<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.28</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00115</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Contribución al bienestar animal en la crianza de becerras de reemplazo: alojamiento en pareja</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9894-3653</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Alejos-de la Fuente</surname>
						<given-names>Isidro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9404-1548</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Almaráz-Buendía</surname>
						<given-names>Isaac</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2129-6552</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Peralta-Ortiz</surname>
						<given-names>Jesús</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3678-0822</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Meza-Nieto</surname>
						<given-names>Martín</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7213-8779</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Torres-Cardona</surname>
						<given-names>Guadalupe</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Departamento de Zootecnia, km 38.5 carr. México -Texcoco, CP 56230, Chapingo, Texcoco, Estado de México, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Zootecnia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>56230</postal-code>
					<city>Texcoco</city>
					<state>Estado de México</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Tulancingo, Hidalgo, CP 43600. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Tulancingo</city>
					<state>Hidalgo</state>
					<postal-code>43600</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">*Autor en correspondencia: María Guadalupe Torres Cardona: maria_torres7599@uaeh.edu.mx, Rancho Universitario Ex-Hda. de Aquetzalpa, Av. Universidad km 1, Hidalgo, México A.P. 32 CP.43600. 017717172000 ext. 2455. <email>jalejosd@chapingo.mx</email>; <email>isaac_almaraz9974@uaeh.edu.mx</email>; <email>peralta@uaeh.edu.mx</email>; <email>martin_meza3292@uaeh.edu.mx</email>; <email>maria_torres7599@uaeh.edu.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>		
			<elocation-id>e115</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>Con el objetivo de evaluar la respuesta productiva y conductual de becerras Holstein lactantes alojadas en pareja, se utilizaron 30 becerras de una semana de edad hasta el destete (8 semanas de edad) y distribuidas aleatoriamente en dos tratamientos: tratamiento 1 becerras alojadas en parejas (T1, n=10); tratamiento 2 becerras alojadas individualmente (T2, n=10). No se encontró diferencia significativa (p&gt;0.05) entre tratamientos en el peso inicial (PI, T1=38.18 <italic>vs</italic> T2=39.58, lo que evidencia grupos homogéneos) ni en el consumo total de materia seca (CTMS, T1=56.84 <italic>vs</italic> T2=56.85, kg). Sin embargo, las becerras alojadas en pareja (T1) mostraron significativamente mejores resultados en el peso final (T1=75.28 vs T2=65.74, kg), en la ganancia total de peso GTP, T1=37.10 <italic>vs</italic> T2=26.16, kg), en la ganancia diaria de peso (GDP, T1=0.66 <italic>vs</italic> T2=0.46, kg) y en la conversión alimenticia (CA, T1=1.53 <italic>vs</italic> T2=2.17), respecto a las becerras que se alojaron de manera individual. Se concluye que las becerras que estuvieron alojadas en parejas mostraron mayor respuesta productiva y menor frecuencia de conductas indicadoras de estrés en comparación con las que estuvieron alojadas de manera individual.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>bienestar animal</kwd>
				<kwd>alojamiento</kwd>
				<kwd>productividad</kwd>
				<kwd>comportamiento</kwd>
				<kwd>becerras Holstein</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<award-group award-type="contract">
					<funding-source>Programa de Mejoramiento del Profesorado</funding-source>
					<award-id>PROMEP/103.5/08/5165</award-id>
				</award-group>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="27"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Bienestar animal se refiere al estado interno de un animal cuando enfrenta al ambiente que lo rodea, por lo que comprende su estado de salud, su percepción del entorno y sus estados mentales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Greiveldinger, 2007</xref>). Se ha definido como el estado en que el animal tiene satisfechas sus necesidades fisiológicas básicas, de salud y de comportamiento, frente a los cambios en su ambiente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Broom, 1986</xref>); por lo que se percibe cada vez más como un elemento integrante de la calidad global de los alimentos, con implicaciones importantes para la salud animal y la seguridad alimentaria, entre otros. </p>
			<p>No obstante, lo anterior, los sistemas intensivos de producción se han diseñado para obtener producciones cada vez mayores a costos cada vez menores, adoptando en muchas ocasiones manejos inadecuados que ocasionan estrés agudo o crónico, dejando de lado las necesidades conductuales de los animales, con lo que se compromete su bienestar; la crianza de becerras no escapa a dicha situación. Actualmente, en la mayoría de las unidades de producción lechera, la becerra recién nacida es criada bajo un esquema que incluye diversas situaciones que le generan estrés, una de las más comunes es alojarlas en corraletas o jaulas individuales como medida de control sanitario, para evitar comportamientos de succión excesiva y para controlar la alimentación; aunque la mayoría de las veces las jaulas son tan pequeñas que restringen e incluso suprimen los patrones de comportamiento individual y social, no permitiendo al animal darse vuelta ni acicalarse la parte posterior del cuerpo, entre otros <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">(Flower y Weary, 2003;</xref>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Galindo y Orihuela, 2004</xref>). El aislamiento de becerras tiene diversos efectos adversos en su bienestar: incrementa la frecuencia de vocalización y la presentación de conductas anormales, aumentando también la respuesta fisiológica al estrés (ritmo cardíaco y los niveles plasmáticos de cortisol), con lo que se afecta la utilización de nutrientes, y por consiguiente, la productividad de los animales; también puede impedir el aprendizaje de habilidades sociales esenciales y necesarias para hacer frente al entorno de grupo al que todo ganado lechero es sometidos más tarde en su vida adulta <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">(Duve y Jansen, 2011;</xref>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Horvat y Miller-Cushon, 2019</xref>). </p>
			<p>En un estudio previo, el alojamiento en pares en etapa de lactancia, resultó en animales más relajados, pero la evidencia de mejoría en indicadores productivos no fue concluyente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Chua <italic>et al.,</italic> 2002</xref>). Uno de los objetivos principales de la ciencia del bienestar animal, es ofrecer estrategias de manejo que disminuyan el sufrimiento animal, incrementando así su estado de bienestar. </p>
			<p>Por lo anterior, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la respuesta productiva y conductual de becerras Holstein lactantes alojadas en parejas, en comparación con becerras alojadas de manera individual. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p><bold>Localización</bold>
			</p>
			<p>Esta investigación se realizó en las instalaciones del Rancho Universitario del Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias (ICAP) de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, ubicado en el municipio de Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo, México. El clima de Tulancingo de Bravo es templado-frío, con una temperatura media anual de 14 °C y con una precipitación pluvial que oscila entre 500 y 553 mm por año y se localiza a 2,580 m.s.n.m. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">García, 2017</xref>).Tulancingo es un valle fértil cuya cuenca lechera produce aproximadamente 40,000 L de leche al día, aportando una cantidad importante al total de producción estatal, con lo que contribuye para que el estado de Hidalgo ocupe el 10° lugar en la producción nacional de leche de vaca (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">SIAP, 2018</xref>). </p>
			<p><bold>Sujetos experimentales y manejo</bold>
			</p>
			<p>Se utilizaron 30 becerras Holstein de una semana de edad. Previo al experimento del día 0 al 7 post nacimiento, todas las becerras recibieron el mismo manejo, el cual consistió principalmente en separarlas de su madre y alojarlas en una corraleta individual donde se les ofreció dos tomas de calostro de 2 L, cada una con un intervalo de 6 h durante el primer día de nacimiento; a partir del día 2 post nacimiento se alimentaron con 4 L diarios de leche, dos por la mañana y dos por la tarde (sin rechazo), y desde la primera semana de edad se les ofreció concentrado iniciador comercial y agua a libre acceso. </p>
			<p><bold>Tratamientos</bold>
			</p>
			<p>Los animales fueron alojados durante 8 semanas de duración de la prueba en dos tratamientos: <italic>a) Tratamiento 1: becerras alojadas en pareja.</italic> A la semana de edad, 20 becerras fueron alojadas en parejas, utilizando 10 corraletas de 2.40 x 1.25 metros, diseñadas con un área a la intemperie y otra área cubierta, teniendo diez unidades experimentales. <italic>b) Tratamiento 2: becerras alojadas individualmente.</italic> A la semana de edad 10 becerras fueron alojadas en forma individual en corraletas de 1.20 metros x 1.25 metros, diseñadas con un área a la intemperie y otra área cubierta, teniendo diez unidades experimentales. </p>
			<p><bold>Variables de Respuesta</bold>
			</p>
			<p><italic>a) Productivas:</italic></p>
			<p>
				<list list-type="roman-lower">
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Peso inicial (PI), Peso final (PF), Ganancia diaria de peso (GDP) y Ganancia total de
								peso (GTP)</bold>. Las becerras se pesaron al inicio del experimento
							y posteriormente cada 15 días. El PI de las becerras se consideró como
							covariable para confirmar la homogeneidad entre tratamientos en dicha
							variable y para obtener el PF, GDP y GTP. </p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Consumo total de materia seca (CTMS)</bold>. El concentrado iniciador se ofreció a
							libre acceso, y el consumo se obtuvo por diferencia entre lo ofrecido y
							lo rechazado diariamente. Para obtener el contenido de materia seca del
							concentrado iniciador y de la leche se utilizó una estufa de aire
							forzado, hasta que las muestras alcanzaron un peso constante. </p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Conversión alimenticia (CA)</bold>. Para calcular la cantidad de alimento necesario
							para incrementar un kg de peso vivo en cada becerra, se dividió la
							cantidad de kilogramos de materia seca consumidos (CTMS) entre la
							ganancia total de peso (GTP).</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</p>
			<p><italic>b) Conductuales:</italic></p>
			<p>Dos días a la semana se registró el catálogo de conducta de cada becerra, observándolas durante tres horas cada día por ocho semanas; se utilizó un muestreo de barrido en combinación con un registro a intervalos de cinco minutos para los estados, y un muestreo conductual para los eventos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Martin, 2007</xref>); obteniendo un total de 576 barridos para cada becerra durante el experimento. Las variables conductuales consideradas en el catálogo de conducta fueron: </p>
			<p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Estados: parada, echada, caminando, corriendo, comiendo, bebiendo y lamiendo. </p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Eventos: vocalizando, orinando y defecando. </p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</p>
			<p>Se calculó el porcentaje final de barridos registrados en cada conducta para los estados, y la frecuencia para los eventos. </p>
			<p><bold>Análisis estadístico</bold>
			</p>
			<p>Se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar; las variables conductuales se analizaron usando un modelo completamente al azar en medidas repetidas; mientras que las variables productivas se analizaron usando un modelo completamente al azar; en ambas utilizando el procedimiento PROC GLM de SAS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">SAS, 2009</xref>). </p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref> se muestran las medias de las variables productivas por tratamiento, no encontrando diferencia significativa (p&gt;0.05) en el PI (T1=38.18 <italic>vs</italic> T2=39.58, kg), con lo que se confirma la homogeneidad de las unidades experimentales entre tratamientos respecto a esta variable. El tipo de alojamiento no modificó significativamente (p&gt;0.05) el consumo total de materia seca; siendo esta variable estadísticamente igual en ambos tratamientos (T1=56.84 <italic>vs</italic> T2=56.85, kg); sin embargo, el tipo de alojamiento modificó significativamente (p&lt;0.05) el peso final, encontrándose un incremento del 14.52 % en las becerras que fueron alojadas en parejas, respecto a las alojadas de manera individual (PF=T1:75.288 <italic>vs</italic> T2: 65.747, kg). Las variables ganancia total de peso y ganancia diaria de peso también se modificaron por efecto del tipo de alojamiento, observándose incrementos del 41.81 % y 43.04 %, respectivamente, en las becerras alojadas en pareja (GTP=T1:37.108 <italic>vs</italic> T2:26.167, kg; GDP=T1:0.6683 <italic>vs</italic> T2:0.4672, kg). Respecto a la conversión alimenticia, se obtuvieron valores significativamente menores (p&lt;0.05) en 41.83 % en las becerras alojadas en parejas (T1=1.53 vs T2=2.17), lo que significa que este grupo de animales utilizó significativamente menos alimento para alcanzar un kilogramo de ganancia de peso corporal, en comparación con las becerras que se alojaron de manera individual. </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Variables productivas en becerras Holstein lactantes alojadas en parejas (T1) o individualmente (T2)</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="2"/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify">Variable </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2">Tipos de Alojamineto </th>
								<th align="justify"> </th>
								<th align="justify"> </th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify"> </th>
								<th align="center">En parejas T1</th>
								<th align="center">Individual T2</th>
								<th align="center">Probabilidad</th>
								<th align="center">C.V.</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Peso inicial (Pl,kg)</td>
								<td align="center">38.18</td>
								<td align="center">39.58</td>
								<td align="center">0.4946</td>
								<td align="center">8.79</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Peso final (PF, kg)</td>
								<td align="center">75.288</td>
								<td align="center">65.747</td>
								<td align="center"><bold>0.0153</bold></td>
								<td align="center">7.95</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Ganancia total de peso (GTP, kg)</td>
								<td align="center">37.108</td>
								<td align="center">26.167</td>
								<td align="center"><bold>0.0153</bold></td>
								<td align="left">20.46</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Ganancia diaria de peso (GDP,kg)</td>
								<td align="center">0.6683</td>
								<td align="center">0.4672</td>
								<td align="center">0.0417</td>
								<td align="center">24.03</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Consumo total de materia seca (CTMS, kg)</td>
								<td align="center">56.84</td>
								<td align="center">56.85</td>
								<td align="center">0.9987</td>
								<td align="center">11.87</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Conversión alimenticia (CA)</td>
								<td align="center">1.53</td>
								<td align="center">2.17</td>
								<td align="center"><bold>0.0483</bold></td>
								<td align="center">18.31</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>T: tratamiento 1: alojadas en pareja; T2: tratamiento 2: alojadas individualmente, C. V.: coeficiente de variación</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Los resultados de esta investigación concuerdan con lo encontrado en otros estudios, donde se reporta que becerras alojadas en compañía de otro u otros individuos de la misma edad, establecen lazos sociales fuertes con sus compañeros, lo cual les permite enfrentar de mejor manera diversas situaciones de estrés; lo que repercute en un menor costo biológico al hacer frente a dichas situaciones estresantes, mostrando una mayor respuesta productiva y una amplia gama de comportamientos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Christensen <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Chua <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Tapki, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Duve y Jansen, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jansen y Larsen, 2014</xref>;). Se ha encontrado también que terneras alojadas en grupos de 10 o menos, tienen mejores tasas de crecimiento y menores tasas de morbilidad asociadas a enfermedad respiratoria bovina, y con mejores niveles de bienestar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nabais, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jansen y Larsen, 2014</xref>). </p>
			<p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref> se presentan las medias de las variables conductuales por tratamiento; se encontró que el tipo de alojamiento modificó significativamente (p&lt;0.05) el porcentaje de tiempo que las becerras destinaron a expresar las conductas “parada”, “caminando”, “bebiendo” y “vocalizando”, encontrándose que las becerras que se alojaron en pareja estuvieron 16.26 % menos tiempo paradas (T1=26.57 vs T2=31.73), 24.77 % menos tiempo caminando (T1=2.52 vs T2=3.35), 23.52 % menos tiempo bebiendo (T1=5.17 vs T2=6.76) y vocalizaron 41.16 % menos (T1=2.83 vs T2=4.81); en comparación con las becerras que estuvieron alojadas de manera individual. Durante el experimento no se observó presencia de enfermedades o conductas anormales en los animales de ambos tratamientos. Los resultados conductuales de esta investigación sugieren que el alojamiento en pareja disminuye la expresión de comportamientos asociados al estrés, como las vocalizaciones. Al respecto <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">De-Paula <italic>et al</italic>., (2012)</xref> indican que en condiciones naturales, las becerras interactúan con otros animales de su misma edad, por lo que el alojamiento individual limita o desaparece esta interacción necesaria. </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Medias de diferentes expresiones conductuales en becerras Holstein lactantes alojadas en parejas (T1) o individualmente (T2)</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="2"/>
							<col span="2"/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">Tipos de alojamiento </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">  </td>
								
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">CONDUCTAS </td>
								<td align="center">En parejas </td>
								<td align="center">Individual </td>
								<td align="center">Probabilidad </td>
								<td align="right">C. V. </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">T1 </td>
								<td align="center">T2 </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="right"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" colspan="4">Estados (proporción de tiempo, expresado en porcentaje de barridos) </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Parada </td>
								<td align="center">26.57 </td>
								<td align="center">31.73 </td>
								<td align="center">0.0280 </td>
								<td align="right">5.2 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Echada </td>
								<td align="center">43.33 </td>
								<td align="center">45.18 </td>
								<td align="center">0.5152 </td>
								<td align="right">3.6 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Caminando </td>
								<td align="center">2.52 </td>
								<td align="center">3.35 </td>
								<td align="center">0.0464 </td>
								<td align="right">8.7 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Bebiendo </td>
								<td align="center">5.17 </td>
								<td align="center">6.76 </td>
								<td align="center">0.0020 </td>
								<td align="right">4.2 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Comiendo </td>
								<td align="center">5.48 </td>
								<td align="center">4.07 </td>
								<td align="center">0.1547 </td>
								<td align="right">5.1 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Lamiendo </td>
								<td align="center">6.58 </td>
								<td align="center">7.25 </td>
								<td align="center">0.4438 </td>
								<td align="right">2.2 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="4">Eventos (frecuencias) </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Vocalizando </td>
								<td align="center">2.83 </td>
								<td align="center">4.81 </td>
								<td align="center">0.0291 </td>
								<td align="right">3.6 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Orinando </td>
								<td align="center">2.08 </td>
								<td align="center">2.98 </td>
								<td align="center">0.7515 </td>
								<td align="right">3.1 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Defecando </td>
								<td align="center">0.68 </td>
								<td align="center">0.58 </td>								
								<td align="center">0.3958</td>
								<td align="right">2.2 </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>T1: tratamiento 1: alojadas en pareja; T2: tratamiento 2: alojadas individualmente, C. V.: coeficiente de variación </p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Los métodos de alojamiento de becerras tienen un impacto importante en la salud y potencialidad del animal en su futura producción <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">(Quigley, 2001)</xref>; Se cree que el alojamiento individual ayuda a controlar enfermedades, comportamiento anormal de succión y el consumo de alimento. Si bien se ha propuesto que el alojamiento individual simplifica la detección de enfermedades y el manejo en general de las becerras, la práctica ha sido altamente criticada por el hecho de que se limita el grado en el que la becerra puede comportarse naturalmente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nabais, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jansen y Larsen, 2014</xref>). </p>
			<p>El aislamiento social es estresante para las becerras y puede impedir el aprendizaje de habilidades sociales esenciales y necesarias para hacer frente al ambiente de grupo al que todas las vacas lecheras son sometidos en su vida adulta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Morisse <italic>et al.,</italic> 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Quigley, 2001;</xref>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Horvat y Miller-Cushon, 2019</xref>). Las becerras alojadas individualmente presentan alteraciones de comportamiento, como permanecer de pie por periodos largos, caminar de forma más insegura, son reacias a cambiar de postura, y al crecer desarrollan estereotipias motivadas por falta de actividad social. </p>
			<p>El aislamiento en el pre destete también podría repercutir en la adaptación al alojamiento en grupo después del destete, especialmente si lo hacen con animales que habían estado en grupo durante el periodo de lactancia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Morisse <italic>et al.</italic>, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Quigley, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><italic>Mandel et al., 2016</italic></xref><italic>)</italic>. En contraste, las becerras alojadas en grupo son más seguras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nabais, 2011</xref>), y manifiestan un mayor repertorio de actividades propias de la especie, entre ellas la expresión de comportamientos sociales, como el juego y el aprendizaje desde sus congéneres <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">(Duve y Jansen, 2012;</xref>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Costa <italic>et al</italic>., 2016)</xref>. Las interacciones sociales pueden ayudarles a hacer frente a situaciones de estrés. Las becerras alojadas en grupos o en parejas están menos estresadas durante la manipulación y traslado y son más rápidas para iniciar el consumo de alimento sólido después del destete, en comparación con las alojadas individualmente; lo que indica que son más capaces de hacer frente a la eliminación de la alimentación líquida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Cobb <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). </p>
			<p>El sistema de alojamiento en grupos pequeños o en parejas puede considerarse viable y económico en términos de salud, desarrollo y comportamiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Lakshman <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Krachun y De-Pasillé, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Faerevik <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Duve y Jansen, 2011</xref>). Aún cuando la calidad del alojamiento puede que no mejore la nutrición y el manejo cuando estos sean deficientes, sí puede arruinar la efectividad de un excelente programa de manejo y alimentación. Aquí radica la importancia del estudio de la conducta de becerras en relación con los sistemas de alojamiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Morisse <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Costa <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Lo anterior se constató en el presente estudio, donde bajo un mismo esquema de alimentación y con consumos similares de leche y concentrado, los animales alojados en pareja mostraron una conducta más calmada y con mejor repertorio de conductas propias de la especie. Este mejor desempeño conductual se reflejó en una mejor conversión alimenticia, probablemente por efecto de un mejor uso de los nutrientes. La diferencia en la mejor conversión alimenticia representa un mayor beneficio económico con el uso de este sistema. </p>
			<p>Un último punto de importancia para el futuro de las unidades de producción animal es el “costo ético” en la producción (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Capó, 2005</xref>); si el costo ético es alto, significa que los animales son pobremente tratados y su bienestar es bajo; aquellas unidades de producción en que las prácticas de manejo tradicionales persistan en producir sufrimiento innecesario a los animales, serán menos competitivas en el mercado. El cambio tiene que ver, no solo con que los animales deben presentar ausencia de sufrimiento, sino que deben experimentar placer, disfrute (comportamientos de juego, la comida de buena calidad nutritiva/sensorial, el sexo y el contacto social), el cual es indispensable para brindar un bienestar animal completo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Balcombe, 2009</xref>). </p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>Bajo las condiciones en que esta investigación fue realizada, con el objetivo de comparar los sistemas de alojamiento en becerras Holstein, los resultados encontrados sugieren que el alojamiento en parejas es más apropiado, en comparación al alojamiento individual, ya que incrementa la respuesta productiva y disminuye la expresión de los patrones conductuales, indicadores de estrés como las vocalizaciones; por lo que es posible concluir que el alojamiento en pareja mejora el bienestar de las becerras.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMIENTOS</title>
			<p>Los autores desean agradecer el apoyo brindado para la realización de este proyecto al Programa de Mejoramiento del Profesorado (PROMEP/103.5/08/5165).</p>
		</ack>
		<ref-list>
			<title>LITERATURA CITADA </title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<mixed-citation>BALCOMBE J. 2009. Animal pleasure and its moral significance. <italic>Appl Anim Behav Sci</italic>; 118(3-4):208-216. ISSN:0168-1591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2009.02.012 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>BALCOMBE</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2009</year>
					<article-title>Animal pleasure and its moral significance</article-title>
					<source>Appl Anim Behav Sci</source>
					<volume>118</volume>
					<issue>3-4</issue>
					<fpage>208</fpage>
					<lpage>216</lpage>
					<isbn>0168-1591</isbn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.applanim.2009.02.012</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<mixed-citation>BROOM DM. 1986. Effects of group-rearing or partial isolation on later social behavior of calves. <italic>Anim Behav</italic>; 26:1255-1263. ISSN: 0003-3472. https://doi:10.1016/0003-3472(78)90116-1 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>BROOM</surname>
							<given-names>DM</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1986</year>
					<article-title>Effects of group-rearing or partial isolation on later social behavior of calves</article-title>
					<source>Anim Behav</source>
					<volume>26</volume>
					<fpage>1255</fpage>
					<lpage>1263</lpage>
					<isbn>0003-3472</isbn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0003-3472(78)90116-1</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<mixed-citation>CAPÓ MM. 2005. Aplicación de la bioética al bienestar y al derecho de los animales. 1ª Edición. Ed. Complutense. España. ISBN: 84-7491-771-9. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>CAPÓ</surname>
							<given-names>MM</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2005</year>
					<source>Aplicación de la bioética al bienestar y al derecho de los animales</source>
					<publisher-name>Ed. Complutense</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>España</publisher-loc>
					<isbn>84-7491-771-9</isbn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<mixed-citation>CHRISTENSEN, JW, Ladewing, J, Sondergaard, E, Malmkvist, J. 2002. Effects of individual versus group stabling on social behavior in domestic stallion. <italic>Appl Anim Behav Sci</italic>; 75(3):233-248. ISSN:0168-1591. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(01)00196-4 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>CHRISTENSEN</surname>
							<given-names>JW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ladewing</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sondergaard</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Malmkvist</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2002</year>
					<article-title>Effects of individual versus group stabling on social behavior in domestic stallion</article-title>
					<source>Appl Anim Behav Sci</source>
					<volume>75</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>233</fpage>
					<lpage>248</lpage>
					<isbn>0168-1591</isbn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0168-1591(01)00196-4</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<mixed-citation>CHUA, B, Coenen, JE, Denle, V, Weary, DM. 2002. Effects of pair versus individual housing on the behavior and performance of dairy calves. <italic>J. Dairy Sci</italic>; 85(2):360-364. ISSN: 0022 0302. https://doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74082-4 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>CHUA</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Coenen</surname>
							<given-names>JE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Denle</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Weary</surname>
							<given-names>DM</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2002</year>
					<article-title>Effects of pair versus individual housing on the behavior and performance of dairy calves</article-title>
					<source>J. Dairy Sci</source>
					<volume>85</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>360</fpage>
					<lpage>364</lpage>
					<issn>0022 0302</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74082-4</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<mixed-citation>COBB, CJ, Obeidat, BS, Sellers, MD, Pepper-Yowell, AR, Hanson, DL, Ballou, MA. 2014. Improved performance and heightened neutrophil responses during the neonatal and weaning periods among outdoor group-housed Holstein calves. <italic>J. Dairy Sci</italic>; 97(2):930-939. ISSN: 0022-0302. https://doi:10.3168/jds.2013-6905 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>COBB</surname>
							<given-names>CJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Obeidat</surname>
							<given-names>BS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sellers</surname>
							<given-names>MD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pepper-Yowell</surname>
							<given-names>AR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hanson</surname>
							<given-names>DL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ballou</surname>
							<given-names>MA.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Improved performance and heightened neutrophil responses during the neonatal and weaning periods among outdoor group-housed Holstein calves</article-title>
					<source>J. Dairy Sci</source>
					<volume>97</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>930</fpage>
					<lpage>939</lpage>
					<issn>0022-0302</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3168/jds.2013-6905</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<mixed-citation>COSTA, JHC, Von Keyserlingk, MAG, Weary, DM. 2016. Invited review: Effects of group housing of dairy calves on behavior, cognition, performance, and health. <italic>J. Dairy Sci</italic>; 99(4):2453-2467. ISSN: 0022-0302. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10144 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>COSTA</surname>
							<given-names>JHC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Von Keyserlingk</surname>
							<given-names>MAG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Weary</surname>
							<given-names>DM</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Invited review: Effects of group housing of dairy calves on behavior, cognition, performance, and health</article-title>
					<source>J. Dairy Sci</source>
					<volume>99</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>2453</fpage>
					<lpage>2467</lpage>
					<issn>0022-0302</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3168/jds.2015-10144</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<mixed-citation>DE-PAULA, V, De-Passillé, AM, Weary, DM. 2012. Effects of the early social environment on behavioral responses of dairy calves to novel events. <italic>J. Dairy Sc</italic>i; 95:5149-5155. ISSN: 0022-0302. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-5073 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>DE-PAULA</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>De-Passillé</surname>
							<given-names>AM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Weary</surname>
							<given-names>DM</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Effects of the early social environment on behavioral responses of dairy calves to novel events</article-title>
					<source>J. Dairy Sci</source>
					<volume>95</volume>
					<fpage>5149</fpage>
					<lpage>5155</lpage>
					<issn>0022-0302</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3168/jds.2011-5073</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<mixed-citation>DUVE, OR, Jansen, MB. 2011. The level of social contact affects social behavior in pre-weaned dairy calves. <italic>Appl Anim Behav Sci</italic>; 135:34-43. ISSN:0168-1591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2011.08.014 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>DUVE</surname>
							<given-names>OR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jansen</surname>
							<given-names>MB</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<article-title>The level of social contact affects social behavior in pre-weaned dairy calves</article-title>
					<source>Appl Anim Behav Sci</source>
					<volume>135</volume>
					<fpage>34</fpage>
					<lpage>43</lpage>
					<issn>0168-1591</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.applanim.2011.08.014</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<mixed-citation>DUVE, LR, Jensen, MB. 2012. Social behavior of young dairy calves housed with limited or full social contact with a peer. <italic>J. Dairy Sci</italic>; 95:5936-5945. ISSN: 0022-0302. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5428 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>DUVE</surname>
							<given-names>LR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jensen</surname>
							<given-names>MB</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Social behavior of young dairy calves housed with limited or full social contact with a peer</article-title>
					<source>J. Dairy Sci</source>
					<volume>95</volume>
					<fpage>5936</fpage>
					<lpage>5945</lpage>
					<issue>0022-0302</issue>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3168/jds.2012-5428</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<mixed-citation>FAEREVIK, G, Jensen, MB, Boe, KE. 2010. The effect of group composition and age on social behavior and competition in groups of weaned dairy calves. <italic>J. Dairy Sci</italic>; 93:4274-4279. ISSN: 0022-0302. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3147 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>FAEREVIK</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jensen</surname>
							<given-names>MB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Boe</surname>
							<given-names>KE</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<article-title>The effect of group composition and age on social behavior and competition in groups of weaned dairy calves</article-title>
					<source>J. Dairy Sci</source>
					<volume>93</volume>
					<fpage>4274</fpage>
					<lpage>4279</lpage>
					<issn>0022-0302</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3168/jds.2010-3147</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<mixed-citation>FLOWER, FC, Weary, DM. 2003. The effects of early separation on the dairy cow and calf. <italic>Anim. Welfare</italic>;12:339-348. ISSN:0962-7286. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ufaw/aw/2003/00000012/00000003/art00004">https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ufaw/aw/2003/00000012/00000003/art00004</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>FLOWER</surname>
							<given-names>FC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Weary</surname>
							<given-names>DM</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2003</year>
					<article-title>The effects of early separation on the dairy cow and calf</article-title>
					<source>Anim. Welfare</source>
					<volume>12</volume>
					<fpage>339</fpage>
					<lpage>348</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ufaw/aw/2003/00000012/00000003/art00004">https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ufaw/aw/2003/00000012/00000003/art00004</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<mixed-citation>GALINDO, MFA, Orihuela, TA. 2004. Etología Aplicada. 1ª. Edición. México. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México. ISBN: 970-32-1471-1 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>GALINDO</surname>
							<given-names>MFA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Orihuela</surname>
							<given-names>TA</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2004</year>
					<source>Etología Aplicada</source>
					<publisher-loc>México</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</publisher-name>
					<isbn>970-32-1471-1</isbn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<mixed-citation>GARCÍA Enriqueta. 2017. Modificaciones al Sistema de Clasificación Climática de Köppen. 5ª Edición. Serie Libros UNAM. México. ISBN-10 (02): 970-32-1010-4 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>GARCÍA</surname>
							<given-names>Enriqueta</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<source>Modificaciones al Sistema de Clasificación Climática de Köppen</source>
					<series>Serie Libros</series>
					<publisher-name>UNAM</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>México</publisher-loc>
					<isbn>10 (02): 970-32-1010-4</isbn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<mixed-citation>GREIVELDINGER l. 2007. Emotional experience in sheep: Predictability of a sudden event lowers subsequent emotional responses. <italic>J of Physiology and Behaviour</italic>; 92:675-683. ISSN 0031-9384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.012 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>GREIVELDINGER</surname>
							<given-names>l</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2007</year>
					<article-title>Emotional experience in sheep: Predictability of a sudden event lowers subsequent emotional responses</article-title>
					<source>J of Physiology and Behaviour</source>
					<volume>92</volume>
					<fpage>675</fpage>
					<lpage>683</lpage>
					<issn>0031-9384</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.012</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<mixed-citation>HORVATH, K. C., &amp; Miller-Cushon, E. K. (2019). Evaluating effects of providing hay on behavioral development and performance of group-housed dairy calves. <italic>J. Dairy Sci</italic>; 102(11): 10411-10422 ISSN: 0022-0302. https://doi.org/1010.3168/jds.2019-16533 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>HORVATH</surname>
							<given-names>K. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Miller-Cushon</surname>
							<given-names>E. K</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Evaluating effects of providing hay on behavioral development and performance of group-housed dairy calves</article-title>
					<source>J. Dairy Sci</source>
					<volume>102</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>10411</fpage>
					<lpage>10422</lpage>
					<issn>0022-0302</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">1010.3168/jds.2019-16533</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<mixed-citation>JENSEN, MB, Larsen, LE. 2014. Effects of level of social contact on dairy calf behavior and health. <italic>J. Dairy Sci</italic>; 97(8):5035-44. ISSN: 0022-0302. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7311</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>JENSEN</surname>
							<given-names>MB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Larsen</surname>
							<given-names>LE</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Effects of level of social contact on dairy calf behavior and health</article-title>
					<source>J. Dairy Sci</source>
					<volume>97</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>5035</fpage>
					<lpage>5044</lpage>
					<issn>0022-0302</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3168/jds.2013-7311</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<mixed-citation>KRACHUN, CR, De-Passillé, AM. 2010. Play behaviour in dairy calves is reduced by weanin and by a low energy intake. <italic>Appl Anim Behav Sci</italic>; 122(2-4):71-76. ISSN:0168 1591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2009.12.002 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>KRACHUN</surname>
							<given-names>CR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>De-Passillé</surname>
							<given-names>AM</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<article-title>Play behaviour in dairy calves is reduced by weanin and by a low energy intake</article-title>
					<source>Appl Anim Behav Sci</source>
					<volume>122</volume>
					<issue>2-4</issue>
					<fpage>71</fpage>
					<lpage>76</lpage>
					<issn>0168 1591</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.applanim.2009.12.002</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<mixed-citation>LAKSHMAN, KB, Harnarain, P, Ramesh, CP, Artabandhu, S. 2009. Hemato-biochemical changes, disease incidence and live weight gain in individual versus group reared calves fed on different levels of milk and skim milk. <italic>Anim Sci J</italic>; 80:149-156. ISSN:1740-0929. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-0929.2008.00620.x </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>LAKSHMAN</surname>
							<given-names>KB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Harnarain</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ramesh</surname>
							<given-names>CP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Artabandhu</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2009</year>
					<article-title>Hemato-biochemical changes, disease incidence and live weight gain in individual versus group reared calves fed on different levels of milk and skim milk</article-title>
					<source>Anim Sci J</source>
					<volume>80</volume>
					<fpage>149</fpage>
					<lpage>156</lpage>
					<issn>1740-0929</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1740-0929.2008.00620.x</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<mixed-citation>MANDEL, R, Whay, HR, Klement, E, Nicol, CJ. 2016. Invited review: Environmental enrichment of dairy cows and calves in indoor housing. <italic>J. Dairy Sci</italic>; 99 (3):1695-1715. ISSN: 0022-0302. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9875 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MANDEL</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Whay</surname>
							<given-names>HR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Klement</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nicol</surname>
							<given-names>CJ</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Invited review: Environmental enrichment of dairy cows and calves in indoor housing</article-title>
					<source>J. Dairy Sci</source>
					<volume>99</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>1695</fpage>
					<lpage>1715</lpage>
					<issn>0022-0302</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3168/jds.2015-9875</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<mixed-citation>MARTIN PMB. 2007. Measuring behavior: An introductory guide. 3rd. Edition. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. ISBN-13: 978-0521535632. ISBN-10: 0521535638. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MARTIN</surname>
							<given-names>PMB</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2007</year>
					<source>Measuring behavior: An introductory guide</source>
					<edition>3</edition>
					<publisher-loc>Cambridge</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Cambridge University Press</publisher-name>
					<isbn>13: 978-0521535632</isbn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B22">
				<mixed-citation>MORISSE, JPD, Huonnic, D, Cotte, JP, Martrenchar, A. 2000. The Effect of Four Brous Feed Supplementations On Different Welfare Traits In Veal Calves. <italic>Anim Feed Sci Tech</italic>; 84:129-136. ISSN: 0377-8401. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(00)00112-7 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MORISSE</surname>
							<given-names>JPD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Huonnic</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cotte</surname>
							<given-names>JP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Martrenchar</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2000</year>
					<article-title>The Effect of Four Brous Feed Supplementations On Different Welfare Traits In Veal Calves</article-title>
					<source>Anim Feed Sci Tech</source>
					<volume>84</volume>
					<fpage>129</fpage>
					<lpage>136</lpage>
					<issn>0377-8401</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0377-8401(00)00112-7</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B23">
				<mixed-citation>NABAIS UAR. 2011. Medição de proteínas séricas e imunoglobulinas como indicador da transferencia de imunidade passiva em vitelos. Teses de Mestrado. Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Lisboa. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.repository.utl.pt/bitstream/10400.5/3569/1/Medi%C3%A7ao%20de%20prote%C3%ADnas%20s%C3%A9ricas%20e%20imunoglobulinas%20como%20indicador%20da%20transferencia%20de%20imunidade%20passiva%20em%20vitelos.pdf">https://www.repository.utl.pt/bitstream/10400.5/3569/1/Medi%C3%A7ao%20de%20prote%C3%ADnas%20s%C3%A9ricas%20e%20imunoglobulinas%20como%20indicador%20da%20transferencia%20de%20imunidade%20passiva%20em%20vitelos.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="thesis">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>NABAIS</surname>
							<given-names>UAR</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<source>Medição de proteínas séricas e imunoglobulinas como indicador da transferencia de imunidade passiva em vitelos</source>
					<comment content-type="degree">Mestrado</comment>
					<publisher-name>Universidade Técnica de Lisboa</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Lisboa</publisher-loc>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.repository.utl.pt/bitstream/10400.5/3569/1/Medi%C3%A7ao%20de%20prote%C3%ADnas%20s%C3%A9ricas%20e%20imunoglobulinas%20como%20indicador%20da%20transferencia%20de%20imunidade%20passiva%20em%20vitelos.pdf">https://www.repository.utl.pt/bitstream/10400.5/3569/1/Medi%C3%A7ao%20de%20prote%C3%ADnas%20s%C3%A9ricas%20e%20imunoglobulinas%20como%20indicador%20da%20transferencia%20de%20imunidade%20passiva%20em%20vitelos.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B24">
				<mixed-citation>QUIGLEY J. 2001. Calf Note # 64 -Métodos de alojamiento: influyen en el comportamiento del ternero? Ficha técnica. Recuperado el 29 de enero 2019: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.calfnotes.com">http://www.calfnotes.com</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>QUIGLEY</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2001</year>
					<source>Calf Note # 64 -Métodos de alojamiento: influyen en el comportamiento del ternero?</source>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.calfnotes.com">http://www.calfnotes.com</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B25">
				<mixed-citation>SAS (Statistical Analysis System). 2009. User’s Guide: Statistics, Version 9.02. Edition SAS Inst., Inc. Cary. N. C. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>SAS (Statistical Analysis System)</collab>
					</person-group>
					<year>2009</year>
					<source>User’s Guide: Statistics</source>
					<version>9.02</version>
					<publisher-name>SAS Inst., Inc</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Cary. N. C</publisher-loc>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B26">
				<mixed-citation>SIAP. Servicio de información agroalimentaria y pesquera. 2018. Secretaría de agricultura, ganadería, desarrollo rural, pesca y alimentación. México. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.gob.mx/siap">https://www.gob.mx/siap</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>SIAP. Servicio de información agroalimentaria y pesquera</collab>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<source>Secretaría de agricultura, ganadería, desarrollo rural, pesca y alimentación</source>
					<publisher-loc>México</publisher-loc>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.gob.mx/siap">https://www.gob.mx/siap</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B27">
				<mixed-citation>TAPKI I. 2007. Effects of individual or combined housing systems on behavioural and growth responses of dairy calves. <italic>Acta Agr Scand A-AN</italic>; 57:55-60. ISSN:0906-4702; E ISSN:1651-1972. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064700701464405</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>TAPKI</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2007</year>
					<article-title>Effects of individual or combined housing systems on behavioural and growth responses of dairy calves</article-title>
					<source>Acta Agr Scand A-AN</source>
					<volume>57</volume>
					<fpage>55</fpage>
					<lpage>60</lpage>
					<issn>0906-4702</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/09064700701464405</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">				
				<p>Clave:2020-36</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article.</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Contribution to animal welfare of dairy calves: housing in pairs</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>To evaluate the productive and behavioral response of pair-housed nursing Holstein calves, 30 calves from one week of age until weaning (8 weeks of age) were used and randomly distributed in two treatments: treatment 1 pair-housed calf (T1, n=10); treatment 2 single-housed calves (T2, n=10). No significant difference (p&gt;0.05) was found between treatments in initial weight (IW, T1=38.18 vs. T2=39.58, evidencing homogeneous groups) and total dry matter consumption (TDMC, T1=56.84 vs. T2=56.85, kg). However, calves housed in pairs (T1) showed significantly better results in final weight (FW, T1=75.28 vs. T2=65.74, kg), total weight gain TWG, T1=37.10 vs. T2=26. 16, kg), daily weight gain (DWG, T1=0.66 vs. T2=0.46, kg) and feed conversion (FC, T1=1.53 vs. T2=2.17), compared to individually housed calves. It concluded that paired calves showed greater productive response and lower frequency of stress-indicative behaviors compared with individually housed calves. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>animal welfare</kwd>
				<kwd>housing</kwd>
				<kwd>productivity</kwd>
				<kwd>behavior</kwd>
				<kwd>Holstein calves</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Animal welfare refers to the internal state of an animal when it faces the environment that surrounds it, so it includes its state of health, its perception of the environment and its mental states (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Greiveldinger, 2007</xref>). It has been defined as the state in which the animal has its basic physiological, health and behavioral needs satisfied, in the face of changes in its environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Broom, 1986</xref>). For this reason, it is increasingly perceived as an integral element of the global quality of food, with important implications for animal health and food safety, among others. </p>
				<p>However, the foregoing, intensive production systems have been designed to obtain increasingly higher productions at lower and lower costs, adopting in many occasions inappropriate management that causes acute or chronic stress, leaving aside the behavioral needs of the animals, with what compromises your well-being; calf raising does not escape this situation. Currently, in most dairy production units, the newborn calf is raised under a scheme that includes various situations that generate stress, one of the most common is to house them in pens or individual cages as a sanitary control measure, to avoid excessive sucking and feeding behaviors; although most of the time the cages are so small that they restrict and even suppress individual and social behavior patterns, not allowing the animal to turn around or preen the back of the body, among others (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Flower and Weary, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Galindo and Orihuela , 2004</xref>). The isolation of calves has several adverse effects on their well-being: it increases the frequency of vocalization and the presentation of abnormal behaviors, also increasing the physiological response to stress (heart rate and plasma cortisol levels), thereby affecting the use of nutrients, and consequently, the productivity of the animals. It can also impede the learning of essential social skills necessary to cope with the group environment that all dairy cattle are subjected to later in their adult life (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Duve and Jansen, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Horvat and Miller-Cushon, 2019</xref>). </p>
				<p>In a previous study, housing in pairs in lactation stage, resulted in more relaxed animals, but the evidence of improvement in productive indicators was not conclusive (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Chua et al., 2002</xref>). One of the main objectives of the science of animal welfare is to offer management strategies that reduce animal suffering, thus increasing their welfare state. </p>
				<p>Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the productive and behavioral response of lactating Holstein calves housed in pairs, compared to calves housed individually. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p><bold>Location</bold></p>
				<p>This research was carried out in the facilities of the University Ranch of the Institute of Agricultural Sciences (ICAP) of the Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, located in the municipality of Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo, Mexico. The climate of Tulancingo de Bravo is temperate-cold, with an average annual temperature of 14 °C and a rainfall that ranges between 500 and 553 mm per year and is located at 2,580 m.a.s.l. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">García, 2017</xref>). Tulancingo is a fertile valley whose dairy basin produces approximately 40,000 L of milk per day, contributing a significant amount to the total state production, thus contributing to Hidalgo state occupying 10th place in the national production of cow's milk (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">SIAP, 2018</xref>). </p>
				<p><bold>Experimental animals and management</bold>
				</p>
				<p>30 one-week-old Holstein calves were used. Prior to the experiment from day 0 to 7 post-birth, all the calves received the same management, which consisted mainly of separating them from their mother and housing them in an individual pen where they were offered two 2 L colostrum intakes, each with a 6 h interval during the first day of birth; From day 2 after birth, they were fed 4 L of milk daily, two in the morning and two in the afternoon (without rejection), and from the first week of age they were offered commercial starter concentrate and free access water. </p>
				<p><bold>Treatments</bold>
				</p>
				<p>The animals were housed for 8 weeks of the test in two treatments: </p>
				<p>a) <italic>Treatment 1:</italic> calves housed in pairs. At one week of age, 20 calves were housed in pairs, using 10 pens of 2.40 x 1.25 meters, designed with an outdoor area and another covered area, having ten experimental units. </p>
				<p>b) <italic>Treatment 2:</italic> calves housed individually. At one week of age, 10 calves were housed individually in pens of 1.20 meters x 1.25 meters, designed with an outdoor area and another covered area, having ten experimental units. </p>
				<p>Los animales fueron alojados durante 8 semanas de duración de la prueba en dos tratamientos: </p>
				<p><bold>Variables of response</bold>
				</p>
				<p><italic>a) Productives:</italic></p>
				<p>
					<list list-type="alpha-upper">
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Initial weight (IW), Final weight (FW), Daily weight gain (DWG) and Total weight
									gain (TWG)</bold>. The calves were weighed at the beginning of
								the experiment and every 15 days thereafter. The IW of the calves
								was considered as a covariate to confirm the homogeneity between
								treatments in said variable and to obtain the FW, DWG and TWG. </p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Total dry matter consumption (TDMC)</bold>. The starter concentrate was offered free
								access, and consumption was obtained by difference between what was
								offered and what was rejected daily. To obtain the dry matter
								content of the starter concentrate and the milk, a forced air oven
								was used until the samples reached a constant weight. </p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Feed conversion (FC)</bold>. To calculate the amount of feed needed to increase one
								kg of live weight in each calf, the amount of kilograms of dry
								matter consumed (TDMC) was divided by the total weight gain (TWG). </p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</p>
				<p><italic>b) Behavioral:</italic></p>
				<p>Two days a week the behavior catalog of each calf was recorded, observing them for three hours each day for eight weeks; A sweep sampling was used in combination with a recording at five-minute intervals for the states, and a behavioral sampling for the events (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Martin, 2007</xref>); obtaining a total of 576 sweeps for each calf during the experiment. </p>
				<p>The behavioral variables considered in the behavioral catalog were: </p>
				<p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>States: standing, lying down, walking, running, eating, drinking and licking. </p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Events: vocalizing, urinating and defecating. </p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</p>
				<p>The final percentage of sweeps recorded in each behavior was calculated for the states, and the frequency for the events. </p>
				<p><bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
				</p>
				<p>A completely randomized experimental design was used; behavioral variables were analyzed using a completely randomized model in repeated measures; while the productive variables were analyzed using a completely random model; in both using the PROC GLM procedure of SAS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">SAS, 2009</xref>). </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref> shows the means of the productive variables by treatment, finding no significant difference (p&gt; 0.05) in the IW (T1 = 38.18 vs T2 = 39.58, kg), thereby confirming the homogeneity of the experimental units between treatments with respect to this variable. The type of accommodation did not significantly modify (p&gt; 0.05) the total dry matter consumption; this variable being statistically the same in both treatments (T1 = 56.84 vs T2 = 56.85, kg). However, the type of housing significantly modified (p &lt;0.05) the final weight, finding an increase of 14.52 % in calves that were housed in pairs, with respect to those housed individually (FW = T1: 75.288 vs T2: 65.747 kg). The variables total weight gain and daily weight gain were also modified by the effect of the type of housing, with increases of 41.81% and 43.04%, respectively, in calves housed in pairs (TWG = T1: 37.108 vs T2: 26.167, kg ; DWG = T1: 0.6683 vs T2: 0.4672, kg). Regarding feed conversion, significantly lower values (p &lt;0.05) were obtained in 41.83% in the calves housed in pairs (T1 = 1.53 vs T2 = 2.17), which means that this group of animals used significantly less feed to achieve a kilogram of body weight gain, compared to calves that were housed individually. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Productive variables in lactating Holstein calves housed in pairs (T1) or individually (T2) </title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">Variable </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Types de accommodation </th>
									<th align="justify"> </th>
									<th align="justify"> </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify"> </th>
									<th align="center">In pairs <break/>T1</th>
									<th align="center">Individual<break/> T2</th>
									<th align="center">Probability</th>
									<th align="center">C.V.</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Initial weight (IW, kg)</td>
									<td align="center">38.18</td>
									<td align="center">39.58</td>
									<td align="center">0.4946</td>
									<td align="center">8.79</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Final weight (FW, kg) </td>
									<td align="center">75.288</td>
									<td align="center">65.747</td>
									<td align="center">0.0153</td>
									<td align="center">7.95</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Total weight gain (TWG, kg) </td>
									<td align="center">37.108</td>
									<td align="center">26.167</td>
									<td align="center">0.0153</td>
									<td align="left">20.46</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Daily weight gain (DWG, kg) </td>
									<td align="center">0.6683</td>
									<td align="center">0.4672</td>
									<td align="center">0.0417</td>
									<td align="center">24.03</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Total dry matter consumption (TDMC, kg) </td>
									<td align="center">56.84</td>
									<td align="center">56.85</td>
									<td align="center">0.9987</td>
									<td align="center">11.87</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Feed conversion (FC) </td>
									<td align="center">1.53</td>
									<td align="center">2.17</td>
									<td align="center">0.0483</td>
									<td align="center">18.31</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>T: treatment 1: housed in pairs; T2: treatment 2: housed individually, C. V.: coefficient of variation </p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The results of this research agree with what was found in other studies, where it is reported that calves housed in the company of another or other individuals of the same age, establish strong social ties with their companions, which allows them to better face different situations of stress; which results in a lower biological cost when facing these stressful situations, showing a greater productive response and a wide range of behaviors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Christensen <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Chua <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Tapki, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Duve and Jansen, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jansen and Larsen, 2014</xref>). It has also been found that calves housed in groups of 10 or less have better growth rates and lower morbidity rates associated with bovine respiratory disease, and with better levels of welfare (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nabais, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jansen and Larsen, 2014</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref> shows the means of the behavioral variables by treatment; It was found that the type of accommodation significantly modified (p &lt;0.05) the percentage of time that the calves devoted to expressing the behaviors &quot;standing&quot;, &quot;walking&quot;, &quot;drinking&quot; and &quot;vocalizing&quot;, finding that the calves that stayed in couples spent 16.26% less time standing (T1 = 26.57 vs T2 = 31.73), 24.77% less time walking (T1 = 2.52 vs T2 = 3.35), 23.52% less time drinking (T1 = 5.17 vs T2 = 6.76) and they vocalized 41.16% minus (T1 = 2.83 vs T2 = 4.81); compared to calves that were housed individually. During the experiment, the presence of diseases or abnormal behaviors was not observed in the animals of both treatments. The behavioral results of this research suggest that partner accommodation decreases the expression of stress-related behaviors, such as vocalizations. In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">De-Paula <italic>et al</italic>., (2012)</xref> indicate that under natural conditions, calves interact with other animals of the same age, so that individual housing limits or disappears this necessary interaction. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Means of different behavioral expressions in lactating Holstein calves housed in pairs (T1) or individually (T2)</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="3"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center"> </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3">Types of accommodation </th>
								 
 
									<th align="right"> </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">BEHAVIOR </th>
									<th align="center">In pairs </th>
									<th align="center">Individual </th>
									<th align="center">Probabily </th>
									<th align="right">C. V. </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center"> </th>
									<th align="center">T1 </th>
									<th align="center">T2 </th>
									<th align="center"> </th>
									<th align="right"> </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" colspan="4">States (time ratio, expressed as a percentage of scans) </th>
									<th align="center"> </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
								<tbody><tr>
									<td align="center">Standing</td>
									<td align="center">26.57 </td>
									<td align="center">31.73 </td>
									<td align="center">0.0280 </td>
									<td align="right">5.2 </td>
								</tr>
							
							
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Lying </td>
									<td align="center">43.33 </td>
									<td align="center">45.18 </td>
									<td align="center">0.5152 </td>
									<td align="right">3.6 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Walking </td>
									<td align="center">2.52 </td>
									<td align="center">3.35 </td>
									<td align="center">0.0464 </td>
									<td align="right">8.7 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Drinking </td>
									<td align="center">5.17 </td>
									<td align="center">6.76 </td>
									<td align="center">0.0020 </td>
									<td align="right">4.2 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Eating </td>
									<td align="center">5.48 </td>
									<td align="center">4.07 </td>
									<td align="center">0.1547 </td>
									<td align="right">5.1 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Licking </td>
									<td align="center">6.58 </td>
									<td align="center">7.25 </td>
									<td align="center">0.4438 </td>
									<td align="right">2.2 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="4"><bold>Events (frequencies) </bold></td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Vocalizing </td>
									<td align="center">2.83 </td>
									<td align="center">4.81 </td>
									<td align="center">0.0291 </td>
									<td align="right">3.6 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Urinating </td>
									<td align="center">2.08 </td>
									<td align="center">2.98 </td>
									<td align="center">0.7515 </td>
									<td align="right">3.1 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Defecating </td>
									<td align="center">0.68 </td>
									<td align="center">0.58 </td>									
									<td align="center">0.3958 </td>
									<td align="right">2.2 </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>T1: treatment 1: housed in pairs; T2: treatment 2: housed individually, C. V.: coefficient of variation</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Calf housing methods have an important impact on the health and potential of the animal in its future production (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Quigley, 2001</xref>). Individual housing is believed to help control disease, abnormal sucking behavior, and food consumption. While it has been proposed that individual housing simplifies disease detection and general management of calves, the practice has been highly criticized for the fact that it limits the degree to which the calf can behave naturally (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nabais, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jansen and Larsen, 2014</xref>). </p>
				<p>Social isolation is stressful for calves and can impede the learning of essential social skills necessary to cope with the group environment to which all dairy cows are subjected in their adult life (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Morisse <italic>et al.,</italic> 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Quigley, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Horvat and Miller-Cushon, 2019</xref>). Individually housed calves show behavioral alterations, such as standing for long periods, walking more insecurely, are reluctant to change posture, and as they grow up they develop stereotypies motivated by lack of social activity.</p>
				<p>Isolation at pre-weaning could also affect adaptation to group housing after weaning, especially with animals that had been in groups during the lactation period (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Morisse <italic>et al.</italic>, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Quigley, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Mandel <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). In contrast, group-housed calves are safer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nabais, 2011</xref>), and show a greater repertoire of activities typical of the species, including the expression of social behaviors, such as play and learning from their peers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Duve and Jansen, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Costa <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Social interactions can help them cope with stressful situations. Calves housed in groups or pairs are less stressed during handling and transfer and they are quicker to initiate solid feed consumption after weaning, compared to those housed individually; indicating that they are better able to cope with the elimination of liquid feeding (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Cobb <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). </p>
				<p>The small group or couples accommodation system can be considered viable and economical in terms of health, development and behavior (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Lakshman <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Krachun and De-Pasillé, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Faerevik <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Duve and Jansen, 2011</xref>). Even though the quality of housing may not improve nutrition and management when they are poor, it can ruin the effectiveness of an excellent management and feeding program. Herein lies the importance of studying the behavior of calves in relation to housing systems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Morisse <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Costa <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). This was verified in the present study, where under the same feeding scheme and with similar consumptions of milk and concentrate, the animals housed in pairs showed a calmer behavior and a better repertoire of behaviors typical of the species. This better behavioral performance was reflected in a better feed conversion, probably due to a better use of nutrients. The difference in the best feed conversion represents a greater economic benefit with the use of this system. </p>
				<p>A final point of importance for the future of animal production units is the “ethical cost” in production (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Capó, 2005</xref>). If the ethical cost is high, it means that the animals are poorly treated and their welfare is low; those production units in which traditional management practices persist in causing unnecessary suffering to animals, will be less competitive in the market. The change has to do, not only with the fact that the animals must present absence of suffering, but also that they must experience pleasure, enjoyment (play behaviors, food of good nutritional/sensory quality, sex and social contact), which is essential to provide complete animal welfare (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Balcombe, 2009</xref>). </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>Under the conditions in which this research was carried out, in order to compare the housing systems in Holstein calves, the results found suggest that housing in pairs is more appropriate, compared to individual housing, since it increases the productive response and decreases the expression of behavioral patterns, indicators of stress such as vocalizations. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that housing with a partner improves the well-being of the calves.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>