<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.22</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00114</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Frecuencia de enfermedades de impacto reproductivo en bovinos de doble propósito ubicados en Oaxaca, México</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0523-1206</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gutiérrez-Hernández</surname>
						<given-names>José</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5561-338X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Palomares-Resendiz</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriela</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0049-9705</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hernández-Badillo</surname>
						<given-names>Erik</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6423-2597</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Leyva-Corona</surname>
						<given-names>José</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1669-1323</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Díaz-Aparicio</surname>
						<given-names>Efrén</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2969-8767</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Herrera-López</surname>
						<given-names>Enrique</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">CENID Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Carretera Federal México-Toluca Km. 15.5, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México, 05110, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Ciudad de México</city>
					<postal-code>05110</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior de Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, 04510, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Ciudad de México</city>
					<postal-code>04510</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias del Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora. 5 de febrero 818 sur. CP 8500. Ciudad Obregón, Sonora. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Ciudad Obregón</city>
					<state>Sonora</state>
				</addr-line>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">*Autor responsable y correspondencia: Gabriela Palomares-Resendiz CENID Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Carretera Federal México-Toluca Km. 15.5, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México, 05110, México. <email>palomares.erika@inifap.gob.mx</email>, <email>herrera.enrique@inifap.gob.mx</email>, <email>gutierrez.joseluis@inifap.gob.mx</email>, <email>gigiovanni10@hotmail.com</email>, <email>jose.leyva@itson.edu.mx</email>, <email>diaz.efren@inifap.gob.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>			
			<elocation-id>e114</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN </title>
				<p>La brucelosis, leptospirosis, diarrea viral bovina (DVB) y rinotraqueítis infecciosa bovina (IBR), son enfermedades abortivas que comprometen la eficiencia productiva en hatos bovinos. En diferentes municipios de Oaxaca, México, se han observado problemas reproductivos sugestivos a estas enfermedades. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de DVB, IBR, brucelosis y leptospirosis en bovinos de doble propósito criados en diferentes regiones de Oaxaca. Se colectaron 2,691 muestras sanguíneas a partir de 127 hatos bovinos para diagnosticar serológicamente brucelosis mediante las pruebas de tarjeta al 8% y Rivanol; aglutinación microscópica (MAT) con una batería de seis serovariedades de <italic>Leptospira</italic>; ELISA por bloqueo e indirecta para DVB e IBR respectivamente. La frecuencia general aparente de hato fue brucelosis: 2.3%, leptospirosis: 86.6%, IBR: 65.4% y DVB: 56.7%. La frecuencia real para brucelosis, leptospirosis, IBR y DVB fue de -9.1% (IC95= -10.1, -7.9%), 64.3% (IC95= 62.5, 66.1%), 40.1% (IC95= 38.2, 41.9%) y 33.2% (IC95= 31.4, 35.0%) respectivamente. En la región Costa se observó el mayor porcentaje de animales con anticuerpos contra <italic>Leptospira</italic>, IBR y DVB. El presente estudio evidenció serológicamente la presencia de anticuerpos contra brucelosis, IBR, DVB y seis serovariedades de <italic>Leptospira</italic> en hatos bovinos doble propósito del estado de Oaxaca, México.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Brucelosis</kwd>
				<kwd>leptospirosis</kwd>
				<kwd>DVB</kwd>
				<kwd>IBR</kwd>
				<kwd>Frecuencia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<award-group award-type="contract">
					<funding-source>Fundación Produce Oaxaca</funding-source>
					<award-id>FOP/GG/896/2012</award-id>
				</award-group>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="34"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Oaxaca ocupa el sexto lugar en el censo nacional ganadero con 1,741,741 bovinos, aunque la producción de carne y leche de esta especie se encuentra en la posición 12 y el 17 respectivamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">SIAP, 2018</xref>). Este estado se caracteriza por un clima tropical húmedo, donde predominan hatos doble propósito, tipo lechería familiar de 30 animales; pastoreados en especies nativas de temporal. En esta región de México, existen enfermedades de impacto reproductivo que ponen en riesgo la producción de becerros. Estos problemas sanitarios incrementan el costo de producción por concepto de tratamientos, baja tasa de parición y menor volumen de leche por pérdidas de gestación. En México, más del 70% de los abortos se considerados de origen desconocido, aunado a estos problemas se suman los de salud, que comprometen la productividad eficiente de los animales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Escamilla <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>). Dentro de las enfermedades más importantes están aquellas que afectan la reproducción, poniendo en riesgo la disponibilidad de becerros; además aumentan el costo de la producción por concepto de tratamientos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Rojo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>). Los agentes infecciosos asociados con desórdenes reproductivos en rumiantes, incluyen agentes virales abortivos, como Diarrea Viral Bovina (DVB) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">(Brodersen, 2014;</xref>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Larghi, 2018</xref>) y Rinotraqueitis Infecciosa Bovina (IBR) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Baillargeon <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Valas <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>) de origen bacteriano a <italic>Brucella abortus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Zakia <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Poester <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref><italic>) y Leptospira (</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Martins y Lilenbaum., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Lilenbaum y Martins., 2014</xref>). Por lo tanto, el objetivo del estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de anticuerpos contra brucelosis, leptospirosis, DVB e IBR en hatos bovinos doble propósito criados en diferentes regiones del estado de Oaxaca, México. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Ubicación geográfica y animales de estudio</title>
				<p>El estudio se realizó en catorce municipios ubicados en la Sierra Norte, Itsmo y Costa, ubicados en el estado de Oaxaca (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>). Se utilizaron 2,691 hembras bovinas de diferentes razas entre vaquillas con edad reproductiva (1.5 -3 años) y adultas (De 3 a 12 años). Estos animales representan 217 hatos bovinos de doble propósito, tipo lechería familiar. Los hatos muestreados no tenían antecedentes de vacunación contra brucelosis (BRU), diarrea viral bovina (DVB), rinotraqueitis infecciosa bovina (IBR) y leptospirosis (LEP). </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Cuadro 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Frecuencia de enfermedades a nivel hato e individual calculada en cuatro regiones del estado de Oaxaca</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col span="3"/>
								<col/>
								<col span="5"/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify" colspan="3">HATOS </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify" colspan="5">INDIVIDUAL </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Enfermedad</td>
									<td align="justify">Región</td>
									<td align="justify">n</td>
									<td align="justify">(+)</td>
									<td align="justify">P<sub>AH</sub></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">n</td>
									<td align="justify">(+)</td>
									<td align="justify">P<sub>IA</sub></td>
									<td align="justify">P<sub>re</sub></td>
									<td align="justify">IC95%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Serra Norte</td>
									<td align="justify">120</td>
									<td align="justify">0</td>
									<td align="justify">0.0%</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">1031</td>
									<td align="justify">0</td>
									<td align="justify">0.0%</td>
									<td align="justify">-0.09</td>
									<td align="justify">(-10.9.-7.4%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Brucelosis (Rivanol)</td>
									<td align="justify">Itsmo</td>
									<td align="justify">57</td>
									<td align="justify">2</td>
									<td align="justify">3.5%</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">964</td>
									<td align="justify">1</td>
									<td align="justify">0.10%</td>
									<td align="justify">-9.07%</td>
									<td align="justify">(-10.9.-7.3%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Costa</td>
									<td align="justify">40</td>
									<td align="justify">3</td>
									<td align="justify">7.5%</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">696</td>
									<td align="justify">3</td>
									<td align="justify">0.43%</td>
									<td align="justify">-8.8%</td>
									<td align="justify">(-10.9.-6.72%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Oaxaca</td>
									<td align="justify">217</td>
									<td align="justify">5</td>
									<td align="justify">2.3%</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">2691</td>
									<td align="justify">4</td>
									<td align="justify">0.15%</td>
									<td align="justify">-9.1%</td>
									<td align="justify">(-10.1.-7.9%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Sierra Norte</td>
									<td align="justify">120</td>
									<td align="justify">91</td>
									<td align="justify">75.8%</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">1031</td>
									<td align="justify">783</td>
									<td align="justify">75.9%</td>
									<td align="justify">76.5%</td>
									<td align="justify">(73.9, 79.1%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Leptospirosis</td>
									<td align="justify">Itsmo</td>
									<td align="justify">57</td>
									<td align="justify">57</td>
									<td align="justify">100%</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">964</td>
									<td align="justify">628</td>
									<td align="justify">65.1%</td>
									<td align="justify">65.1%</td>
									<td align="justify">(62.0, 68.1%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Costa</td>
									<td align="justify">40</td>
									<td align="justify">40</td>
									<td align="justify">100%</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">696</td>
									<td align="justify">323</td>
									<td align="justify">46.4%</td>
									<td align="justify">45.3%</td>
									<td align="justify">(41.5, 48.9%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Oaxaca</td>
									<td align="justify">217</td>
									<td align="justify">188</td>
									<td align="justify">86.6%</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">2691</td>
									<td align="justify">1734</td>
									<td align="justify">64.4%</td>
									<td align="justify">64.3%</td>
									<td align="justify">(62.5, 66.1%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Sierra Norte</td>
									<td align="justify">120</td>
									<td align="justify">50</td>
									<td align="justify">41.7%</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">1031</td>
									<td align="justify">420</td>
									<td align="justify">40.7%</td>
									<td align="justify">46.4%</td>
									<td align="justify">(43.4, 49.5%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">IBR</td>
									<td align="justify">Itsmo</td>
									<td align="justify">57</td>
									<td align="justify">54</td>
									<td align="justify">94.7%</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">964</td>
									<td align="justify">262</td>
									<td align="justify">27.2%</td>
									<td align="justify">30.6%</td>
									<td align="justify">(27.7, 33.5%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Costa</td>
									<td align="justify">40</td>
									<td align="justify">38</td>
									<td align="justify">95.0%</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">696</td>
									<td align="justify">268</td>
									<td align="justify">38.5%</td>
									<td align="justify">43.8%</td>
									<td align="justify">(40.1, 47.5%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Oaxaca</td>
									<td align="justify">217</td>
									<td align="justify">142</td>
									<td align="justify">65.4%</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">2691</td>
									<td align="justify">950</td>
									<td align="justify">35.3%</td>
									<td align="justify">40.1%</td>
									<td align="justify">(38.2, 41.9%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Sierra Norte</td>
									<td align="justify">120</td>
									<td align="justify">48</td>
									<td align="justify">40.0%</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">1031</td>
									<td align="justify">430</td>
									<td align="justify">41.7%</td>
									<td align="justify">40.8%</td>
									<td align="justify">(37.8, 43.8%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DVB</td>
									<td align="justify">Itsmo</td>
									<td align="justify">57</td>
									<td align="justify">38</td>
									<td align="justify">66.7%</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">964</td>
									<td align="justify">307</td>
									<td align="justify">31.8%</td>
									<td align="justify">30.3%</td>
									<td align="justify">(27.4, 33.2%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Costa</td>
									<td align="justify">40</td>
									<td align="justify">37</td>
									<td align="justify">92.5%</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">696</td>
									<td align="justify">194</td>
									<td align="justify">27.9%</td>
									<td align="justify">26.0%</td>
									<td align="justify">(22.7, 29.3%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Oaxaca</td>
									<td align="justify">217</td>
									<td align="justify">123</td>
									<td align="justify">56.7%</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">2691</td>
									<td align="justify">931</td>
									<td align="justify">34.6%</td>
									<td align="justify">33.2%</td>
									<td align="justify">(31.4, 35.0%)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>Para el cálculo de la Pre (prevalencia real) se consideró una N= 1,766,208 animales para el estado de Oaxaca (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">SIAP, 2018</xref>), una sensibilidad y especificidad por prueba de 83% y 93% para brucelosis (Rivanol); 98.2% y 96.4% para leptospirosis (MAT); 86.59% y 99.10% para IBR (ELISA); 96.94% y 97.84% para DVB (ELISA)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Diseño de estudio y muestreo</title>
				<p>El diseño del estudio fue observacional descriptivo, tipo transversal. Se realizó un muestreo no probabilístico (por conveniencia), en hatos de productores cooperantes. En cada bovino muestreado se colectaron 10 ml de sangre (tubo desechable sin anticuagulante), mediante venopunción de la vena coccígea; utilizando equipo de extracción Vacutainer®. Las muestras fueron identificadas y colocadas en reposo durante 20 min aproximadamente a temperatura ambiente para el desprendimiento del coágulo, y después conservadas a 5°C para su transporte al laboratorio de enfermedades de los pequeños rumiantes, INIFAP, Palo Alto. Las muestras de sangre fueron centrifugadas a 20 x g por 10 min para la obtención de suero y almacenadas a -5°C hasta los análisis serológicos. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Pruebas serológicas</title>
				<p>Para el diagnóstico de brucelosis, se utilizó la prueba de tarjeta al 8% (Aba test, PRONABIVE, México); las muestras positivas fueron confirmadas con la prueba de rivanol (Aba test PRONABIVE, México), considerando una muestra positiva, cuando los títulos eran ≥ 1:50 (NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-041-ZOO-1995). </p>
				<p>El diagnóstico de leptospirosis se llevó a cabo empleando la prueba de aglutinación microscópica (MAT), utilizando seis serovariedades y tres cepas de referencia: Sejroe (serovariedad Wolffi), Sejroe (serovariedad Hardjo) y Tarassovi (serovariedad Tarassovi); así como tres de aislamiento nacional: Icterohaemorrhagiae (serovariedad Icterohaemorrhagiae), Sejroe (Hardjo prajitno) y Canicola (serovariedad Portland vere); considerando una muestra positiva cuando los títulos eran ≥ 1:100 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">OIE, 2004</xref>). </p>
				<p>Para la detección y cuantificación de anticuerpos contra DVB, se utilizó una prueba
					comercial: CIVTEST® BOVIS BVD/BD P80 de Laboratorios Hipra, S.A., siguiendo las
					instrucciones del fabricante, incluidos los procedimientos para la determinación
					del índice relativo (determinado a partir de la densidad óptica (OD) de las
					muestras y controles. Es un ELISA de bloqueo que detecta anticuerpos frente a
					una proteína específica (p80) presente en todas las cepas del vDBV. </p>
				<p>Las placas se leyeron con un lector de ELISA, con una longitud de onda de 450 nm.
					Los resultados se expresaron en porcentaje de inhibición, de acuerdo a la
					siguiente fórmula: %IN= (media DO de control negativo-DO muestra/media DO de
					control negativo) *100. </p>
				<p>Un porcentaje de inhibición menor a 50% es seronegativo. </p>
				<p>Un porcentaje de inhibición igual o superior a 50% es seropositivo. Para el
					diagnóstico de IBR se usó una prueba comercial, CIVTEST® BOVIS IBR de
					Laboratorios Hipra, S.A., siguiendo las instrucciones del fabricante, incluidos
					los procedimientos para la determinación del índice relativo (determinado a
					partir de la densidad óptica (OD) de las muestras y controles. La prueba se basa
					en un ELISA indirecto, que detecta anticuerpos específicos contra el virus de la
					IBR. Las placas se leyeron con un lector de ELISA, con una longitud de onda de
					450 nm. Los resultados se expresan en índice relativo x 100 de acuerdo a la
					siguiente fórmula: </p>
				<p>IRPC= (DO muestra-media DO control negativo/media DO control positivo-media DO control
					negativo) *100 </p>
				<p>Un Índice relativo por cien (IRPC) menor o igual a 9 es un resultado negativo. </p>
				<p>Un IRPC mayor de 9.0 e inferior a 15.0 es un resultado sospechoso. Un IRPC mayor
					a 15 es un resultado positivo. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>Se construyeron tablas de contingencia para calcular la frecuencia de animales seropositivos por enfermedad y región. A partir del número de muestras positivas a cada una de las pruebas serológicas se estimó la frecuencia aparente a nivel hato (<italic>pAH</italic>) e individual aparente (<italic>pIA</italic>). Con el valor de la sensibilidad y especificidad de cada prueba utilizada, el número de animales seropositivos dentro de cada enfermedad, el tamaño de población de bovinos en el estado de Oaxaca (N), tamaño de muestra (n) por región y total de animales muestreados, se calculó la prevalencia real (<italic>p</italic>re) y respectivos intervalos de confianza (IC95%), para cada enfermedad dentro de cada región (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Noordhuizen <italic>et al</italic>., 1997</xref>). Para el cálculo de los datos se procesaron en el programa WinEpi (Working in Epidemiology, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.winepi.net/">http://www.winepi.net/</ext-link>) de acuerdo a la siguiente fórmula: 𝑃<sub>𝑟𝑒</sub>= Prevalencia Ind Aparente -(1-Esp)/1-[(1-Esp)+(1-Sens)] </p>
				<p>Debido a que el muestreo no fue proporcional al tamaño del hato, la prevalencia (<italic>p</italic>) y respectivo error estándar (E.E.<italic>p</italic>) fue corregido para el tamaño de hato mediante esta fórmula: 𝑝 = ∑𝑁𝑖𝑝𝑖/𝑁 y E.E.<italic>p</italic>= √𝐷 ∗ 𝐸. 𝐸.<italic>s</italic>, donde <italic>Ni</italic> es el tamaño del hato; <italic>pi</italic> la prevalencia del hato, 𝑁 = ∑𝑁𝑖 es el número total de bovinos en los hatos muestreados; <italic>D=</italic> el efecto del diseño (<italic>D</italic>= 1.96) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Bennett <italic>et al</italic>., 1991</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Otte y Gumm, 1997</xref>); <italic>E.E.s</italic> el error estándar para un muestreo simple aleatorio (√𝑝𝑞/𝑛); <italic>n</italic> es el número total de animales muestreados (n= 2691). <italic>D</italic> fue calculado como 𝐷= 1+(𝑘, 1)<italic>re;</italic> siendo <italic>k</italic> el número de animales del hato y <italic>re</italic> la correlación dentro del hato, estimada a partir los componentes de un análisis de varianza de una vía que incluyó el efecto aleatorio del hato. El error estándar aproximado de <italic>re</italic> y <italic>D</italic> se obtuvo de </p>
				<p>acuerdo a (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Solis <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>). </p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p><bold>Brucelosis</bold>
			</p>
			<p>En el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">cuadro 1</xref>, se presenta la frecuencia de
				brucelosis. Se observó una <italic>pAH</italic>= 2.3% hatos positivos a brucelosis
				con la prueba de rivanol, lo que corresponde a una <italic>pre=</italic> 9.1% (IC95
				-10.1, -7.9%). Lo anterior equivale a un total de cuatro animales positivos, siendo
				la región Costa donde se observó mayor frecuencia de animales y la Sierra Norte
				donde no hubo reactores.</p>
			<p><bold>Leptospirosis</bold>
			</p>
			<p>El 86.6% de los hatos muestreados tuvo al menos un animal positivo a leptospirosis,
				para alguna de las seis serovariedades que fueron incluidas en este estudio (<xref
					ref-type="table" rid="t1">cuadro 1</xref>), equivalente a una
					<italic>pre=</italic> 64.3% (IC95 62.5, 66.1%) en los animales muestreados. Las
				regiones Itsmo y Costa, tuvieron una <italic>pAH</italic> del 100%; sin embargo, la
				región Sierra Norte fue la <italic>pre</italic> más alta (76.5%). Las serovariedades
				que tuvieron mayor frecuencia fueron Hardjo prajitno (49.09%) e Icterohaemorrhagiae
				(34.89%); ambas de aislamiento nacional (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">cuadro
					2</xref>). </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Frecuencia de animales seropositivos a cada una de las serovariedades de <italic>Leptospira</italic> identificadas por región</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="3"/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify" rowspan="2">Serovariedad</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="3">Región </th>
								<th align="justify"> </th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Sierra Norte</th>
								<th align="center">Costa</th>
								<th align="center">Itsmo</th>
								<th align="center">Total</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Canicols*</td>
								<td align="justify">2.03%(21/1031)</td>
								<td align="justify">32.76% (228/696)</td>
								<td align="justify">6.95% (67/964)</td>
								<td align="center">12.00% (316/2691)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Hardjo</td>
								<td align="justify">25.80% (266/1031)</td>
								<td align="justify">19.68% (137/696)</td>
								<td align="justify">35.17% (339/964)</td>
								<td align="justify">27.60% (742/2691)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Hardjo prajitno*</td>
								<td align="justify">53.34% (550/1031)</td>
								<td align="justify">37.64% (262/696)</td>
								<td align="justify">52.80% (509/964)</td>
								<td align="justify">49.00% (1321/2691)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Icterohaemorrhagiae*</td>
								<td align="justify">57.13% (589/1031)</td>
								<td align="justify">35.78% (249/696)</td>
								<td align="justify">10.48% (101/964)</td>
								<td align="justify">34.90% (939/2691)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Tarassovi</td>
								<td align="justify">4.07% (42/1031)</td>
								<td align="justify">6.18% (43/696)</td>
								<td align="justify">7.26% (70/964)</td>
								<td align="justify">5.80% (155/2691)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Wolffi</td>
								<td align="justify">33.66% (347/1031)</td>
								<td align="justify">3.16% (22/696)</td>
								<td align="justify">7.57% (73/964)</td>
								<td align="justify">16.00% (442/2691)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>*Cepas nacionales</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Rinotraqueitis infecciosa bovina</title>
				<p>Se observó una <italic>p<sub>AH</sub>=</italic> 65.4% en los hatos muestreados en el estado de Oaxaca, y una <italic>pre=</italic> 40.1% (IC95 38.2, 41.9%) de animales con anticuerpos contra IBR; aunque la <italic>p<sub>AH</sub></italic> fue mayor en la región Costa (95%) y la <italic>p<sub>re</sub></italic> fue más alta en la Sierra Norte (46.4%). </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Diarrea viral bovina</title>
				<p>El 56.7% de los hatos tuvo anticuerpos contra DVB, con una <italic>pre=</italic> 33.2% (IC95 31.4, 35.0%) en los bovinos muestreados. Un mayor porcentaje de hatos afectados fueron ubicados en la Costa (92.5%); sin embargo, fue la región de la Sierra Norte donde se detectó la mayor <italic>pre</italic> (40.8%; IC95 37.8, 43.8%) de anticuerpos contra DVB. </p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>A pesar de la importancia económica que representan los bovinos para el estado de Oaxaca y el
				impacto que tienen las enfermedades reproductivas, la frecuencia de estas
				enfermedades era desconocida. Sin embargo, se han realizado varios trabajos en otras
				regiones del país sobre la frecuencia de las cuatro enfermedades estudiadas (<xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Rosete <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>; <xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Segura <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>; <xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Segura <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>) </p>
			<p>En este trabajo se encontró evidencia serológica, aunque con una frecuencia baja de
				la presencia de <italic>Brucella</italic>, en estas regiones de Oaxaca. Los
				resultados son similares a los que reporta el Servicio Nacional de Sanidad,
				Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">SENASICA,
					2014</xref>), de 0.09% para brucelosis bovina en dicho estado. En contraste, la
				prevalencia que reportan algunos autores en hatos lecheros de tipo intensivo,
				ubicados en zonas endémicas de esta enfermedad, son mucho más altos, influenciadas
				por el hacinamiento, falta de áreas exclusivas de parto, entre otras que favorecen
				la transmisión de la bacteria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Milián <italic>et
						al</italic>., 2016</xref>). </p>
			<p>Los resultados de este trabajo demuestran una frecuencia serológica elevada de
				leptospirosis, DVB e IBR; que puede ser debido a la compra e introducción de bovinos
				provenientes de hatos infectados, la falta de barreras físicas, el contacto de los
				bovinos con otras producciones o no realizar cuarentena ni vacunación para evitar la
				aparición de manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad (<xref ref-type="bibr"
					rid="B13">Miyama <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref><italic>;</italic><xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Milián <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Gates <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>; <xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Lilenbaum y Martins., 2014</xref> ; <xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Muylkens <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref> ; <xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Nandi <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). Además,
				las condiciones de humedad que prevalecen en estas zonas favorecen la supervivencia
				de <italic>Leptospira</italic> fuera de los huéspedes, ocasionando que otros
				animales adquieran la infección. Con las pruebas serológicas no es posible
				determinar si la presencia de anticuerpos se debe a una infección reciente o de hace
				tiempo; lo que se puede concluir es que la gran mayoría de los animales están
				expuestos o viven en condiciones que permiten las infecciones con estos agentes, ya
				que en la mayoría de los hatos hubo por lo menos un animal seropositivo. En los
				estudios que se realizan en bovinos es la serovariedad Hardjo, la que mayor
				frecuencia tiene, debido a que los bovinos son reservorios de esta serovariedad y la
				transmisión entre ellos se facilita por contacto directo y no depende de factores
				medioambientales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Carmona <italic>et al.,</italic>
					2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Olmo, 2019</xref>) . <xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Segura <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref> reportan
				una seroprevalencia de 62.8% en Yucatán; las serovariedades Hardjo y Tarassovi
				tuvieron la mayor seroprevalencia 54.1% y 53.3% respectivamente. Los resultados
				obtenidos en estos estudios coinciden con los obtenidos en el presente, siendo las
				serovariedades Hardjo, Wolffi e Icterohaemorrhagiae las diagnosticadas con mayor
				frecuencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Carmona <italic>et al.,</italic>
					2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Escamilla <italic>et al.,</italic>
					2007</xref>). </p>
			<p>Los resultados de IBR son similares a los reportados, en estados de la zona sur del
				país; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Solís <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>
				obtuvieron una seroprevalencia del 54.4% en el estado de Yucatán; <xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Milián <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref> reportan
				una seroprevalencia entre el 57-83% en ganado lechero en México. En estudios
				realizados al centro del país, las prevalencias reportadas difieren de nuestros
				resultados. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Ojeda <italic>et al.,</italic>
					2016</xref> en un estudio que realizaron para estimar la prevalencia de IBR en
				diferentes municipios del estado de México, reportaron 18% de animales
				seropositivos, lo cual coincide con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Magaña <italic>et
						al</italic>., 2005</xref> quienes reportan una tasa del 22% en bovinos de
				traspatio en Michoacán. </p>
			<p>La frecuencia de la enfermedad varía en cada región, por lo que no se puede atribuir
				que el contacto estrecho sea el único factor que determine la alta prevalencia de la
				enfermedad, ya que se han reportado altas prevalencias de DVB e IBR en hatos
				lecheros y de doble propósito, donde los animales están en pastoreo (<xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Milián <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). La
				frecuencia de DVB en el país también presenta resultados variables. En este estudio
				se obtuvo una frecuencia de 35.3%, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Moles <italic>et
						al.,</italic> 2002</xref> reportaron 72.3% para DVB en bovinos de la zona
				centro de México, encontrando también presencia de anticuerpos contra IBR y
				leptospirosis; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Romero <italic>et al.,</italic>
					2013</xref> con 76.5% en Veracruz; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Segura
						<italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref> con 47.8% en Tamaulipas; Escamilla
					<italic>et al.</italic>, 2007 con 70% en Querétaro; <xref ref-type="bibr"
					rid="B11">Meléndez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref> con 32.8% en
				Aguascalientes; Segura <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010 con 16.4% en Michoacán, <xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Milián <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref> reporta
				una prevalencia del 79% en diferentes sistemas de producción en varios estados de la
				república mexicana. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Rosete <italic>et al.,</italic>
					2018</xref> en un estudio realizado en Veracruz, Puebla y Tabasco; reportan que
				el 100 % de los hatos presentaron anticuerpos contra DVB, por lo que sugieren que el
				virus de la DVB está ampliamente distribuido en los tres estados. </p>
			<p>En base a los resultados de este estudio se evidenció serológicamente la presencia de
				anticuerpos contra IBR, DVB y seis serovariedades de <italic>Leptospira</italic> en
				la población de estudio. En la región Sierra Norte se detectó el mayor porcentaje de
				animales con anticuerpos contra leptospirosis, diarrea viral bovina y rinotraqueitis
				infecciosa bovina; pero fue la región de la Costa donde se detectó mayor
				distribución de las cuatro enfermedades del estudio. Se debe realizar el aislamiento
				e identificación de los agentes causantes para que se implementen estrategias de
				prevención y control recomendables en cada caso. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>El estudio determinó la presencia de anticuerpos contra leptospirosis (86.6%), IBR (65.4%), DVB (56.7%) y brucelosis (2.3%) en hatos bovinos de doble propósito, ubicados en diferentes municipios del Estado de Oaxaca, México. El nivel de distribución, frecuencia e impacto reproductivo y económico de estas enfermedades sugiere la implementación de medidas sanitarias que permitan prevenirlas y controlarlas.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMIENTOS </title>
			<p>Este proyecto se realizado gracias al financiamiento obtenido de: Fundación Produce Oaxaca. FOP/GG/896/2012. Validación de la vacuna contra la brucelosis en bovinos de carne y doble propósito para determinar la causa de abortos en regiones ganaderas de Oaxaca, México.</p>
		</ack>
		<ref-list>
			<title>LITERATURA CITADA </title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<mixed-citation>BENNETT, S, Woods, T., Liyanage, WM, Smith, DL. 1991. A simplified general method for cluster-sampling surveys of health in developing countries. <italic>World Health Stat. Quart</italic>. 44(3):98-106. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1949887/">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1949887/</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>BENNETT</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Woods</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liyanage</surname>
							<given-names>WM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Smith</surname>
							<given-names>DL</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1991</year>
					<article-title>A simplified general method for cluster-sampling surveys of health in developing countries</article-title>
					<source>World Health Stat. Quart</source>
					<volume>44</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>98</fpage>
					<lpage>106</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1949887/">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1949887/</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<mixed-citation>BAILLARGEON, P, Arango-Sabogal, JC, Wellemans, V, Fecteau, G. 2017. Determining bovine viral diarrhea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis infections in dairy cattle using precolostral blood. <italic>The Canadian Veterinary Journal</italic>. <italic>58</italic>(4): 360-364. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28373727/">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28373727/</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>BAILLARGEON</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Arango-Sabogal</surname>
							<given-names>JC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wellemans</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fecteau</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Determining bovine viral diarrhea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis infections in dairy cattle using precolostral blood</article-title>
					<source>The Canadian Veterinary Journal</source>
					<volume>58</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>360</fpage>
					<lpage>364</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28373727/">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28373727/</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<mixed-citation>BRODERSEN, WB. 2014. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infections: Manifestation of Infection and recent advances in understanding pathogenesis and control. <italic>Veterinary Pathology</italic>. 51(2):453-464. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300985813520250 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>BRODERSEN</surname>
							<given-names>WB</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infections: Manifestation of Infection and recent advances in understanding pathogenesis and control</article-title>
					<source>Veterinary Pathology</source>
					<volume>51</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>453</fpage>
					<lpage>464</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/0300985813520250</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<mixed-citation>CARMONA, GC, León, LL, Castillo, SL, Ramírez, OJ, Ko, A, Lua, PC, De la Peña, MA. 2011. Detection of <italic>Leptospira santarosai</italic> y <italic>L. kirshneri</italic> in cattle: new isolates with potential impact in bovine production and public health. <italic>Veterinaria México</italic>. 42(4): 277-288. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/vetmex/v42n4/v42n4a3.pdf">http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/vetmex/v42n4/v42n4a3.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>CARMONA</surname>
							<given-names>GC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>León</surname>
							<given-names>LL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Castillo</surname>
							<given-names>SL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ramírez</surname>
							<given-names>OJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ko</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lua</surname>
							<given-names>PC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>De la Peña</surname>
							<given-names>MA.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<article-title>Detection of Leptospira santarosai y L. kirshneri in cattle: new isolates with potential impact in bovine production and public health</article-title>
					<source>Veterinaria México</source>
					<volume>42</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>277</fpage>
					<lpage>288</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/vetmex/v42n4/v42n4a3.pdf">http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/vetmex/v42n4/v42n4a3.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<mixed-citation>ESCAMILLA, HP, Martínez, MJ, Medina, MC, Morales, SE. 2007. Frequency and causes of infectious abortion in a dairy herd in Queretaro, Mexico. <italic>Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research</italic>. 71(4):314-317. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1940280/pdf/cjvr71_pg314.pdf">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1940280/pdf/cjvr71_pg314.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>ESCAMILLA</surname>
							<given-names>HP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Martínez</surname>
							<given-names>MJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Medina</surname>
							<given-names>MC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Morales</surname>
							<given-names>SE</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2007</year>
					<article-title>Frequency and causes of infectious abortion in a dairy herd in Queretaro, Mexico</article-title>
					<source>Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research</source>
					<volume>71</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>314</fpage>
					<lpage>317</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1940280/pdf/cjvr71_pg314.pdf">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1940280/pdf/cjvr71_pg314.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<mixed-citation>GATES, MC, Woolhouse, ME, Gunn, GJ, Humphry, RW. 2013. Relative association of cattle movements, local spread, and biosecurity with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) seropositivity in beef and dairy herd. <italic>Preventive Veterinary Medicine</italic>. 112(3-4):285-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.07.017 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>GATES</surname>
							<given-names>MC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Woolhouse</surname>
							<given-names>ME</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gunn</surname>
							<given-names>GJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Humphry</surname>
							<given-names>RW</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Relative association of cattle movements, local spread, and biosecurity with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) seropositivity in beef and dairy herd</article-title>
					<source>Preventive Veterinary Medicine</source>
					<volume>112</volume>
					<issue>3-4</issue>
					<fpage>285</fpage>
					<lpage>295</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.07.017</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<mixed-citation>LARGHI, M. 2018. Comparative study in the control of bovine viral diarrhea. <italic>Animal Health Research Reviews</italic>. 19:125-133. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466252318000129 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>LARGHI</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Comparative study in the control of bovine viral diarrhea</article-title>
					<source>Animal Health Research Reviews</source>
					<volume>19</volume>
					<fpage>125</fpage>
					<lpage>133</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S1466252318000129</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<mixed-citation>LILENBAUM, W, Martins, G. 2014. Leptospirosis in Cattle: A challenging scenario for the understanding of the epidemiology. <italic>Transboundary and Emerging Diseases</italic>. 61 Suppl 1:63-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12233 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>LILENBAUM</surname>
							<given-names>W</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Martins</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Leptospirosis in Cattle: A challenging scenario for the understanding of the epidemiology</article-title>
					<source>Transboundary and Emerging Diseases</source>
					<volume>61</volume>
					<supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
					<fpage>63</fpage>
					<lpage>68</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/tbed.12233</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<mixed-citation>MAGAÑA, UA, Solorio, RJL, Segura, CJC. 2005. Rinotraqueítis infecciosa bovina en hatos lecheros de la región Cutzio-Téjaro, Michoacán, México. <italic>Técnica Pecuaria México</italic>. 43(1):27-37. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=61343103">http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=61343103</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MAGAÑA</surname>
							<given-names>UA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Solorio</surname>
							<given-names>RJL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Segura</surname>
							<given-names>CJC</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2005</year>
					<article-title>Rinotraqueítis infecciosa bovina en hatos lecheros de la región Cutzio-Téjaro, Michoacán, México</article-title>
					<source>Técnica Pecuaria México</source>
					<volume>43</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>27</fpage>
					<lpage>37</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=61343103">http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=61343103</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<mixed-citation>MARTINS, G, Lilenbaum, W. 2017.Control of bovine leptospirosis: Aspects for consideration in a tropical environment. <italic>Research in Veterinary Science</italic>. 112:156-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.03.021</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MARTINS</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lilenbaum</surname>
							<given-names>W</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Control of bovine leptospirosis: Aspects for consideration in a tropical environment</article-title>
					<source>Research in Veterinary Science</source>
					<volume>112</volume>
					<fpage>156</fpage>
					<lpage>160</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.03.021</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<mixed-citation>MELÉNDEZ, SR, Valdivia, FA, Rangel, ME, Díaz, AE, Segura, CJ, Guerrero, BA. 2010. Factores de riesgo asociados a la presencia de aborto y desempeño reproductivo en ganado lechero de Aguascalientes, México. <italic>Técnica Pecuaria en México</italic>. 1(4):391-401. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/rmcp/v1n4/v1n4a7.pdf">http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/rmcp/v1n4/v1n4a7.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MELÉNDEZ</surname>
							<given-names>SR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Valdivia</surname>
							<given-names>FA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rangel</surname>
							<given-names>ME</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Díaz</surname>
							<given-names>AE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Segura</surname>
							<given-names>CJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Guerrero</surname>
							<given-names>BA.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<article-title>Factores de riesgo asociados a la presencia de aborto y desempeño reproductivo en ganado lechero de Aguascalientes, México</article-title>
					<source>Técnica Pecuaria en México</source>
					<volume>1</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>391</fpage>
					<lpage>401</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/rmcp/v1n4/v1n4a7.pdf">http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/rmcp/v1n4/v1n4a7.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<mixed-citation>MILIÁN, SF, Hernández, OR, Hernández, AL, Alvarado, IA, Díaz, AE, Mejía, EF, Palomares, RE, Bárcenas, RI, Zendejas, MH. 2016. Seroprevalence and risk factors for reproductive diseases in dairy cattle in Mexico. <italic>Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health</italic>. 8(8):89-98. https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2016.0483 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MILIÁN</surname>
							<given-names>SF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hernández</surname>
							<given-names>OR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hernández</surname>
							<given-names>AL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alvarado</surname>
							<given-names>IA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Díaz</surname>
							<given-names>AE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mejía</surname>
							<given-names>EF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Palomares</surname>
							<given-names>RE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bárcenas</surname>
							<given-names>RI</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zendejas</surname>
							<given-names>MH</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Seroprevalence and risk factors for reproductive diseases in dairy cattle in Mexico</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health</source>
					<volume>8</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>89</fpage>
					<lpage>98</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5897/JVMAH2016.0483</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<mixed-citation>MIYAMA, T, Watanabe, E, Ogata, Y, Urushiyama, Y, Kawahara, N, Makita, K. 2017. Herd-level risk factors associated with <italic>Leptospira</italic> Hardjo infection in dairy herds in the southern Tohoku, Japan. <italic>Preventive Veterinary Medicine</italic>. 149:15-20. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.11.008 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MIYAMA</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Watanabe</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ogata</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Urushiyama</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kawahara</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Makita</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Herd-level risk factors associated with Leptospira Hardjo infection in dairy herds in the southern Tohoku, Japan</article-title>
					<source>Preventive Veterinary Medicine</source>
					<volume>149</volume>
					<fpage>15</fpage>
					<lpage>20</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.11.008</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<mixed-citation>MOLES, CL, Gavaldón, D, Torres, BJ, Cisneros, PM, Aguirre, SJ, Rojas, SN. 2002. Seroprevalencia simultánea de Leptospirosis y tres enfermedades de importancia reproductiva en bovinos del altiplano central de la República Mexicana. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco. <italic>Revista de Salud Animal</italic>. 24(2):106-110. https://biblat.unam.mx/es/buscar/seroprevalencia-simultanea </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MOLES</surname>
							<given-names>CL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gavaldón</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Torres</surname>
							<given-names>BJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cisneros</surname>
							<given-names>PM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aguirre</surname>
							<given-names>SJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rojas</surname>
							<given-names>SN</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2002</year>
					<article-title>Seroprevalencia simultánea de Leptospirosis y tres enfermedades de importancia reproductiva en bovinos del altiplano central de la República Mexicana. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco</article-title>
					<source>Revista de Salud Animal</source>
					<volume>24</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>106</fpage>
					<lpage>110</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">https://biblat.unam.mx/es/buscar/seroprevalencia-simultanea</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<mixed-citation>MUYLKENS, B, Thiry, J, Kirten, P, Schynts, F, Thiry, E. 2007. Bovine herpesvirus 1 infection and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. <italic>Veterinary Research</italic>. 38(2):181-209. https://doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2006059 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MUYLKENS</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Thiry</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kirten</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schynts</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Thiry</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2007</year>
					<article-title>Bovine herpesvirus 1 infection and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis</article-title>
					<source>Veterinary Research</source>
					<volume>38</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>181</fpage>
					<lpage>209</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1051/vetres:2006059</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<mixed-citation>NANDI, S, Kumar, M, Manohar, M, Chauhan, R. 2009. Bovine herpesvirus infections in cattle. <italic>Animal Health Research Reviews</italic>. 10(1):85-98. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466252309990028 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>NANDI</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kumar</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Manohar</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chauhan</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2009</year>
					<article-title>Bovine herpesvirus infections in cattle</article-title>
					<source>Animal Health Research Reviews</source>
					<volume>10</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>85</fpage>
					<lpage>98</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S1466252309990028</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<mixed-citation>NOORDHUIZEN, JP, Frankena, K, Hoofd, CM, Graat, EA. 1997. Aplication of quantitaive methods in veterinary epidemiology. Published by: Wageningen Pers. (Wagenigen). The Netherlands pp.445. ISBN 0974134351. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/10930">https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/10930</ext-link>8 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>NOORDHUIZEN</surname>
							<given-names>JP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Frankena</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hoofd</surname>
							<given-names>CM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Graat</surname>
							<given-names>EA</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1997</year>
					<source>Aplication of quantitaive methods in veterinary epidemiology</source>
					<publisher-name>Wageningen Pers. (Wagenigen)</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>The Netherlands</publisher-loc>
					<fpage>445</fpage>
					<lpage>445</lpage>
					<isbn>0974134351</isbn>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/10930">https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/10930</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<mixed-citation>OIE. 2004. Manual de la OIE sobre animales terrestres. Leptospirosis. Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.oie.int/doc/ged/d6508.pdf">https://www.oie.int/doc/ged/d6508.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>OIE</collab>
					</person-group>
					<year>2004</year>
					<source>Manual de la OIE sobre animales terrestres. Leptospirosis</source>
					<publisher-name>Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal</publisher-name>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.oie.int/doc/ged/d6508.pdf">https://www.oie.int/doc/ged/d6508.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<mixed-citation>OJEDA, CJ, Espinosa, AE, Hernández, GP, Rojas, MC, Álvarez, MJ. 2016. Seroprevalencia de enfermedades que afectan la reproducción de bovinos para leche con énfasis en neosporosis. <italic>Ecosistemas y recursos agropecuarios</italic>. 3(8):243-249. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/era/v3n8/2007-901X-era-3-08-00243.pdf">http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/era/v3n8/2007-901X-era-3-08-00243.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>OJEDA</surname>
							<given-names>CJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Espinosa</surname>
							<given-names>AE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hernández</surname>
							<given-names>GP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rojas</surname>
							<given-names>MC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Álvarez</surname>
							<given-names>MJ</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Seroprevalencia de enfermedades que afectan la reproducción de bovinos para leche con énfasis en neosporosis</article-title>
					<source>Ecosistemas y recursos agropecuarios</source>
					<volume>3</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>243</fpage>
					<lpage>249</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/era/v3n8/2007-901X-era-3-08-00243.pdf">http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/era/v3n8/2007-901X-era-3-08-00243.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<mixed-citation>Olmo, L, Reichel, MP, Nampanya, S, Khounsy, S, Wahl, LC, Clark, BA, et al. 2019. Risk factors for Neospora caninum, bovine viral diarrhoea virus, and <italic>Leptospira interrogans</italic> serovar Hardjo infection in smallholder cattle and buffalo in Lao PDR. PLoS ONE 14(8): e0220335. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220335 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Olmo</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Reichel</surname>
							<given-names>MP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nampanya</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Khounsy</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wahl</surname>
							<given-names>LC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Clark</surname>
							<given-names>BA</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Risk factors for Neospora caninum, bovine viral diarrhoea virus, and Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo infection in smallholder cattle and buffalo in Lao PDR</article-title>
					<source>PLoS ONE</source>
					<volume>14</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<elocation-id>e0220335</elocation-id>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0220335</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<mixed-citation>OTTE, MJ, Gumm, ID. 1997. Intra-cluster correlation coefficients of 20 infections calculated from the results of cluster-sample surveys. <italic>Preventive Veterinary Medicine</italic>. 31:147-150. doi: 10.1016/s0167-5877(96)01108-7 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>OTTE</surname>
							<given-names>MJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gumm</surname>
							<given-names>ID</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1997</year>
					<article-title>Intra-cluster correlation coefficients of 20 infections calculated from the results of cluster-sample surveys</article-title>
					<source>Preventive Veterinary Medicine</source>
					<volume>31</volume>
					<fpage>147</fpage>
					<lpage>150</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0167-5877(96)01108-7</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B22">
				<mixed-citation>POESTER, FP, Samartino, LE, Santos, RL. 2013. Pathogenesis and pathobiology of brucelosis in livestock. <italic>Revue Scientifique et Technique Office International des Epizooties</italic>. 32(1):105-115. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f889/696c62f6fa0dfa5ac501fd05250aea4fb041.pdf">https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f889/696c62f6fa0dfa5ac501fd05250aea4fb041.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>POESTER</surname>
							<given-names>FP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Samartino</surname>
							<given-names>LE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Santos</surname>
							<given-names>RL</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Pathogenesis and pathobiology of brucelosis in livestock</article-title>
					<source>Revue Scientifique et Technique Office International des Epizooties</source>
					<volume>32</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>105</fpage>
					<lpage>115</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f889/696c62f6fa0dfa5ac501fd05250aea4fb041.pdf">https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f889/696c62f6fa0dfa5ac501fd05250aea4fb041.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B23">
				<mixed-citation>ROMERO, SD, Ahuja, AC, Montiel, PF, García, VZ, Cruz, RA; Aguilar, DM. 2013. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in unvaccinated cattle in southern Veracruz, Mexico. <italic>African Journal of Microbiology Research</italic>. 7(17):1716-1722. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.academicjournals.org/app/webroot/article/article1380540810_Romero-Salas%20et%20al.pdf">http://www.academicjournals.org/app/webroot/article/article1380540810_Romero-Salas%20et%20al.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>ROMERO</surname>
							<given-names>SD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ahuja</surname>
							<given-names>AC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Montiel</surname>
							<given-names>PF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>García</surname>
							<given-names>VZ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cruz</surname>
							<given-names>RA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aguilar</surname>
							<given-names>DM</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in unvaccinated cattle in southern Veracruz, Mexico</article-title>
					<source>African Journal of Microbiology Research</source>
					<volume>7</volume>
					<issue>17</issue>
					<fpage>1716</fpage>
					<lpage>1722</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.academicjournals.org/app/webroot/article/article1380540810_Romero-Salas%20et%20al.pdf">http://www.academicjournals.org/app/webroot/article/article1380540810_Romero-Salas%20et%20al.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B24">
				<mixed-citation>ROJO, RR, Vázquez, A JF, Pérez, HP, Mendoza, MGD, Salem, MAZ, Albarrán, PB, González, RA, Hernández, MJ, Rebollar, RS, Cardoso, JD, Dorantes, CEJ, Gutiérrez, CJG. 2009. Dual Purpose cattle production in Mexico. <italic>Tropical Animal Health and Production</italic>. 41:715-721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-008-9249-8 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>ROJO</surname>
							<given-names>RR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vázquez</surname>
							<given-names>A JF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pérez</surname>
							<given-names>HP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mendoza</surname>
							<given-names>MGD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Salem</surname>
							<given-names>MAZ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Albarrán</surname>
							<given-names>PB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>González</surname>
							<given-names>RA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hernández</surname>
							<given-names>MJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rebollar</surname>
							<given-names>RS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cardoso</surname>
							<given-names>JD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dorantes</surname>
							<given-names>CEJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gutiérrez</surname>
							<given-names>CJG</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2009</year>
					<article-title>Dual Purpose cattle production in Mexico</article-title>
					<source>Tropical Animal Health and Production</source>
					<volume>41</volume>
					<fpage>715</fpage>
					<lpage>721</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11250-008-9249-8</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B25">
				<mixed-citation>ROSETE, FJ, Utrerab, RA, Martínez, ZJ, Jenkinsa, OS, Zuritac, GL, Islasa, FA, Banda, RB, Socci, EG. 2018. Prevalencia de anticuerpos contra diarrea viral bovina en vacas no vacunadas en los estados de Puebla, Tabasco y Veracruz, México. <italic>Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias</italic>. 9(3). https://doi.org/10.22319/rmcp.v9i3.4599 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>ROSETE</surname>
							<given-names>FJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Utrerab</surname>
							<given-names>RA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Martínez</surname>
							<given-names>ZJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jenkinsa</surname>
							<given-names>OS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zuritac</surname>
							<given-names>GL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Islasa</surname>
							<given-names>FA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Banda</surname>
							<given-names>RB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Socci</surname>
							<given-names>EG</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Prevalencia de anticuerpos contra diarrea viral bovina en vacas no vacunadas en los estados de Puebla, Tabasco y Veracruz, México</article-title>
					<source>Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias</source>
					<volume>9</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22319/rmcp.v9i3.4599</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B26">
				<mixed-citation>SOLIS, CJ, Segura, CVM, Segura, CJC, Alvarado, IA. 2003. Seroprevalence of and risk factors for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in beef cattle herds of Yucatan, Mexico. <italic>Preventive Veterinary Medicine</italic>. Apr 15;57(4):199-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5877(02)00230-1 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>SOLIS</surname>
							<given-names>CJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Segura</surname>
							<given-names>CVM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Segura</surname>
							<given-names>CJC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alvarado</surname>
							<given-names>IA.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2003</year>
					<article-title>Seroprevalence of and risk factors for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in beef cattle herds of Yucatan, Mexico</article-title>
					<source>Preventive Veterinary Medicine</source>
					<volume>57</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>199</fpage>
					<lpage>208</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0167-5877(02)00230-1</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B27">
				<mixed-citation>SEGURA, CV, Solís, CJJ, Segura, CJ. 2003. Seroprevalence of and risk factor for leptospiral antibodies among cattle in the state of Yucatan, Mexico. <italic>Tropical Animal Health and Production</italic>. 35, 293-299. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1025185703587 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>SEGURA</surname>
							<given-names>CV</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Solís</surname>
							<given-names>CJJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Segura</surname>
							<given-names>CJ</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2003</year>
					<article-title>Seroprevalence of and risk factor for leptospiral antibodies among cattle in the state of Yucatan, Mexico</article-title>
					<source>Tropical Animal Health and Production</source>
					<volume>35</volume>
					<fpage>293</fpage>
					<lpage>299</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1023/a:1025185703587</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B28">
				<mixed-citation>SEGURA Correa, JC, Solorio Rivera, JL, Sánchez Gil LG. 2010. Seroconversion to bovine viral diarrhoea virus and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in dairy herds of Michoacan, Mexico. <italic>Tropical Animal Health and Production</italic>. 42:233-238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-009-9411-y </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>SEGURA Correa</surname>
							<given-names>JC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Solorio Rivera</surname>
							<given-names>JL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sánchez Gil</surname>
							<given-names>LG</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<article-title>Seroconversion to bovine viral diarrhoea virus and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in dairy herds of Michoacan, Mexico</article-title>
					<source>Tropical Animal Health and Production</source>
					<volume>42</volume>
					<fpage>233</fpage>
					<lpage>238</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11250-009-9411-y</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B29">
				<mixed-citation>SEGURA, CJ, Zapata, CC, Jasso, OJ, Martínez, BJ; López, ZR. 2016. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus in North-Eastern Mexico. <italic>Open Veterinary Journal</italic>. 6(2):143-149. http://doi.org/10.4314/ovj.v6i2.12 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>SEGURA</surname>
							<given-names>CJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zapata</surname>
							<given-names>CC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jasso</surname>
							<given-names>OJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Martínez</surname>
							<given-names>BJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>López</surname>
							<given-names>ZR</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus in North-Eastern Mexico</article-title>
					<source>Open Veterinary Journal</source>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>143</fpage>
					<lpage>149</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4314/ovj.v6i2.12</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B30">
				<mixed-citation>SERVICIO Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria. 2014. Dirección general de salud animal. Dirección de campañas zoosanitarias, datos de frecuencias. Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria. SAGARPA. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.gob.mx/senasica/documentos/informes-zoosanitarios-semanales-2014">https://www.gob.mx/senasica/documentos/informes-zoosanitarios-semanales-2014</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>SERVICIO Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria</collab>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<source>Dirección general de salud animal. Dirección de campañas zoosanitarias, datos de frecuencias</source>
					<publisher-name>Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria. SAGARPA</publisher-name>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.gob.mx/senasica/documentos/informes-zoosanitarios-semanales-2014">https://www.gob.mx/senasica/documentos/informes-zoosanitarios-semanales-2014</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B31">
				<mixed-citation>SIAP. Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera. 2018. Bovinos carne y leche, Población ganadera 2008-2017 cabezas. Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.gob.mx/siap/documentos/poblacion-ganadera 136762">http://www.gob.mx/siap/documentos/poblacion-ganadera 136762</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>SIAP. Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera</collab>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<source>Bovinos carne y leche, Población ganadera 2008-2017 cabezas</source>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.gob.mx/siap/documentos/poblacion-ganadera 136762">http://www.gob.mx/siap/documentos/poblacion-ganadera 136762</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B32">
				<mixed-citation>SOLÍS, CJ, Segura, CV, Segura, CJ, Alvarado, IA. 2003. Seroprevalence of and risk factors for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in beef cattle herds of Yucatan, Mexico. <italic>Preventive Veterinary Medicine</italic>. 57(4):199-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5877(02)00230-1 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>SOLÍS</surname>
							<given-names>CJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Segura</surname>
							<given-names>CV</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Segura</surname>
							<given-names>CJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alvarado</surname>
							<given-names>IA</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2003</year>
					<article-title>Seroprevalence of and risk factors for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in beef cattle herds of Yucatan, Mexico</article-title>
					<source>Preventive Veterinary Medicine</source>
					<volume>57</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>199</fpage>
					<lpage>208</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0167-5877(02)00230-1</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B33">
				<mixed-citation>VALAS, S, Brémaud, I, Stourm, S, Croisé, B, Mémeteau, S, Ngwa-Mbot, D, Tabouret, M. 2019. Improvement of eradication program for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in France inferred by serological monitoring of singleton reactors in certified BoHV1-free herds. <italic>Preventive Veterinary Medicine</italic>. 171:104743. https://doi org.pbidi.unam.mx:2443/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104743 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>VALAS</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brémaud</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Stourm</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Croisé</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mémeteau</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ngwa-Mbot</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tabouret</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Improvement of eradication program for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in France inferred by serological monitoring of singleton reactors in certified BoHV1-free herds</article-title>
					<source>Preventive Veterinary Medicine</source>
					<volume>171</volume>
					<fpage>104743</fpage>
					<lpage>104743</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104743</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B34">
				<mixed-citation>ZAKIA, I, Goodwin, D, Pascual, W. 2016. Brucellosis vaccines for livestock. <italic>Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology</italic>. 181(15): 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.03.011</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>ZAKIA</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Goodwin</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pascual</surname>
							<given-names>W.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Brucellosis vaccines for livestock</article-title>
					<source>Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology</source>
					<volume>181</volume>
					<issue>15</issue>
					<fpage>51</fpage>
					<lpage>58</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.03.011</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">				
				<p>Clave: 2020-6.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Frequency of reproductive impact diseases in dual-purpose cattle located in Oaxaca, Mexico</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>Brucellosis, leptospirosis, bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) are abortive diseases that compromise productive efficiency in cattle. In different municipalities of Oaxaca, Mexico, reproductive problems suggestive of these diseases have been observed. This study determined the frequency of BVD, IBR, brucellosis and leptospirosis in dual-purpose cattle herds in different regions of Oaxaca, Mexico. A total of 2,691 blood samples were collected from 127 bovine herds to diagnose brucellosis serologically using the Rose Bengal and Rivanol tests; microscopic agglutination test (MAT) with a battery of six <italic>Leptospira</italic> serovars; ELISA by blocking and indirect for BVD and IBR respectively. The apparent overall frequency of herd was brucellosis: 2.3%, leptospirosis: 86.6%, IBR: 65.4% and BVD: 56.7%. The real frequency for brucellosis, leptospirosis, IBR and BVD was -9.1% (CI95=-10.1, -7.9%), 64.3% (CI95 = 62.5, 66.1%), 40.1% (CI95 = 38.2, 41.9%) and 33.2 % (CI95 = 31.4, 35.0%) respectively. In Costa region, the highest percentage of animals with antibodies against <italic>Leptospira</italic>, IBR and BVD was observed. The present study showed serologically the presence of antibodies against brucellosis, IBR, BVD and six serovars of <italic>Leptospira</italic> in bovine herds’ double purpose of Oaxaca State, Mexico. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>brucellosis</kwd>
				<kwd>leptospirosis</kwd>
				<kwd>BVD</kwd>
				<kwd>IBR</kwd>
				<kwd>frequency</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Oaxaca ranks sixth in the national livestock census with 1,741,741 bovines, although meat and milk production of this species is in position 12 and 17 respectively (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">SIAP, 2018</xref>). This state is characterized by a humid tropical climate, where dual purpose herds predominate, and family dairy type of 30 animals; grazed in native rainfed species. In this region of Mexico, there are reproductive diseases that put calf production at risk. These sanitary problems increase production cost due to treatments, a low calving rate and a lower volume of milk due to pregnancy losses. </p>
				<p>In Mexico, more than 70% of abortions are considered of unknown origin, coupled with these problems are added health problems, which compromise the efficient productivity of animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Escamilla <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>). Among the most important diseases are those that affect reproduction, putting the availability of calves at risk; they also increase production cost due to treatments (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Rojo et al., 2009</xref>). Infectious agents associated with reproductive disorders in ruminants include abortifacient viral agents, such as Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Brodersen, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Larghi, 2018</xref>) and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Baillargeon <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Valas <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>) of bacterial origin to <italic>Brucella abortus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Zakia <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Poester <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>) and Leptospira (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Martins and Lilenbaum., 201</xref>7; Lilenbaum and Martins., 2014). Therefore, the objective of the study was to determine the frequency of antibodies against brucellosis, leptospirosis, BVD and IBR in dual-purpose cattle raised in different regions of Oaxaca State, Mexico. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Geographic location and study animals</title>
					<p>The study was carried out in fourteen municipalities located in the Sierra Norte, Itsmo and Costa, located in Oaxaca State (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>). 2,691 female bovine animals of different breeds were used between heifers with reproductive age (1.5 - 3 years) and adults (3 to 12 years). These animals represent 217 dual-purpose cattle herds, family dairy type. The herds sampled had no history of vaccination against brucellosis (BRU), bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and leptospirosis (LEP). </p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Frequency of diseases at the herd and individual level calculated in four regions of Oaxaca state</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col span="3"/>
									<col/>
									<col span="5"/>
								</colgroup>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify" colspan="3">HERDS </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify" colspan="5">INDIVIDUAL </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Disease</td>
										<td align="justify">Región</td>
										<td align="justify">n</td>
										<td align="justify">(+)</td>
										<td align="justify">P<sub>AH</sub></td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">n</td>
										<td align="justify">(+)</td>
										<td align="justify">P<sub>IA</sub></td>
										<td align="justify">P<sub>re</sub></td>
										<td align="justify">IC95%</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">Serra Norte</td>
										<td align="justify">120</td>
										<td align="justify">0</td>
										<td align="justify">0.0%</td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">1031</td>
										<td align="justify">0</td>
										<td align="justify">0.0%</td>
										<td align="justify">-0.09</td>
										<td align="justify">(-10.9.-7.4%)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Brucellosis (Rivanol)</td>
										<td align="justify">Itsmo</td>
										<td align="justify">57</td>
										<td align="justify">2</td>
										<td align="justify">3.5%</td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">964</td>
										<td align="justify">1</td>
										<td align="justify">0.10%</td>
										<td align="justify">-9.07%</td>
										<td align="justify">(-10.9.-7.3%)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">Costa</td>
										<td align="justify">40</td>
										<td align="justify">3</td>
										<td align="justify">7.5%</td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">696</td>
										<td align="justify">3</td>
										<td align="justify">0.43%</td>
										<td align="justify">-8.8%</td>
										<td align="justify">(-10.9.-6.72%)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">Oaxaca</td>
										<td align="justify">217</td>
										<td align="justify">5</td>
										<td align="justify">2.3%</td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">2691</td>
										<td align="justify">4</td>
										<td align="justify">0.15%</td>
										<td align="justify">-9.1%</td>
										<td align="justify">(-10.1.-7.9%)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">Sierra Norte</td>
										<td align="justify">120</td>
										<td align="justify">91</td>
										<td align="justify">75.8%</td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">1031</td>
										<td align="justify">783</td>
										<td align="justify">75.9%</td>
										<td align="justify">76.5%</td>
										<td align="justify">(73.9, 79.1%)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Leptospirosis</td>
										<td align="justify">Itsmo</td>
										<td align="justify">57</td>
										<td align="justify">57</td>
										<td align="justify">100%</td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">964</td>
										<td align="justify">628</td>
										<td align="justify">65.1%</td>
										<td align="justify">65.1%</td>
										<td align="justify">(62.0, 68.1%)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">Costa</td>
										<td align="justify">40</td>
										<td align="justify">40</td>
										<td align="justify">100%</td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">696</td>
										<td align="justify">323</td>
										<td align="justify">46.4%</td>
										<td align="justify">45.3%</td>
										<td align="justify">(41.5, 48.9%)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">Oaxaca</td>
										<td align="justify">217</td>
										<td align="justify">188</td>
										<td align="justify">86.6%</td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">2691</td>
										<td align="justify">1734</td>
										<td align="justify">64.4%</td>
										<td align="justify">64.3%</td>
										<td align="justify">(62.5, 66.1%)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">Sierra Norte</td>
										<td align="justify">120</td>
										<td align="justify">50</td>
										<td align="justify">41.7%</td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">1031</td>
										<td align="justify">420</td>
										<td align="justify">40.7%</td>
										<td align="justify">46.4%</td>
										<td align="justify">(43.4, 49.5%)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">IBR</td>
										<td align="justify">Itsmo</td>
										<td align="justify">57</td>
										<td align="justify">54</td>
										<td align="justify">94.7%</td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">964</td>
										<td align="justify">262</td>
										<td align="justify">27.2%</td>
										<td align="justify">30.6%</td>
										<td align="justify">(27.7, 33.5%)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">Costa</td>
										<td align="justify">40</td>
										<td align="justify">38</td>
										<td align="justify">95.0%</td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">696</td>
										<td align="justify">268</td>
										<td align="justify">38.5%</td>
										<td align="justify">43.8%</td>
										<td align="justify">(40.1, 47.5%)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">Oaxaca</td>
										<td align="justify">217</td>
										<td align="justify">142</td>
										<td align="justify">65.4%</td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">2691</td>
										<td align="justify">950</td>
										<td align="justify">35.3%</td>
										<td align="justify">40.1%</td>
										<td align="justify">(38.2, 41.9%)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">Sierra Norte</td>
										<td align="justify">120</td>
										<td align="justify">48</td>
										<td align="justify">40.0%</td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">1031</td>
										<td align="justify">430</td>
										<td align="justify">41.7%</td>
										<td align="justify">40.8%</td>
										<td align="justify">(37.8, 43.8%)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">BVD</td>
										<td align="justify">Itsmo</td>
										<td align="justify">57</td>
										<td align="justify">38</td>
										<td align="justify">66.7%</td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">964</td>
										<td align="justify">307</td>
										<td align="justify">31.8%</td>
										<td align="justify">30.3%</td>
										<td align="justify">(27.4, 33.2%)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">Costa</td>
										<td align="justify">40</td>
										<td align="justify">37</td>
										<td align="justify">92.5%</td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">696</td>
										<td align="justify">194</td>
										<td align="justify">27.9%</td>
										<td align="justify">26.0%</td>
										<td align="justify">(22.7, 29.3%)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">Oaxaca</td>
										<td align="justify">217</td>
										<td align="justify">123</td>
										<td align="justify">56.7%</td>
										<td align="justify"> </td>
										<td align="justify">2691</td>
										<td align="justify">931</td>
										<td align="justify">34.6%</td>
										<td align="justify">33.2%</td>
										<td align="justify">(31.4, 35.0%)</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN3">
									<p>For the calculation of the <italic>Pre</italic> (real prevalence), <italic>N</italic> = 1,766,208 animals were considered for Oaxaca state (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">SIAP, 2018</xref>), a sensitivity and specificity by test of 83% and 93% for brucellosis (Rivanol); 98.2% and 96.4% for leptospirosis (MAT); 86.59% and 99.10% for IBR (ELISA); 96.94% and 97.84% for BVD (ELISA) </p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Study design and sampling</title>
					<p>The study design was descriptive, observational, and cross-sectional. A non-probabilistic sampling (for convenience) was carried out in herds of cooperating producers. In each sampled bovine 10 ml of blood were collected (disposable tube without anticoagulant), by venipuncture of the coccygeal vein; using Vacutainer® extraction equipment. The samples were identified and placed at rest for approximately 20 min at room temperature to detach the clot, and then stored at 5 °C for transport to the laboratory for small ruminant diseases, INIFAP, Palo Alto. Blood samples were centrifuged at 20 x g for 10 min to obtain serum and stored at -5 °C until serological analysis. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Serological tests</title>
					<p>For the brucellosis diagnosis, the 8% Rose Bengal test (Aba test, PRONABIVE, Mexico) was used; the positive samples were confirmed with the rivanol test (Aba test PRONABIVE, Mexico), considering a positive sample, when the titers were ≥ 1:50 (Mexican Official Standard NOM-041-ZOO-1995). </p>
					<p>The diagnosis of leptospirosis was carried out using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), using six serovars and three reference strains: Sejroe (Wolffi serovar), Sejroe (Hardjo serovar) and Tarassovi (Tarassovi serovar); as well as three of national isolation: Icterohaemorrhagiae (serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae), Sejroe (Hardjo prajitno) and Canicola (serovar Portland-vere); considering a positive sample when the titers were ≥ 1: 100 (OIE, 2004). </p>
					<p>For the detection and quantification of antibodies against BVD, a commercial test was used: CIVTEST® BOVIS BVD/BD P80 from Hipra, SA, Laboratories following the manufacturer's instructions, including the procedures for determining the relative index (determined from the Optical density (OD) of samples and controls This is a blocking ELISA that detects antibodies against a specific protein (p80) present in all vBVD strains. </p>
					<p>The plates were read with an ELISA reader, with a wavelength of 450 nm. The results were expressed as an inhibition percentage, according to the following formula: </p>
					<p> % IN = (mean OD of negative control-OD sample/mean OD of negative control) * 100. </p>
					<p>An inhibition percentage less than 50% is seronegative. </p>
					<p>An inhibition percentage of equal to or greater than 50% is seropositive. </p>
					<p>For the diagnosis of IBR, a commercial test was used, CIVTEST® BOVIS IBR from Hipra, SA, laboratories following the manufacturer's instructions, including the procedures for determining the relative index (determined from the optical density (OD) of the samples and controls. The test is based on an indirect ELISA, which detects specific antibodies against the IBR virus. </p>
					<p>The plates were read with an ELISA reader, with a wavelength of 450 nm. The results are expressed in relative index x 100 according to the following formula: </p>
					<p>IRPC = (OD sample- mean OD negative control/mean OD positive control-mean OD negative control) * 100 </p>
					<p>A Relative Index per 100 (IRPC) less than or equal to 9 is a negative result. </p>
					<p>An IRPC greater than 9.0 and less than 15.0 is a suspicious result. </p>
					<p>An IRPC greater than 15 is a positive result. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>Contingency tables were constructed to calculate the frequency of seropositive animals by disease and region. From the number of positive samples to each of the serological tests, the apparent frequency at herd (<italic>pAH</italic>) and apparent individual (<italic>pIA</italic>) levels was estimated. With the sensitivity value and specificity of each test used, the number of seropositive animals within each disease, bovine population size in Oaxaca state (<italic>N</italic>), sample size (<italic>n</italic>) by region and total number of sampled animal, the real prevalence (<italic>pre</italic>) and respective confidence intervals (CI95%) were calculated for each disease within each region (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Noordhuizen <italic>et al</italic>., 1997</xref>). To calculate the data, they were processed in the WinEpi program (Working in Epidemiology, http://www.winepi.net/) according to the following formula: <italic>Pre</italic> = Apparent Ind Prevalence - (1- Esp)/1- [(1-Esp) + (1- Sens)] </p>
					<p>Because the sampling was not proportional to the size of the herd, the prevalence (p) and respective standard error (S.E<italic>p</italic>) was corrected for herd size using this formula: 𝑝= ∑𝑁𝑖𝑝𝑖/𝑁 and S.Ep = √𝐷∗𝑆.𝐸.<italic>s</italic>, where <italic>Ni</italic> is herd size; <italic>pi</italic> herd prevalence, 𝑁=∑𝑁𝑖 is the total number of cattle in the sampled herds; <italic>D</italic>= the design effect (D=1.96) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Bennett <italic>et al</italic>., 1991</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Otte and Gumm, 1997</xref>); <italic>S.E.s</italic> the standard error for a simple random sample √𝑝𝑞/𝑛; <italic>n</italic> is the total number of animals sampled (n=2691). D was calculated as 𝐷= 1+(𝑘−1) <italic>re</italic>; where <italic>k</italic> is the number of animals in the herd and <italic>re</italic> is the correlation within the herd, estimated from the components of a one-way analysis of variance that included the random herd effect. The approximate standard error of <italic>re</italic> and D was obtained according to (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Solis <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>). </p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p><bold>Brucellosis</bold></p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref> shows the frequency of
					brucellosis. <italic>p<sub>AH</sub></italic> = 2.3% of positive herds for brucellosis was
					observed with the rivanol test, which corresponds to a <italic>p<sub>re</sub></italic> =
					-9.1% (CI95 -10.1, -7.9%). The above is equivalent to a total of four positive
					animals, being Costa region where the highest frequency of animals was observed
					and the Sierra Norte where there were no reactors. </p>
				<p><bold>Leptospirosis</bold>
				</p>
				<p>86.6% of the sampled herds had at least one leptospirosis positive animal, for
					any of the six serovars that were included in this study (<xref ref-type="table"
						rid="t3">Table 1</xref>), equivalent to a <italic>p<sub>re</sub></italic> = 64.3% (CI95
					62.5, 66.1%) in the animals sampled. The Itsmo and Costa regions had a
					<italic>p<sub>AH</sub></italic> of 100%; however, the Sierra Norte region was the
					highest <italic>pre</italic> (76.5%). The serovars that had the highest
					frequency were Hardjo prajitno (49.09%) and Icterohaemorrhagiae (34.89%); both
					of national isolation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Frequency of seropositive animals for each of the <italic>Leptospira</italic> serovars identified by region </title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="3"/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify" rowspan="2">Serovariedad</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3">Región </th>
									<th align="justify"> </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Sierra Norte</th>
									<th align="center">Costa</th>
									<th align="center">Itsmo</th>
									<th align="center">Total</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Canicols*</td>
									<td align="justify">2.03%(21/1031)</td>
									<td align="justify">32.76% (228/696)</td>
									<td align="justify">6.95% (67/964)</td>
									<td align="center">12.00% (316/2691)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Hardjo</td>
									<td align="justify">25.80% (266/1031)</td>
									<td align="justify">19.68% (137/696)</td>
									<td align="justify">35.17% (339/964)</td>
									<td align="justify">27.60% (742/2691)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Hardjo prajitno*</td>
									<td align="justify">53.34% (550/1031)</td>
									<td align="justify">37.64% (262/696)</td>
									<td align="justify">52.80% (509/964)</td>
									<td align="justify">49.00% (1321/2691)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Icterohaemorrhagiae*</td>
									<td align="justify">57.13% (589/1031)</td>
									<td align="justify">35.78% (249/696)</td>
									<td align="justify">10.48% (101/964)</td>
									<td align="justify">34.90% (939/2691)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Tarassovi</td>
									<td align="justify">4.07% (42/1031)</td>
									<td align="justify">6.18% (43/696)</td>
									<td align="justify">7.26% (70/964)</td>
									<td align="justify">5.80% (155/2691)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Wolffi</td>
									<td align="justify">33.66% (347/1031)</td>
									<td align="justify">3.16% (22/696)</td>
									<td align="justify">7.57% (73/964)</td>
									<td align="justify">16.00% (442/2691)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>*National strains</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis</title>
					<p>A <italic>p<sub>AH</sub></italic> = 65.4% was observed in the herds sampled in Oaxaca state, and a <italic>p<sub>re</sub></italic> = 40.1% (CI95 38.2, 41.9%) of animals with antibodies against IBR; although the p<sub>AH</sub> was higher in the Coastal region (95%) and the <italic>pre</italic> was higher in the Sierra Norte (46.4%). </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Bovine viral diarrhea</title>
					<p>56.7% of the herds had antibodies against BVD, with a <italic>p<sub>re</sub></italic>=33.2% (CI95 31.4, 35.0%) in the sampled bovines. A higher percentage of affected herds were located on the coast (92.5%); however, it was the region of the Sierra Norte where the highest <italic>p<sub>re</sub></italic> (40.8%; CI95 37.8, 43.8%) of antibodies against BVD was detected. </p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>Despite the economic importance that cattle represent for Oaxaca State and the impact that reproductive diseases have, the frequency of these diseases was unknown. However, several studies have been carried out in other country´s regions on the frequency of the four diseases studied (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Rosete <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Segura <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Segura <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>). </p>
				<p>In this work, serological evidence was found, although with a low frequency of the presence of <italic>Brucella</italic>, in these Oaxaca´s regions. The results are similar to those reported by the National Service for Agrifood Health, Safety and Quality (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">SENASICA, 2014</xref>), of 0.09% for bovine brucellosis in that state. In contrast, the prevalence reported by some authors in intensive dairy herds, located in endemic areas of this disease, are much higher, influenced by overcrowding, lack of exclusive calving areas, among others that favor the transmission of the bacterium (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Milián <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). </p>
				<p>The results of this work show a high serological frequency of leptospirosis, BVD and IBR; This may be due to the purchase and introduction of cattle from infected herds, the lack of physical barriers, the contact of cattle with other productions, or the failure to quarantine or vaccinate to avoid the appearance of clinical manifestations of the disease (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Miyama <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref><italic>;</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Milián <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Gates <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Lilenbaum and Martins., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Muylkens <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Nandi <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). In addition, the humid conditions that prevail in these areas favor the survival of <italic>Leptospira</italic> outside the hosts, causing other animals to acquire the infection. With serological tests, it is not possible to determine whether the presence of antibodies is due to a recent or long-standing infection; that can be concluded is that the vast majority of animals are exposed or live in conditions that allow infections with these agents, since in most herds there was at least one seropositive animal. </p>
				<p>In the studies carried out in bovines, the Hardjo serovar is the one with the highest frequency, because bovines are reservoirs of this serovar and transmission between them is facilitated by direct contact and does not depend on environmental factors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Carmona <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Olmo, 2019</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Segura <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref> report a seroprevalence of 62.8% in Yucatán; the Hardjo and Tarassovi serovars had the highest seroprevalence 54.1% and 53.3% respectively. The results obtained in these studies coincide with those obtained in the present, with the serovars Hardjo, Wolffi and Icterohaemorrhagiae being the most frequently diagnosed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Carmona <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Escamilla <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>). </p>
				<p>IBR results are similar to those reported in states in the southern part of the country; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Solís <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref> obtained a seroprevalence of 54.4% in Yucatán state; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Milián <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref> report a seroprevalence between 57-83% in dairy cattle in Mexico. In studies carried out in the center of the country, the reported prevalences differ from our results. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Ojeda <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref> in a study they carried out to estimate IBR prevalence in different municipalities of Mexico State, reported 18% of seropositive animals, which coincides with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Magaña <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref> who report a rate of 22% in backyard cattle in Michoacán. </p>
				<p>The frequency of the disease varies in each region, so it cannot be attributed that close contact is the only factor that determines the high prevalence of the disease, since high prevalences of BVD and IBR have been reported in dairy herds and dairy herds. dual purpose, where the animals are grazing (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Milián <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). </p>
				<p>The BVD frequency in the country also presents variable results. In this study a frequency of 35.3% was obtained, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Moles <italic>et al.,</italic> 2002</xref> reported 72.3% for BVD in cattle from the central zone of Mexico, also finding the presence of antibodies against IBR and leptospirosis; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Romero <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref> with 76.5% in Veracruz; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Segura <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref> with 47.8% in Tamaulipas; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Escamilla <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007</xref> with 70% in Querétaro; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Meléndez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref> with 32.8% in Aguascalientes; Segura <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010 with 16.4% in Michoacán, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Milián <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref> report a prevalence of 79% in different production systems in various states of the Mexican Republic. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Rosete <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref> in a study carried out in Veracruz, Puebla and Tabasco; report that 100% of the herds presented antibodies against BVD, thus suggesting that the BVD virus is widely distributed in the three states. </p>
				<p>Based on the results of this study, the presence of antibodies against IBR, BVD and six serovars of <italic>Leptospira</italic> was serologically evidenced in the study population. In the Sierra Norte region, the highest percentage of animals with antibodies against leptospirosis, bovine viral diarrhea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis was detected; but it was the coastal region where the greatest distribution of the four diseases in the study was detected. The causative agents must be isolated and identified so that recommended prevention and control strategies are implemented in each case. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>The study determined the presence of antibodies against leptospirosis (86.6%), IBR (65.4%), BVD (56.7%) and brucellosis (2.3%) in dual-purpose cattle herds, located in different municipalities of Oaxaca State, Mexico. The distribution, frequency and reproductive level and economic impact of these diseases suggests the implementation of sanitary measures to prevent and control them.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>