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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.21</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00113</article-id>			
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Variación genética de <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> causante de mastitis en vacas lecheras en Jalisco</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6962-4677</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Castañeda-Vázquez</surname>
						<given-names>Hugo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5388-3914</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Padilla-Ramírez</surname>
						<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">**</xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0304-5784</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Castañeda-Vázquez</surname>
						<given-names>Martha</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4005-5044</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Camacho-Palafox</surname>
						<given-names>José</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7913-1887</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Salas-Castañeda</surname>
						<given-names>Erika</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Guadalajara, Laboratorio de Mastitis y diagnóstico Molecular. División de Ciencias Veterinarias, Guadalajara, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Guadalajara</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Guadalajara</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Guadalajara</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Guadalajara, Departamento de Producción Animal. División de Ciencias Veterinarias, Guadalajara, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Guadalajara</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Guadalajara</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Guadalajara</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">*Autor responsable: Castañeda-Vázquez Hugo.</corresp>
				<corresp id="c2">**Autor de correspondencia: Padilla-Ramírez Francisco Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Camino Ramón Padilla Sánchez #2100 Nextipac, 45200, Zapopan, Jalisco, 37771150 Ext. 33177. <email>hcastane59@yahoo.com.mx</email>, <email>fjavier.padilla@academicos.udg.mx</email>, <email>arcoiris2565@hotmail.com</email>, <email>ertytres333@hotmail.com</email>, <email>erika.salas@cucba.udg.mx</email>.</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>			
			<elocation-id>e113</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>13</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen </title>
				<p>Se determinó la variabilidad genética de las cepas de <italic>S. aureus</italic> aisladas de algunos casos de mastitis bovina. Se muestrearon 335 vacas de 27 establos en 10 municipios del estado de Jalisco. Las cepas de <italic>S. aureus</italic> se identificaron a partir de muestras de leche de cada glándula mamaria de cada vaca, las cuales se cultivaron en agar sangre y con base a las características del cultivo, las pruebas bioquímicas, y finalmente su confirmación molecular mediante PCR. La variación genética en las cepas identificadas se obtuvo con la técnica de electroforesis de campos pulsados. Las imágenes de los geles se analizaron mediante el software Bionumerics®. Se diagnosticó con la prueba de California un 2.26% de mastitis clínica y un 40.45% de mastitis subclínica. Se registró una frecuencia de aparición de <italic>S. aureus</italic> del 9.8% del total de las glándulas muestreadas. Se observó una variación genética de 14.9%. Las 32 cepas analizadas se agruparon en pulsotipos con 95% o más de similitud genética, resultando 12 pulsotipos. Se concluye que existe gran diversidad en la variabilidad genética de cepas de <italic>S. aureus</italic> de diferentes establos del estado de Jalisco y una gran similitud genética de cepas dentro de cada establo. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Staphylococcus aureus</kwd>
				<kwd>tipificación</kwd>
				<kwd>frecuencia de mastitis</kwd>
				<kwd>variación genética</kwd>
				<kwd>electroforesis de campos pulsados</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="10"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="33"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La mastitis es definida como la inflamación de la glándula mamaria, causada principalmente por patógenos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bedolla <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>), que ocasiona una disminución en la producción y calidad de la leche en su forma subclínica; sin embargo puede convertirse en mastitis clínica, donde puede llegar hasta el desecho del animal por pérdida de la funcionalidad de la glándula mamaria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Echeverri <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>). Asimismo la mastitis subclínica suele estar presente por mayor tiempo y es más frecuente que la mastitis clínica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bedolla <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>). Las pérdidas económicas pueden alcanzar hasta cinco mil pesos por cada lactancia de una vaca al año (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Van <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>); aunque se han encontrado alrededor de 137 microorganismos en ganado lechero con mastitis, sólo un reducido número de patógenos son los responsables de la mayoría de los casos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Wolter <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>); por ejemplo, tal es el caso del género <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> spp, que expresan factores de virulencia que permiten su persistencia y distribución en el huésped (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Marqués <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). </p>
			<p>Por otra parte <italic>Staphylococcus aureus,</italic> descrito por el médico Alexander Ogston en 1880 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Cervantes-García <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), el cual en la actualidad es considerado como uno de los principales agentes causantes de mastitis a nivel mundial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">El-Sayed, 2006b</xref>), con una frecuencia de casi el 30% de muestras de vacas con mastitis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Calderón y Rodríguez, 2008</xref>). A este patógeno se le atribuyen propiedades invasivas y factores extracelulares como la producción de toxinas que conducen al síndrome de shock tóxico, toxinas exfoliativas y enterotoxinas estafilocócicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Vasconcelos and Ribeiro de Souza, 2010</xref>). Adicionalmente, posee una gran capacidad de adquirir elementos exógenos por transferencia horizontal, lo que le permite adaptarse fácilmente al medio y a los agentes antimicrobianos, mediante la adquisición de factores de resistencia a antibióticos codificados por plásmidos y transposones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Baba <italic>et al.,</italic> 2002</xref>). </p>
			<p>La tipificación molecular de microorganismos (genotipificación) es muy importante para conocer la evolución de los patógenos y estudiar su relación genética; de esta manera se logra un mayor entendimiento durante las investigaciones epidemiológicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Amr El-Sayed, <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Castañeda <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">García <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Existe una variedad de métodos de genotipificación, cada técnica presenta fortalezas y debilidades. Entre los más destacados se encuentran la electroforesis de campos pulsados (PFGE), tipificación del gen spa, tipificación de secuencias de locus múltiple (MLST), el análisis de perfil de plásmido, polimorfismo de longitud de fragmento de restricción (RFLP), análisis (MLVA), y el análisis de toda la secuencia del genoma ADN (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Struelens <italic>et al</italic>, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kuroda <italic>et al.</italic>, 2001</xref>). </p>
			<p>La electroforesis de campos pulsados (PFGE), es una poderosa técnica de genotipificación utilizada para separar grandes moléculas de ADN (ADN genómico completo), después de una macrorestricción (corte con una enzima de restricción en varios puntos del genoma) y la separación de fragmentos mediante la aplicación de un campo eléctrico; siendo esta técnica una buena representación de todo el cromosoma bacteriano, porque proporciona fragmentos de ADN claramente diferenciados (Sharma-Kuinkel <italic>et al</italic>., 2016). Una de las fortalezas de la técnica es que presenta un alto poder discriminatorio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Struelens <italic>et al</italic>, 2009</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Castañeda <italic>et al</italic>., (2011)</xref> mostró una estrecha relación de cepas de campo de <italic>S. aureus,</italic> responsables de mastitis en el occidente de México; sugiriendo que clones estrechamente relacionados de <italic>S. aureus</italic> son los responsables de la mayoría de las infecciones intramamarias, provocadas en el estado de Jalisco (Castañeda <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018) . <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Marqués <italic>et al</italic>., (2013)</xref> observaron en Brasil una marcada diversidad de clones de <italic>S. aureus,</italic> detectando seis perfiles genéticos distintos mediante la electroforesis de campos pulsados (PFGE). (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kuroda <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref><italic>;</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Sato et <italic>al.,2017</italic></xref>) encontraron variaciones genéticas de hasta 30% de 41 cepas de <italic>S. aureus</italic>, aisladas en Japón de vacas con mastitis, humanos y en carne destinada a la venta. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Can <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>), obtuvieron una variación de alrededor del 25% de la totalidad de muestras obtenidas de muestras de carne, leche cruda, queso, carne y pollo en Turquía. Las cepas obtenidas de leche de vaca cruda presentaron una similitud del 90%. </p>
			<p>Sólo una investigación exhaustiva nos ayudará a comprender la epidemiología del patógeno <italic>S. aureus,</italic> y puede ayudar a controlar la enfermedad y/o producir una vacuna, minimizando su amenaza. Para este propósito, varias herramientas de biología molecular han sido desarrolladas para su uso en estudios epidemiológicos moleculares avanzados, como las utilizadas en la presente investigación de <italic>S. aureus.</italic></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Muestreo.</title>
				<p>Se realizó un estudio transversal con un muestreo aleatorio en 27 establos pertenecientes a los 10 municipios: Acatic, Arandas, Atotonilco el Alto, Encarnación de Díaz, la Barca, Lagos de Moreno, Tepatitlán de Morelos, San Juan de los Lagos, San Miguel el Alto y Tototlán, considerados los mayores productores de leche del estado de Jalisco, México. </p>
				<p>El número de animales muestreados fue proporcional a la población de vacas de cada municipio, en una relación de 1 a 900 aproximadamente. El tamaño de los establos se clasificó por el número de vacas en producción, que al momento del muestreo presentaba cada establo, y con base a esto se determinó el número de vacas a muestrear en cada uno (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>). El número total de vacas a muestrear se determinó con la fórmula empleada para poblaciones infinitas o muy grandes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Gamboa, 2017</xref>), dando como resultado 335 vacas. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Clasificación de establos por su tamaño (número de vacas en producción)</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Tamaño del establo </td>
									<td align="center">No. De Vacas en producción </td>
									<td align="center">No. de Vacas a muestrear </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Chico </td>
									<td align="center">≤ 25 </td>
									<td align="center">≤ 11 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Mediano </td>
									<td align="center">26 a 99 </td>
									<td align="center">12 a 15 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Grande </td>
									<td align="center">≥ 100 </td>
									<td align="center">16 a 20 </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Detección de mastitis. Se utilizó la prueba de California como prueba de campo para la determinación de la frecuencia de mastitis subclínica; se realizó antes del ordeño del animal, después de eliminarse los primeros chorros de leche; tomándose una muestra aproximada de 2 mL y aplicando una cantidad similar del reactivo de California Mastitis Test (CMT), por sus siglas en inglés; siguiendo el procedimiento propuesto por (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Barnum y Newbould, 1961</xref>), después de unos movimientos circulares de la mezcla se procedió inmediatamente a su interpretación. </p>
				<p>El cultivo bacteriológico, las pruebas bioquímicas, la técnica de PCR; así como la electroforesis de campos pulsados se realizaron en el laboratorio de mastitis y biología molecular del Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA) de la Universidad de Guadalajara, el cual se encuentra ubicado en el municipio de Zapopan del estado de Jalisco. Las 1,325 muestras de leche se cultivaron en cajas de Petri, con contenido de agar sangre adicionado con sangre de borrego al 5%, inoculando alrededor de 0.01 mL de leche por cada muestra. </p>
				<p><bold>Identificación presuntiva de <italic>S. aureus.</italic> 
</bold> Se empezó con la identificación mediante la observación de las características propias de la colonia (presencia y tipo de hemolisis, color y textura). Después se procedió a realizar las siguientes 3 pruebas bioquímicas: Prueba de coagulasa en tubo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sperber y Tatini., 1975</xref>), prueba de sal manitol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Cervantes-García <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>) y prueba de DNasa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Menzies, 1977</xref>). </p>
				<p><bold>Identificación molecular de <italic>S. aureus.</italic> 
</bold> Se utilizó la técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), ya que permite la identificación de patógenos proporcionando una alta sensibilidad y especificidad, siendo la prueba estándar de oro para la identificación de especies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">El-Sayed <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). </p>
				<p>Extracción del ADN. Se realizó el método de extracción con lisoestafina propuesto por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Chapaval <italic>et al</italic>., (2008)</xref>, con algunas modificaciones. De los cultivos de <italic>S. aureus</italic> sembrados en agar sangre de 18 -24 horas en incubación, se tomaron 2 asadas y se depositaron en 200 µL de una solución de TE (10 mM Tris -1 mM EDTA), pH 8. Posteriormente se añadió 2 µL de lisoestafina (1 mg/mL) y se incubó por 2 horas a 37 °C, se le añadieron 200 µL de la mezcla fenol-cloroformo-alcohol isoamílico (25-24-1), se agitó a velocidad alta (3,000 rpm) en vortex por 3 segundos y se metió a centrifugar a 12,000 rpm por 10 minutos; se pasó 150 µL del sobrenadante a otro tubo y se le añadió 60 µL de NaCl 5 M y 300 µL de etanol al 96% y se metió a -20 °C por 2 h para precipitar el ADN. Posteriormente se centrifugó a 12,000 rpm. por 15 min y se descartó el sobrenadante, teniendo cuidado de no descartar el pellet formado. Después se añadió 200 µL de etanol al 70% y se centrifugó a 12,000 rpm por 10 minutos, descartando el etanol. Se mantuvieron los tubos abiertos frente al mechero por 30 min para que evaporaran los restos de etanol. Por último, se colocaron 50 µL de TE, pH 8. </p>
				<p>Primers y Programa de PCR. </p>
				<p>Se utilizaron los siguientes primers para la amplificación del gen 23 rDNA </p>
				<p>Secuencia 5’ (ACG GAG TTA CAA AGG ACG AC) Secuencia 3’ (AGC TCA GCC TTA ACG AGT AC) </p>
				<p>Y para la amplificación del gen se utilizó el siguiente programa: </p>
				<p>Etapa 1 (1 ciclo): paso 1. Desnaturalización (94 °C por 5 min) </p>
				<p>Etapa 2 (37 ciclos): paso 1. Desnaturalización (94 °C por 40 s) </p>
				<p>Paso 2. Alineamiento (58 °C por 60 s) </p>
				<p>Paso 3. Extensión (72 °C por 75 s) </p>
				<p>Etapa 3 (1 ciclo): paso 1. Extensión (72 °C por 5 min) (El-Sayed <italic>et al</italic>., 2006b). </p>
				<p>Electroforesis. Para la electroforesis se usó un gel de agarosa al 1%, el cual se corrió a 70 v por 40 min, utilizando el buffer TBE 1x (89 mM Tris -89 mM Borato -2 mM E.D.T.A), pH 8. </p>
				<p><bold>Determinación de la variación genética</bold>. Se utilizó la técnica de electroforesis
					de campos pulsados (PFGE), por sus siglas en inglés, misma técnica utilizada por
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><italic>Sato et al.,
						(2017)</italic></xref><italic>,</italic> para la determinación de la
					variabilidad genética de <italic>S. aureus</italic>. Solo las cepas
					diagnosticadas positivas a <italic>S. aureus,</italic> mediante PCR fueron
					consideradas para la determinación de la variación genética. En total se
					seleccionaron 32 cepas de <italic>S. aureus</italic>. </p>
				<p>Se elaboró la técnica utilizada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Castañeda <italic>et al</italic>., (2011)</xref>, con algunas modificaciones. Se inocularon las cepas en placas de agar sangre y se incubaron a 37 °C durante 18 horas. De cada cepa bacteriana se tomó una azada del cultivo y se suspendió en 200 µL de la solución PIV (0,01 mM Tris, 1M NaCl) pH 8, y se ajustó a una densidad óptica de 1.5 con un nivel de absorbancia de 610 nm. De esta solución se tomaron 60 µL de cada muestra y se mezclaron con 60 µL de agarosa al 1% (disuelta en TE), conservada a una temperatura de 45 °C. Posteriormente se pasaron a un compartimento del molde para bloques y se esperaron unos 15 minutos a que solidificaran. Los bloques se pasaron a un tubo de 1.5 mL que contenía: 0.5 mL de la solución de lisis (6 mM Tris -1 M NaCl 100 mM E.D.T.A -0.2% desoxicolato sódico -0.5% sarcosyl), 25 µL de brij 58 (al 10%), 5 µL de lisozima (50 mg/mL), y 5 µL de lisoestafina (1 mg/mL); se mezcló y se incubaron a 37°C durante 21 horas. Se decantó la solución y se sustituyó por 0.5 mL de la solución ES (500 mM E.D.T.A -1% sarcosyl) y se agregaron 25 µL de proteinasa K (20 mg/mL). Se incubaron a 56 °C durante 21 h. Se decantó la solución ES y los bloques se lavaron 5 veces, agitándose de manera suave por 20 min con 10 mL de TE (10 mM Tris -1 mM EDTA) por cada lavado. Se cortó una rebanada de 3 mm de cada bloque. </p>
				<p>Para la digestión se agregaron 100 µL de la solución para restricción: agua 87.75 µL, buffer (10x) 10 µL, enzima <italic>Sma1</italic> 1.25 µL (12.5 U por muestra) y albúmina de suero de bovino (BSA) 1 µL. Se dejó incubar 3 horas a 25 °C. Posteriormente las rebanadas se colocaron en el interior de un gel de agarosa al 1% en TBE 0.5x pH 8. Se realizó la electroforesis en 7 L 0.5x TBE pH 8 en el aparato Chef-DR II (Bio-Rad). </p>
				<p>El programa utilizado fue: Voltaje 6 V / cm, temperatura 14 °C; tiempo inicial 5 s; tiempo final 40 s; y duración 21 h. Posteriormente, el gel se tiñó y se capturó la imagen en un fotodocumentador. </p>
				<p>La determinación de la variación genética se realizó analizando las imágenes de los geles, obtenidos mediante la técnica PFGE, a partir de dendrogramas para la determinación del parentesco, con la ayuda del software Bionumerics® (Applied Maths, Kortrijk, Belgium). Se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación de Dice y el algoritmo de agrupación de promedio matemático del grupo de pares no ponderado (UPGMA). Se elaboró un dendrograma de similitud del total de las muestras y otros 3 dendrogramas (uno por cada región muestreada). Los porcentajes de similitud genética se pudieron obtener con la elaboración de los dendrogramas. </p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p><bold>Frecuencia de mastitis</bold>. De las 1,340 glándulas mamarias correspondientes a las
				335 vacas muestreadas, se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados. Analizando 1,325
				glándulas mamarias funcionales y 15 glándulas ciegas (no funcionales), se observó
				una frecuencia del 42.71% de mastitis, de la cual la mastitis clínica representó el
				2.26% y de la mastitis subclínica el 40.45%. </p>
			<p><bold>Frecuencia de agentes etiológicos</bold>. De las 1,325 muestras recolectadas de leche se
				obtuvo un crecimiento positivo de <italic>S. aureus</italic> en 130 muestras
				(correspondientes al 9% del total) y un crecimiento de 261 de estafilococos
				coagulasa negativo (18% del total). Por lo que refleja la importancia del
					<italic>género Staphylococcus</italic> spp, ya que representó un crecimiento del
				27% del total de las muestras. </p>
			<p><bold>Variación genética de <italic>S. aureus</italic> mediante la técnica de electroforesis de campos pulsados (PFGE)</bold>. Se obtuvieron los siguientes perfiles genéticos (pulsotipos) de 32 cepas de <italic>S. aureus</italic> representativas aisladas de establos mediante la técnica de PFGE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>). </p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Electroforesis de campos pulsados del ADN (después de la digestión con la enzima de restricción <italic>sma1)</italic> de las 32 cepas de <italic>S. aureus</italic> aisladas de vacas lecheras del estado de Jalisco. Donde M= Marcador de peso molecular de 48.5kb a 1,018kb (New England Biolabs), Ref= Cepa de referencia <italic>S. aureus</italic> (ATCC 25923) y número del 1 al 38= al total de cepas aisladas (32).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e113-gf1.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Se elaboraron dendrogramas para la determinación de la variación genética de <italic>S. aureus</italic>. Los 32 pulsotipos de las cepas estudiadas se agruparon en 12 diferentes agrupaciones de pulsotipos, con un 95% o más de similitud genética dentro de cada grupo de pulsotipos. </p>
			<p>Se obtuvo un porcentaje de similitud genética del 85.1%, lo que corresponde al 14.9% de variación genética de los 32 pulsotipos de cepas aisladas, de los 10 municipios muestreados del estado de Jalisco. La agrupación de pulso tipos (p3), fue el mayormente encontrado agrupando al 25% (8/32) del total de los pulsotipos de las cepas analizadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2</xref>). </p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Dendrograma de los pulsotipos de las 32 cepas de <italic>S. aureus</italic> aisladas en diferentes regiones del estado de Jalisco</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e113-gf2.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>En el dendrograma de los pulsotipos de las cepas aisladas de la región Altos Norte, se observó un 84.9% de similitud genética, lo que corresponde a el 15.1% de variación genética de las 14 cepas aisladas de los municipios de Encarnación de Díaz, Lagos de Moreno y San Juan de los Lagos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figura 3</xref>). </p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Dendrograma de los pulsotipos de 14 cepas de <italic>S. aureus</italic> aisladas en la región Altos Norte del estado de Jalisco</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e113-gf3.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>En el dendrograma de los pulsotipos de las cepas aisladas de la región Altos Sur, se observó un 89.8% de similitud genética, lo que corresponde a el 10.2% de variación genética de las 8 cepas aisladas de los municipios de Acatic, Arandas, San Miguel el alto y Tepatitlán de Morelos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">figura 4</xref>). </p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Dendrograma de los pulsotipos de 8 cepas de <italic>S. aureus</italic> aisladas en la región Altos Sur del estado de Jalisco</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e113-gf4.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>En el dendrograma de los pulsotipos de las cepas aisladas de la región Ciénega, se observó un porcentaje del 90.2% de similitud genética, lo que corresponde a el 9.8% de variación genética de las 10 cepas aisladas de los municipios de Atotonilco el Alto, la Barca y Tototlán (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">figura 5</xref>). </p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f5">
					<label>Figura 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Dendrograma de los pulsotipos de 10 cepas de <italic>S. aureus</italic> aisladas en la región Ciénega del estado de Jalisco</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e113-gf5.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Dentro de la relación de las características morfológicas de las cepas estudiadas con su perfil genético (pulsotipo) en la técnica de la variación genética, se pudo observar que las cepas de <italic>S. aureus</italic> que resultaron idénticas en la técnica de PFGE (similitud del 100%) presentaron características morfológicas idénticas. Mientras que la cepa (38. 27, 6 DD) resaltó de todas las demás en su cultivo, ya que mostró una pronunciada hemolisis beta de 15 mm; de igual forma fue la cepa que presentó el pulsotipo con la mayor variación genética en la técnica de PFGE. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>A partir de los hallazgos encontrados se establece que se encuentran variaciones genéticas mayores a un 10% de <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> aislados de vacas lecheras del estado de Jalisco, encontrándose el 14.9% de variación genética entre las 32 cepas analizadas en este estudio. Los resultados relacionados con la variación genética observados en el presente trabajo son similares a los citados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Can <italic>et al</italic>., (2017)</xref>, quienes encontraron una relación genética del 90% de cepas aisladas de leche cruda de vaca en Turquía, lo que corresponde al 10% de variación genética. En ese mismo estudio se analizaron en conjunto las cepas de <italic>S. aureus</italic> obtenidas de muestras de leche cruda de vaca, muestras de carne, queso y pollo en Turquía; en donde la variación genética aumentó hasta un 25%, lo que supone que existen tipos de perfiles genéticos similares genéticamente en las muestras de leche; quizás debido a que los <italic>S. aureus</italic> aislados de leche presentan un genotipo relativamente similar, ya que requieren de las mismas características que les permita estar adaptados, tanto dentro como fuera de la glándula mamaria. </p>
			<p>Los resultados mostrados en este estudio son similares a los resultados realizados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Castañeda <italic>et al</italic>., (2011)</xref>, quienes concluyeron que existe una estrecha rel ación genética de <italic>S. aureus,</italic> responsables de mastitis; sugiriendo que clones estrechamente relacionados de <italic>S. aureus,</italic> son los responsables de la mayoría de las infecciones intramamarias provocadas en el estado de Jalisco. Sin embargo difieren de los resultados generados con los obtenidos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Sato <italic>et al</italic>., (2017)</xref>, quienes encontraron variaciones genéticas de hasta el 30% de 41 cepas de <italic>S. aureus</italic> aisladas en Japón; tal vez debido a que se tomarán además cepas aisladas de humanos y de carne destinada a la venta; por lo que parece comprensible el alto porcentaje de variación mostrado, ya que las cepas suelen desarrollar características elementales que le permiten adaptarse a las condiciones del sitio de donde son aisladas. </p>
			<p>Aunque en la frecuencia de mastitis se obtuvo un porcentaje alto (42.71%) en las vacas muestreadas, sólo alrededor del 20% de las glándulas mamarias muestreadas representó a la mastitis clínica y a los grados 2 y 3 de la mastitis subclínica; por lo que alrededor del 80% de las glándulas se identificaron como negativo a mastitis y a mastitis subclínica grado 1. Por otra parte en un estudio realizado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Manjarrez <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>, encontró una frecuencia mayor de mastitis en el estado de México; quienes citan un 6.1% de mastitis clínica y un 48.3% de mastitis subclínica, siendo esto comprensible ya que se muestrearon sólo establos pequeños de tipo familiar, que presentaban poco nivel de tecnificación; lo que representa deficiencias en la técnica de ordeño y poco control de la mastitis, defiriendo del muestreo de nuestro estudio en el cual se eligieron además de establos familiares, establos semitecnificados y tecnificados; por lo que resultó menor la frecuencia de mastitis obtenida en nuestro estudio. </p>
			<p>Por otro lado <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Yera y Ramírez, 2016</xref>, registraron una frecuencia de aparición de <italic>S. aureus</italic> del 8.75% en vacas mestizas Holstein x Cebú, frecuencia menor a la obtenida que fue del 9.8%; quizás por una mejor resistencia a la infección de los animales muestreados al ser animales híbridos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Boscán <italic>et al</italic>., (2009)</xref>, observó una frecuencia de aparición de <italic>S. aureus</italic> del 12.15%, mayor a la presentada en este estudio, difiriendo además de la metodología de muestreo, ya que se tomaron muestras de leche sólo en vacas diagnosticadas con mastitis subclínica y que se encontraban en el inicio del periodo seco. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Castañeda <italic>et al.,</italic> (2013)</xref>, en el estado de Jalisco, mostró una frecuencia de <italic>S. aureus</italic> a nivel de establo del 100%, siendo la frecuencia más elevada a la mostrada, que fue del 66.7%; probablemente debido a que en ese estudio sólo se sembró leche perteneciente de glándulas diagnosticadas con mastitis; caso contrario a nuestro estudio, el cual se sembraron todas las muestras de leche sin importar su resultado en el diagnóstico de mastitis. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>La agrupación de pulsotipos P3 de <italic>S. aureus</italic> representó el 25% del total de los perfiles genéticos (pulsotipos) de las cepas aisladas (8/32), estando presente en todas las regiones que se muestrearon de Jalisco. La variación genética comparada con la variación morfológica resultó idéntica. Asimismo, las cepas aisladas dentro de un mismo establo presentaron una notable similitud genética, llegando al 100% de similitud en varios establos. Los resultados del presente estudio aportan información valiosa que puede ser complementaria en el área de la epidemiología molecular necesaria para el control, tratamiento y para la producción de vacunas necesarias para la mastitis causada por <italic>S. aureus.</italic></p>
		</sec>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">				
				<p>Clave:2020-12.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Genetic variation of <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> causing mastitis in dairy cows in Jalisco</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract </title>
				<p>The genetic variability of <italic>S. aureus</italic> strains isolated from some cases of bovine mastitis was determined. 335 cows from 27 stables were sampled in 10 municipalities in Jalisco state. <italic>S. aureus</italic> strains were identified from milk samples of each mammary gland of each cow, which were grown in blood agar and based on culture characteristics, biochemical tests, and finally their molecular confirmation by PCR. The genetic variation in the strains was identified by pulsed- field electrophoresis technique. The images of the gels were analyzed using the Bionumerics® software. 2.26% of clinical mastitis and 40.45% of subclinical mastitis were diagnosed with the California test. A frequency of appearance of <italic>S. aureus</italic> of 9.8% of the total sampled glands was recorded. A genetic variation of 14.9% was observed. The 32 strains analyzed were grouped into pulsotypes with 95% or more of genetic similarity, resulting in 12 pulsotypes. It is concluded that there is great diversity in the genetic variability of <italic>S. aureus</italic> strains from different stables in the state of Jalisco and a great genetic similarity of strains within each stable. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>PFGE</kwd>
				<kwd>S. aureus</kwd>
				<kwd>typification</kwd>
				<kwd>mastitis` frequency</kwd>
				<kwd>genetic variation</kwd>
				<kwd>pulsed field electrophoresis.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Mastitis is defined as mammary gland inflammation, caused mainly by pathogens <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">(Bedolla <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008)</xref>, which causes a decrease in the production and milk quality in its subclinical form; however, it can turn into clinical mastitis, where it can reach the animal's waste due to loss of the mammary gland functionality (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Echeverri <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>). Likewise, subclinical mastitis tends to be present for a longer time and is more frequent than clinical mastitis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bedolla <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>). Economic losses can reach up to 5000 mexican pesos for each lactation of a cow per year (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Van <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Although around 137 microorganisms have been found in dairy cattle with mastitis, only a small number of pathogens are responsible for most of the cases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Wolter et al., 2004</xref>); for example, such is the case of the genus <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> spp, which express virulence factors that allow their persistence and distribution in the host (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Marqués <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). </p>
				<p>On the other hand, <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, described by the physician Alexander Ogston in 1880 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Cervantes-García <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), which is currently considered one of the main agents causing mastitis worldwide (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">El-Sayed, 2006b</xref>), with a frequency of almost 30% of samples from cows with mastitis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Calderón and Rodríguez, 2008</xref>). Invasive properties and extracellular factors are attributed to this pathogen, such as the production of toxins that lead to toxic shock syndrome, exfoliative toxins, and staphylococcal enterotoxins (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Vasconcelos and Ribeiro de Souza, 2010</xref>). Additionally, it has a great capacity to acquire exogenous elements by horizontal transfer, which allows it to easily adapt to the environment and antimicrobial agents, through the acquisition of antibiotic resistance factors encoded by plasmids and transposons (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Baba <italic>et al.,</italic> 2002</xref>). </p>
				<p>The molecular typing of microorganisms (genotyping) is very important to understand the evolution of pathogens and study their genetic relationship. In this way, a greater understanding is achieved during epidemiological investigations (Amr El-Sayed, <italic>et al</italic>., 2017; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Castañeda <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">García <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). There are a variety of genotyping methods, each technique presenting strengths and weaknesses. Among the most prominent are pulsed field electrophoresis (PFGE), spa gene typing, multiple locus sequence typing (MLST), plasmid profile analysis, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), analysis (MLVA), and the analysis of the entire DNA genome sequence (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Struelens <italic>et al</italic>, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kuroda <italic>et al.</italic>, 2001</xref>). </p>
				<p>Pulsed Field Electrophoresis (PFGE) is a powerful genotyping technique used to separate large DNA molecules (complete genomic DNA), after macrorestriction (cutting with a restriction enzyme at various points in the genome) and fragment separation by applying an electric field, being this technique a good representation of the entire bacterial chromosome, because it provides clearly differentiated DNA fragments (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Sharma-Kuinkel <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). One of the strengths of the technique is that it has a high discriminatory power (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Struelens <italic>et al</italic>, 2009</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Castañeda <italic>et al</italic>., (2011)</xref> showed a close relationship of field strains of <italic>S. aureus</italic>, responsible for mastitis in western Mexico; suggesting that closely related clones of <italic>S. aureus</italic> are responsible for the majority of intramammary infections, caused Jalisco state (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Castañeda <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Marqués <italic>et al</italic>., (2013)</xref> observed in Brazil a marked diversity of <italic>S</italic>. <italic>aureus</italic> clones, detecting six different genetic profiles through pulsed field electrophoresis (PFGE). (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kuroda <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref><italic>;</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"> Sato <italic>et al</italic>., 2017)</xref> found genetic variations of up to 30% of 41 isolated <italic>S. aureus</italic> strains, in Japan from cows with mastitis, humans and in meat destined for sale. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Can <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>) obtained a variation of around 25% of the totality of samples obtained from samples of meat, raw milk, cheese, meat and chicken in Turkey. The strains obtained from raw cow's milk showed a similarity of 90%. </p>
				<p>Only a thorough investigation will help us understand the epidemiology of the pathogen <italic>S. aureus</italic>, and can help control the disease and/or produce a vaccine, minimizing its threat. For this purpose, several molecular biology tools have been developed for use in advanced molecular epidemiological studies, such as those used in the present <italic>S. aureus</italic> investigation. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p><bold>Sampling</bold>. A cross-sectional study was carried out with a random sampling in 27
					stables belonging to the 10 municipalities: Acatic, Arandas, Atotonilco el Alto,
					Encarnación de Díaz, La Barca, Lagos de Moreno, Tepatitlán de Morelos, San Juan
					de los Lagos, San Miguel el Alto and Tototlán, considered the largest milk
					producers in Jalisco state, Mexico. </p>
				<p>The number of animals sampled was proportional to the population of cows in each municipality, in a ratio of approximately 1 to 900. The size of the stables was classified by the number of cows in production, which at the time of sampling each stall had, and based on this the number of cows to be sampled in each one was determined (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 1</xref>). The total number of cows to be sampled was determined with the formula used for infinite or very large populations <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">(Gamboa, 2017)</xref>, resulting in 335 cows. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Classification of stables by size (number of cows in production)</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Stables size </td>
									<td align="justify">NU. of cows in production </td>
									<td align="justify">Nu. of cows to sample </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Small </td>
									<td align="center">≤ 25 </td>
									<td align="center">≤ 11 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Medium </td>
									<td align="center">26 a 99 </td>
									<td align="center">12 a 15 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Large </td>
									<td align="center">≥ 100 </td>
									<td align="center">16 a 20 </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><bold>Mastitis detection</bold>. The California test was used as a field test to determine
					the frequency of subclinical mastitis; It was carried out before milking the
					animal, after eliminating the first jets of milk; taking an approximate 2 mL
					sample and applying a similar amount of the California Mastitis Test (CMT)
					reagent; Following the procedure proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"
						>(Barnum and Newbould, 1961)</xref>, after some circular movements of the
					mixture, it was immediately interpreted. </p>
				<p>Bacteriological culture, biochemical tests, PCR technique; as well as pulsed field electrophoresis were carried out in the mastitis and molecular biology laboratory of the University Center for Biological and Agricultural Sciences (CUCBA) of the University of Guadalajara, which is located in Zapopan municipality in Jalisco state. The 1,325 milk samples were cultured in Petri dishes, with blood agar content added with 5% sheep blood, inoculating around 0.01 mL of milk for each sample. </p>
				<p><bold>Presumptive identification of <italic>S</italic>. <italic>aureus</italic>.</bold> Identification began by observing colony characteristics (presence and type of hemolysis, color and texture). The following 3 biochemical tests were then carried out: tube coagulase test (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sperber and Tatini., 1975</xref>), mannitol salt test (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Cervantes-García <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>) and DNase test (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Menzies, 1977</xref>). </p>
				<p><bold>Molecular identification of <italic>S. aureus</italic>
</bold> . The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used, since it allows the identification of pathogens providing high sensitivity and specificity, being the gold standard test for the identification of species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">El-Sayed <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). </p>
				<p>DNA extraction. The lysostafin extraction method proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Chapaval <italic>et al</italic>., (2008)</xref> was carried out, with some modifications. From the <italic>S. aureus</italic> cultures seeded on blood agar for 18-24 hours in incubation, 2 roasts were taken and placed in 200 µL of a TE solution (10 mM Tris-1 mM EDTA), pH 8. Subsequently, it was added 2 µL of lysostafin (1 mg/mL) and incubated for 2 hours at 37 °C, 200 µL of the phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol mixture (25-24-1) were added, it was stirred at high speed (3,000 rpm) in vortex for 3 seconds and centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 10 minutes; 150 µL of the supernatant was transferred to another tube and 60 µL of 5 M NaCl and 300 µL of 96% ethanol were added and the mixture was placed at -20 °C for 2 h to precipitate the DNA. Subsequently, it was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 15 min and the supernatant was discarded, taking care not to discard the pellet formed. Then 200 µL of 70% ethanol was added and centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 10 minutes, discarding the ethanol. The tubes were kept open in front of the burner for 30 min so that the traces of ethanol evaporated. Finally, 50 µL of TE, pH 8, were placed. </p>
				<p>Primers and PCR Program. </p>
				<p>The following primers were used for the amplification of the 23 rDNA gene </p>
				<p>Sequence 5 '(ACG GAG TTA CAA AGG ACG AC) </p>
				<p>Sequence 3 '(AGC TCA GCC TTA ACG AGT AC) </p>
				<p>And for the amplification of the gene the following program was used: </p>
				<p>Stage 1 (1 cycle): step 1. Denaturation (94 °C for 5 min) </p>
				<p>Stage 2 (37 cycles): step 1. Denaturation (94 °C for 40 s) </p>
				<p> Step 2. Alignment (58 ° C for 60 s) </p>
				<p> Step 3. Extension (72 ° C for 75 s) </p>
				<p>Stage 3 (1 cycle): step 1. Extension (72 ° C for 5 min) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">El-Sayed <italic>et al</italic>., 2006b</xref>). </p>
				<p>Electrophoresis. For electrophoresis, a 1% agarose gel was used, which was run at 70 v for 40 min, using 1x TBE buffer (89 mM Tris-89 mM Borate-2 mM E.D.T.A), pH 8. </p>
				<p><bold>Determination of genetic variation</bold>. The pulsed field electrophoresis (PFGE)
					technique was used, the same technique used by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"
						>Sato <italic>et al</italic>., (2017)</xref>, to determine the genetic
					variability of <italic>S. aureus</italic>. Only the strains diagnosed positive
					for <italic>S. aureus</italic> by PCR were considered for the determination of
					genetic variation. In total 32 <italic>S. aureus</italic> strains were selected. </p>
				<p>The technique used by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Castañeda <italic>et al</italic>., (2011)</xref> was developed, with some modifications. </p>
				<p>The strains were inoculated on blood agar plates and incubated at 37 °C for 18 hours. From each bacterial strain a hoe was taken from the culture and suspended in 200 µL of the PIV solution (0.01 mM Tris, 1M NaCl) pH 8, and adjusted to an optical density of 1.5 with an absorbance level of 610 nm. From this solution, 60 µL of each sample were taken and mixed with 60 µL of 1% agarose (dissolved in TE), kept at a temperature of 45 °C. Subsequently, they were transferred to a compartment of the block mold and waited about 15 minutes for them to solidify. The blocks were transferred to a 1.5 mL tube containing: 0.5 mL of the lysis solution (6 mM Tris-1 M NaCl-100 mM EDTA-0.2% sodium deoxycholate - 0.5% sarcosyl), 25 µL of brij 58 (at 10%), 5 µL of lysozyme (50 mg/mL), and 5 µL of lysostafin (1 mg/mL); it was mixed and incubated at 37 °C for 21 hours. The solution was decanted and replaced by 0.5 mL of the ES solution (500 mM E.D.T.A-1% sarcosyl) and 25 µL of proteinase K (20 mg/mL) were added. They were incubated at 56 °C for 21 h. The ES solution was decanted and the blocks were washed 5 times, shaking gently for 20 min with 10 mL of TE (10 mM Tris-1 mM EDTA) for each wash. A 3 mm slice was cut from each block. </p>
				<p>For digestion, 100 µL of the restriction solution were added: 87.75 µL water, 10 µL buffer (10x), 1.25 µL <italic>Sma1</italic> enzyme (12.5 U per sample) and 1 µL bovine serum albumin (BSA). It was left to incubate for 3 hours at 25 °C. Subsequently the slices were placed inside a 1% agarose gel in TBE 0.5x pH 8. Electrophoresis was carried out in 7 L 0.5x TBE pH 8 in the Chef-DR II apparatus (Bio-Rad). </p>
				<p>The program used was: Voltage 6 V/cm, temperature 14 °C; initial time 5 s; final time 40 s; and duration 21 h. Subsequently, the gel was stained and the image was captured on a photodocumenter. </p>
				<p>The determination of the genetic variation was carried out by analyzing the images of the gels, obtained using the PFGE technique, from dendrograms for the determination of kinship, with the help of the Bionumerics® software (Applied Maths, Kortrijk, Belgium). The Dice correlation coefficient and the unweighted pair group mathematical average grouping algorithm (UPGMA) were used. A dendrogram of similarity of the total of the samples and 3 other dendrograms (one for each sampled region) was elaborated. Genetic similarity percentages could be obtained with the elaboration of the dendrograms. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p><bold>Mastitis frequency</bold>. Of the 1,340 mammary glands corresponding to the 335 cows
					sampled, the following results were obtained. Analyzing 1,325 functional mammary
					glands and 15 blind glands (non-functional), a frequency of 42.71% of mastitis
					was observed, of which clinical mastitis represented 2.26% and subclinical
					mastitis 40.45%. </p>
				<p><bold>Frequency of etiological agents</bold>. Of 1,325 samples collected from milk, a
					positive growth of <italic>S. aureus</italic> was obtained in 130 samples
					(corresponding to 9% of the total) and a growth of 261 of coagulase negative
					staphylococci (18% of the total). Therefore, it reflects the genus
						<italic>Staphylococcus</italic> spp importance, since it represented a
					growth of 27% of total samples </p>
				<p><bold>Genetic variation of <italic>S. aureus</italic> using the pulsed field electrophoresis (PFGE) technique.</bold> The following genetic profiles (pulsotypes) of 32 representative <italic>S. aureus</italic> isolated strains from stables were obtained using the PFGE technique (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Pulsed field electrophoresis of DNA (after digestion with the restriction enzyme <italic>sma1</italic>) of the 32 isolated <italic>S. aureus</italic> strains from dairy cows in Jalisco state. Where M = Molecular weight marker from 48.5kb to 1,018kb (New England Biolabs), Ref = <italic>S. aureus</italic> reference strain (ATCC 25923) and number from 1 to 38 = the total number of isolates (32).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e113-gf6.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Dendrograms were prepared to determine <italic>S. aureus</italic> genetic variation. The 32 pulsotypes of the strains studied were grouped into 12 different pulsotype groupings, with 95% or more genetic similarity within each pulsotype group. </p>
				<p>A percentage of genetic similarity of 85.1% was obtained, which corresponds to 14.9% of genetic variation of the 32 pulsotypes of isolated strains, of 10 municipalities sampled in Jalisco state. The grouping of pulsotypes (p3), was the most found grouping 25% (8/32) of total pulsotypes of analyzed strains (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Pulsotype dendrogram of 32 <italic>S. aureus</italic> isolated strains in different regions from Jalisco state</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e113-gf7.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>In pulsotype dendrogram of isolated strains of Altos Norte region, 84.9% of genetic similarity was observed, which corresponds to 15.1% of genetic variation of 14 isolates from Encarnación de Díaz, Lagos de Moreno and San Juan de los Lagos municipalities (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Pulsotype dendrogram of 14 isolated <italic>S. aureus</italic> strains in the Altos Norte region from Jalisco state</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e113-gf8.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>In pulsotype dendrogram of isolated strains from Altos Sur region, an 89.8% genetic similarity was observed, which corresponds to 10.2% of genetic variation of 8 isolated strains from of Acatic, Arandas, San Miguel el alto and Tepatitlán de Morelos municipalities (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 4</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f9">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Pulsotypes dendrogram of 8 isolated <italic>S. aureus</italic> strains in Altos Sur region from Jalisco state</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e113-gf9.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>In pulsotype dendrogram of isolated strains from Ciénega region, a percentage of 90.2% of genetic similarity was observed, which corresponds to 9.8% of genetic variation of 10 isolates from Atotonilco el Alto, the Barca and Tototlán municipalities (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 5</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f10">
						<label>Figure 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Dendrogram of the pulsotypes of 10 strains of <italic>S. aureus</italic> isolated in the Ciénega region of Jalisco state</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e113-gf10.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Within the relationship of the morphological characteristics of the strains studied with their genetic profile (pulsotype) in the genetic variation technique, it was observed that the <italic>S. aureus</italic> strains that were identical in the PFGE technique (100% similarity) presented identical morphological characteristics. While the strain (38. 27, 6 DD) stood out from all the others in its culture, as it showed a pronounced beta hemolysis of 15 mm; in the same way, it was the strain that presented the pulsotype with the greatest genetic variation in the PFGE technique. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>From the findings found, it is established that there are genetic variations greater than 10% of <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> isolated from dairy cows in Jalisco state, finding 14.9% genetic variation among 32 strains analyzed in this study. The results related to the genetic variation observed in the present work are similar to those cited by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Can <italic>et al</italic>., (2017)</xref>, who found a genetic relationship of 90% of strains isolated from raw cow's milk in Turkey, which corresponds to the 10% genetic variation. In the same study, <italic>S. aureus</italic> strains obtained from raw cow's milk samples, meat, cheese and chicken samples in Turkey were analyzed together; where the genetic variation increased up to 25%, which means that there are types of genetically similar genetic profiles in the milk samples; perhaps because the <italic>S. aureus</italic> isolated from milk present a relatively similar genotype, since they require the same characteristics that allow them to be adapted, both inside and outside the mammary gland. </p>
				<p>The results shown in this study are similar to the results made by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Castañeda <italic>et al</italic>., (2011)</xref>, who concluded that there is a close genetic relationship of <italic>S. aureus</italic>, responsible for mastitis; suggesting that closely related clones of <italic>S. aureus</italic> are responsible for most of the intramammary infections caused in Jalisco state. However, they differ from the results generated with those obtained by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Sato <italic>et al</italic>., (2017)</xref>, who found genetic variations of up to 30% of 41 <italic>S. aureus</italic> strains isolated in Japan; perhaps because isolated strains from humans and meat destined for sale will also be taken. Therefore, the high variation percentage shown seems understandable, since the strains usually develop elemental characteristics that allow them to adapt to site conditions from which they are isolated. </p>
				<p>Although a high percentage (42.71%) was obtained in the mastitis frequency in the sampled cows, only around 20% of the sampled mammary glands represented clinical mastitis and grades 2 and 3 of subclinical mastitis. Therefore, around 80% of glands were identified as negative for mastitis and grade 1 subclinical mastitis. On the other hand, in a study carried out by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Manjarrez <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>, a higher frequency of mastitis was found in Mexico state; who cite 6.1% of clinical mastitis and 48.3% of subclinical mastitis, this being understandable since only small family-type stables were sampled, which presented little technification level. This represents deficiencies in the milking technique and little control of mastitis, differing from the sampling of our study in which, in addition to family stables, semi-technical and technical stables were chosen; therefore, the frequency of mastitis obtained in our study was lower. </p>
				<p>On the other hand, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Yera y Ramírez, 2016</xref> recorded a <italic>S. aureus</italic> appearance frequency of 8.75% in crossbred Holstein x Cebu cows, a frequency lower than that obtained which was 9.8%; perhaps due to a better resistance to infection in the animals sampled as they are hybrid animals. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Boscán <italic>et al</italic>., (2009)</xref>, observed a <italic>S. aureus</italic> appearance frequency of 12.15%, higher than that presented in this study, also differing from the sampling methodology, since milk samples were taken only in cows diagnosed with subclinical mastitis and that were at the beginning of the dry period. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Castañeda <italic>et al.,</italic> (2013)</xref> in Jalisco state, showed a <italic>S. aureus</italic> frequency at the barn level of 100%, the frequency being higher than that shown, it was 66.7%; probably due to the fact that in this study only milk belonging to glands diagnosed with mastitis was sown. This was the opposite of our study, in which all milk samples were seeded regardless of their result in the diagnosis of mastitis. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>The grouping of <italic>S. aureus</italic> P3 pulsotypes represented 25% of the total genetic profiles (pulsotypes) of isolated strains (8/32), being present in all the regions that were sampled from Jalisco. The genetic variation compared to the morphological variation was identical. Likewise, the isolated strains within the same stable showed a remarkable genetic similarity, reaching 100% similarity in several stables. The results of the present study provide valuable information that may be complementary in the area of molecular epidemiology necessary for the control, treatment and production of the necessary vaccines for mastitis caused by <italic>S. aureus</italic>.</p>
			</sec>
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	</sub-article>
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