<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.19</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00503</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Notas cortas</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Edad de sacrificio y tiempo de muestreo sobre pH y color de la carne de ovinos de pelo</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Jaramillo-López</surname>
						<given-names>Esaúl</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Peraza-Mercado</surname>
						<given-names>Gwendolyne</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Itzá-Ortiz</surname>
						<given-names>Mateo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Avenida Plutarco Elías Calles, # 1210, Fovissste Chamizal, CP. 32310, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México.</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<city>Ciudad Juárez</city>
						<state>Chihuahua</state>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Autor responsable y de correspondencia: Jaramillo-López Esaúl, Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, del Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas de la Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez. Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México. <email>ejaramil@uacj.mx</email>, <email>gperaza@uacj.mx</email>, <email>mateo.itza@uacj.mx</email>.</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>28</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>			
			<elocation-id>e503</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>10</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<p>El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la edad al sacrificio, hora de muestreo de la canal y músculo sobre el pH y color de la carne en corderos y ovejas. Se utilizaron 25 ovinos, 14 hembras y 11 machos, con un peso de 41.06±0.064 kg y 28.244±2.435, respectivamente. La edad de las hembras fue de 2.32 años y los machos menores de 1 año, de fenotipos de pelo indefinidos. Se sacrificaron por el método del degüelle. Después de la evisceración se realizó la primera lectura de pH, así como el color de la carne, posteriormente se tomó una muestra del músculo <italic>Femoral</italic>, 24 h después se realizó la segunda lectura del pH y color en este músculo. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron con un diseño de bloques completamente al azar. El tiempo de muestreo afecto el pH (P&lt;0.01) al tiempo cero fue de 6.081±0.057 <italic>vs</italic> 5.264±0.017. Para el color no hubo efecto (P&gt; 0.05) de la edad para, L* a* y b*. Sin embargo, el tiempo de muestreo afecto los valores de L* y b* (P&lt;0.01). La edad no afecto el pH y el color de la carne, sin embargo, la hora de muestreo afecto ambas variables.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras claves:</title>
				<kwd>tiempo de muestreo</kwd>
				<kwd>color</kwd>
				<kwd>pH</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="19"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La producción en México de ganado ovino en 2016 fue de aproximadamente 118 mil toneladas, de las que se destinaron para carne en canal; 60,300 ton. El 95% de la carne de borrego en México se consume en forma de barbacoa y sólo el 5% se consume de otra manera; en la que se incluyen los cortes finos. La producción ovina sólo cubre el 70% de la demanda nacional, el 30% restante es importada de Australia, Nueva Zelanda y USA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">SAGARPA, 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>El color de la carne es determinante para elegir o rechazar al momento de la compra por parte de los consumidores. Las preferencias del consumidor por un determinado aspecto del color del músculo, carnes rosadas o rojas, varían en función del tipo de consumidor; así como de la costumbre del mercado local. El color de la carne se debe a la concentración de pigmentos (mioglobina), su estado químico y las propiedades de la dispersión de la luz en la carne (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alberti y Ripoll, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Calnan <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>El color de la carne fresca de rumiantes está determinado por factores endógenos y exógenos; así como la complejidad de las interacciones entre estos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">AMS, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Neethling <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Dentro de los factores endógenos se encuentran la especie, raza, edad al sacrificio y el músculo en donde se toman las muestras. Entre los factores exógenos más importantes, es el sistema de alimentación (extensivo <italic>vs</italic> intensivo) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Rodrigues <italic>et al.</italic> (2011)</xref>, y el estrés <italic>ante morten</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Neethling <italic>et al. (</italic>2017)</xref>.</p>
			<p>El color de la carne se afecta por la nutrición, velocidad de enfriamiento de la canal, músculo, localización de la muestra dentro del músculo, pH del músculo, temperatura, tiempo de almacenamiento <italic>post morten</italic>, tiempo de exposición al oxígeno y concentración de mioglobina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">AMS, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Neethling <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>Estudios realizados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Pascual-Alonso <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref>, quienes evaluaron el color en corderos lechales y ternascos, sacrificados a un peso de 10.97±0.3 kg y 30 días de edad y corderos ternascos, sacrificados a un peso de 16±0.72 kg y 60 días de edad; el color de la carne fue más clara con menos pigmentos en los corderos lechales, con valores de luminosidad (L*) 47.82±0.98 <italic>vs</italic> 43.6±0.9 y para la rojeza (a*) de 13.91±0.53 <italic>vs</italic> 15.35±0.53, respectivamente. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Guerrero <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref>, evaluaron el peso y edad de corderos ternascos y corderos al sacrificio, con relación al color de la carne, 21.9 <italic>vs</italic> 26.5 kg y 93 y 133 días, encontraron que la carne de cordero es más oscura.</p>
			<p>Lo anterior lleva a la conclusión que en corderos conforme aumenta el peso al sacrificio, el color rojo es más intenso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Marichal <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Žgur <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Calnan <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>). Por otra parte, se ha reportado un efecto del genotipo del cordero y del cabrito sobre el color de la carne (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Rodrigues <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Fernandes <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>Los animales alimentados en sistemas extensivos realizan una mayor actividad física, en comparación a los animales alimentados en sistemas intensivos; lo cual resulta que la carne de sistemas extensivos contenga un menor número de fibras contráctiles, un alto potencial metabólico oxidativo; lo cual hace aumentar la proporción de fibras rojas oxidativas, por lo que la carne tiene una apariencia más oscura que los que se crían en sistemas intensivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alberti y Ripoll, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Rodrigues <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Neethling <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). La adición de zilpaterol en la dieta de ovinos disminuye el índice de rojeza (a*) en la carne (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Partida <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>El color de la carne de ovinos en México, se ha determinado principalmente en corderos; sin embargo, en el estado de Chihuahua no hay información disponible para las hembras adultas, por lo que es importante generar información al respecto.</p>
			<p>Otra de las características físicas importantes de la calidad que afectan la carne de los ovinos es el pH, es debido a que se ha demostrado que afecta la vida de anaquel, la terneza y el color de la carne; el valor ideal debe ser entre un pH de 5.5 a 5.8 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Taruman, <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). El pH se ve afectado por la raza de ovino (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Young <italic>et al</italic>., 1993</xref>), en cabritos también se han reportado efectos del fenotipo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Rodrigues <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>), pero no se afecta por el sexo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Craigie <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>) ni por el tiempo de alimentación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Rezende <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). El pH se afecta, por el estrés <italic>antemorten</italic>. Se ha demostrado una relación entre el tiempo de transporte y el número de hematomas en corderos, al medir el pH en el músculo <italic>Longissimus Thoracis</italic> fue de 5.8 a 6.3, y al medirse en la pierna en los músculos <italic>Semitendinosus y Biceps femoris,</italic> fue más más estable pH &lt;5.8 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Taruman <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). En México hay poca información sobre el pH y el color de la carne de ovinos de pelo. En el estado de Chihuahua la información es aún menor y se carece de información para las ovejas.</p>
			<p>El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la edad al sacrificio, hora de muestreo y el sexo; sobre el pH y color de la carne en ovinos de pelo.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>El trabajo se realizó en el área de Alimentación de Rumiantes, del Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias del Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, de la Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, del estado de Chihuahua, México. El experimento se realizó durante el periodo del 3 de septiembre al 12 de noviembre de 2017; se utilizaron 25 ovinos, 14 hembras de una edad de 2.32 años, y con un peso de 41.064±1.744 kg y 11 machos menores de un año de edad, y con un peso de 28.244±2.435 kg.</p>
			<p>El fenotipo fue indefinido, ya que había animales en los que predominaba la raza Dorper, en otros Pelibuey, Panza Negra, Rambouillet y las cruzas entre estas razas; así como ovinos criollos. Los animales se alimentaron con alfalfa henificada y pastos nativos. Los ovinos se compraron el día del sacrificio en las granjas de la periferia de Ciudad Juárez, a las 6:00 h.</p>
			<p>Los ovinos fueron pesados antes del sacrificio, usando una báscula digital marca Detecto, modelo CN 20; se sacrificaron a las 8:00 de la mañana por medio del método del degüelle, con base a la norma oficial mexicana (NOM-033-ZOO-1995), sobre sacrificio humanitario de los animales, posterior a la evisceración y desuelle de los animales. Se procedió a determinar el pH y color de la carne, en el tiempo 0; después se tomó una muestra del músculo <italic>Femoral</italic>, se identificó, se guardó en refrigeración a 2 °C, por 24 h, para realizar la segunda determinación de color y pH. Se tomó la muestra del músculo <italic>Femoral,</italic> porque es más estable el pH, en este músculo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Taruman <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>)</p>
			<p>El pH de la carne se determinó después de la evisceración (tiempo 0), en el músculo <italic>Femoral;</italic> se utilizó un potenciómetro de penetración en carne (Hanna HI 99163), que fue calibrado con buffer de 7.0. Después se tomó una muestra del músculo <italic>Femoral,</italic> se guardó en refrigeración a 2 °C. La segunda lectura se realizó a las 24 h, después de que se tomó la muestra. Cada una de las lecturas se realizó por triplicado.</p>
			<p>Para el color se utilizó un colorímetro (Konica Minolta CR 400), con el cual se evaluó la claridad L*, los valores positivos de a* corresponden al rojo y los valores positivos de b* corresponden al amarillo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alberti y Ripoll, 2010</xref>). Se hicieron dos lecturas del músculo <italic>Femoral,</italic> al tiempo 0 y a las 24 h. Cada una de las lecturas se realizó con tres repeticiones. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron con un diseño por bloques completamente al azar, en donde las variables independientes fueron: el tiempo de lectura (0 y 24 h), edad al sacrificio (2.32 años y menores a 1 año) y el sexo (hembras y machos); las variables dependientes fueron color y pH de la carne. Se analizó por el uso del paquete estadístico SPSS versión 25 para Windows, 2017.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Los resultados obtenidos se presentan en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>, en donde se muestra el valor medio y el error estándar, para la edad, hora de muestreo y sexo. No se encontró efecto de la edad y sexo sobre el pH y color (P&gt;0.05); pero la hora de muestreo fue altamente significativa (P&lt;0.01), valores mayores de L* y b* se registraron a las 24 h; sin embargo, el pH fue menor a las 24 h <italic>post morten</italic>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Color y pH de la carne en ovinos de pelo</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify"/>
								<th align="justify" colspan="3">Color</th>
								
								<th align="justify">pH</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Edad al sacrificio</td>
								<td align="justify">L</td>
								<td align="justify">a</td>
								<td align="justify">b</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">2.32 años</td>
								<td align="justify">36.095±0.477</td>
								<td align="justify">16.082±0.299</td>
								<td align="justify">6.853±0.349</td>
								<td align="justify">5.74±0.075</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">&lt;1 año</td>
								<td align="justify">35.323±0.474</td>
								<td align="justify">15.378±0.294</td>
								<td align="justify">7.544±0.270</td>
								<td align="justify">5.629±0.057</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">ns</td>
								<td align="justify">ns</td>
								<td align="justify">ns</td>
								<td align="justify">ns</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Hora de</td>
								<td align="justify">muestreo</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">0 horas</td>
								<td align="justify">34.279a±0.352</td>
								<td align="justify">16.23±0.270ns</td>
								<td align="justify">5.724a±0.250</td>
								<td align="justify">6.081b±0.057**</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">24 horas</td>
								<td align="justify">36.971b±0.352**</td>
								<td align="justify">15.069±0.310</td>
								<td align="justify">8.823b±0.243**</td>
								<td align="justify">5.264a±0.017</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">**</td>
								<td align="justify">ns</td>
								<td align="justify">**</td>
								<td align="justify">**</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Sexo</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Hembras</td>
								<td align="justify">35.323±0.474</td>
								<td align="justify">15.37±0.294</td>
								<td align="justify">7.54±0.270</td>
								<td align="justify">5.629±0.057</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Machos</td>
								<td align="justify">36.095±0.477</td>
								<td align="justify">16.02±0.290</td>
								<td align="justify">6.53±0.394</td>
								<td align="justify">5.74±0.075</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">ns</td>
								<td align="justify">ns</td>
								<td align="justify">ns</td>
								<td align="justify">ns</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>ns = no significativo; ** = (P&lt;0.01)</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alberti y Ripoll, (2010)</xref> reportaron valores de L*48.3, para a* 10.3 y b*11.2, que son completamente diferentes a los encontrados en este trabajo; estas diferencias pueden deberse al sistema de alimentación, ya que los animales engordados en pastos tienden a producir carne con menos luminosidad, debido a un aumento en el ejercicio, lo que favorece que aumente la proporción de fibras rojas oxidativas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Rodríguez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Neething <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). No se encontró efecto de la edad sobre el color de la carne, estos resultados difieren a los reportado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Guerrero <italic>et al.,</italic> (2013)</xref>, quienes sacrificaron corderos a los 93 y 133 días; encontraron que a mayor edad al sacrificio, la carne es más oscura. Esta diferencia puede deberse a que en el presente trabajo los corderos fueron de un año de edad y las ovejas de 2.32.</p>
			<p>El efecto de la hora de lectura del color de la carne, sí tuvo diferencias (P&lt;0.01). Los valores de L* y b* a la hora del sacrificio y medido a las 24 h después, fueron de 34.28 y 36.97; 5.72 y 8.82 respectivamente; para a* no hubo diferencias (P&gt;0.05). La diferencia puede deberse al proceso de maduración de la carne; así como al descenso del pH (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Taruman, <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alberti y Ripoll, (2010)</xref>, recomiendan que la medición del color de la carne debe de iniciarse a las 24 h, del sacrificio.</p>
			<p>El sexo no tuvo diferencias (P&gt;0.05) sobre el color de la carne, el valor de L* fue de 35.32 y 36.07, para hembras y machos; sin embargo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Žgur <italic>et al</italic>. (2003)</xref> reportaron valores de L* de 39.02 y 41.48, para hembras y machos; esta diferencia la atribuyen al crecimiento de los machos, ya que crecen más rápido que las hembras.</p>
			<p>Es importante mencionar que en el presente trabajo las hembras tuvieron mayor edad que los machos, y lo observado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Žgur <italic>et al</italic>. (2003)</xref>), pudiera no haberse demostrado. Por otra parte <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bianchi (2006)</xref>, no encontró efecto del sexo al analizar el color de la carne de corderos; los valores de L*, a* y b* para hembras y machos fueron: 40.4 y 39.8; 17.6 y 17.4 y 10.3 y 10.3. Estos valores difieren a los encontrados en el presente trabajo que fueron de: 35.32 y 36.06; 15.37 y 16.06; 7.54 y 6.53 respectivamente para L*, a* y b*. Las diferencias pueden deberse al control de la alimentación; ya que en el presente trabajo no se controló; los animales se compraron en granjas de la periferia de la ciudad.</p>
			<p>La edad al sacrificio no afectó el pH de la carne. Estos resultados son similares a los reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Rezende <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref>, quienes reportaron valores de pH de 5.7 y 5.5, para corderos sacrificados a 140 y 182 días.</p>
			<p>El pH medido a las 0 y 24 h fue de 6.081 y 5.264, que fue similar a lo reportado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Rezende <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref>, quienes reportaron valores de pH entre 6.0 y 5.7. El descenso del pH se debe a la glucólisis anaeróbica en el músculo, lo que aumenta la vida de anaquel y mejora las características organolépticas de la carne, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Craigie <italic>et al</italic>. (2012)</xref> reportaron valores de pH de 5.58. Para el pH de la carne <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">McGeehin (2001)</xref> no encontró efecto del sexo sobre esta variable, el pH medido a las 24 h <italic>post morten</italic>, para hembras y machos, fue de 5.69 y 5.62; estos valores son muy parecidos a los reportados en este trabajo que fueron de 5.63 y 5.74 para hembras y machos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bianchi, 2006</xref> reportó valores de 5.6 y 5.7 para hembras y machos. Los siguientes autores reportaron valores parecidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Fernandes <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Marichal <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Žgur <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>No se encontró efecto de la edad ni del sexo sobre el color y pH de la carne; sin embargo, la hora de muestreo si afectó las variables anteriores.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>LITERATURA CITADA</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<mixed-citation>AMS. 2012. Guidelines for Meat Color Evaluation. Proceeding of the Reciprocal Meat Conference. 44:3-17. w.w.w.meatscience.org. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://meatscience.org/docs/default-source/publications-resources/hot- topics/2012_12_meat_clr_guide.pdf?sfvrsn=d818b8b3_0">https://meatscience.org/docs/default-source/publications-resources/hot- topics/2012_12_meat_clr_guide.pdf?sfvrsn=d818b8b3_0</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="confproc">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>AMS</collab>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<source>Guidelines for Meat Color Evaluation</source>
					<conf-name>Proceeding of the Reciprocal Meat Conference</conf-name>
					<volume>44</volume>
					<fpage>3</fpage>
					<lpage>17</lpage>
					<comment>w.w.w.meatscience.org</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://meatscience.org/docs/default-source/publications-resources/hot- topics/2012_12_meat_clr_guide.pdf?sfvrsn=d818b8b3_0">https://meatscience.org/docs/default-source/publications-resources/hot- topics/2012_12_meat_clr_guide.pdf?sfvrsn=d818b8b3_0</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<mixed-citation>Alberti P, Ripoll G. 2010. Los pigmentos de la carne y factores que afectan su color. En: Introducción a la Ciencia de la Carne. Ed. Hemisferio Sur, Buenos Aires Argentina. ISBN: 97-9974-674-202. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://calidadcarnecita.wordpress.com/2012/06/28/introduccion-a-la-ciencia-de-la- carne/">https://calidadcarnecita.wordpress.com/2012/06/28/introduccion-a-la-ciencia-de-la- carne/</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Alberti</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ripoll</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<chapter-title>Los pigmentos de la carne y factores que afectan su color</chapter-title>
					<source>Introducción a la Ciencia de la Carne</source>
					<publisher-name>Ed. Hemisferio Sur</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Buenos Aires Argentina</publisher-loc>
					<isbn>97-9974-674-202</isbn>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://calidadcarnecita.wordpress.com/2012/06/28/introduccion-a-la-ciencia-de-la- carne/">https://calidadcarnecita.wordpress.com/2012/06/28/introduccion-a-la-ciencia-de-la- carne/</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<mixed-citation>Bianchi G. 2006. Alternativas tecnológicas para la producción de carne ovina de calidad en sistemas pastoriles. Ed. Hemisferio Sur, Buenos Aires Argentina. ISBN: 97-9974-645-49-3. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://isbn.cloud/9789974645493/alternativas-tecnologicas-para-la-produccion-de-carne-ovina-de-calidad-en-sistemas-pastoriles/">https://isbn.cloud/9789974645493/alternativas-tecnologicas-para-la-produccion-de-carne-ovina-de-calidad-en-sistemas-pastoriles/</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bianchi</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2006</year>
					<source>Alternativas tecnológicas para la producción de carne ovina de calidad en sistemas pastoriles</source>
					<publisher-name>Ed. Hemisferio Sur</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Buenos Aires Argentina</publisher-loc>
					<isbn>97-9974-645-49-3</isbn>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://isbn.cloud/9789974645493/alternativas-tecnologicas-para-la-produccion-de-carne-ovina-de-calidad-en-sistemas-pastoriles/">https://isbn.cloud/9789974645493/alternativas-tecnologicas-para-la-produccion-de-carne-ovina-de-calidad-en-sistemas-pastoriles/</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<mixed-citation>Calnan HB, Jacob RH, Pethick DW, Gardner GE. 2014. Factors affecting the color of lamb meat from <italic>Longissimum muscle</italic> during display. The influence of muscle weight and muscle oxidative capacity. <italic>Meat Science</italic>. 96: 1049-1057. ISSN: 2013.0.032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.08.032</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Calnan</surname>
							<given-names>HB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jacob</surname>
							<given-names>RH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pethick</surname>
							<given-names>DW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gardner</surname>
							<given-names>GE.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Factors affecting the color of lamb meat from Longissimum muscle during display. The influence of muscle weight and muscle oxidative capacity</article-title>
					<source>Meat Science</source>
					<volume>96</volume>
					<fpage>1049</fpage>
					<lpage>1057</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.08.032</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<mixed-citation>Craigie, CR, Lambe NR, Richardson RI, Haresign W, Maltin CA, Rehfeldt R, Morris ST, Bunger L. 2012. The effect of sex on some carcass and meat quality traits in Texel ewe and ram lambs. <italic>Animal Production Science</italic>. 52:601-607. ISSN: 136-0939. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN11282</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Craigie</surname>
							<given-names>CR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lambe</surname>
							<given-names>NR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Richardson</surname>
							<given-names>RI</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Haresign</surname>
							<given-names>W</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Maltin</surname>
							<given-names>CA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rehfeldt</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Morris</surname>
							<given-names>ST</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bunger</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>The effect of sex on some carcass and meat quality traits in Texel ewe and ram lambs</article-title>
					<source>Animal Production Science</source>
					<volume>52</volume>
					<fpage>601</fpage>
					<lpage>607</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1071/AN11282</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<mixed-citation>Fernandes JGA, Lobo RNB, Madruga MS, Lobo AMBO, Vieira LS, Faco O. 2013. Genotype effect on carcass and meat quality of lamb finished in irrigate pasture in the semiarid Northeaster Brazil. <italic>Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia</italic>. 65. ISSN: 0102-0935. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352013000400037</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Fernandes</surname>
							<given-names>JGA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lobo</surname>
							<given-names>RNB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Madruga</surname>
							<given-names>MS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lobo</surname>
							<given-names>AMBO</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vieira</surname>
							<given-names>LS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Faco</surname>
							<given-names>O.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Genotype effect on carcass and meat quality of lamb finished in irrigate pasture in the semiarid Northeaster Brazil</article-title>
					<source>Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia</source>
					<volume>65</volume>
					<issn>0102-0935</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0102-09352013000400037</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<mixed-citation>Guerrero A, Velandia VM, Campo MM, Sañudo C. 2013. Some factors that affect ruminant meat quality: from the farm. to the fork. <italic>Review. Scientiarum. Animal Sciences Maringá</italic>. 35(4): 335-347. ISSN: 107-6-72. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v35i4.21756</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Guerrero</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Velandia</surname>
							<given-names>VM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Campo</surname>
							<given-names>MM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sañudo</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Some factors that affect ruminant meat quality: from the farm. to the fork</article-title>
					<source>Review. Scientiarum. Animal Sciences Maringá</source>
					<volume>35</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>335</fpage>
					<lpage>347</lpage>
					<issn>107-6-72</issn><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4025/actascianimsci.v35i4.21756</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<mixed-citation>Marichal A, Castro N, Capote J, Zamorano MJ, Argüello A. 2003. Effects of the live weights at slaughter (6, 10 and 25 kg) on kid carcass and meat quality. <italic>Livestock Production Science</italic>. 82: 247-256. ISSN: 0301-6226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(03)00113-1</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Marichal</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Castro</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Capote</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zamorano</surname>
							<given-names>MJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Argüello</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2003</year>
					<article-title>Effects of the live weights at slaughter (6, 10 and 25 kg) on kid carcass and meat quality</article-title>
					<source>Livestock Production Science</source>
					<volume>82</volume>
					<fpage>247</fpage>
					<lpage>256</lpage>
					<issn>0301-6226</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0301-6226(03)00113-1</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<mixed-citation>McGeehin D, Sheridan JJ, Butler F. 2001. Factors affecting the pH decline in lamb after slaughter. <italic>Meat Science</italic>. 58: 79-84. ISSN: 0309-1740. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0309-1740(00)00134-0</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>McGeehin</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sheridan</surname>
							<given-names>JJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Butler</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2001</year>
					<article-title>Factors affecting the pH decline in lamb after slaughter</article-title>
					<source>Meat Science</source>
					<volume>58</volume>
					<fpage>79</fpage>
					<lpage>84</lpage>
					<issn>0309-1740</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0309-1740(00)00134-0</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<mixed-citation>Neethling NE, Suman SP, Sigge GO, Hoffman LC, Hunt MC. 2017. Exogenous and Endogenous Factors Influencing Color of Fresh Meat from Ungulates. <italic>Meat and Muscle Biology</italic>. 1:253-275. ISSN: 2575-95X. https://doi.org/10.22175/mmb2017.06.0032d</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Neethling</surname>
							<given-names>NE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Suman</surname>
							<given-names>SP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sigge</surname>
							<given-names>GO</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hoffman</surname>
							<given-names>LC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hunt</surname>
							<given-names>MC.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Exogenous and Endogenous Factors Influencing Color of Fresh Meat from Ungulates</article-title>
					<source>Meat and Muscle Biology</source>
					<volume>1</volume>
					<fpage>253</fpage>
					<lpage>275</lpage>
					<issn>2575-95X</issn><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22175/mmb2017.06.0032d</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<mixed-citation>Partida de la PJA, Casaya RTA, Rubio LMS, Méndez MRD. 2015. Efecto del clorhidrato de zilpaterol sobre las características de la canal en cruzas terminales de corderos Kathadin. <italic>Veterinaria México</italic>. 2: 1-13. ISSN: 2448-6760. http://dx.doi.org/10.21753/vmoa.2.2.346</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Partida de la</surname>
							<given-names>PJA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Casaya</surname>
							<given-names>RTA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rubio</surname>
							<given-names>LMS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Méndez</surname>
							<given-names>MRD</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Efecto del clorhidrato de zilpaterol sobre las características de la canal en cruzas terminales de corderos Kathadin</article-title>
					<source>Veterinaria México</source>
					<volume>2</volume>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>13</lpage>
					<issn>2448-6760</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21753/vmoa.2.2.346</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<mixed-citation>Pascual-Alonso M, Aguayo-Ulloa L, Miranda de la Lama GC, Aliesta S, Olleta JL, , Villarroel M, María GA. 2015. Effect of slaughter age on meat quality of Chamarito lambs. <italic>Animal Genetic Resources</italic>. 57:73-79. ISSN: 207-6336. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2078633615000156</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Pascual-Alonso</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aguayo-Ulloa</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Miranda de la Lama</surname>
							<given-names>GC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aliesta</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Olleta</surname>
							<given-names>JL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Villarroel</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>María</surname>
							<given-names>GA.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Effect of slaughter age on meat quality of Chamarito lambs</article-title>
					<source>Animal Genetic Resources</source>
					<volume>57</volume>
					<fpage>73</fpage>
					<lpage>79</lpage>
					<issn>207-6336</issn><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S2078633615000156</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<mixed-citation>Rezende MM, Ferrerira CR, Cenachi PDM, da Luz SS, Bonaguiro GS, Leme PR. 2017. Time on feedlot and sexual effects on animal performance and characteristics of lamb’s meat. <italic>Acta Scientarum. Animal Sciences</italic>. 39:103-109. ISSN: 1806-2636. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v39i1.32749</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rezende</surname>
							<given-names>MM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ferrerira</surname>
							<given-names>CR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cenachi</surname>
							<given-names>PDM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>da Luz</surname>
							<given-names>SS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bonaguiro</surname>
							<given-names>GS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Leme</surname>
							<given-names>PR.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Time on feedlot and sexual effects on animal performance and characteristics of lamb’s meat</article-title>
					<source>Acta Scientarum. Animal Sciences</source>
					<volume>39</volume>
					<fpage>103</fpage>
					<lpage>109</lpage>
					<issn>1806-2636</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4025/actascianimsci.v39i1.32749</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<mixed-citation>Rodrigues L, Gonçalvez CH, Lemos MBB, Furlan MM, Komiyama CM, Costa CM. 2011. Effect of genotype, finishing system, and sex on physiochemical characteristics of goat meat. <italic>Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., Campinas</italic>. 31:992-997. ISSN: 0101-2061. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612011000400027</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rodrigues</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gonçalvez</surname>
							<given-names>CH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lemos</surname>
							<given-names>MBB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Furlan</surname>
							<given-names>MM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Komiyama</surname>
							<given-names>CM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Costa</surname>
							<given-names>CM.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<article-title>Effect of genotype, finishing system, and sex on physiochemical characteristics of goat meat</article-title>
					<source>Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., Campinas</source>
					<volume>31</volume>
					<fpage>992</fpage>
					<lpage>997</lpage>
					<issn>0101-2061</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0101-20612011000400027</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<mixed-citation>SAGARPA. Secretaría de Agricultura, ganadería, desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación. 2017. La ovinocultura, una actividad muy arropadora. www.gob.mx. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.gob.mx/agricultura/es/articulos/la-ovinocultura-una-actividad-muy- arropadora">https://www.gob.mx/agricultura/es/articulos/la-ovinocultura-una-actividad-muy- arropadora</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>SAGARPA. Secretaría de Agricultura, ganadería, desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación</collab>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<source>La ovinocultura, una actividad muy arropadora</source>
					<comment>www.gob.mx.</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.gob.mx/agricultura/es/articulos/la-ovinocultura-una-actividad-muy- arropadora">https://www.gob.mx/agricultura/es/articulos/la-ovinocultura-una-actividad-muy- arropadora</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<mixed-citation>SPSS. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. 2017. Version 25. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/downloading-ibm-spss-statistics-25">https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/downloading-ibm-spss-statistics-25</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>SPSS. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</collab>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<source>Version 25</source>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/downloading-ibm-spss-statistics-25">https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/downloading-ibm-spss-statistics-25</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<mixed-citation>Taruman JA, Smulders JP, Gallo CB. 2018. Risk Factors for Bruises and High Muscle pH in Lambs Carcasses of Tierra del Fuego, Chilean Patagonia. <italic>Open Acces Library Journal</italic>. 5:1-11. ISSN: 2333-9705. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104291</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Taruman</surname>
							<given-names>JA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Smulders</surname>
							<given-names>JP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gallo</surname>
							<given-names>CB.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Risk Factors for Bruises and High Muscle pH in Lambs Carcasses of Tierra del Fuego, Chilean Patagonia</article-title>
					<source>Open Acces Library Journal</source>
					<volume>5</volume>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>11</lpage>
					<issn>2333-9705</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/oalib.1104291</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<mixed-citation>Young OA, Reid DH, Scales G.H. 1993. Effect of breed and ultimate pH on the odour and flavour of sheep meat. <italic>New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research</italic>. (36): 363-370. ISSN: 002-233. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1993.10417733</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Young</surname>
							<given-names>OA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Reid</surname>
							<given-names>DH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Scales</surname>
							<given-names>G.H</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1993</year>
					<article-title>Effect of breed and ultimate pH on the odour and flavour of sheep meat</article-title>
					<source>New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research</source>
					<issue>36</issue>
					<fpage>363</fpage>
					<lpage>370</lpage>
					<issn>002-233</issn><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/00288233.1993.10417733</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<mixed-citation>Žgur S, Cividine A, Kompas D, Birtiv D. 2003. The effect of Live Weight at Slaughter and sex on Lambs Carcass Traits and Meat Characteristics. <italic>Agriculturae. Conspectus Scientificus</italic>. 68:155-159. ISSN:1331-7776. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://acs.agr.hr/acs/index.php/acs/article/view/222">https://acs.agr.hr/acs/index.php/acs/article/view/222</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Žgur</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cividine</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kompas</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Birtiv</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2003</year>
					<article-title>The effect of Live Weight at Slaughter and sex on Lambs Carcass Traits and Meat Characteristics</article-title>
					<source>Agriculturae. Conspectus Scientificus</source>
					<volume>68</volume>
					<fpage>155</fpage>
					<lpage>159</lpage>
					<issn>1331-7776</issn>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://acs.agr.hr/acs/index.php/acs/article/view/222">https://acs.agr.hr/acs/index.php/acs/article/view/222</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<label>1</label>
				<p>Codigo:2020-5</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Short communication</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Sampling time and age at sacrifice over pH and meat color in hair sheep</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<p>The objective of the present work was to evaluate the age at slaughter, carcass and muscle sampling time on the pH and meat color in lambs and sheep. The 25 sheep, 14 females and 11 males, weighing 41.06 ± 0.064 kg and 28.244 ± 2.435, respectively, were used. The age of the females was 2.32 years, and the males younger than 1 year, of undefined hair phenotypes. They sacrificed themselves by the disgorging method. After evisceration, the first pH reading was taken, as well as the color of the meat, then a sample of the <italic>Femoral</italic> muscle was taken, 24 h later, the second pH and color reading was taken in this muscle. The data obtained was analyzed with a completely randomized block design. The sampling time affected the pH (P &lt;0.01) at zero time was 6,081 ± 0.057 vs 5,264 ± 0.017. For color there was no effect (P&gt; 0.05) of age for, L*, a* and b*. However, the sampling time affected the L * and b * values (P &lt;0.01). Age did not affect the pH and color of the meat, however, the sampling time affected both variables.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>time-sampling</kwd>
				<kwd>color</kwd>
				<kwd>pH</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>The production in Mexico of sheep in 2016 was approximately 118 thousand tons, of which were destined for carcass meat; 60,300 ton. The 95% of the lamb meat in Mexico is in the form of barbecue consumed and only 5% is in another way consumed; which includes the fine cuts. Sheep production only covers 70% of national demand; the remaining 30% is imported from Australia, New Zealand and the USA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">SAGARPA, 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>The color of the meat is decisive to choose or reject at the time of purchase by consumers. Consumer preferences for a certain aspect of muscle color, pink or red meats, vary depending on the type of consumer, as well as the custom of the local market. The color of the meat is due to the concentration of pigments (myoglobin), its chemical state and the properties of light scattering in the meat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alberti and Ripoll, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Calnan <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>The color of fresh ruminant meat is determined by endogenous and exogenous factors; as well as the complexity of the interactions between them (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">AMS, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Neethling <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Among the endogenous factors are the species, race, age at slaughter and the muscle where the samples are taken. Among the most important exogenous factors is the feeding system (extensive vs. intensive) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Rodrigues <italic>et al.</italic> (2011)</xref>, and stress <italic>ante morten</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Neethling <italic>et al. (</italic>2017)</xref>.</p>
				<p>The color of the meat is affected by nutrition, cooling speed of the carcass, muscle, location of the sample within the muscle, pH of the muscle, temperature, post morten storage time, oxygen exposure time and myoglobin concentration (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">AMS, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Neethling <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>Studies carried out by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Pascual-Alonso <italic>et al</italic>. (2015</xref>), who evaluated the color in suckling lambs and ternasco lambs, slaughtered at a weight of 10.97 ± 0.3 kg and 30 days of age and lambs, slaughtered at a weight of 16 ± 0.72 kg and 60 days of age. Meat color was lighter with less pigments in suckling lambs, with luminosity values (L*) 47.82 ± 0.98 vs 43.6 ± 0.9 and for redness (a*) of 13.91 ± 0.53 vs 15.35 ± 0.53, respectively. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Guerrero <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref>, evaluated the weight and age of ternasco lambs and lambs at slaughter, in relation to the color of the meat, 21.9 vs 26.5 kg and 93 and 133 days, found that the lamb meat is darker.</p>
				<p>This leads to the conclusion that in lambs as the slaughter weight increases, the red color is more intense (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Marichal <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Žgur <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Calnan <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>). On the other hand, an effect of the lamb and young goat's genotype on the color of the meat has been reported (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Rodrigues <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Fernandes <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>Animals fed in extensive systems perform a great physical activity in comparison to animals fed intensive systems. It results that the meat of extensive systems contains a smaller number of contractile fibers, a high oxidative metabolic potential. This increases the proportion of oxidative red fibers, making the meat appear darker than those raised in intensive systems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alberti and Ripoll, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Rodrigues <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Neethling <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). The addition of zilpaterol in the sheep diet decreases the redness index (a*) in meat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Partida <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>The color of sheep meat in Mexico has been mainly determined in lambs; however, in Chihuahua State there is no information available for adult females, so it is important to generate information in this regard.</p>
				<p>Another important physical quality characteristic that affects sheep meat is the pH, because it has been shown to affect shelf life, tenderness and meat color; the ideal value should be between a pH of 5.5 to 5.8 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Taruman, <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). The pH is affected by the breed of sheep (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Young <italic>et al</italic>., 1993</xref>), effects on the phenotype have also been reported in kids (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Rodrigues <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>), but it is not affected by sex (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Craigie <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>) or by feeding time (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Rezende <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>The pH is affected, by stress <italic>ante morten</italic>. A relationship between the transport time and the number of bruises in lambs has been demonstrated, when measuring the pH in the <italic>Longissimus Thoracis</italic> muscle was from 5.8 to 6.3, and when measured in the leg in the <italic>Semitendinosus</italic> and <italic>Biceps femoris</italic> muscles, it was more stable pH &lt;5.8 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Taruman <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). In Mexico, there is little information on the pH and color of the meat of sheep with hair. In Chihuahua state, the information is even less and there is a lack of information for sheep.</p>
				<p>The objective of the present work was to evaluate the age at slaughter, sampling time and sex on the pH and color of meat in hair sheep.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p>The work was carried out in the Ruminant Feeding area, of the Department of Veterinary Sciences of the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, of the Autonomous University of Ciudad Juárez, in Chihuahua State, Mexico. The experiment was carried out during the period from September 3 to November 12, 2017; 25 sheep were used, 14 females of an age of 2.32 years, and weighing 41,064 ± 1,744 kg and 11 males less than one year of age, and weighing 28,244 ± 2,435 kg.</p>
				<p>The phenotype was undefined, since there were animals in which the Dorper breed predominated, in others Pelibuey, Panza Negra, Rambouillet and the crosses between these breeds; as well as creole sheep. The animals were fed with hay-fed alfalfa and native grasses. The sheep were purchased on the day of slaughter on the farms on the outskirts of Ciudad Juárez, at 6:00 a.m.</p>
				<p>Sheep were weighed before slaughter using a Detecto brand digital scale, model CN 20; they were slaughtered at 8:00 in the morning by the disgorging method, based on the official Mexican standard (NOM-033-ZOO-1995), on humane slaughter of animals, after evisceration and skinning of animals. The pH and color of the meat were determined at time 0; then a sample of the <italic>Femoral</italic> muscle was taken, identified, and kept in refrigeration at 2 °C, for 24 h, to perform the second determination of color and pH. The <italic>Femoral</italic> muscle sample was taken, because the pH is more stable, in this muscle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Taruman <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>The pH of the meat was determined after evisceration (time 0), in the Femoral muscle; a meat penetration potentiometer (Hanna HI 99163) was used, which was calibrated with a 7.0 buffer. After a sample of the <italic>Femoral</italic> muscle was taken, it was refrigerated at 2 ° C. The second reading was at 24 h made, after the sample was taken. Each of the readings was in triplicate done.</p>
				<p>For color, a colorimeter (Konica Minolta CR 400) was used, with which the L* clarity was evaluated, the positive values of a* correspond to red and the positive values of b* correspond to yellow (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alberti and Ripoll, 2010</xref>). Two <italic>femoral</italic> muscle readings were, at time 0 and at 24 h made. Each of the readings was with three repetitions performed. The data obtained was analyzed with a completely randomized block design, where the independent variables were: reading time (0 and 24 h), age at slaughter (2.32 years and less than 1 year) and sex (females and males); the dependent variables were meat color and pH. It was analyzed for the use of the statistical package SPSS version 25 for Windows, 2017.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The results obtained are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>, where the mean value and standard error are shown, for age, sampling time and sex. No effect of age and sex was found on pH and color (P&gt; 0.05); but the sampling time was highly significant (P &lt;0.01), higher values of L* and b * were recorded at 24 h; however, the pH was lower at 24 h <italic>post morten</italic>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Color and pH of meat in hair sheep</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" colspan="2"> </th>
									<th align="left">Color</th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									
									<th align="left">pH</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Age at</td>
									<td align="left">L</td>
									
									<td align="left">a</td>
									<td align="left">b</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">slaughter</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">2.32 years<p>&lt;1 year</p></td>
									<td align="left">36.095±0.477<p>35.323±0.474</p></td>
									
									<td align="left">16.082±0.299<p>15.378±0.294</p></td>
									<td align="left">6.853±0.349 <p>7.544±0.270</p></td>
									<td align="left">5.74±0.075 <p>5.629±0.057</p></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">ns</td>
									
									<td align="left">ns</td>
									<td align="left">ns</td>
									<td align="left">ns</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Sampling time</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">0 hours 24 hours</td>
									<td align="left">34.279a±0.352 <p>36.971b±0.352**</p></td>
									
									<td align="left">16.23±0.270ns <p>15.069±0.310</p></td>
									<td align="left">5.724a±0.250 <p>8.823b±0.243**</p></td>
									<td align="left">6.081b±0.057**<p>5.264a±0.017</p></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">**</td>
									
									<td align="left">ns</td>
									<td align="left">**</td>
									<td align="left">**</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Sex</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Females Males</td>
									<td align="left">35.323±0.474 <p>36.095±0.477</p></td>
									
									<td align="left">15.37±0.294 <p>16.02±0.290</p></td>
				<td align="left">7.54±0.270 <p>6.53±0.394</p></td>
				<td align="left">5.629±0.057 <p>5.74±0.075</p></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">ns</td>
									
									<td align="left">ns</td>
									<td align="left">ns</td>
									<td align="left">ns</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>ns = not significant; ** = (P&lt;0.01)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alberti and Ripoll, (2010)</xref> reported values of L* 48.3, for a* 10.3 and b* 11.2, which are completely different from those found in this work. These differences may be due to the feeding system, since animals fattened in pastures tend to produce meat with less light, due to an increase in exercise, which favors an increase in the proportion of oxidative red fibers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Rodríguez <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Neething <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>). No effect of age was found on meat color, these results differ from those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Guerrero <italic>et al</italic>., (2013)</xref>, who sacrificed lambs at 93 and 133 days. They found that the older the sacrifice, the meat is darker. This difference may be because in the present study the lambs were 1 year old and the sheep of 2.32.</p>
				<p>The effect of the meat color reading hour did have differences (P &lt;0.01). The L* and b* values at the time of slaughter and measured at 24 h later were 34.28 and 36.97; 5.72 and 8.82 respectively; for a* there were no differences (P&gt; 0.05). The difference may be due to the maturing process of the meat; as well as the decrease in pH. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Taruman, <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alberti and Ripoll, (2010)</xref>, recommend that the measurement of the color of the meat should start 24 hours after slaughter.</p>
				<p>Sex had no differences (P&gt; 0.05) on meat color, the L* value was 35.32 and 36.07, for females and males; however, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Žgur <italic>et al</italic>. (2003)</xref> reported L* values of 39.02 and 41.48, for females and males. This difference is attributed to the growth of males, since they grow faster than females.</p>
				<p>It is important to mention that in this study, females were older than males, and what was observed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Žgur <italic>et al</italic>. (2003)</xref>, may not have been demonstrated. On the other hand, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bianchi (2006)</xref>, found no effect of sex when analyzing the color of lamb meat; the L*, a* and b* values for females and males were 40.4 and 39.8; 17.6 and 17.4 and 10.3 and 10.3. These values differ from those found in the present work, which were 35.32 and 36.06; 15.37 and 16.06; 7.54 and 6.53 respectively for L*, a* and b*. Differences may be due to feeding control; since in the present work it was not controlled; the animals were bought from farms on the outskirts of the city.</p>
				<p>Slaughter age did not affect the pH of the meat. These results are similar to those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Rezende <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref>, who reported pH values of 5.7 and 5.5, for lambs slaughtered at 140 and 182 days.</p>
				<p>The pH measured at 0 and 24 h was 6,081 and 5,264, which was similar to that reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Rezende <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref>, who reported pH values between 6.0 and 5.7. The decrease in pH is due to anaerobic glycolysis in muscle, which increases shelf life and improves the organoleptic characteristics of meat; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Craigie <italic>et al</italic>. (2012)</xref> reported pH values of 5.58. For the pH of meat, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">McGeehin (2001)</xref> found no effect of sex on this variable, the pH measured at 24 h <italic>post morten</italic>, for females and males, was 5.69 and 5.62. These values are very similar to those reported in this work, which were 5.63 and 5.74 for females and males. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bianchi, 2006</xref> reported values of 5.6 and 5.7 for females and males. The following authors reported similar values (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Fernandes <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Marichal <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Žgur <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>No effect of age or sex was on the color and pH of the meat found; however, the sampling time did affect the previous variables.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>