<italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</italic>) (frijoles pequeños y partidos), así como alfalfa (<italic>Medicago sativa</italic>), harina de maíz (<italic>Zea mays</italic>), melaza de caña, Mine-Gan, Química Industrial Agropecuaria SA de CV, México), harina de soja (47,7% de proteína bruta), aceite de girasol y CaCO3. Todos los ingredientes se trituraron y tamizaron (&lt;2 mm). Se utilizaron tres proporciones de porcentajes de CA/harina de maíz: 0:55, 3,5: 51,5 o 7:48. Todos los demás ingredientes se mantuvieron constantes para HA y HF: melaza de caña: 5%; harina de soja: 5%; CaCO3: 2%; y harina de semillas de algodón sin glándulas: 23%.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Composición química</title>
				<p>La composición química de las materias primas, los extruidos y dos dietas comerciales se determinó siguiendo los estándares (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">AOAC, 2019</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Extrusión</title>
				<p>Las muestras se procesaron con una extrusora de tornillo simple de laboratorio Brabender (Modelo 2523, 3/4 ”L/D - relación 25: 1, C. W., Disburg, Alemania), con cuatro zonas de calentamiento. Las tres primeras zonas de calentamiento tenían una T constante; 90, 100 y 110 °C, respectivamente. La cuarta zona de calentamiento varió (120, 135 y 150 °C), según diseño experimental. La fuerza de compresión del tornillo fue de 1: 1 y el diámetro interno de la boquilla de salida fue de 6 mm. Antes de la extrusión, todos los ingredientes se mezclaron y acondicionaron a CH de 14, 16 o 18%, siguiendo un diseño experimental. Después del procesamiento, las muestras extruidas se enfriaron en la sala T durante 4 horas y se almacenaron en bolsas de poliuretano selladas a 4 ºC para su posterior análisis.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Diseño experimental y análisis de datos</title>
				<p>Se realizó un diseño factorial con tres variables independientes para ambas dietas: CA (X1) [0, 3.5 y 7%], T (X2) [120, 135 y 150 °C] y CH (X3) [14, 16 y 18 %] antes de la extrusión. Las variables de respuesta fueron: índice de expansión (IE), densidad aparente (D), índice de absorción de agua (IAA), índice de solubilidad en agua (ISA) y dureza (Du). La metodología de respuesta de superficie se aplicó a los datos experimentales utilizando el software Design Expert 7.0® y los resultados se analizaron mediante múltiples regresiones cuadráticas. El análisis estadístico y los análisis de varianza (ANOVA) para cada respuesta se realizaron utilizando Statistica 7.0®. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Optimización</title>
				<p>La optimización se realizó para cada CA utilizando un diseño compuesto central con tres variables independientes. Las respuestas prioritarias utilizadas para la optimización fueron: Du 25 - 50 N, IE 1.0 - 1.1, ISA mínimo y D. máximo. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Propiedades funcionales</title>
				<p>La IE y D se midieron de acuerdo con (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gujska y Khan, 1990</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Wang <italic>et al.</italic>, 1993</xref>), respectivamente. IAA e ISA se determinaron según lo descrito por (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Ding <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>). Du se evaluó utilizando un analizador de perfil de textura modelo TA - XT2 (Texture Technologies Corp., Scarsdale, NY/Stable MicroSystems, Haslemere, Surrey, Reino Unido). En cada ensayo, se cortaron quince muestras utilizando una sonda de cuchilla Warner Brazler (sensibilidad de 1 kgf y 5 cm min-1) para evaluar la resistencia a la rotura.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>Digestibilidad <italic>in vitro</italic> y degradabilidad efectiva</bold></title>
				<p>La digestibilidad <italic>in vitro</italic> (DIV) se calculó mediante el procedimiento Daisy II (ANKOM, 2017). El inóculo se preparó diluyendo el líquido ruminal obtenido de una vaca (raza criollo) fistulada en rumen de 459 kg alimentada en pasto libre, con una solución tampón 1: 4 (v/v). La comparación de medias se obtuvo mediante la prueba de Tukey (P &lt;0,05). La degradabilidad efectiva (DE) se calculó siguiendo el método (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Solanas <italic>et al.</italic>, 2004</xref>). Las diferencias de medias (Duncan, 95%), las correlaciones (Pearson) y las pruebas t (Student) se realizaron utilizando Statistica 7.0®. </p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Composición química</title>
			<p>El contenido químico de todos los ingredientes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>) es comparable a otros informes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Reyes-Jáquez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>), excepto por el contenido de cenizas de alfalfa, que es 2% superior a los valores reportados, posiblemente debido a una mayor presencia de fertilizantes. Además, el contenido de proteína cruda de la alfalfa fue ligeramente más alto que otros informes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Coblentz y Hoffman, 2009</xref>). El ELN más alto se mostró en frijoles pintos, aumentando así la capacidad de extrusión de las dietas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Reyes-Jáquez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012</xref>). </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Composición química de los ingredientes antes de la extrusión (g/100g MS).</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Ingrediente </td>
								<td align="center">Ceniza </td>
								<td align="center">Proteína bruta </td>
								<td align="center">Grasa bruta </td>
								<td align="center">Fibra brutar </td>
								<td align="center">ELN* </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Harina de Alfalfa </td>
								<td align="center">10.6 ± 0.15 </td>
								<td align="center">25.2 ± 1.68 </td>
								<td align="center">0.6 ± 0.06 </td>
								<td align="center">23.1 ± 1.29 </td>
								<td align="center">40.3 ± 0.06 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Harina de Pinto Saltillo </td>
								<td align="center">3.9 ± 0.11 </td>
								<td align="center">24.2 ± 0.38 </td>
								<td align="center">0.9 ± 0.11 </td>
								<td align="center">2.3 ± 0.19 </td>
								<td align="center">68.6 ± 0.56 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Harina se soya </td>
								<td align="center">6.9 ± 0.03 </td>
								<td align="center">58.5 ± 0.53 </td>
								<td align="center">1.8 ± 0.13 </td>
								<td align="center">0.0 ± 0.00 </td>
								<td align="center">32.8 ± 0.43 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Maíz </td>
								<td align="center">1.5 ± 0.04 </td>
								<td align="center">9.2 ± 0.56 </td>
								<td align="center">1.9 ± 0.00 </td>
								<td align="center">2.9 ± 0.02 </td>
								<td align="center">84.3 ± 0.64 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Harina de semilla de algodón </td>
								<td align="center">7.2 ± 0.72 </td>
								<td align="center">52.5 ± 1.13 </td>
								<td align="center">1.9 ± 0.14 </td>
								<td align="center">2.9 ± 0.02 </td>
								<td align="center">30.6 ± 1.80 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Melaza </td>
								<td align="center">7.1 ± 0.78 </td>
								<td align="center">5.8 ± 0.89 </td>
								<td align="center">0.1 ± 0.02 </td>
								<td align="center">0.5 ± 0.05 </td>
								<td align="center">86.9 ± 3.96 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Carbonato de calcio</td>
								<td align="center">39.7 ± 1.86 </td>
								<td align="center">0.1 ± 0.02 </td>
								<td align="center">0.0 ± 0.00 </td>
								<td align="center">0.0 ± 0.00 </td>
								<td align="center">60.2 ± 2.97 </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>ELN= Extracto libre de nítrogenot</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Propiedades funcionales</title>
				<p>Todos los coeficientes de regresión de IE son bajos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabla 2</xref>), posiblemente porque la ELN (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>) no es lo suficientemente alta para expandirse, y las condiciones del proceso no produjeron un diferencial de presión significativo, lo que influyó solo en la conformación, no en la expansión. Estos resultados son similares a otros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Reyes-Jáquez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>), donde dietas similares fueron extruidas a la misma T pero con mayor CH (18 - 22%) y sin aceite. La adición de aceite en los extruidos disminuye la gelatinización del almidón debido al menor esfuerzo cortante aplicado sobre la mezcla, ya que actúa como lubricante; también promueve la formación de complejos lípidos-almidón, lo que restringe la interacción agua-almidón, lo que resulta en una menor IE, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Liu <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>). D y Du de HA y HF presentaron coeficientes negativos significativos en todos los términos lineales (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabla 2</xref>). Los porcentajes altos de CA generan una matriz menos estructurada y más frágil, debido a la formación de complejos lípidos-almidón (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Abu-Hardan <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>); además, el alto contenido de fibra bruta contribuye a la fragilidad de las matrices extruidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Reyes-Jáquez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012</xref>). El alto contenido de lípidos en los extruidos desacelera la retrogradación del almidón y reduce el Du, lo que agrega el hecho de que el alto contenido de T degrada aún más los gránulos de almidón, incluso conduce a la dextrinización y crea una matriz menos densa y más fácil de romper (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Rodríguez-Miranda <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012</xref>). Alto CH genera una mayor cantidad de vapor, produciendo un volumen expandido cuando la mezcla se expone a un diferencial de presión, resultando en la ruptura de las paredes celulares de las matrices y creando un producto más poroso con bajo D y Du (P &lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Reyes-Jáquez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012</xref>). La interacción CA-T presentó un efecto positivo significativo (P &lt;0.05) sobre D y Du, debido a que altas concentraciones de aceite generan más complejos lípido-almidón, aunque una T alta podría conducir a romper dichos complejos, permitiendo la gelatinización y retrogradación del almidón (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">De Pilli <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>). La interacción CA-CH tuvo un efecto positivo (P &lt;0.05) sobre Du; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Hernández-Hernández <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>) propusieron un modelo de almidón y complejos de α-lisofosfatidilcolina (LPC), lo que indica una fuerte competencia entre los lípidos y el agua para unirse con el almidón, e inferir que es probable que los altos niveles de CH y CA unan el almidón y agua, gelatinizándola y obteniendo matrices más densas y duras. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabla 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Coeficientes de regresión obtenidos de modelos de superficie de respuesta cuadrática para dietas de frijol y alfalfa. X<sub>1</sub> = contenido de aceite, X<sub>2</sub> = temperatura, X<sub>3</sub> = contenido de humedad.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Respuestas </td>
									<td align="center">intersección </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">Lineal</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">Cuadrática</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">Interacciones</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">b<sub>0</sub></td>
									<td align="center">X<sub>1</sub></td>
									<td align="center">X<sub>2</sub></td>
									<td align="center">X<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">ecuacion</td>
									<td align="center">ecuacion</td>
									<td align="center">ecuacion</td>
									<td align="center">X<sub>1</sub>X<sub>2</sub></td>
									<td align="center">X<sub>1</sub>X<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">X<sub>2</sub>X<sub>3</sub></td>
									<td align="center">R<sup>2</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">IE-HA </td>
									<td align="center">1.088 </td>
									<td align="center">-0.023* </td>
									<td align="center">-0.047* </td>
									<td align="center">-0.018* </td>
									<td align="center">-0.02* </td>
									<td align="center">-0.046* </td>
									<td align="center">-0.009* </td>
									<td align="center">-0.019+ </td>
									<td align="center">0.014* </td>
									<td align="center">-0.009* </td>
									<td align="center">0.537 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">IE-HF </td>
									<td align="center">1.058 </td>
									<td align="center">-0.02*</td>
									<td align="center">-0.044* </td>
									<td align="center">0.005 </td>
									<td align="center">0.004 </td>
									<td align="center">-0.03* </td>
									<td align="center">0.004* </td>
									<td align="center">-0.008 </td>
									<td align="center">0.004* </td>
									<td align="center">0.022 </td>
									<td align="center">0.384 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">D-HA </td>
									<td align="center">988.805 </td>
									<td align="center">-47.65* </td>
									<td align="center">-32.52* </td>
									<td align="left">-12.06* </td>
									<td align="center">3.999 </td>
									<td align="center">48.497* </td>
									<td align="center">8.27 </td>
									<td align="center">57.404* </td>
									<td align="center">-16.93* </td>
									<td align="center">34.478* </td>
									<td align="center">0.457 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">D-HF </td>
									<td align="center">1100.499 </td>
									<td align="center">-53.71* </td>
									<td align="center">-42.53* </td>
									<td align="center">-17.54* </td>
									<td align="center">5.711* </td>
									<td align="center">17.027* </td>
									<td align="center">-34.43* </td>
									<td align="center">13.287* </td>
									<td align="center">-10.09* </td>
									<td align="center">2.722 </td>
									<td align="center">0.439 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Du-HA</td>
									<td align="center">34.232 </td>
									<td align="center">-20.65* </td>
									<td align="center">-4.932* </td>
									<td align="left">-7.829* </td>
									<td align="center">16.34* </td>
									<td align="center">17.027* </td>
									<td align="center">0.804 </td>
									<td align="center">8.319* </td>
									<td align="center">3.542* </td>
									<td align="center">1.237 </td>
									<td align="center">0.697 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Du-HF </td>
									<td align="center">34.636 </td>
									<td align="center">-19.41* </td>
									<td align="center">-2.922* </td>
									<td align="center">-5.873* </td>
									<td align="center">15.54* </td>
									<td align="center">1.389 </td>
									<td align="center">3.54* </td>
									<td align="center">6.134* </td>
									<td align="center">2.242* </td>
									<td align="center">1.224 </td>
									<td align="center">0.706 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">IAA-HA</td>
									<td align="center">2.688 </td>
									<td align="center">-0.072* </td>
									<td align="center">0.19* </td>
									<td align="center">-0.006 </td>
									<td align="center">-0.003 </td>
									<td align="center">0.076 </td>
									<td align="center">-0.08 </td>
									<td align="center">0.051 </td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0.054 </td>
									<td align="center">0.549 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">AA-HF </td>
									<td align="center">2.273 </td>
									<td align="center">-0.133* </td>
									<td align="center">0.065* </td>
									<td align="center">-0.013 </td>
									<td align="center">0.012 </td>
									<td align="center">0.006 </td>
									<td align="center">0.007 </td>
									<td align="center">0.028 </td>
									<td align="center">-0.011 </td>
									<td align="center">0.033 </td>
									<td align="center">0.422 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">ISA-HA </td>
									<td align="center">12.024 </td>
									<td align="center">-0.375 </td>
									<td align="center">-0.868 </td>
									<td align="center">0.224* </td>
									<td align="center">-0.05 </td>
									<td align="center">-0.882* </td>
									<td align="center">0.586* </td>
									<td align="center">0.17 </td>
									<td align="center">0.076 </td>
									<td align="center">0.099 </td>
									<td align="center">0.547 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">ISA-HF </td>
									<td align="center">11.54 </td>
									<td align="center">0.489* </td>
									<td align="center">-0.234* </td>
									<td align="center">-0.214* </td>
									<td align="center">0.096 </td>
									<td align="center">-0.11 </td>
									<td align="center">0.339* </td>
									<td align="center">-0.247* </td>
									<td align="center">-0.191 </td>
									<td align="center">0.194 </td>
									<td align="center">0.452 </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>*Indica diferencia significativa (P &lt;0.05). HA = dieta de alfalfa, HF = dieta de frijoles, IE = índice de expansión, Du = dureza, D = densidad aparente, ISA = índice de solubilidad en agua y IAA = índice de absorción de agua</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>El IAA se relaciona, en primer lugar, con la cantidad de agua absorbida por los gránulos de almidón tras la ingestión en exceso de agua y puede utilizarse como índice de grado de gelatinización (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">González-Valadez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2008</xref>); y, en segundo lugar, al equilibrio hidrófilo de las proteínas en la mezcla, que cambia según el grado de desnaturalización de las proteínas, donde el proceso de extrusión cambia los perfiles de solubilidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Serrano <italic>et al.</italic>, 1998</xref>). La <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabla 2</xref> presenta el análisis de regresión IAA: términos lineales CA y T afectados (P &lt;0.05) en IAA de ambas dietas. El aumento de CA disminuye el IAA debido a la menor disponibilidad de agua para el gránulo de almidón. En cuanto a T, a valores altos, las cadenas de amilosa y amilopectina forman una matriz expandible que se traduce en una mayor capacidad de retención de agua. ISA está directamente relacionado con la degradación del almidón que ocurre dentro de la extrusora (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gujska y Khan, 1990</xref>). La <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabla 2</xref> presenta el análisis de regresión ISA: término lineal CH, T y términos cuadráticos CH de HA; y los términos lineales T, CH y CA, el término cuadrático CH, el término de interacción T y CA de HF, tuvieron un efecto significativo (P &lt;0.05) en ISA. El término lineal negativo T de HF y la interacción T y CA indican que con T alta, la desnaturalización de proteínas expone grupos hidrófobos ubicados en el interior, lo que contribuye a la disminución de la solubilidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ikpeme <italic>et al.</italic>, 2010</xref>). </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Mejoramiento</title>
				<p>Se obtuvieron condiciones óptimas de extrusión a tres concentraciones de aceite diferentes para cada dieta; HA (0% CA): 142 °C, 18% CH; IE: 1,04, D: 1042,7 kg/m3, Du: 50 N, IAA: 2,67 g/g y, ISA: 10,5%; HA (3,5% CA): 131 °C, 18% CH; IE: 1,04, D: 1021,7 kg/m3, Du: 50 N, IAA: 2,67 g/g y, ISA: 10,9%; HA (7% CA): 120 °C, 18% CH; IE: 1,04, D: 1004,6 kg/m3, Du: 25 N, IAA: 2,67 g/g y, ISA: 10,4%; HF (0% CA): 121 °C, 14% CH; IE: 1,09, D: 1125 kg/m3, Du: 50 N, IAA: 2,34 g/ y, ISA: 12,2%; HF (3,5% CA): 120 °C, 16% CH; IE: 1,07, D: 1121,3 kg/m3, Du: 50 N, IAA: 2,26 g/g y, ISA: 12%; y HF (7% CA): 142 °C, 15% CH; IE: 1,02, D: 1101 kg/m3, Du: 50 N, IAA: 2,27 g/g y ISA: 11,6%. HA con 7% de CA tuvo la Du más baja, mientras que esto no se observó con HF. Por otro lado, se requirió una T baja para HF con CA alta en comparación con HA con CA baja. HF necesitaba una T alta para obtener características de extrusión óptimas, específicamente extruidos con 7% de CA en comparación con dietas con 3 o 0% de CA. Los resultados de optimización tienen los valores requeridos para ser comercializados por sus características similares a los productos comerciales como se muestra en publicaciones anteriores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Reyes-Jáquez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>). El análisis químico se realizó sobre el tratamiento óptimo de HF con 7% de CA: CH: 10,7 ± 0,22, proteína: 17,6 ± 0,63, grasa: 10,7 ± 0,11, fibra: 2,5 ± 0,63 y cenizas: 8,7 ± 0,18 g/100 g. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>Digestibilidad <italic>in vitro</italic> y degradabilidad efectiva</bold></title>
				<p>La DIV de 60,7% o más es una digestibilidad bien aceptada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Coblentz y Hoffman, 2009</xref>), lo que sitúa a la HA y la HF por encima de dichos valores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabla 3</xref>). Excluyendo ambas dietas comerciales, todas las dietas tenían DIV que variaba del 85 al 89% sin diferencias significativas (P&gt; 0.05) entre ellas. La HA que contiene 0 o 3.5% de CA tiene un DIV más bajo (P &lt;0.05) que ambas dietas comerciales. HF con 3.5 y 7% de CA tuvo DIV comparable a ambas dietas comerciales, concluyendo que la incorporación de aceite de girasol en las dietas extruidas, aumenta (P &lt;0.05) DIV de HF. La <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabla 3</xref> muestra la degradabilidad potencial (DP) y la DE de todas las dietas. DP describe la suma de las fracciones soluble (A) e insoluble (B), siendo B, el pico de degradabilidad máximo alcanzado durante 120 h. La <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabla 3</xref> mostró que todos los valores de DEs oscilaron entre 87.4 y 90.4% sin diferencia significativa (P&gt; 0.05), valores aceptables en comparación con otros reportes (Reyes-Jáquez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011). Se puede concluir que la presencia de CA y factores antinutricionales no tuvo una diferencia significativa en la DIV ni en la DE ya que fueron inactivados por T alta y estrés de cizallamiento durante el procesamiento. Además, el CA se encuentra dentro de los rangos permitidos para el consumo de rumiantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Byers y Schelling, 1993</xref>). La extrusión T, CH y CA afectaron negativamente (P &lt;0.05) D y Du de ambas dietas. Sin embargo, el aumento de T y CA, y CH y CA, aumenta (P &lt;0.05) Du. La DIV obtenida fue 89.1 y 86.4% para HF y HA con 7% de CA, respectivamente. Las condiciones óptimas de extrusión obtenidas para HF con 7% de CA fueron 142 °C y 15% de CH; mientras que para HA con 7% de CA fueron 120 °C y 18% de CH. La DE fue 87,5 y 87,4% para HF y HA con 7% de CA, respectivamente. Los resultados mostraron que la incorporación de aceite de girasol en las dietas aumenta (P &lt;0.05) la DIV, abriendo así una alta oportunidad potencial de producir altas concentraciones de ALC a nivel ruminal. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Tabla 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Coeficientes de regresión no lineal de degradabilidad <italic>in situ</italic> (DIS) y degradabilidad efectiva (DE) de dietas extruidas de frijol y alfalfa en tres concentraciones de aceite diferentes: 0, 3,5 y 7%.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>Dieta </bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>Aceite</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold> </bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>Coeficiente</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold> </bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>DP (%)</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>DE (%) </bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>R<sup>2</sup></bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>DIV (%) </bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold> </bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>(%)</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>A</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>B</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>C</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold> </bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold> </bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold> </bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold> </bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Alfalfa </td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0.54 </td>
									<td align="center">0.41 </td>
									<td align="center">0.07 </td>
									<td align="center">95.2 </td>
									<td align="center">88.2<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.99 </td>
									<td align="center">85.2 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Alfalfa </td>
									<td align="center">3.5 </td>
									<td align="center">0.5 </td>
									<td align="center">0.45 </td>
									<td align="center">0.07 </td>
									<td align="center">95.2 </td>
									<td align="center">87.5<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.98 </td>
									<td align="center">84.7 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Alfalfa </td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">0.51 </td>
									<td align="center">0.44 </td>
									<td align="center">0.07 </td>
									<td align="center">94.7 </td>
									<td align="center">87.4<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.96 </td>
									<td align="center">86.4 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Frijol </td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0.6 </td>
									<td align="center">0.36 </td>
									<td align="center">0.07 </td>
									<td align="center">96</td>
									<td align="center">89.7<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.98 </td>
									<td align="center">86.3 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Frijol </td>
									<td align="center">3.5 </td>
									<td align="center">0.6 </td>
									<td align="center">0.36 </td>
									<td align="center">0.06 </td>
									<td align="center">96.2 </td>
									<td align="center">90.4<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.98 </td>
									<td align="center">89.4 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Frijol </td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">0.49 </td>
									<td align="center">0.47 </td>
									<td align="center">0.08 </td>
									<td align="center">95.9 </td>
									<td align="center">87.5<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.97 </td>
									<td align="center">89.1 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Comercial 1 </td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">93.8 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Comercial 2 </td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">91.5 </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>Letras diferentes indican diferencia significativa (P &lt;0.05); Tiempos de degradabilidEI: 0 - 120 h. A = fracción soluble o rápidamente degradable, B = fracción insoluble pero potencialmente degradable, C = tasa de degradación, t = tiempo de residencia del alimento, considerado 5% por hora, DP = degradabilidad potencial (A + B), DE = tasa de degradabilidad efectiva a tiempo de residencia constante del alimento en el animal (kp) 0.05*h-1</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La temperatura de extrusión y el contenido de humedad afectaron negativamente (P &lt;0.05) D y Du del alimento para ganado extruido. Asimismo, D y Du disminuyeron (P &lt;0.05) en los extruidos, a medida que aumentaba el contenido de aceite. Sin embargo, el aumento de la temperatura de extrusión y el contenido de aceite permite aumentar (P &lt;0,05) la dureza de los extruidos, así como aumentar el contenido de humedad y aceite. La digestibilidad <italic>in vitro</italic> obtenida fue de 89,1% y 86,4% para las dietas de frijoles y alfalfa, respectivamente. Las condiciones óptimas de extrusión obtenidas para un alimento para ganado bovino utilizando residuos de frijol pinto con 7% de aceite de girasol fueron 142 °C y 15% de contenido de humedad. Mientras que para los extruidos que contienen alfalfa con un 7% de aceite de girasol fueron 120 °C y un 18% de contenido de humedad. La degradabilidad efectiva <italic>in situ</italic> fue de 87,5% y 87,4% para las dietas de frijoles y alfalfa, respectivamente. Los resultados mostraron que la incorporación de aceite de girasol en dietas extruidas, aumenta (P &lt;0.05) la digestibilidad <italic>in vitro</italic> de dietas extruidas de alfalfa y frijol pinto, abriendo una oportunidad de alto potencial para incrementar la producción de ALC orgánico a nivel ruminal.</p>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
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			<title-group>
				<article-title>Effect of extrusion temperature, moisture and sunflower oil content on the functional properties and digestibility of bovine cattle feeds</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT </title>
				<p>Preparation of extruded products with high oil content, presents a technological challenge, due oil decreases specific mechanic force but also acts as a lubricant, and forms starch-lipid complexes; thus, decreasing starch gelatinization. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of temperature, moisture, and sunflower oil content, on the extrusion process of bovine cattle feed. Two main ingredients were used for each diet: alfalfa (<italic>Medicago sativa</italic> L.), and bean (<italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</italic> L.). The obtained results showed that high temperature, moisture, and oil content, decreased bulk density, and hardness (P &lt; 0.05). Oil content-temperature interaction increased both bulk density and hardness, while moisture-oil content interaction increased (P &lt; 0.05) hardness. Optimization was performed based on the physicochemical characteristics of commercial feeds, showing that the best bean diets were obtained at 121ºC, 14% moisture content with 0% sunflower oil; 120ºC and 16% moisture content with 3.5% sunflower oil; and, 142ºC and 15% moisture content with 7% sunflower oil. Effective degradability ranged from 87.4 -90.4% for all extruded diets; and none of them showed significant differences between bean and alfalfa (P &lt; 0.05), which opens a high potential opportunity of producing high concentrations of CLA from sunflower oil at a ruminal level. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Bovine cattle feed</kwd>
				<kwd>extruded</kwd>
				<kwd>digestibility</kwd>
				<kwd>sunflower oil</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Cattle’s breeding is one of the main cornerstones of the global economy, being usually sustained from grassland, which lately has been affected by many problems, particularly, dry seasons <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">(Petherick, 2005)</xref>. A feasible option to help to solve this problem is to use pinto beans (<italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</italic> L.) as an ingredient for animals’ feed. Small, cracked, or split beans are considered an agro-industrial by-product, not suitable for human consumption. Bean has a good protein (18 -24%) and energetic (60 -65%) content, but it also has the disadvantage of anti-nutritional factors (phytic acid, condensed tannins, polyphenols, trypsin inhibitors, chymotrypsin, α-amylase inhibitors, and haemagglutinating activity) presence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Iniestra-González <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>). However, these factors can be inhibited by thermal processing, such as extrusion (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">González-Valadez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2008</xref>). Sunflower oil is rich in linoleic acid content (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">El-Saidy <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>), which is transformed by ruminants into conjugated linoleic acid (CLA); a common term referring to all isomers of an octadecanoic carboxylic acid with unsaturation in different positions. CLA presents several health benefits: it helps to decrease weight-loss promoting muscle mass growth, and also, it is anti-carcinogenic (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Pariza <italic>et al.</italic>, 2001</xref>). CLA content in bovine milk ranges from 6 to 16 mg/ g lipids, being lower in meat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chillard <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007</xref>). </p>
				<p>Recommended daily CLA consumption is 3 g/d for a 70 kg person, having the highest consumption rates in Australia (1.5 g/d) and Germany (0.5 g/d) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Poulson <italic>et al.</italic>, 2004</xref>). Studies showed an increase of 1.5 g/100 lipids g in milk obtained from cattle fed with 11.2% of sunflower seeds and an increase of 0.8 g/100 lipids g from cattle fed with 5% of a mixture of sunflower oil and fish oil (3:1) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abu-Ghazaleh and Holmes, 2006</xref>). Extrusion has a wide range of food applications (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Singh <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007</xref>), representing a good processing alternative, due to its economic feasibility since crop residues are underutilized in many developing countries. This research aimed to study the effect of temperature (T), moisture content (MC), and sunflower oil content (OC) on the extrusion process to elaborate bovine cattle feed, which could be reflected in milk and meat CLA content for human consumption. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Experimental diets</title>
					<p>Two diets were elaborated with 10% of bean flour (BD) or 10% of alfalfa flour (AD). Agroindustrial Saltillo bean (<italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</italic>) residue (small and cracked beans) was used, as well as alfalfa (<italic>Medicago sativa</italic>), cornflour (<italic>Zea mays</italic>), cane molasses, Mine-Gan, Química Industrial Agropecuaria S.A. de C.V., México), soybean meal flour (47.7% crude protein), sunflower oil and CaCO3. All ingredients were milled and sieved (&lt; 2 mm). Three OC/corn flour percentages ratios were used: 0:55, 3.5:51.5 or 7:48. All other ingredients were kept constant for AD and BD: cane molasses: 5%; soymeal: 5%; CaCO3: 2%; and, glandless cottonseed meal: 23%. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Chemical composition</title>
					<p>The chemical composition of raw materials, extrudates, and two commercial diets were determined following (AOAC, 2019) standards. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Extrusion</title>
					<p>Samples were processed with a Brabender laboratory simple-screw extruder (Model 2523, 3/4” L/D -25:1 ratio, C. W., Disburg, Germany), with four heating zones. The first three heating zones had a constant T; 90, 100, and 110°C, respectively. The fourth heating zone varied (120, 135, and 150°C), according to experimental design. The screw compression force was 1:1 and the internal diameter of the exit die was 6 mm. Before extrusion, all ingredients were mixed and conditioned to MC of 14, 16, or 18%, following experimental design. After processing, extruded samples were cooled at room T for 4 h and stored in sealed polyurethane bags at 4ºC for further analysis.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Experimental design and data analysis</title>
					<p>A factorial design with three independent variables was performed for both diets: OC (X1) [0, 3.5 and 7%], T (X2) [120, 135 and 150°C] and MC (X3) [14, 16 and 18%] before extrusion. Response variables were: expansion index (EI), bulk density (D), water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), and hardness (H). Surface response methodology was applied to the experimental data using Design Expert 7.0<sup>®</sup> software and results were analyzed by multiple quadratic regressions. Statistical analysis and variance analyzes (ANOVA) for each response were performed using Statistica 7.0<sup>®</sup>. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Optimization</title>
					<p>Optimization was performed for each OC using a central composite design with three independent variables. Priority responses used for the optimization were: H 25 -50 N, EI 1.0 -1.1, minimum WSI, and maximum D. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Functional Properties</title>
					<p>EI and D were measured according to (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gujska and Khan, 1990</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Wang <italic>et al.</italic>, 1993</xref>), respectively. WAI and WSI were determined as outlined by (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Ding <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>). H was evaluated using a texture profile analyzer model TA-XT2 (Texture Technologies Corp., Scarsdale, NY/Stable MicroSystems, Haslemere, Surrey, UK). In each trial, fifteen samples were sheared using a Warner Brazler blade probe (sensitivity of 1 kgf and 5 cm min<sup>-1</sup>) to evaluate breaking strength. ro digestibility and effective degradability </p>
					<p>In vitro digestibility (IVD) was calculated using the Daisy II procedure (ANKOM, 2017); inoculum was prepared by diluting ruminal liquid obtained from a 459 kg rumen fistulated cow (criollo race) fed at free grazing, with a buffer solution 1:4 (v/v). Mean comparison was obtained using the Tukey test (P &lt; 0.05). Effective degradability (ED) was calculated following (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Solanas <italic>et al.</italic>, 2004</xref>) method. Means differences (Duncan, 95%), correlations (Pearson), and t-tests (Student) were performed using Statistica 7.0<sup>®</sup>. </p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Chemical composition</title>
					<p>The chemical content of all ingredients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>) is comparable to other reports (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Reyes-Jáquez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>), except for alfalfa’s ash content, which is 2% above reported values, possibly due to a higher presence of fertilizers. Also, alfalfa’s crude protein content was slightly higher than other reports (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Coblentz and Hoffman, 2009</xref>). THE highest NFE was shown in pinto beans, thus increasing the extrusion capacity of the diets (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Reyes-Jáquez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012</xref>). </p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Chemical composition of ingredients before extrusion (g/ 100g DM).</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Ingredient</td>
										<td align="center">Ash </td>
										<td align="center">Crude protein</td>
										<td align="center">Crude fat</td>
										<td align="center">Crude fiber</td>
										<td align="center">NFE* </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Alfalfa flour</td>
										<td align="center">10.6 ± 0.15 </td>
										<td align="center">25.2 ± 1.68 </td>
										<td align="center">0.6 ± 0.06 </td>
										<td align="center">23.1 ± 1.29 </td>
										<td align="center">40.3 ± 0.06 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Pinto Saltillo Bean flour </td>
										<td align="center">3.9 ± 0.11 </td>
										<td align="center">24.2 ± 0.38 </td>
										<td align="center">0.9 ± 0.11 </td>
										<td align="center">2.3 ± 0.19 </td>
										<td align="center">68.6 ± 0.56 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Soybean meal flour </td>
										<td align="center">6.9 ± 0.03 </td>
										<td align="center">58.5 ± 0.53 </td>
										<td align="center">1.8 ± 0.13 </td>
										<td align="center">0.0 ± 0.00 </td>
										<td align="center">32.8 ± 0.43 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Corn</td>
										<td align="center">1.5 ± 0.04 </td>
										<td align="center">9.2 ± 0.56 </td>
										<td align="center">1.9 ± 0.00 </td>
										<td align="center">2.9 ± 0.02 </td>
										<td align="center">84.3 ± 0.64 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Cottonseed meal</td>
										<td align="center">7.2 ± 0.72 </td>
										<td align="center">52.5 ± 1.13 </td>
										<td align="center">1.9 ± 0.14 </td>
										<td align="center">2.9 ± 0.02 </td>
										<td align="center">30.6 ± 1.80 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Molasses </td>
										<td align="center">7.1 ± 0.78 </td>
										<td align="center">5.8 ± 0.89 </td>
										<td align="center">0.1 ± 0.02 </td>
										<td align="center">0.5 ± 0.05 </td>
										<td align="center">86.9 ± 3.96 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Calcium carbonate</td>
										<td align="center">39.7 ± 1.86 </td>
										<td align="center">0.1 ± 0.02 </td>
										<td align="center">0.0 ± 0.00 </td>
										<td align="center">0.0 ± 0.00 </td>
										<td align="center">60.2 ± 2.97 </td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN4">
									<p>NFE= Nitrogen free extract</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Functional Properties</title>
					<p>All regression coefficients of EI are low (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>), possibly because NFE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>) is not high enough to expand, and, process conditions did not yield a significant pressure differential, thus influencing only shaping, not expansion. These results are similar to others (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Reyes-Jáquez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>), where similar diets were extruded at the same T but with higher MC (18 -22%) and without oil. Oil adding in extrudates decreases starch gelatinization due to lower shear stress applied upon the mixture since it acts as a lubricant; it also promotes lipid-starch complexes’ formation, restraining water-starch interaction, resulting in lower EI (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Liu <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>). D and H of AD and BD presented significant negative coefficients in all lineal terms (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>). High OC percentages generate a less structured and more fragile matrix, because of lipid-starch complexes’ formation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Abu-Hardan <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>); also, high crude fiber content contributes to the fragility of the extruded matrixes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Reyes-Jáquez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012</xref>). High lipid content in extrudates decelerates starch retrogradation and reduces H, adding the fact that high T further degrades starch granules, even leading to dextrinization and creating a less dense and easier to disrupt matrix (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Rodríguez-Miranda <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012</xref>). High MC generates a higher amount of steam, producing an expanded volume when the mixture is exposed to a pressure differential, resulting in the rupture of matrixes’ cellular walls and creating a more porous product with low D and H (P &lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Reyes-Jáquez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012</xref>). OC-T interaction presented a significant positive effect (P &lt; 0.05) on D and H, due high concentrations of oil generate more lipid-starch complexes, although high T could lead to break such complexes, allowing starch gelatinization and retrogradation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">De Pilli <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>). OC-MC interaction had a positive effect (P &lt; 0.05) on H; (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Hernández-Hernández <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>) proposed a model of starch and α-lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) complexes, indicating a strong competition among lipids and water to bond with starch, and inferring that high MC and OC, are likely to bond starch and water, gelatinizing it and obtaining denser and harder matrixes. </p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Regression coefficients obtained from quadratic response surface models for bean and alfalfa diets. X<sub>1</sub> = oil content, X<sub>2</sub> = temperature, X<sub>3</sub> = moisture content.</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Responses </td>
										<td align="center">Intercept </td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										<td align="center">Lineal</td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										<td align="center">Quadratic</td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										<td align="center">Interactions</td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										<td align="center">b<sub>0</sub></td>
										<td align="center">X<sub>1</sub></td>
										<td align="center">X<sub>2</sub></td>
										<td align="center">X<sub>3</sub></td>
										<td align="center">ecuaicon</td>
										<td align="center">ecuaicon</td>
										<td align="center">ecuaicon</td>
										<td align="center">X<sub>1</sub>X<sub>2</sub></td>
										<td align="center">X<sub>1</sub>X<sub>3</sub></td>
										<td align="center">X<sub>2</sub>X<sub>3</sub></td>
										<td align="center">R<sup>2</sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">EI-AD</td>
										<td align="center">1.088 </td>
										<td align="center">-0.023* </td>
										<td align="center">-0.047* </td>
										<td align="center">-0.018* </td>
										<td align="center">-0.02* </td>
										<td align="center">-0.046* </td>
										<td align="center">-0.009* </td>
										<td align="center">-0.019+ </td>
										<td align="center">0.014* </td>
										<td align="center">-0.009* </td>
										<td align="center">0.537 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">EI-BD</td>
										<td align="center">1.058 </td>
										<td align="center">-0.02*</td>
										<td align="center">-0.044* </td>
										<td align="center">0.005 </td>
										<td align="center">0.004 </td>
										<td align="center">-0.03* </td>
										<td align="center">0.004* </td>
										<td align="center">-0.008 </td>
										<td align="center">0.004* </td>
										<td align="center">0.022 </td>
										<td align="center">0.384 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">D-AD</td>
										<td align="center">988.805 </td>
										<td align="center">-47.65* </td>
										<td align="center">-32.52* </td>
										<td align="left">-12.06* </td>
										<td align="center">3.999 </td>
										<td align="center">48.497* </td>
										<td align="center">8.27 </td>
										<td align="center">57.404* </td>
										<td align="center">-16.93* </td>
										<td align="center">34.478* </td>
										<td align="center">0.457 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">D-BD</td>
										<td align="center">1100.499 </td>
										<td align="center">-53.71* </td>
										<td align="center">-42.53* </td>
										<td align="center">-17.54* </td>
										<td align="center">5.711* </td>
										<td align="center">17.027* </td>
										<td align="center">-34.43* </td>
										<td align="center">13.287* </td>
										<td align="center">-10.09* </td>
										<td align="center">2.722 </td>
										<td align="center">0.439 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">H-AD</td>
										<td align="center">34.232 </td>
										<td align="center">-20.65* </td>
										<td align="center">-4.932* </td>
										<td align="left">-7.829* </td>
										<td align="center">16.34* </td>
										<td align="center">17.027* </td>
										<td align="center">0.804 </td>
										<td align="center">8.319* </td>
										<td align="center">3.542* </td>
										<td align="center">1.237 </td>
										<td align="center">0.697 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">H-BD</td>
										<td align="center">34.636 </td>
										<td align="center">-19.41* </td>
										<td align="center">-2.922* </td>
										<td align="center">-5.873* </td>
										<td align="center">15.54* </td>
										<td align="center">1.389 </td>
										<td align="center">3.54* </td>
										<td align="center">6.134* </td>
										<td align="center">2.242* </td>
										<td align="center">1.224 </td>
										<td align="center">0.706 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">WAI-AD</td>
										<td align="center">2.688 </td>
										<td align="center">-0.072* </td>
										<td align="center">0.19* </td>
										<td align="center">-0.006 </td>
										<td align="center">-0.003 </td>
										<td align="center">0.076 </td>
										<td align="center">-0.08 </td>
										<td align="center">0.051 </td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
										<td align="center">0.054 </td>
										<td align="center">0.549 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">WAI-BD</td>
										<td align="center">2.273 </td>
										<td align="center">-0.133* </td>
										<td align="center">0.065* </td>
										<td align="center">-0.013 </td>
										<td align="center">0.012 </td>
										<td align="center">0.006 </td>
										<td align="center">0.007 </td>
										<td align="center">0.028 </td>
										<td align="center">-0.011 </td>
										<td align="center">0.033 </td>
										<td align="center">0.422 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">WSI-AD</td>
										<td align="center">12.024 </td>
										<td align="center">-0.375 </td>
										<td align="center">-0.868 </td>
										<td align="center">0.224* </td>
										<td align="center">-0.05 </td>
										<td align="center">-0.882* </td>
										<td align="center">0.586* </td>
										<td align="center">0.17 </td>
										<td align="center">0.076 </td>
										<td align="center">0.099 </td>
										<td align="center">0.547 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">WSI-BD</td>
										<td align="center">11.54 </td>
										<td align="center">0.489* </td>
										<td align="center">-0.234* </td>
										<td align="center">-0.214* </td>
										<td align="center">0.096 </td>
										<td align="center">-0.11 </td>
										<td align="center">0.339* </td>
										<td align="center">-0.247* </td>
										<td align="center">-0.191 </td>
										<td align="center">0.194 </td>
										<td align="center">0.452 </td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN5">
									<p>*Indicates significant difference (P &lt; 0.05). DA = alfalfa diet, DB = bean diet, EI = expansion index, H = hardness, D = bulk density, WSI = water solubility index and WAI = water absorption index</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>WAI is firstly related to the amount of absorbed water by the starch granules after swallowing in water excess and can be used as a gelatinization grade index (González-Valadez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2008); and, secondly, to the proteins hydrophilic balance in the mixture, which changes according to the denaturalization grade of proteins, where the extrusion process changes solubility profiles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Serrano <italic>et al.</italic>, 1998</xref>). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref> presents WAI regression analysis: OC and T linear terms affected (P &lt; 0.05) on WAI of both diets. Increasing OC decreases WAI due to lower water availability for the starch granule. As for T, at high values, amylose and amylopectin chains form an expandable matrix that translates into higher water retention capacity. WSI is directly related to starch degradation happening inside the extruder (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gujska and Khan, 1990</xref>). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> presents WSI regression analysis: MC linear term, T, and MC quadratic terms of AD; and T, MC, and OC linear terms, MC quadratic term, T, and OC interaction term of BD, had a significant effect (P &lt; 0.05) on WSI. BD’s T negative linear term and T and OC interaction indicate that with high T, proteins denaturalization exposes hydrophobic groups located in the interior, contributing to solubility diminish (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ikpeme <italic>et al.</italic>, 2010</xref>). </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Optimization</title>
					<p>Optimal extrusion conditions were obtained at three different oil concentrations for each diet; AD (0% OC): 142°C, 18% MC; EI: 1.04, D: 1042.7 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, H: 50 N, WAI: 2.67 g/g, and, WSI: 10.5%; AD (3.5% OC): 131°C, 18% MC; EI: 1.04, D: 1021.7 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, H: 50 N, WAI: 2.67 g/g, and, WSI: 10.9%; AD (7% OC): 120°C, 18% MC; EI: 1.04, D: 1004.6 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, H: 25 N, WAI: 2.67 g/g, and, WSI: 10.4%; BD (0% OC): 121°C, 14% MC; EI: 1.09, D: 1125 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, H: 50 N, WAI: 2.34 g/g, and, WSI: 12.2%; BD (3.5% OC): 120°C, 16% MC; EI: 1.07, D: 1121.3 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, H: 50 N, WAI: 2.26 g/g, and, WSI: 12%; and, BD (7% OC): 142°C, 15% MC; EI: 1.02, D: 1101 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, H: 50 N, WAI: 2.27 g/g, and WSI: 11.6%. AD with 7% of OC had the lowest H, while this was not observed with BD. On the other hand, low T for BD with high OC was required compared to AD with low OC. BD needed high T to obtain optimal extrusion characteristics, specifically extrudates with 7% of OC compared to diets with 3 or 0% of OC. Optimization results have the required values to be commercialized due their similar characteristics compared to commercial products as shown in earlier publications (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Reyes-Jáquez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>). Chemical analysis was performed on BD optimal treatment with 7% of OC: MC: 10.7±0.22, protein: 17.6±0.63, fat: 10.7±0.11, fiber: 2.5±0.63 and ash: 8.7±0.18 g/100 g. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>In vitro digestibility and effective degradability</title>
					<p>IVD of 60.7% or higher is a well-accepted digestibility (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Coblentz and Hoffman, 2009</xref>), placing AD and BD above such values (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>). Excluding both commercial diets, all diets had IVD ranging from 85 to 89% without significant differences (P &gt; 0.05) among them. AD containing 0 or 3.5% of OC has a lower (P &lt; 0.05) IVD than both commercial diets. BD with 3.5 and 7% of OC had comparable IVD to both commercial diets, concluding that incorporating sunflower oil in the extruded diets, increases (P &lt; 0.05) IVD of BD. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref> shows the potential degradability (PD) and ED of all diets. PD describes the sum of soluble (A) and insoluble (B) fractions, being B, the maximum degradability peak achieved during 120 h. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref> showed that all EDs’ values oscillated between 87.4 and 90.4% with no significant difference (P &gt; 0.05), which are acceptable values compared to other reports (Reyes-Jáquez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011). It can be concluded that OC and anti-nutritional factors presence did not have a significant difference in IVD nor ED since they were inactivated by high T and shear stress during processing. Also, OC is inside permissible ranges for ruminants’ consumption (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">(Byers and Schelling, 1993</xref>). Extrusion T, MC, and OC affected negatively (P &lt; 0.05) D and H of both diets. However, increasing T and OC, and MC and OC, increases (P &lt; 0.05) H. Obtained IVD was 89.1 and 86.4% for BD and AD with 7% of OC, respectively. Obtained optimal extrusion conditions for BD with 7% of OC were 142°C and 15% of MC; while for AD with 7% of OC were 120°C and 18% of MC. ED was 87.5 and 87.4% for BD and AD with 7% of OC, respectively. Results showed that incorporating sunflower oil in the diets, increases (P &lt; 0.05) IVD, thus opening a high potential opportunity of producing high concentrations of CLA at the ruminal level. </p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<label>Table 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Nonlinear regression coefficients of In Situ Degradability (ISD) and Effective degradability (ED) of bean and alfalfa extruded diets at three different oil concentrations: 0, 3.5, and 7%.</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Diet</td>
										<td align="center">Oil</td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										<td align="center">Coefficient</td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										<td align="center">PD (%)</td>
										<td align="center">ED (%)</td>
										<td align="center">R<sup>2</sup></td>
										<td align="center">IVD (%)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										<td align="center">(%)</td>
										<td align="center">A</td>
										<td align="center">B</td>
										<td align="center">C</td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Alfalfa </td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
										<td align="center">0.54 </td>
										<td align="center">0.41 </td>
										<td align="center">0.07 </td>
										<td align="center">95.2 </td>
										<td align="center">88.2<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.99 </td>
										<td align="center">85.2 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Alfalfa </td>
										<td align="center">3.5 </td>
										<td align="center">0.5 </td>
										<td align="center">0.45 </td>
										<td align="center">0.07 </td>
										<td align="center">95.2 </td>
										<td align="center">87.5<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.98 </td>
										<td align="center">84.7 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Alfalfa </td>
										<td align="center">7</td>
										<td align="center">0.51 </td>
										<td align="center">0.44 </td>
										<td align="center">0.07 </td>
										<td align="center">94.7 </td>
										<td align="center">87.4<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.96 </td>
										<td align="center">86.4 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Bean</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
										<td align="center">0.6 </td>
										<td align="center">0.36 </td>
										<td align="center">0.07 </td>
										<td align="center">96</td>
										<td align="center">89.7<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.98 </td>
										<td align="center">86.3 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Bean</td>
										<td align="center">3.5 </td>
										<td align="center">0.6 </td>
										<td align="center">0.36 </td>
										<td align="center">0.06 </td>
										<td align="center">96.2 </td>
										<td align="center">90.4<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.98 </td>
										<td align="center">89.4 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Bean</td>
										<td align="center">7</td>
										<td align="center">0.49 </td>
										<td align="center">0.47 </td>
										<td align="center">0.08 </td>
										<td align="center">95.9 </td>
										<td align="center">87.5<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.97 </td>
										<td align="center">89.1 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Commercial 1 </td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">93.8 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Commercial 2 </td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">91.5 </td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN6">
									<p>Different letters indicate significant difference (P &lt; 0.05); Degradability times: 0 -120 h. A = soluble fraction or quickly degradable, B = insoluble fraction but potentially degradable, C = degradation rate, t = feed residence time, considered 5% per hour, PD = potential degradability (A+B), ED = effective degradability rate at a constant feed’s residence time in the animal (kp) 0.05*h<sup>-1</sup></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION </title>
				<p>Extrusion temperature and moisture content affected negatively (P &lt; 0.05) D and H of extruded cattle feed. Likewise, D and H decreased (P &lt; 0.05) in extrudates, as oil content increased. However, increasing extrusion temperature and oil content, makes it possible to increase (P &lt; 0.05) hardness of extrudates, as well as increasing moisture and oil content. Obtained In Vitro Digestibility was 89.1% and 86.4% for bean and alfalfa diets, respectively. Obtained optimal extrusion conditions for a bovine cattle feed using pinto bean residues with 7% of sunflower oil were 142°C and 15% of moisture content. While for extrudates containing alfalfa with 7% of sunflower oil were 120°C and 18% of moisture content. Effective In Situ Degradability was 87.5% and 87.4% for bean and alfalfa diets, respectively. Results showed that the incorporation of sunflower oil in extruded diets, increases (P &lt; 0.05) In vitro digestibility of extruded alfalfa and pinto bean diets, opening a high potential opportunity to increase the production of organic CLA at ruminal level.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>