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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.18</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00110</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title><italic>Leucaena leucocephala</italic> y <italic>Opuntia ficus-indica</italic> reducen la producción de metano <italic>in vitro</italic></article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7533-8001</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Araiza-Ponce</surname>
						<given-names>Karina</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5815-0779</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Murillo-Ortiz</surname>
						<given-names>Manuel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3821-4923</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Herrera-Torres</surname>
						<given-names>Esperanza</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4553-2225</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Valencia-Vázquez</surname>
						<given-names>Roberto</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3372-0306</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carrete-Carreón</surname>
						<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5134-6306</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pámanes-Carrasco</surname>
						<given-names>Gerardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango. Durango, México. C.P. 34307. karii_araiza@hotmail.com, manuelmurillo906@gmail.com, focc1928mx@yahoo.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Durango</city>
					<postal-code>34307</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
				<email>karii_araiza@hotmail.com</email>
				<email>manuelmurillo906@gmail.com</email>
				<email>focc1928mx@yahoo.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Tecnológico del Valle del Guadiana. Tecnológico Nacional de México. Durango, México. heotes99@yahoo.com.mx</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Tecnológico del Valle del Guadiana</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Tecnológico Nacional de México</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Durango</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
				<email>heotes99@yahoo.com.mx</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Tecnológico de Durango. Tecnológico Nacional de México, Durango, México. C.P. 34080. roberto.valenciav@gmail.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Tecnológico de Durango</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Tecnológico Nacional de México</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Durango</city>
					<state>México</state>
					<postal-code>34080</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<email>roberto.valenciav@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera. Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango. Durango, México. gerardo.pamanes@gmail.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Durango</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
				<email>gerardo.pamanes@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">*Autor de correspondencia: Pámanes-Carrasco Gerardo. Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango. Blvd. Guadiana 501, Ciudad Universitaria. Durango, Durango, México. C.P. 34130.</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>
			<elocation-id>e110</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="pub">
					<day>14</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>El objetivo fue evaluar la inclusión de <italic>Leucaena leucocephala</italic> (LL) y <italic>Opuntia ficus-indica</italic> (OFI) fresco y fermentado como sustituto del heno de alfalfa (HA) en la fracción forrajera sobre los patrones de fermentación, cinética de producción de gas y metano <italic>in  vitro.</italic> Cuatro tratamientos (TI: 50% HA; T2: 30% LL y 20% HA; T3: 30% OFI y 20% HA; T4: 30% OFI fermentado y 20% HA) fueron formulados como dietas para bovinos. El contenido de compuestos fenólicos totales y taninos condensados se incrementaron más de 400% con T2 (P&lt;0.05); los taninos condensados aumentaron 45% cuando se incluyó OFI fermentado en T4. La concentración de nitrógeno amoniacal, ácidos grasos volátiles, producción de gas y la relación acetato:propionato fueron diferentes entre tratamientos (P&lt;0.05). La máxima producción de gas se observó cuando se añadió LL a la ración (P&lt;0.05); no se observaron cambios entre TI, T2 y T3 (P&gt;0.05). Además, la fase lag disminuyó con T2 (P&lt;0.05). Adicionalmente, la producción de metano fue diferente entre tratamientos (P&lt;0.05); se observaron reducciones del 26% cuando se incluyó LL, y del 14% con OFI. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, LL y el OFI son ingredientes que pudiesen incluirse en la dieta de bovinos y así, contribuir a la mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>metanogénesis</kwd>
				<kwd>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</kwd>
				<kwd>fermentación ruminal</kwd>
				<kwd>nopal forrajero</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="10"/>
				<equation-count count="4"/>
				<ref-count count="38"/>
				</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>El sector ganadero ha sufrido transformaciones sustanciales en las últimas décadas. La creciente demanda resultante de la explosión demográfica exige incrementos en la producción ganadera (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">INECC, 2018</xref>). En México, la producción de bovinos ha tenido un crecimiento constante de 1.6% tan solo en la última década, con lo que se ostenta actualmente una producción de 1.88 millones de toneladas de carne en canal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">INECC, 2018</xref>). No obstante, un incremento en la producción ganadera lleva consigo un aumento en las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), provenientes de la fermentación entérica ruminal; principalmente de metano. Además, la síntesis de metano ruminal le representa una pérdida de energía al animal de hasta 12% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Johnson y Johnson, 1995</xref>). El metano es un gas que presenta hasta 28 veces más poder calorífico que el CO<sub>2</sub>, por lo que se busca disminuir las emisiones del mismo. El metano antropogénico alcanza hasta 40% del total del metano emitido a la atmósfera, del cual 18% es atribuible a la ganadería a través de la fermentación entérica ruminal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">IPCC, 2015</xref>). Tan solo en México, en 2015 se registró un total de emisiones de 510,043 Gg de CO<sub>2</sub>e (equivalentes de CO<sub>2</sub>), de los cuales el 13% está relacionado con la actividad ganadera; aproximadamente el 40% de estas emisiones es metano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">INECC, 2018</xref>). Debido a esto, infinidad de investigaciones alrededor del mundo han tratado de crear diversas estrategias que disminuyan la producción de metano ruminal, a través de: modificaciones en la dieta, el empleo de diversos aditivos, vacunas, uso de extractos naturales, administración de compuestos químicos y, últimamente la suplementación de compuestos bio-activos extraídos de plantas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Martin et al., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Pámanes-Carrasco <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>Actualmente, los esfuerzos han sido enfocados a la utilización de fuentes de forraje no convencionales, que presenten una alternativa alimenticia en la producción animal. De este modo, algunas plantas cuyo uso no es común en la alimentación de rumiantes, pueden ser empleadas como una alternativa para reducir las emisiones de GEI. De hecho, debido a la limitación en la disponibilidad del forraje en las zonas áridas y semi- áridas, hay algunos árboles, arbustos y cactáceas que pudieran emplearse como fuente de forraje. A este respecto, <italic>Leucaena</italic> (LL) es conocida por tener una alta calidad nutricional, principalmente proteína (22-27% MS; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Aye y Adegun, 2013</xref>) y usualmente se adapta a la defoliación y rebrote en la época de secas; en zonas áridas puede llegar a presentar una producción de hasta 1121 ha<sup>1</sup> en zonas de hasta 430 mm de precipitación anual y una temperatura media de 32°C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Singh y Toky, 1995</xref>). Además, en investigaciones previas no se han reportado cambios en el consumo de materia seca y ganancia diaria de peso cuando se añadió 40% de LL a la ración (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Piñeiro-Vázquez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). De igual manera, ciertas cactáceas sin espinas, como la variedad de <italic>Opuntla ficus-indica</italic> (OFI), son consideradas forrajes frescos y palatables que se producen en la época seca, y representan una fuente importante de agua para los animales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">González-Arreola <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>). Sin embargo, el contenido de proteína en las cactáceas es bajo, por lo que los investigadores han desarrollado procedimientos biotecnológicos que mejoren el contenido de proteína cruda a través de fermentaciones en estado sólido, utilizando diferentes cultivos de levaduras de manera exitosa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Flores-Ortiz y Reveles-Hernández, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Herrera <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">2017</xref>). Adicionalmente, la adición de células vivas, como las levaduras, muestran una reducción en la metanogénesis en experimentos <italic>in  vitro</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hristov et al., 2013</xref>). Además, ambas especies <italic>(LL y OFI</italic>) contienen metabolitos secundarios, tales como taninos condensados, saponinas y/o flavonoides, que pueden actuar como inhibidores de la síntesis de metano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Aye y Adegun, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alves et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Pámanes-Carrasco <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>;). Consecuentemente, el uso de estas especies como fuentes de forraje en la alimentación de rumiantes pueden ser una alternativa en la reducción de las emisiones de GEI, metano principalmente; sin afectar el desarrollo productivo.</p>
			<p>Por lo tanto el objetivo del presente trabajo, fue evaluar la inclusión de <italic>Leucaena leucocephala</italic> y <italic>Opuntia ficus-indica</italic> fresco y fermentado, como sustituto del heno de alfalfa en la fracción forrajera sobre los patrones de fermentación, cinética de producción de gas y metano <italic>in  vitro</italic></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p><bold>Área de estudio y materiales</bold></p>
			<p>Esta investigación se llevó a cabo en el Laboratorio de Nutrición Animal de la Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, México. Las plantas de <italic>L. leucocephala</italic> fueron recolectadas al azar durante el otoño de 2017, de un cultivar ubicado en la misma Universidad. Las plantas colectadas midieron 1 m de longitud y el follaje fue removido manualmente después de la recolección. Las pencas de O. <italic>ficus-indica</italic> (variedad AV6) fueron colectadas de un plantío ubicado en terrenos aledaños a la Universidad. Los cultivos de levadura de <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic> fueron adquiridos en un comercio local. En el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">cuadro 1</xref> se muestra el análisis químico proximal de los ingredientes principales (alfalfa, LL, OFI y OFI fermentado).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Caracterización química y nutricional de los ingredientes de la fracción forrajera en los tratamientos experimentales</title>
					</caption>
					<table style="order-collapse:separate;">
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="5" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Ingredientes (% MS)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;"/>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Alfalfa</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Leucaena</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Nopal</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Nopal Fermentado</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">MS Parcial</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">-</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">44.9</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">9.3</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">8.3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">MS Total</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">89.7</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">89.5</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">90.0</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">88.1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Materia orgánica</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">87.1</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">91.5</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">72.0</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">79.6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Proteína cruda</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">16.7</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">21.3</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">5.3</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">17.4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Extracto etéreo</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.4</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.1</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.7</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">FDN</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">45.0</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">42.9</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">53.9</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">42.2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">FDA</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">27.6</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">13.8</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">13.5</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">21.2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Hemicelulosa</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">17.3</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">29.1</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">40.3</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">21.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Celulosa</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">18.6</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">7.5</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">8.3</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">9.1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Lignina</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.5</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">8.1</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.8</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">5.3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">DIVMS</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">55.7</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">45.7</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">51.5</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">65.8</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">DIVMO</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">50.0</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">42.3</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">40.0</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">59.8</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">CFT (mgEAG/gMS)</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">47.8</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">252.2</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">71.4</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">70.5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">TC (mgEC/gMS)</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">5.3</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">69.3</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">3.1</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">2.0</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>MS: materia seca; FDN: fibra detergente neutra; FDA: fibra detergente acida; DIVMS: Digestibilidad in in vitro de la materia seca a las 48h; DIVMO: Digestibilidad <italic>in vitro</italic> de la materia orgánica a las 48h; CFT: compuestos fenólicos totales; TC: taninos condensados; mgEAG: miligramos equivalentes de ácido gálico; mgEC: miligramos equivalentes de catequina.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p><bold>Fermentación de O. ficus-indica</bold></p>
			<p>Las muestras de <italic>OFI</italic> fueron fermentadas con <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae a</italic> 32°C, por 48h de acuerdo a los procedimientos reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Herrera <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref>. Los cultivos de levadura se adicionaron al 1% (MS). Después de la fermentación, las muestras fueron secadas y reducidas a un tamaño de partícula de 1 mm para su posterior análisis.</p>
			<p><bold>Formulación de tratamientos experimentales y análisis químicos</bold></p>
			<p>Cuatro tratamientos experimentales fueron formulados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">cuadro 2</xref>), como dietas para ganado bovino con la inclusión de <italic>L. leucocephala</italic> (T2), <italic>O.ficus-indica</italic> (AV6), fresco (T3) y O. <italic>ficus-indica fermentado</italic> (T4), como sustitución parcial de la fracción de heno de alfalfa en el tratamiento testigo (TI).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Ingredientes de los tratamientos experimentales</title>
					</caption>
					<table style="border-collapse:separate;">
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="5" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Tratamientos</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">Ingredientes (% MS)</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">TI</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">T2</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">T3</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">T4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Heno de alfalfa</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">50</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">20</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">20</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">20</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>L. leucocephala</italic></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">30</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>O. ficus-indica</italic></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">30</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>O. ficus-indica fermentado</italic></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">30</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Maíz molido</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">30</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">30</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">30</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">30</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Harinolina</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">19</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">19</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">19</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">19</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">Mezcla de minerales</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">1</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">1</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">1</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">1</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Se prepararon 10 kg de cada tratamiento experimental y fueron mezclados en un mezclador rotativo con capacidad de 150 L (Gladiator PRO, modelo H8155/16); después, una muestra representativa de 1 kg fue tomada y mediante el método de cuarteo se tomaron sub-muestras para cada análisis. Todos los tratamientos experimentales fueron sujetos a análisis de composición química (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">cuadro 3</xref>) de acuerdo con los procedimientos estandarizados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">AOAC (2010)</xref>. Además, la fibra detergente neutro (FDN) y fibra detergente ácido (FDA), así como la celulosa, hemicelulosa y la fracción de lignina, fueron determinadas en un equipo Fiber Analyzer 200 (ANKOM Technology, USA), como lo propuso el fabricante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">ANKOM, 2020</xref>). La digestibilidad <italic>in  vitro</italic> de la material seca (DIVMS) y digestibilidad in <italic>in vitro</italic> de la materia orgánica (DIVMO), fueron analizadas de acuerdo a los procedimientos sugeridos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">ANKOM (2018)</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Cuadro 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Análisis químico de los tratamientos experimentales</title>
					</caption>
					<table style="order-collapse:separate;">
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="5" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Tratamientos</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">Nutrientes (% MS)</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">TI</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">T2</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">T3</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">T4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">MO</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">90.3</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">91.3</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">87.6</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">87.3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">PC</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">17.4</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">18.1</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">14.3</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">17.5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">EE</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.6</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">2.0</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.5</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">FDN</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">53.3</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">52.8</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">52.6</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">46.5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">FDA</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">23.8</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">23.4</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">17.7</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">15.6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Hemicelulosa</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">29.5</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">29.4</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">34.9</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">30.9</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Celulosa</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">16.3</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">14.5</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">11.9</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">11.6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Lignina</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">7.4</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">8.8</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">5.8</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.9</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">DIVMO</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">53.7</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">47.6</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">59.8</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">59.4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">EM (Mcal/kgMS)</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">4.7</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">4.4</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">4.7</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">4.6</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>MO: materia orgánica; PC: proteína cruda; EE: extracto etéreo; FDN: fibra detergente neutra; FDA: fibra detergente acida; DIVMO: Digestibilidad <italic>in  vitro</italic> de la materia orgánica a las 48h; EM: Energía metabolizable; TI: 50% alfalfa+50% concentrado; T2: 20% alfalfa+30% LL+50% concentrado; T3: 20% alfalfa+30% OFI+50% concentrado; T4: 20% alfalfa+30% OFI fermentado+50% concentrado.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p><bold>Compuestos fenólicos totales y taninos condensados</bold></p>
			<p>Los compuestos fenólicos totales (CFT), fueron determinados de acuerdo a los métodos propuestos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Heimler et al. (2005)</xref>. Además, los taninos condensados (TC) fueron analizados como los reportó <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Porter et al. (1986)</xref>.</p>
			<p><bold>Patrones de fermentación in in vitro</bold></p>
			<p>Para los ensayos de fermentación <italic>in  vitro,</italic> se obtuvo líquido ruminal de dos becerros de raza Brangus, dotados de cánula ruminal, con un peso aproximado de 450 kg, y alimentados con ensilado de maíz y concentrado en una proporción 50:50. Aproximadamente, 1 g de muestra de cada tratamiento experimental fue incubado con 120 mL de solución buffer-inóculo ruminal en una relación 2:1 a 39°C en módulos de vidrio ANKOM (ANKOM Technology, USA), con tapas herméticas de goma y plástico, de acuerdo a lo propuesto por el fabricante por triplicado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">ANKOM 2018</xref>). Después de transcurridas 24h de incubación, los módulos fueron abiertos y el pH fue medido. Inmediatamente, se tomaron alícuotas de 10 mL para ser colocadas en frascos de vidrio, para posteriores análisis de ácidos grasos volátiles (AGV) y nitrógeno amoniacal, de acuerdo a lo propuesto por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Galyean (2010)</xref>.</p>
			<p><bold>Producción de gas</bold> <italic>
 <italic>in  vitro</italic>
</italic></p>
			<p>Aproximadamente 1 g de cada tratamiento experimental fue colocado en módulos de vidrio ANKOM (ANKOM Technologies, USA), equipados con un transductor de presión inalámbrico por triplicado. Las fermentaciones se llevaron de acuerdo a lo propuesto por el fabricante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">ANKOM, 2018</xref>), incubando la muestra con una mezcla de solución buffer-inóculo ruminal en una relación 2:1. Las incubaciones se llevaron a cabo hasta las 96h y los cambios de presión se registraron cada hora durante el proceso. La cinética de la producción de gas <italic>in</italic> in vitro fue estimada mediante el ajuste de los datos obtenidos al modelo de Gompertz, de acuerdo a la siguiente ecuación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Murillo-Ortiz et al., 2018</xref>):</p>
			<p>
				<disp-formula id="e1">
					<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>G</mml:mi><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi> </mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mi>L</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi> </mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi> </mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>k</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi> </mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi> </mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math>
				</disp-formula>
			</p>
			<p>En donde GP= producción de gas al tiempo t (mL); A= máxima producción de gas (mL); kd= constante de producción de gas (Ir<sup>1</sup>); y L= tiempo de latencia antes de que empiece la producción de gas (h). Adicionalmente, para las mediciones de las proporciones de metano y CO<sub>2</sub>, la válvula de alivio de presión de los módulos fue abierta por espacio de 2 s, y el gas liberado fue conducido a través de un tubo hacia un analizador portátil de gas, de acuerdo al procedimiento propuesto por el fabricante (GEM™5000, LANDTEC, USA) y adecuado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">González-Arreola <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref>.</p>
			<p>La energía metabolizable (EM) fue estimada de acuerdo con la ecuación propuesta por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Menke et al. (1979)</xref>, la cual se presenta a continuación:</p>
			<p>
				<disp-formula id="e2">
					<mml:math>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">E</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">M</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
						<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
						<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
						<mml:mn>1.1456</mml:mn>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">*</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">G</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi>
						<mml:msub>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
							</mml:mrow>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mn>24</mml:mn>
							</mml:mrow>
						</mml:msub>
						<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
						<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
						<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
						<mml:mn>0.07675</mml:mn>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">*</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
						<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
						<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
						<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
						<mml:mn>0.1642</mml:mn>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">*</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">E</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">E</mml:mi>
						<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
						<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
						<mml:mn>1.198</mml:mn>
					</mml:math>
				</disp-formula>
			</p>
			<p>En donde EM= energía metabolizable (MJ/kg MS); GP24= producción de gas a las 24 h de incubación (mL); PC= proteína cruda (% MS); EE= extracto etéreo (%MS).</p>
			<p><bold>Análisis estadístico</bold></p>
			<p>Los datos experimentales obtenidos fueron analizados de acuerdo a un diseño completamente al azar, utilizando el procedimiento GLM del paquete estadístico <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">SAS (2011)</xref>. La comparación de medias se llevó a cabo mediante la prueba Tukey, declarando diferencias significativas con una P&lt;0.05.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Los patrones fermentativos de los tratamientos experimentales se presentan en el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">cuadro 4</xref>. La concentración de nitrógeno amoniacal fue diferente entre los tratamientos (P&lt;0.05); el valor más alto se obtuvo con el tratamiento testigo (TI). Así, al agregar LL y OFI a la ración, se observaron reducciones del 26.5, 28.7 y 18.4% en T2, T3 y T4, respectivamente, en comparación con T1. Además, los valores obtenidos de N-NH3 en este estudio se encuentran dentro del rango óptimo (5 a 10 mg/dL), el cual maximiza el consumo de materia seca y el empleo de materia orgánica en el rumen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Chandrasekharaiah et al., 2011</xref>). Igualmente, la concentración de ácidos grasos volátiles (AGV) y ácidos grasos volátiles totales (AGVT) presentaron diferencias entre tratamientos (P&lt;0.05). De acuerdo a lo expuesto por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Sutton et al. (2003)</xref>, las concentraciones normales de ácido acético, propiónico y butírico en una fermentación ruminal son aproximadamente de 60, 20 y 15%, respectivamente; no obstante, las cantidades reportadas en este estudio difieren de las reportadas anteriormente.</p>
			<p>Las concentraciones más altas de ácidos grasos volátiles totales (AGVT), así como ácido acético, se presentaron en T3. Por el contrario, las concentraciones de ácido butírico y propiónico fueron menores en el T3. No obstante, cuando se lleva a cabo el cálculo de la concentración molar de cada ácido graso volátil, las cantidades de acetato, propionato y butirato son mayores en T3 que en los demás tratamientos.</p>
			<p>Estos cambios en la concentración de AGV pueden estar relacionados con el incremento en los contenidos de carbohidratos, como la hemicelulosa; debido a la adición de OFI fresco a la ración. Al respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Johnson y Johnson (1995)</xref> comentan que una disminución en la relación acetato:propionato representa un proceso de fermentación más eficiente y una reducción en las pérdidas de energía mediante la formación de productos finales de la misma. Lo anterior se puede observar mediante la disminución en la producción de propionato, cuando se incluye OFI fresco a T3.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Cuadro 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Patrones de fermentación ruminal <italic>
 <italic>in  vitro</italic>
</italic> y concentración de compuestos fenólicos de los tratamientos experimentales </title>
					</caption>
					<table style="order-collapse:separate;">
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="6" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Tratamientos</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;"/>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">TI</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">T2</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">T3</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">T4</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">EEM</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">PH</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.9 ±0.01</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">7.0 ±0.04</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.9 ±0.01</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.9 ±0.01</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.05</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">N-NH3 (mg/dL)</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">13.6 ± 0.62<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">10.0 ± 0.17<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">9.7 ± 0.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">11.1 ± 0.22<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.34</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">AGVT (mM)</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">78.7 ± 1.32<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">78.7 ± 2.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">132.9 ± 6.39<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">76.3 ± 1.88<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.03</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">Acético (% AGVT)</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">46.8 ± 0.39<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">46.4 ± 0.77<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">57.0 ± 1.28<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">45.1 ± 0.65<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.84</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">Propiónico (% AGVT)</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">32.7± 0.32<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">33.2 ± 0.51<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">25.1 ± 1.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">34.0 ± 0.46<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.64</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">Butírico (% AGVT)</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">15.0± 0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">14.9 ± 0.15<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">12.4 ±0.15<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">15.4 ± 0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.11</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">Acetato: Propionato</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.4 ± 0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.4 ± 0.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">2.2 ± 0.14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.3 ± 0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.08</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">CFT (mgEAG/gMS)</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">14.1 ±0.43<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">77.1±1.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">20.9 ± 0.25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">20.1 ± 0.43<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.61</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">TC (mgEC/gMS)</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.55 ± 0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">20.4 ± 0.17<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.90 ± 0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.50 ± 0.08<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.10</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<label>ab</label>
							<p> Letras diferentes en la misma fila indican diferencia significativa (p&lt;0.05). EEM: Error Estándar de la diferencia entre medias; N-NH3= Concentración de nitrógeno amoniacal a las 24h de fermentación <italic>in  vitro</italic>; AGVT= Ácidos Grasos Volátiles Totales; CFT= Compuestos fenólicos totales; TC= Taninos condensados; mgEAG: miligramos equivalentes de ácido gálico; mgEC: miligramos equivalentes de catequina.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Como se puede observar en el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">cuadro 1</xref>, hay una diferencia marcada en las concentraciones de compuestos fenólicos totales (CFT), y de taninos condensados (TC) entre los diferentes ingredientes de la fracción forrajera. Debido a esto, en el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">cuadro 4</xref>, se muestran diferencias entre tratamientos en CFT y TC (P&lt;0.05). Los contenidos de CFT se incrementaron más de cuatro veces cuando se incluyó LL a la ración en T2. De la misma manera, CFT se incrementaron cerca del 45% cuando se incluyó OFI a T3. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Karimi et al. (2013)</xref> observaron contenidos tres veces menores de CFT cuando compararon alfalfa con LL. Además, los contenidos de CFT en los cladodios de OFI dependen de la madurez de la planta; mismos que se reportaron en valores cercanos a 33 mg/g de MS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Figueroa-Pérez <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). De manera similar, los contenidos de TC son diferentes entre los tratamientos experimentales (P&lt;0.05); cuando se incluyó LL a T2; el contenido de TC se incrementó cerca de 20 mgEC/g MS. Estos resultados concuerdan con los reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Berard et al. (2011)</xref>. Debido a que LL es considerada como una planta tanífera, los contenidos de CFT y TC deben ser más altos en T2 en comparación con los demás. Además, cuando se adicionó OFI a T3 y T4, se observó una reducción en la concentración de TC. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Márquez y Suárez (2008)</xref> reportaron un contenido de TC en la alfalfa cercanos a 0.5 mg/g MS; mientras que en los cladodios de OFI las concentraciones eran menores.</p>
			<p>Este estudio encontró el mismo efecto. A este respecto, los altos contenidos de CFT con la inclusión de OFI pueden atribuirse a otros compuestos fenólicos diferentes de los TC, tal como lo afirmaron <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cardador-Martínez (2011)</xref>. Además, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Koenig et al. (2018)</xref> afirmaron que la adición de extractos puros de TC superiores a 3.5%, no afecta el consumo de materia seca en becerros de engorda.</p>
			<p>Los parámetros de la cinética de producción de gas se presentan en el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">cuadro 5</xref>. La máxima producción de gas “A” fue diferente entre tratamientos (P&lt;0.05). El valor de “A” registrado en T4 fue diferente al obtenido en T2, presentando una media de 138.4 (mL/g MS) (P&lt;0.05); mientras que los valores en la fase lag (L) disminuyeron cuando se incluyó LL en T2, cuando es comparado con T3 y T4 (P&lt;0.05). De acuerdo a lo que dice <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Van Soest (1994)</xref>, los microorganismos celulolíticos tardan menos tiempo en atravesar la pared celular del forraje con un menor contenido de lignina; sin embargo, este efecto no se observa en este estudio. Aparentemente, los incrementos en la fracción de celulosa en T3 y T4 conllevan a un incremento en la fase lag (L). Este efecto lo encontró también <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Grilli et al. (2015)</xref>, cuando midieron la degradabilidad de la hemicelulosa en diversos forrajes; la hemicelulosa contenida en la alfalfa se degradó en menor tiempo que la contenida en otras especies forrajeras.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t5">
					<label>Cuadro 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Parámetros de la cinética de producción de gas, metano y dióxido de carbono de fermentaciones ruminales <italic>
 <italic>in  vitro</italic>
</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<table style="order-collapse:separate;">
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="6" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Tratamientos</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;"/>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">TI</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">T2</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">T3</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">T4</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">EEM</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">A (mL/g MS)</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">155.4 ± 1.78<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">162.9 ± 9.06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">142.6 ± 0.14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">138.4 ±3.14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.65</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">kd (h<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.1 ±0.02</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.1 ±0.01</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.1 ±0.01</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.1 ±0.01</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.05</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">L(h)</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">2.0 ± 0.15<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.6 ± 0.14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">2.3 ± 0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">2.4 ± 0.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.10</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">PG24h(mL/gMS)</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">123.7 ±6.30</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">111.2 ±0.22</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">122.0 ±0.56</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">120.0 ± 1.01</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.31</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">CH<sub>4</sub>(mL/gMS)</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">15.0 ± 0.65<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">11.1 ±0.08<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>c</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">13.1 ±0.27<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">12.9 ± 0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.35</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">C0<sub>2</sub> (mL/gMS)</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">102.8 ± 3.85<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">90.5 ± 0.39<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">98.9 ± 2.32<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">93.7 ± 0.24<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.22</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">C0<sub>2</sub>:CH<sub>4</sub></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.8 ± 0.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>c</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">8.1 ± 0.09<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">7.5 ± 0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">7.2 ± 0.06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.05</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<label>ab</label>
							<p> Letras diferentes en la misma fila indican diferencia significativa (p&lt;0.05). EEM: Error Estándar de la diferencia entre medias; A= máxima producción de gas (mL/g MS); kd= Tasa constante de producción de gas (%/h); L= Fase de latencia (h). TI: 50% alfalfa + 50% concentrado; T2: 20% alfalfa+30% leucaena +50% concentrado; T3: 20% alfalfa+30% nopal+50% concentrado; T4: 20% alfalfa+30% nopal fermentado+50% concentrado.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Por otro lado, la producción de gas a las 24h no mostró cambios entre tratamientos (P&gt;0.05). No obstante, se observaron reducciones del 26 y 14% en la producción de metano con la inclusión de LL y OFI en T2 y T3, respectivamente; de los cuales T2 registró la menor producción de metano (P&lt;0.05). Las reducciones en la producción de metano se pueden atribuir a la presencia de metabolitos secundarios en la ración. En este sentido, las más altas concentraciones de CFT y TC se presentaron en T2. Estos resultados concuerdan con los reportados por<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Tavendale et al. (2005)</xref>, quienes establecen que los más altos contenidos de TC tienden a formar complejos con las proteínas, lo cual limita la degradación de la misma por acción de los microorganismos presentes durante la fermentación. Adicionalmente, la producción de metano disminuye mediante la reducción en la digestión de la fracción fibrosa. Esto último se observó en el T2, el cual presentó menor digestibilidad. De la misma manera, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Tan al. (2011)</xref> reportaron que los TC contenidos en LL pueden reducir la población de microorganismos metanogénicos, debido a la mayor presencia de protozoarios, y de esta manera afectar la transferencia de iones hidrógeno. Así, la producción de metano como captador de electrones se ve limitada. Además, la reducción en la producción de metano en T3 y T4 está directamente relacionada con la presencia de CFT. Lo anterior coincide con la investigación previa llevada a cabo por Tavendale <italic>et al.</italic> (2005) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Murillo-Ortiz et al. (2018)</xref>. Estos autores afirman que la presencia de metabolitos secundarios como los CFT, son moléculas solubles y no fermentables que se encuentran negativamente relacionadas con la síntesis de metano.</p>
			<p>Por su lado, la menor producción de CO<sub>2</sub> se registró en T2, en comparación con TI (P&lt;0.05). Por el contrario, la mayor relación CO<sub>2</sub>: CH<sub>4</sub> se encontró en T2 comparada con T1. Estos resultados son consistentes con la presencia de taninos condensados; los TC de las plantas reducen la metanogénesis ruminal mediante la inhibición de los metanogénicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Tavendale et al., 2005</xref>). Asimismo, los altos valores en la relación CO<sub>2</sub>: CH<sub>4</sub> en TI, indican que en algún punto de la ruta metábolica se está inhibiendo la metanogénesis, ya que hay más volumen de CO<sub>2</sub> presente, mismo que no es sintetizado a metano.</p>
			<p>La síntesis ruminal de metano involucra la reducción sucesiva de CO<sub>2</sub> a metano, a través de diferentes niveles de formil, metileno y metil, y su reacción con las coenzimas; entre ellas la Coenzima M en el último paso de la síntesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Liu y Whitman, 2008</xref>). A este respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Patra y Saxena (2010)</xref> mencionan que la actividad antimetanogénica de los taninos pudiera radicaren la actividad sobre ciertas proteínas funcionales (enzimas), localizadas en ciertos sitios accesibles de los matanógenos. Esta acción pudiera interrumpir la metanogénesis ruminal, mostrando la inhibición de CH<sub>4</sub> en un punto donde el CO<sub>2</sub> es consumido como sustrato; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Murillo-Ortiz et al. (2018)</xref> observaron el mismo efecto.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Estos resultados indican que la sustitución de alfalfa por <italic>Leucaena leucocephala,</italic> mantiene la calidad nutritiva; así como valores similares en la producción de gas y la cantidad de AGV <italic>in  vitro.</italic> Adicionalmente, la inclusión del 30% de <italic>Leucaena leucocephala</italic> y <italic>Opuntia ficus-indica</italic> reducen 26 y 14% la concentración de metano <italic>in  vitro,</italic> respectivamente. Por lo anterior, debido a su calidad nutricia y a sus características fermentativas pudiesen incluirse en la dieta de bovinos, y así contribuir a la mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title><italic>Leucaena leucocephala</italic> and <italic>Opuntia ficus-indica</italic> reduce the ruminal methane production <italic>in vitro</italic></article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>This study aimed to evaluate the inclusion of <italic>
 <italic>Leucaena leucocephala</italic>
</italic> (LL) and <italic>
 <italic>Opuntia ficus-indica</italic>
</italic> (OFI) fresh and fermented as alfalfa hay substitute in the forage fraction on the ruminal fermentative parameters, gas production kinetics and methane production <italic>
 <italic>in  vitro.</italic>
</italic> Four treatments were formulated as beef cattle diets (TI: 50% HA; T2: 30% LL y 20% HA; T3: 30% OFI y 20% HA; T4: 30% OFI fermentado y 20% HA). Total phenolics compounds and condensed tannins (CT) increased over 400% when LL was included (P&lt;0.05). Additionally, CT increased 45% when fermented OFI was included in the ration in T4 (P&lt;0.05). Ammonia-nitrogen, volatile fatty acids, gas production and acetate:propionate ratio were different among treatments. The maximum gas production was observed when LL was included in T2 (P&lt;0.05). However, no changes were observed among TI, T2 and T3 (P&gt;0.05). In addition, lag phase decreased in T2 (P&lt;0.05). Furthermore, methane production was different among treatments (P&lt;0.05); reductions of 26 and 14% were observed when including LL and OFI, respectively. Thus, according to the obtained results, LL and OFI are ingredients, which may be included in the bovine diets and thereby contribute to the greenhouse gases mitigation.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>methanogenesis</kwd>
				<kwd>Saccharomyces cerevisia</kwd>
				<kwd>ruminal fermentative</kwd>
				<kwd>prickly pear</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>The livestock sector has undergone substantial transformations in recent decades. The growing demand resulting from the demographic explosion requires increases in livestock production (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">INECC, 2018</xref>). In México, the production of bovines has had a constant growth of 1.6% in the last decade alone, which currently boasts a production of 1.88 million tons of carcass meat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">INECC, 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>However, an increase in livestock production leads to an increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ruminal enteric fermentation, mainly methane. Furthermore, ruminal methane synthesis represents an energy loss of up to 12% to the animal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Johnson and Johnson, 1995</xref>). Methane is a gas that has up to 28 times more calorific value than CO<sub>2</sub>, so it seeks to reduce its emissions. Anthropogenic methane reaches up to 40% of the total methane emitted into the atmosphere, of which 18% is attributable to livestock through ruminal enteric fermentation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">IPCC, 2015</xref>). Only in México, in 2015 a total of emissions of 510,043 Gg of CO<sub>2</sub>e (CO<sub>2</sub> equivalents) was registered, of which 13% is related to livestock activity; approximately 40% of these emissions is methane (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">INECC, 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>Due to this, infinity of investigations around the world have tried to create diverse strategies that decrease the production of rumen methane, through: diet modifications, the use of various additives, vaccines, use of natural extracts, administration of Chemical compounds and, lately, the supplementation of bio-active compounds extracted from plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Martin et al., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Pámanes-Carrasco 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>Currently, efforts have been focused on the use of unconventional forage sources, which present a food alternative in animal production. In this way, some plants whose use is not common in ruminant feed can be used as an alternative to reduce GHG emissions. In fact, due to the limited availability of forage in arid and semi-arid areas, some trees, shrubs and cacti could be used as a source of forage. In this regard, <italic>
 <italic>Leucaena leucocephala</italic>
</italic> (LL) is known for having a high nutritional quality, mainly protein 22-27% DM; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Aye and Adegun, 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>It usually adapts to defoliation and regrowth in the dry season; in arid zones it can have a production of up to 112 t ha<sup>1</sup> in areas of up to 430 mm of annual precipitation and an average temperature of 32 °C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Singh and Toky, 1995</xref>). Furthermore, in previous investigations, no changes in dry matter consumption and daily weight gain have been reported when 40% of LL was added to the ration (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Piñeiro-Vázquez <italic>
 <italic>et al.,</italic>
</italic> 2017</xref>). Similarly, certain spineless cacti, such as the <italic>
 <italic>Opuntia</italic>
</italic> indica (OFI) variety, are considered fresh and palatable forages that are produced in the dry season, and represent an important source of water for animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">González-Arreola <italic>
 <italic>et al.,</italic>
</italic> 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>However, the protein content in cacti is low, so researchers have developed biotechnological procedures that improve crude protein content through solid State fermentations, using different yeast cultures successfully (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Flores-Ortiz and Reveles- Hernández, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Herrera <italic>
 <italic>et al.,</italic>
</italic> 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">2017</xref>). Additionally, the addition of live cells, such as yeasts, show a reduction in methanogenesis in <italic>
 <italic>in  vitro</italic>
</italic> experiments (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hristov et al., 2013</xref>). Furthermore, both species (LL and OFI) contain secondary metabolites, such as condensed tannins, saponins and/or flavonoids, which can act as inhibitors of methane synthesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Aye and Adegun, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alves et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Pámanes-Carrasco <italic>
 <italic>et al.,</italic>
</italic> 2019</xref>;). Consequently, the use of these species as forage sources in ruminantfeed can be an alternative in reducing GHG emissions, mainly methane without affecting productive development.</p>
				<p>Therefore, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the inclusion of fresh and fermented <italic>
 <italic>Leucaena leucocephala</italic>
</italic> and <italic>
 <italic>Opuntia ficus-indica,</italic>
</italic> as a substitute for alfalfa hay in the forage fraction, on the fermentation patterns, kinetics of gas and methane production <italic>
 <italic>in  vitro.</italic>
</italic></p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p><bold>Study area and materials</bold></p>
				<p>This research was carried out in the Animal Nutrition Laboratory of the Juárez University of the State of Durango, México. <italic>
 <italic>L. leucocephala</italic>
</italic> plants randomly collected during the fall of 2017, from a cultivar located at the same University. The collected plants were 1 m long and the foliage was manually after harvesting removed. The leaves of O. <italic>
 <italic>ficus-indica</italic>
</italic> (variety AV6) were collected from a plantation located on land adjacent to the University. <italic>
 <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic>
</italic> yeast cultures were purchased from a local store. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 1</xref> shows the proximal Chemical analysis of the main ingredients (alfalfa, LL, OFI and OFI fermented).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Chemical and nutritional characterization of the ingredients of the forage fraction in experimental treatments</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="order-collapse:separate;">
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="5" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Ingredients (% MS)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Alfalfa</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Leucaena</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Prickly pear</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Fermented prickly pear</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">DM Parcial</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">-</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">44.9</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">9.3</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">8.3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">DM Total</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">89.7</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">89.5</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">90.0</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">88.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Organic matter</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">87.1</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">91.5</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">72.0</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">79.6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Crude protein</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">16.7</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">21.3</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">5.3</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">17.4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Ethereal extract</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.4</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.1</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.7</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">FDN</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">45.0</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">42.9</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">53.9</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">42.2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">FDA</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">27.6</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">13.8</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">13.5</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">21.2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Hemicellulose</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">17.3</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">29.1</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">40.3</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">21.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Cellulose</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">18.6</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">7.5</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">8.3</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">9.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Lignin</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.5</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">8.1</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.8</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">5.3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">DIVDM</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">55.7</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">45.7</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">51.5</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">65.8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">DIVOM</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">50.0</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">42.3</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">40.0</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">59.8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">CFT (mgEAG/gDM)</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">47.8</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">252.2</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">71.4</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">70.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">TC (mgEC/gDM)</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">5.3</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">69.3</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">3.1</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">2.0</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>DM: dry matter; FDN: neutral detergent fiber; FDA: acid detergent fiber; DIVDM: <italic>
 <italic>in  vitro</italic>
</italic> digestibility of dry matter at 48h; DIVOM: <italic>
 <italic>in  vitro</italic>
</italic> digestibility of organic matter at 48h; CFT: total phenolic compounds; TC: condensed tannins; mgEAG: equivalent milligrams of gallic acid; mgEC: milligrams of catechin equivalent.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Fermentation of <italic>
 <italic>O. ficus-indica</italic>
</italic></p>
				<p>OFI samples were fermented with <italic>
 <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic>
</italic> at 32 °C, for 48h according to the procedures reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Herrera <italic>
 <italic>et al.</italic>
</italic> (2014)</xref>. Yeast cultures were added to 1% (DM). After fermentation, the samples were dried and reduced to a particle size of 1 mm for later analysis.</p>
				<p><bold>Formulation of experimental treatments and Chemical analysis</bold></p>
				<p>Four experimental treatments were formulated (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref>), such as diets for cattle with the inclusion of <italic>
 <italic>L. leucocephala</italic>
</italic> (T2), O. <italic>
 <italic>ficus-indica</italic>
</italic> (AV6), fresh (T3) and O. <italic>
 <italic>ficus- indica</italic>
</italic> fermented (T4), as partial substitution of the alfalfa hay fraction in the control treatment (TI).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Ingredients of the experimental treatments</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border-collapse:separate;">
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="5" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Treatments</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">Ingredients (% DM)</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">TI</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">T2</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">T3</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">T4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Alfalfa hay</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">50</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">20</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">20</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">20</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>L. leucocephala</italic></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">30</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>O. ficus-indica</italic></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">30</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>O. ficus-indica fermentado</italic></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">30</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Ground corn</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">30</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">30</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">30</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">30</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Harinoline</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">19</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">19</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">19</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">19</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">Mineral mix</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">1</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">1</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">1</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">1</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>10 kg of each experimental treatment were prepared and mixed in a 150 L capacity rotary mixer (Gladiator PRO, model H8155/16); then, a representative sample of 1 kg was taken and by the quartering method, sub-samples were taken for each analysis. All experimental treatments were subjected to Chemical composition (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 3</xref>) analysis according to the standardized procedures by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">AOAC (2010)</xref>. Furthermore, neutral detergent fiber (FDN) and acid detergent fiber (FDA), as well as cellulose, hemicellulose and the lignin fraction, were determined in a Fiber Analyzer 200 kit (ANKOM Technology, USA), as proposed by the manufacturer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">ANKOM, 2020</xref>). The <italic>
 <italic>in  vitro</italic>
</italic> digestibility of dry material (DIVDM) and <italic>
 <italic>in  vitro</italic>
</italic> digestibility of organic matter (DIVOM) were according to the procedures suggested by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">ANKOM (2018)</xref> analyzed.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Chemical analysis of experimental treatments</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="order-collapse:separate;">
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="5" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Treatments</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">Nutrients (% DM)</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">TI</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">T2</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">T3</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">T4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">OM</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">90.3</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">91.3</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">87.6</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">87.3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">PC</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">17.4</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">18.1</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">14.3</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">17.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">EE</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.6</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">2.0</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.5</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">FDN</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">53.3</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">52.8</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">52.6</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">46.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">FDA</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">23.8</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">23.4</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">17.7</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">15.6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Hemicellulose</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">29.5</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">29.4</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">34.9</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">30.9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Cellulose</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">16.3</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">14.5</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">11.9</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">11.6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Lignin</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">7.4</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">8.8</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">5.8</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">DIVOM</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">53.7</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">47.6</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">59.8</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">59.4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">ME (Mcal/kgDM)</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">4.7</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">4.4</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">4.7</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">4.6</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>OM: organic matter; PC: crude protein; EE: ethereal extract; FDN: neutral detergent fiber; FDA: acid detergent fiber; DIVOM: <italic>
 <italic>in  vitro</italic>
</italic> digestibility of organic matter at 48h; ME: metabolizable energy; TI: 50% alfalfa + 50% concéntrate; T2: 20% alfalfa + 30% LL + 50% concéntrate; T3: 20% alfalfa + 30% OFI + 50% concéntrate; T4: 20% alfalfa + 30% OFI fermented + 50% concentrated.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><bold>Total phenolic compounds and condensed tannins</bold></p>
				<p>Total phenolic compounds (CFT) were determined according to the methods proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Heimler et al. (2005)</xref>. Furthermore, condensed tannins (TC) were analyzed as reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Porter et al. (1986)</xref>.</p>
				<p><bold>
 <italic>in  vitro</italic> fermentation patterns</bold></p>
				<p>For the <italic>
 <italic>in  vitro</italic>
</italic> fermentation tests, ruminal fluid was obtained from two Brangus calves, equipped with a ruminal cannula, weighing approximately 450 kg, and fed with corn silage and concentrate in a 50:50 ratio. Approximately 1 g of sample from each experimental treatment was incubated with 120 ml_ of ruminal buffer-inoculum solution in a 2: 1 ratio at 39 °C in ANKOM glass modules (ANKOM Technology, USA), with hermetic rubber and plastic caps. , as proposed by the manufacturer in triplicate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">ANKOM 2018</xref>). After 24h of incubation, the modules were opened and the pH was measured. Immediately, 10 ml_ aliquots were taken to be placed in glass jars, for subsequent analysis of volatile fatty acids (AGV) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Galyean (2010)</xref> proposed ammoniacal nitrogen, according to what.</p>
				<p><bold>
 <italic>in  vitro</italic> gas production</bold></p>
				<p>Approximately 1 g of each experimental treatment was placed in ANKOM glass modules (ANKOM Technologies, USA), equipped with a triplicate wireless pressure transducer. The fermentations were carried out according to what was proposed by the manufacturer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">ANKOM, 2018</xref>), incubating the sample with a mixture of ruminal buffer-inoculum solution in a 2: 1 ratio. Incubations were carried out until 96h and pressure changes were recorded every hour during the process. The kinetics of <italic>
 <italic>in  vitro</italic> 
</italic> gas production was estimated by fitting the data obtained to the Gompertz model, according to the following equation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Murillo-Ortiz et al., 2018</xref>):</p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e3">
						<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>G</mml:mi><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi> </mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mi>L</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi> </mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi> </mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>k</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi> </mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi> </mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>Where GP = gas production at time t (ml_); A = maximum gas production (ml_); kd=gas production constant (h'<sup>1</sup>); and L=latency time before gas production begins (h). Additionally, for the measurements of the proportions of methane and CO<sub>2</sub>, the pressure relief valve of the modules was opened for 2 s, and the released gas was led through a tube to a portable gas analyzer, according to the procedure proposed by the manufacturer (GEM™5000, LANDTEC, USA) and adapted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">González-Arreola <italic>
 <italic>et al.</italic> 
</italic> (2019)</xref>.</p>
				<p>Metabolizable energy (ME) was estimated according to the equation proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Menke et al. (1979)</xref>, which is presented below:</p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e4">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">E</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">M</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
							<mml:mn>1.1456</mml:mn>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">*</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">G</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mn>24</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
							<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
							<mml:mn>0.07675</mml:mn>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">*</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
							<mml:mn>0.1642</mml:mn>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">*</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">E</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">E</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mn>1.198</mml:mn>
						</mml:math>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>Where ME=metabolizable energy (MJ/kg DM); GP24=gas production after 24 h of incubation (ml_); PC=crude protein (% DM); EE = ethereal extract (% DM).</p>
				<p><bold>Statistical analysis</bold></p>
				<p>The experimental data obtained was analyzed according to a completely randomized design, using the GLM procedure of the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">SAS statistical package (2011)</xref>. The comparison of means was carried out using the Tukey test, declaring significant differences with a P &lt;0.05.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The fermentative patterns of the experimental treatments are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">table 4</xref>. The ammoniacal nitrogen concentration was different between the treatments (P &lt;0.05); the highest value was obtained with the control treatment (TI). Thus, when adding LL and OFI to the ration, reductions of 26.5, 28.7, and 18.4% were observed in T2, T3, and T4, respectively, compared to TI. Furthermore, the values obtained for N-NFb in this study are within the optimal range (5 to 10 mg/dL), which maximizes the consumption of dry matter and the use of organic matter in the rumen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Chandrasekharaiah et al., 2011</xref>). Likewise, the concentration of volatile fatty acids (AGV) and total volatile fatty acids (AGVT) presented differences between treatments (P &lt;0.05). According to what was exposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Sutton et al. (2003)</xref>, the normal concentrations of acetic, propionic and butyric acid in a ruminal fermentation are approximately 60, 20 and 15%, respectively; however, the amounts reported in this study differ from those previously reported.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t9">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Patterns of ruminal fermentation <italic>in  vitro</italic> and concentration of phenolic compounds from experimental treatments</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="order-collapse:separate;">
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="6" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Treatments</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">TI</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">T2</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">T3</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">T4</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">EEM</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">PH</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.9 ±0.01</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">7.0 ±0.04</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.9 ±0.01</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.9 ±0.01</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">N-NH3 (mg/dL)</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">13.6 ± 0.62<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">10.0 ± 0.17<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">9.7 ± 0.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">11.1 ± 0.22<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.34</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">AGVT (mM)</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">78.7 ± 1.32<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">78.7 ± 2.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">132.9 ± 6.39<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">76.3 ± 1.88<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.03</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">Acetic (% AGVT)</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">46.8 ± 0.39<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">46.4 ± 0.77<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">57.0 ± 1.28<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">45.1 ± 0.65<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.84</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">Propionic (% AGVT)</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">32.7± 0.32<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">33.2 ± 0.51<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">25.1 ± 1.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">34.0 ± 0.46<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.64</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">Butyric (% AGVT)</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">15.0± 0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">14.9 ± 0.15<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">12.4 ±0.15<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">15.4 ± 0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.11</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">Acetate:Propionate</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.4 ± 0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.4 ± 0.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">2.2 ± 0.14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.3 ± 0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.08</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">CFT (mgEAG/gDM)</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">14.1 ±0.43<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">77.1±1.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">20.9 ± 0.25<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">20.1 ± 0.43<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.61</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">TC (mgEC/gDM)</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.55 ± 0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">20.4 ± 0.17<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.90 ± 0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.50 ± 0.08<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.10</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<label>ab</label>
								<p> Different letters in the same row indicate significant difference (p &lt;0.05). SEM: Standard Error of the difference between means; N-NH<sub>3</sub> = Ammoniacal nitrogen concentration after 24 hours of <italic>
 <italic>in  vitro</italic>
</italic> fermentation; AGVT = Total Volatile Fatty Acids; CFT = Total phenolic compounds; TC = condensed tannins; mgEAG: equivalent milligrams of gallic acid; mgEC: milligrams of catechin equivalent.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The highest concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (AGVT), as well as acetic acid, occurred in T3. In contrast, butyric and propionic acid concentrations were lower at T3. However, when calculating the molar concentration of each volatile fatty acid, the amounts of acetate, propionate and butyrate are higher in T3 than in the other treatments. These changes in the concentration of AGV may be related to the increase in the carbohydrate content, such as hemicellulose; due to the addition of fresh OFI to the ration. In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Johnson and Johnson (1995)</xref> comment that a decrease in the acetate: propionate ratio represents a more efficient fermentation process and a reduction in energy losses through the formation of its final products. This can be observed by decreasing the production of propionate, when fresh OFI is included at T3.</p>
				<p>As can be in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 1</xref> seen, there is a marked difference in the concentrations of total phenolic compounds (CFT), and condensed tannins (TC) between the different ingredients of the forage fraction. Because of this, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 4</xref> shows differences between treatments in CFT and TC (P &lt;0.05). CFT contents increased more than four-fold when LL was included in the T2 ration. Similarly, CFTs increased about 45% when OFI was included at T3. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Karimi et al. (2013)</xref> observed three times lower CFT contents when they compared alfalfa with LL. Furthermore, the CFT contents in OFI cladodes depend on the maturity of the plant; same that were reported in values ciose to 33 mg/g of DM (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Figueroa-Pérez <italic>
 <italic>et al.</italic>
</italic> 2016</xref>). Similarly, the CT contents are different between the experimental treatments (P &lt;0.05); when LL was included to T2; TC content was increased by about 20 mgEC/g DM. These results agree with those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Berard et al. (2011)</xref>. Because LL is considered a taniferous plant, the CFT and TC contents must be higher in T2 compared to the others. Furthermore, when OFI was added to T3 and T4, a reduction in TC concentration was observed. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Márquez and Suárez (2008)</xref> reported a CT content in alfalfa ciose to 0.5 mg/g DM while in OFI cladodes concentrations were lower.</p>
				<p>This study found the same effect. In this regard, attribute the high CFT contents with the inclusion of OFI to other phenolic compounds other than TC, as stated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cardador-Martínez <italic>
 <italic>et al.</italic>
</italic> (2011)</xref>. Furthermore, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Koenig et al. (2018)</xref> stated that the addition of pure TC extracts greater than 3.5%, does not affect the consumption of dry matter in fattening calves.</p>
				<p>The parameters of the kinetics of gas production are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 5</xref>. The maximum gas production “A” was different between treatments (P &lt;0.05). The value of &quot;A&quot; recorded in T4 was different from that obtained in T2, presenting an average of 138.4 (mL/g DM) (P &lt;0.05); while the values in the lag phase (L) decreased when LL was included in T2, when compared with T3 and T4 (P &lt;0.05). According to what <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Van Soest (1994)</xref> says, cellulolytic microorganisms take less time to cross the forage cell wall with a lower lignin content; however, this effect is not observed in this study. Apparently, the increases in the cellulose fraction in T3 and T4 lead to an increase in the lag phase (L). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Grilli et al. (2015)</xref>, also found this effect, when they measured the degradability of hemicellulose in various forages; the hemicellulose contained in alfalfa degraded in less time than that contained in other forage species.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t10">
						<label>Table 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Parameters of the kinetics of gas, methane and carbon dioxide production from ruminal fermentations <italic>in  vitro</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<table style="order-collapse:separate;">
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="6" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Treatments</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">TI</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">T2</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">T3</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">T4</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">SEM</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">A (mL/g DM)</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">155.4 ± 1.78<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">162.9 ± 9.06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">142.6 ± 0.14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">138.4 ±3.14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.65</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">k<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>d</sup></xref> (h<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.1 ±0.02</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.1 ±0.01</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.1 ±0.01</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.1 ±0.01</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">L(h)</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">2.0 ± 0.15<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>ab</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.6 ± 0.14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">2.3 ± 0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">2.4 ± 0.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">PG<sub>24h</sub>(mL/gDM)</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">123.7 ±6.30</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">111.2 ±0.22</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">122.0 ±0.56</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">120.0 ± 1.01</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.31</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">CH<sub>4</sub>(mL/gDM)</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">15.0 ± 0.65<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">11.1 ±0.08<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>c</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">13.1 ±0.27<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">12.9 ± 0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.35</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">C0<sub>2</sub> (mL/gDM)</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">102.8 ± 3.85<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">90.5 ± 0.39<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">98.9 ± 2.32<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>ab</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">93.7 ± 0.24<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>ab</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.22</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">C0<sub>2</sub>:CH<sub>4</sub></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.8 ± 0.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>c</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">8.1 ± 0.09<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">7.5 ± 0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">7.2 ± 0.06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.05</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN8">
								<label>ab</label>
								<p> Different letters in the same row indicate significant difference (p &lt;0.05). SEM: Standard Error of the difference between means; A=maximum gas production (mL/g DM); k<sub>d</sub> = Constant rate of gas production (%/h); L=Latency phase (h). TI: 50% alfalfa + 50% concéntrate; T2: 20% alfalfa + 30% leucaena + 50% concéntrate; T3: 20% alfalfa + 30% prickly pear + 50% concéntrate; T4: 20% alfalfa + 30% fermented prickly pear + 50% concéntrate.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>On the other hand, gas production at 24h did not show changes between treatments (P&gt; 0.05). However, reductions of 26 and 14% in methane production were observed with the inclusion of LL and OFI in T2 and T3, respectively; of which T2 registered the lowest methane production (P &lt;0.05). Reductions in methane production can be attributed to the presence of secondary metabolites in the ration. In this sense, the highest concentrations of CFT and TC occurred in T2. These results agree with those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Tavendale et al. (2005)</xref>, who establish that the highest TC contents tend to form complexes with proteins, which limits its degradation due to the action of microorganisms present during fermentation. Additionally, methane production decreases by reducing the digestión of the fibrous fraction. The latter was observed in T2, which presented lower digestibility. In the same way, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Tan et al. (2011)</xref> reported that the CT contained in LL could reduce the population of methanogenic microorganisms, due to the greater presence of protozoa, and thus affect the transfer of hydrogen ions. Thus, the production of methane as an electrón scavenger is limited. Furthermore, the reduction in methane production in T3 and T4 is directly related to the presence of CFT. This coincides with previous research carried out by Tavendale <italic>
 <italic>et al.</italic>
</italic> (2005) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Murillo-Ortiz et al. (2018)</xref>. These authors affirm that the presence of secondary metabolites, such as CFTs, are soluble and non-fermentable molecules that are negatively related to methane synthesis.</p>
				<p>On the other hand, the lowest CO<sub>2</sub> production was registered in T2, compared to TI (P &lt;0.05). In contrast, the highest CO<sub>2</sub>: CH<sub>4</sub> ratio was found in T2 compared to TI. These results are consistent with the presence of condensed tannins; plant CT scans reduce rumen methanogenesis by inhibiting methanogens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Tavendale 2005</xref>).</p>
				<p>Likewise, the high values in the CO<sub>2</sub>: CH<sub>4</sub> ratio in TI indicate that at some point in the metabolic pathway, metanogenesis is being inhibited, since there is more volume of CO<sub>2</sub> present, which is not synthesized to methane.</p>
				<p>The ruminal synthesis of methane involves the successive reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to methane, through different levels of formyl, methylene and methyl, and its reaction with the coenzymes, among them M Coenzyme in the last step of the synthesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Liu and Whitman, 2008</xref>). In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Patra and Saxena (2010)</xref> mention that the anti- methanogenic activity of tannins could lie in the activity on certain functional proteins (enzymes), located in certain accessible sites of the methanogens. This action could interrupt ruminal methanogenesis, showing CH<sub>4</sub> inhibition at a point where CO<sub>2</sub> is as a substrate consumed; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Murillo-Ortiz et al. (2018)</xref> observed the same effect.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>These results indicate that the substitution of alfalfa by <italic>
 <italic>Leucaena leucocephala,</italic> 
</italic> maintains the nutritional quality; as well as similar values in the gas production and the amount of AGV <italic>
 <italic>in  vitro.</italic>
</italic> Ádditionally, the inclusion of 30% of <italic>
 <italic>Leucaena leucocephala</italic> 
</italic> and <italic>
 <italic>Opuntia ficus-indica</italic>
</italic> reduce the concentration of methane <italic>
 <italic>in  vitro</italic>
</italic> by 26 and 14%, respectively. Therefore, due to its nutritional quality and its fermentative characteristics, they could be included in the bovine diet, and thus contribute to the mitigation of greenhouse gases.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<label>1</label>
					<p>Code:2020-14.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>