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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.16</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00502</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Notas cortas</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Respuesta serológica contra <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> y su leucotoxina en conejos suplementados con selenio</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Díaz-Sánchez</surname>
						<given-names>Víctor</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ciriaco-Solano</surname>
						<given-names>Lina</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rodríguez-Patiño</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriela</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>López-Arellano</surname>
						<given-names>Raquel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Revilla-Vázquez</surname>
						<given-names>Alma</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Morales-Álvarez</surname>
						<given-names>José</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán. Ciudad de México, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Ciudad de México</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias. Ciudad de México, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Ciudad de México</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Autor responsable y de correspondencia: Díaz-Sánchez Víctor, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, México, C.P. 54714. victorm_diazs@comunidad.unam.mx, <email>lecs19943@gmail.com,</email>
					<email>grp2284@yahoo.com.mx,</email>
					<email>rlajjd@yahoo.com.mx</email>, <email>revillalma@gmail.com,</email>
					<email>morales62@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>28</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>
			
			<elocation-id>142</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<p>La selenodeficiencia tiene un impacto negativo en la respuesta inmune de los animales. El objetivo del
					trabajo fue evaluar la suplementación con selenio y su efecto sobre la respuesta contra Mannheimia
					haemolytica y su leucotoxina. Se utilizaron 21 conejos; éstos fueron distribuidos en tres grupos (n = 7); A:
					se les administró selenio más una bacterina-toxoide; B: se les administró bacterina-toxoide. C: considerado
					control. Se estimó el contenido de selenio en sangre por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica. Se
					evaluó la respuesta a los antígenos a través una ELISA. Se realizó un análisis de varianza y de Tukey para
					determinar la significancia estadística, considerando un valor P&lt;0.05. En la cuantificación de selenio se
					observó una diferencia entre A con respecto a B y C (P&lt;0.05). En la evaluación de IgG contra M.
					haemolytica, hubo una diferencia entre A con respecto a B y C (P&lt;0.05). Para IgG contra la leucotoxina,
							no se observaron diferencias entre A y B (P&lt;0.05), pero si de estos con respecto a C (P&lt;0.05). En
									conclusión, los animales suplementados tuvieron mayores concentraciones de selenio. Ésta tuvo efectos
									positivos sobre la respuesta contra M. haemolytica, sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias para la
									respuesta contra la leucotoxina.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Mannheimia haemolytica</kwd>
				<kwd>selenio</kwd>
				<kwd>conejos e inmunidad</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="12"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="35"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p><italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> es una bacteria habitante normal del tracto respiratorio superior de rumiantes, la cual puede llegar a causar problemas neumónicos asociados a una inmunosupresión, lo cual puede llevar a la muerte de los animales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">De la Rosa <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). Se ha observado, que la deficiencia de algunos minerales en los animales tiene como consecuencia un efecto negativo en la respuesta inmunológica frente a la presencia de antígenos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Radwinska y Zarczynska, 2014</xref>). Es por esto que existe un interés en el uso de suplementos que nivelen los requerimientos de minerales, para mejorar el estatus inmunológico y los procesos productivos de los animales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Campos, 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>Actualmente se utilizan premezclas o soluciones parenterales para evitar la carencia de minerales como el selenio, el cual es un micronutriente esencial para los mamíferos, necesario en los procesos de crecimiento, producción y reproducción de los animales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mehdi y Dufrasne, 2016</xref>). A través de las selenoproteínas tienen funciones antioxidantes, y de esta forma participa en el correcto funcionamiento de órganos, como: corazón, hígado, riñones, páncreas, testículos y tiroides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Ghany y Tórtora-Pérez, 2010</xref>).</p>
			<p>Se ha observado que la deficiencia de este mineral afecta la capacidad de los neutrófilos y macrófagos, para fagocitar y destruir a los antígenos; además de que la vida de estas células se ve disminuida, afectándose los fenómenos de presentación antigénica y la posterior producción de inmunoglobulinas en sangre; factor que determina mayor prevalencia y severidad de las enfermedades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Avery y Hoffmann, 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>La suplementación con selenio puede mejorar la respuesta inmune en diferentes padecimientos de los animales. La concentración de anticuerpos se eleva en animales suplementados con selenio, frente al desafío con diferentes antígenos; en comparación con los animales que no fueron suplementados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gelderman y Clapper, 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar mediante una ELISA indirecta la suplementación con selenio por vía parenteral, y la respuesta de anticuerpos contra <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> serotipo A2 y su leucotoxina, utilizando a conejos como modelo biológico. La hipótesis de este trabajo, es que, si se suplementa a conejos con selenio de forma parenteral, éstos tendrán una mayor respuesta serológica a los antígenos de <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> serotipo A2 y su leucotoxina, a diferencia de los animales que no fueron suplementados.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Características de las unidades experimentales, distribución de grupos y administración de tratamiento</title>
				<p>Se utilizaron 21 conejos, raza Nueva Zelanda, con un peso promedio de 3.2 kg y 6 meses de edad respectivamente, como modelo biológico. Los animales fueron manejados bajo las normas de cuidado del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pesqueras, en el Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Disciplinarias en Microbiología Animal, con fundamento en la Ley Federal de Salud Animal (título tercero. Capítulo I del bienestar de los animales) y en la norma oficial mexicana NOM-062-ZOO-1999 (numerales 4.2.2; 4.2.2.1; 4.2.2.2; 4.2.2.3). Los animales fueron alojados en jaulas individuales de acero inoxidable de 50 cm x 30 cm, mantenidos con pellets de alfalfa y agua <italic>ad libitum</italic>; distribuidos aleatoriamente en tres grupos; grupo A: (n = 7), se les administró una solución de selenio (10.95 mg selenito de sodio por cada mL de solución), a una dosis de 0.25 mg/Kg de peso vivo más 2 mL de una bacterina-toxoide, la cual contenía una suspensión bacteriana con 1 x 10<sup>6</sup> unidades formadoras de colonias por mililitro (UFC/mL), a base de <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> serotipo A2 con leucotoxoide de la bacteria por vía subcutánea; grupo B: (n = 7), se les administró 2 mL de la bacterina- toxoide vía subcutánea, y grupo C: (n = 7), se les administró 2 mL de solución salina fisiológica al 10% por vía subcutánea. Este grupo fue considerado el grupo control.</p>
				<p>Los tratamientos se administraron en la semana 0 y la semana 2 para todos los animales dentro del estudio.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Toma de muestras y procesamiento</title>
				<p>Las muestras se tomaron de forma semanal. Se obtuvo sangre de todos los grupos experimentales de la vena marginal auricular, utilizando el sistema Vacutainer®; se tomó 1 mL de sangre en un tubo neutro sin anticoagulante y 1 mL en un tubo con heparina. Los tubos neutros fueron centrifugados a 4,500 g durante 5 min para obtener el suero.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Pruebas de laboratorio</title>
				<p>Las pruebas en sangre y suero se realizaron de la siguiente manera; para la estimación del contenido de selenio en sangre se utilizó el método de espectrofotometría de absorción atómica con generador de hidruros, siguiendo el método descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Ghany- Hefnawy <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>. Para la obtención de los antígenos para las pruebas de ELISA, se sonicó a <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> serotipo A2, para exponer sus antígenos, siguiendo la técnica descrita por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Solanet <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>. En la obtención de la leucotoxina de <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> se siguió el método descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Morales-Álvarez <italic>et al.,</italic> 1993</xref>.</p>
				<p>Para la evaluación de la respuesta a <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> y a su leucotoxina se realizó una prueba de ELISA indirecta, esta prueba se realizó en microplacas de polietileno de 96 pozos de fondo plano, se agregaron 100 µL de cada uno de los antígenos en una dilución 1:20 en cada pozo por triplicado, incubando durante 24 horas a 37° C. Pasado este tiempo se realizó un ciclo de tres lavados con PBS Tween-20 mediante un lavador de microplacas; luego se agregó una solución de leche descremada al 2% en PBS, con la finalidad de ocupar sitios en donde no hubo adsorción del antígeno, dejándola por 60 min a 37° C. Posteriormente se realizaron 3 lavados con PBS-Tween 20. Por último se cubrieron las placas y se almacenaron a 4C, hasta su uso. Posteriormente se depositaron 100 µL de los sueros problema en cada pozo, a una dilución de 1:20 en PBS, incubando a 37° C, en una estufa bacteriológica por espacio de 60 min. Pasado este tiempo se realizaron tres lavados con PBS Tween-20; se agregaron 100 µL de conjugado conejo <italic>anti-</italic>ovino IgG en cada pozo, a una dilución de 1:2000 en PBS, incubando 60 min a 37ºC. Posteriormente se realizaron tres lavados con PBS Tween-20 y se adicionaron 100 µL de sustrato (ABTS de Sigma Chemicals Co).Finalmente se realizó la lectura en un espectrofómetro múltiple, calibrado a 405 nm (EIA multi-well reader de Sigma D).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>Se realizó un análisis de varianza para determinar la significancia estadística de cada una de las variables a medir; se consideró un valor de P&lt;0.05 para determinar la significancia de los datos. Posteriormente, para identificar entre cuales grupos hubo una diferencia significativa, se utilizó la prueba estadística de Tukey; para ello se calculó la diferencia honestamente significativa o HSD (<italic>Honestly significant difference</italic>) para cada una de las variables a medir. Se consideró como variables independientes a la dosis de selenio, dosis de la bacterina-toxoide y el tiempo de muestreo. Como variables dependientes se consideraron los niveles de selenio en sangre y absorbancias en suero para los antígenos evaluados. Para el análisis se utilizó el programa <italic>Statgraphics Centurion</italic> 16.1.11.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Cuantificación de selenio en sangre de los grupos experimentales</title>
				<p>Se realizó la evaluación de la cuantificación de selenio en sangre en los grupos experimentales. Para determinar diferencias significativas se realizó un análisis de varianza, considerando un valor de P&lt;0.05 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Análisis de varianza de la cuantificación de selenio en sangre de los grupos experimentales</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Fuente</td>
									<td align="center">Suma de cuadrados</td>
									<td align="center">Grados de libertad.</td>
									<td align="center">Promedio de los cuadrados</td>
									<td align="center">Valor f</td>
									<td align="center">Valor p</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Entre grupos</td>
									<td align="center">0.007</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">0.004</td>
									<td align="center">4.990</td>
									<td align="center">0.026</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Dentro de los grupos</td>
									<td align="center">0.009</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
									<td align="center">0.001</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Total</td>
									<td align="center">0.0158</td>
									<td align="center">14</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>, se observa el análisis de varianza de los niveles de selenio en sangre de los grupos experimentales; se obtuvo un valor P&lt;0.05, por lo que existe una relación estadísticamente significativa entre las concentraciones de selenio en sangre entre grupos experimentales. Estas diferencias se pueden observar en la figura 1.</p>
				<p>En la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>, se observan las medias y errores estándar para la cuantificación de selenio en sangre de los grupos experimentales. El grupo A presenta una concentración promedio mayor, a diferencia de los grupos B y C (P&lt;0.05). Durante el experimento, estos últimos sin diferencia estadística entre ellos (P&gt;0.05). Para corroborarlo se realizó una prueba de Tukey, se calculó el HSD, obteniendo un valor de 0.045 µg/g. Al compararlo con el valor obtenido de restar las medias de los grupos, se obtuvo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el grupo A, con respecto al grupo B y el grupo C.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Medias y errores estándar de la cuantificación de selenio en sangre de los grupos experimentales</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e502-gf1.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>A continuación, se muestran las concentraciones semanales de selenio en sangre para los grupos de estudio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2</xref>). Se observa la cuantificación semanal de selenio en sangre para los grupos experimentales. Se observa que en las semanas 0, 2 y 3, el grupo A presenta concentraciones de selenio en sangre mayores, en comparación con los grupos B y C (P&lt;0.05); estos últimos sin diferencia significativa entre ellos (P&gt;0.05), para estas semanas. Por el contrario, en las semanas 1 y 4 los tres grupos no presentan diferencias significativas en las concentraciones de selenio en sangre (P&gt;0.05).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Cuantificación de selenio semanal en sangre de los grupos experimentales</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e502-gf2.gif"></graphic>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>Evaluación de la respuesta humoral contra <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> serotipo A2 en suero de los grupos experimentales</bold></title>
				<p>Se realizó la evaluación de las absorbancias a 405 nm para IgG en los sueros de los grupos experimentales, contra los antígenos de <italic>Mannhemia haemolytica</italic>. Se realizó un análisis de varianza para determinar la significancia estadística entre grupos, para lo cual se consideró un valor de P&lt;0.05 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabla 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Análisis de varianza de las absorbancias obtenidas a 405 nm para IgG en suero de los grupos experimentales contra los antígenos de Mannheimia haemolytica</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Fuente</td>
									<td align="left">Suma de cuadrados</td>
									<td align="left">Grados de libertad.</td>
									<td align="center">Promedio de los cuadrados</td>
									<td align="center">Valor F</td>
									<td align="center">Valor P</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Entre grupos</td>
									<td align="center">0.308</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">0.154</td>
									<td align="center">4.941</td>
									<td align="center">0.027</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Dentro de los grupos</td>
									<td align="center">0.375</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
									<td align="center">0.031</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Total</td>
									<td align="center">0.683</td>
									<td align="center">14</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref>, se observa el análisis de varianza para las absorbancias obtenidas a 405 nm para IgG en los sueros de los grupos experimentales, contra los antígenos de <italic>Mannhemia haemolytica</italic>. Se observa un valor P&lt;0.05, por lo que existe una relación estadísticamente significativa para las absorbancias para IgG entre los grupos de estudio. Estas diferencias se pueden observar en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figura 3</xref> .</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f3">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Medias y errores estándar de las absorbancias para IgG en suero de los grupos experimentales contra Mannheimia haemolytica</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e502-gf3.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>En la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figura 3</xref>, se observan las medias y los errores estándar para las absorbancias obtenidas a 405 nm para IgG en los sueros de los grupos experimentales, contra los antígenos de <italic>Mannhemia haemolytica</italic>. El Grupo A tuvo absorbancias mayores a diferencia de los grupos B y C (P&lt;0.05). Durante el experimento, estos últimos sin diferencia estadística significativa (P&gt;0.05). Se realizó una prueba de Tukey, se calculó el HSD, obteniendo un valor de 0.272. Al compararlo con el valor obtenido de restar las medias de los grupos, se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el grupo A, con respecto al grupo B y el grupo C.</p>
				<p>A continuación, se muestran las absorbancias semanales obtenidas a 405 nm para IgG, contra <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> para los grupos de estudio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">figura 4</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Absorbancias semanales para IgG de los sueros de los grupos experimentales, contra <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e502-gf4.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>En la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">figura 4</xref>, se observan las absorbancias semanales obtenidas a 405 nm para IgG, contra <italic>Mannhemia haemolytica</italic> en los grupos de estudio. En las semanas 0, 2 y 3, se observa que el grupo A presenta mayores absorbancias, en comparación con los grupos B y C (P&lt;0.05). En las semanas 1 y 4 no se observan diferencias entre A y B, y entre A, B y C, respectivamente (P&gt;0.05).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>Evaluación de la respuesta humoral a la leucotoxina de <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> en suero de los grupos experimentales</bold></title>
				<p>Se evaluaron las absorbancias obtenidas a 405 nm para IgG en suero de los grupos experimentales, contra la leucotoxina de <italic>Mannhemia haemolytica</italic>. Se realizó un análisis de varianza para determinar diferencias significancias, considerando un valor P&lt;0.05 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Tabla 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Análisis de varianza de las absorbancias obtenidas a 405 nm para la leucotoxina de <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> de los sueros de los grupos experimentales</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Fuente</td>
									<td align="left">Suma de cuadrados</td>
									<td align="left">Grados de libertad.</td>
									<td align="center">Promedio de los cuadrados</td>
									<td align="center">Valor F</td>
									<td align="center">Valor P</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Entre grupos</td>
									<td align="center">0.827</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">0.414</td>
									<td align="center">4.026</td>
									<td align="center">0.046</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Dentro de los grupos</td>
									<td align="center">1.233</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
									<td align="center">0.103</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Total</td>
									<td align="center">2.060</td>
									<td align="center">14</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 3</xref> se observa el análisis de varianza para las absorbancias obtenidas a 405 nm para IgG en suero de los grupos experimentales, contra la leucotoxina de <italic>Mannhemia haemolytica</italic>. Se observa un valor P&lt;0.05, por lo que existe una relación estadísticamente significativa para las absorbancias para IgG entre los grupos de estudio. Estas diferencias se pueden observar en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">figura 5</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figura 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Medias de absorbancias para IgG en suero de los grupos experimentales de la leucotoxina de <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> serotipo A2 en suero</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e502-gf5.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>En la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">figura 5</xref> se observan las medias y los errores estándar para las absorbancias obtenidas a 405 nm para IgG en suero de los grupos experimentales, contra la leucotoxina de <italic>Mannhemia haemolytica</italic>. Los grupos A y B no presentan diferencias significativas entre ellos (P&gt;0.05); sin embargo, presentan mayores absorbancias que el grupo C (P&lt;0.05) durante el experimento. Se realizó la prueba de Tukey, se calculó el HSD, obteniendo un valor de 0.540. Al compararlo con el valor obtenido de restar las medias de los grupos, se observa una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el grupo A, con respecto al grupo C; el cual no fue desafiado con la leucotoxina.</p>
				<p>A continuación, se muestran las absorbancias semanales obtenidas a 405 nm para IgG contra la leucotoxina para los grupos de estudio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">figura 6</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figura 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Promedio semanal de las absorbancias para IgG en los sueros de los grupos experimentales, contra la leucotoxina de <italic>Mannhemia haemolytica</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e502-gf6.gif"></graphic>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>En la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">figura 6</xref> se observan las absorbancias semanales obtenidas a 405 nm para IgG en los sueros de los grupos de estudio, contra la leucotoxina de <italic>Mannhemia haemolytica</italic>. No se observaron diferencias estadísticas significativas en el promedio de las absorbancias para el grupo A y el grupo B durante el estudio (P&gt;0.05); es a partir de la semana 3 que se observan diferencias entre A y B con respecto al grupo C (P&lt;0.05).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>En este estudio, se utilizaron conejos como modelo biológico para observar el efecto de la suplementación con selenio y evaluar parte de la respuesta inmune humoral, contra <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> serotipo A2 y su leucotoxina; la cual afecta el tracto respiratorio de los rumiantes, causando neumonía y muerte de éstos.</p>
			<p>El requerimiento de selenio es bajo para conejos, con alrededor de 0.05 mg/kg de alimento, para observar efectos benéficos en la productividad de estos animales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">NRC, 1977</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Papadomichelakis <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>); sin embargo se ha observado que dosis de 0.2 mg/kg de alimento mejoran la productividad en esta especie (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Syvyk <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Para suplementar a los animales por vía parenteral,se utilizó una dosis de 0.025 mg/kg de peso vivo, recomendada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Ramírez-Bribiesca <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref> para rumiantes, extrapolando esta dosis al peso metabólico de los conejos, para que ésta fuera la adecuada para la especie; así como para evitar intoxicaciones y muertes.</p>
			<p>Se ha reportado que los niveles adecuados de selenio en sangre de conejos, van de 0.074 a 1.000 ppm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Puls,1988</xref>), esto depende de la dieta y la zona geográfica donde se encuentren. Después de la suplementación se observó que el grupo A tuvo un promedio de 0.972 µg/g de selenio en sangre para todo el estudio; mientras que los grupos B y C tuvieron en promedio de 0.595 µg/g de selenio en sangre para todo el experimento (P&lt;0.05).</p>
			<p>No se observaron deficiencias de selenio en sangre, los tres grupos mantuvieron niveles adecuados durante todo el experimento. Se ha observado que la suplementación con el mineral incrementa los niveles de selenio en sangre en vacas lecheras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Khalili<italic>, et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>), cerdos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cao <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>), en pollos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Doaa <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>), borregos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ademi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>) y cabras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Ziaei, 2015</xref>), con efectos benéficos en la salud y la producción animal; sin embargo, un exceso del mineral en la dieta puede llegar a tener efectos negativos en la productividad con la consecuente intoxicación de los animales y la muerte (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Żarczyñska <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>Se observó que hubo variaciones en las concentraciones de selenio a lo largo del experimento para todos los grupos. En algunas semanas estos muestran un decremento en las concentraciones del mineral en sangre, particularmente el grupo A, en las semanas 2 y 4. Esto también se observó en cerdos suplementados con selenio y desafiados con diferentes antígenos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Falka <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>), esto tal vez sea debido a la biodistribución del mineral en el organismo, para mantener el balance oxidativo frente a infecciones o desafíos con antígenos, a través de las selenoproteínas; ya que éstas participan en la regulación del estrés oxidativo, optimizando los procesos celulares para su correcto funcionamiento; incluidos aquellos involucrados en respuestas inmunes innatas y adaptativas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Dalgaarda <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). Sin embargo, esta síntesis está regulada por la disponibilidad del mineral en el organismo; una deficiencia de selenio tendrá impacto en el correcto funcionamiento de las células y por lo tanto de las respuestas inmunológicas (Howard <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Seyedali <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>Los monogástricos como los conejos, no presentan una deficiencia de selenio tan marcada como los rumiantes; los cuales son muy susceptibles a la deficiencia de este mineral, en especial en ovinos y caprinos. En estas especies la digestibilidad y absorción de este mineral a través de la dieta es muy baja (11-18%); en comparación con los monogástricos (70-80%), lo cual afecta su salud y productividad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Ghany y Tórtora-Pérez, 2010</xref>). Esta mayor susceptibilidad de los rumiantes se atribuye al ambiente retículo- ruminal, ya que parte del selenio ingerido es tomado por la microbiota, la cual lo utiliza para la síntesis de proteínas; o el propio ambiente ruminal reduce el mineral hasta formas no solubles (selenuros), los cuales no pueden ser absorbidos por el animal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Carbajal <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>Al evaluar las absorbancias para IgG en suero, contra <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> serotipo A2, se encontró que el grupo A presentó una absorbancia promedio de 1.087 nm, significativamente mayor que los grupos B y C, los cuales promediaron 0.817 nm en el estudio (P&lt;0.05).</p>
			<p>En otros trabajos se han observado resultados ambiguos con respecto a la suplementación de selenio, y su efecto sobre la respuesta inmune frente a desafíos con diferentes antígenos. Por un lado, se ha visto que la suplementación con selenio ha tenido un efecto positivo en pollos en la inducción de anticuerpos específicos para la vacuna contra el virus de la enfermedad infecciosa bursal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Shekaro <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012</xref>). De la misma forma, se ha observado una mayor respuesta inmune mediada por anticuerpos contra <italic>Pasteurella multocida</italic> en ovejas suplementadas con 0.3 ppm de selenio en la dieta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kumar <italic>et al.</italic>, 2009</xref>). En contraste, cuando se estudió la influencia del selenio en la inmunidad de los pollos de engorda mediante la suplementación a través del alimento en varias concentraciones (0, 100, 200, 300 o 400 μg/kg de dieta), no se encontró ningún efecto en la producción de anticuerpos específicos para la vacuna contra el virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Rao <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013</xref>). Por otro lado, un estudio en caprinos donde se evaluó la respuesta inmune contra <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica,</italic> al evaluar IgG en suero, no se observaron diferencias significativas en los grupos de estudio los primeros 28 días del experimento; sin embargo, los grupos suplementados mostraron una concentración significativamente mayor de IgG a partir del día 28, después y hasta el final del experimento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Díaz-Sánchez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Por último, a pesar de que los estudios en conejos son limitados, se ha reportado que conejos raza California, suplementados con selenio, y desafiados contra glóbulos rojos de las ovejas (SRBC), los títulos de anticuerpos fueron más altos en comparación con el grupo control (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ebeid <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013</xref>), como se observó en este estudio para el caso de Mannheimia haemolytica.</p>
			<p>Es probable que haya más interacciones que tengan que ver con la suplementación con selenio y la respuesta inmune a antígenos; como por ejemplo el estatus nutricional de los animales, la edad, disponibilidad de selenio en el organismo y el tipo de agente infeccioso o antígeno que haya a entrado al organismo animal; por eso tal vez se observan diferencias entre animales con respecto a la suplementación de selenio y la respuesta inmune (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hoffmann y Berry, 2008</xref>).</p>
			<p>Cuando hay una infección, la producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS), participa en la activación y señalización de diversos sistemas endógenos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Vladimirov <italic>et al., 2009</italic></xref>). Las células fagocíticas dependen de la producción de ROS para sus actividades bactericidas durante la inflamación, pero si este proceso no se controla a través de los antioxidantes como las selenoproteínas, los productos reactivos de oxígeno pueden inducir daños en el huésped como la lipoperoxidación celular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lubos <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>). Por último, se han visto que los efectos de la suplementación con selenio no afectarían necesariamente la concentración de anticuerpos de igual forma. Se pueden esperar diferentes efectos en las respuestas de anticuerpos dirigidas, contra antígenos T dependientes frente a antígenos T independientes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Dalgaarda <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>En lo que respecta a la evaluación de las absorbancias para IgG, contra la leucotoxina de <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic>, no se encontraron diferencias entre los grupos A y B (P&gt;0.05); sin embargo, ambos grupos presentaron mayores absorbancias que el grupo C (P&gt;0.05), el cual no tuvo una respuesta al antígeno, tal como se esperaba en el estudio. Se sabe que la leucotoxina induce efectos biológicos negativos en los leucocitos rumiantes de una manera especie-específica. El conejo no es susceptible a este antígeno; sin embargo, podría tener efectos similares en el sistema inmune de éstos. En rumiantes induce la secreción y la liberación de péptidos quimiotácticos vasoactivos; así como aumenta el número de leucocitos disponibles en el lugar de la inflamación, en donde se producen depósitos fibrinosos. Este proceso ocasiona una neumonía fibrinopurulenta aguda. Cualquier oportunidad de respuesta inmune secundaria es interrumpida por la actividad de la leucotoxina, que previene la blastogénesis de los linfocitos y la destrucción de los mismos leucocitos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Jaramillo <italic>et al.</italic>, 2009</xref>). Por último, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jaramillo en el 2000</xref>, logró la purificación de una adhesina, que fue capaz de aglutinar eritrocitos de conejo de manera específica, concluyendo que las adhesinas de <italic>Mannhemia haemolytica</italic> juegan un importantísimo papel en la infección; ésto puede sugerir el por qué hubo una respuesta de IgG más marcada a <italic>Mannhemia haemolytica</italic> serotipo A2, que a la leucotoxina para este estudio.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Los animales que fueron suplementados tuvieron una mayor concentración de selenio en sangre. Al utilizar el conejo como modelo biológico para evaluar la respuesta antigénica, se encontró que la suplementación con selenio tuvo efectos positivos sobre la respuesta a los antígenos de <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> serotipo A2, obteniendo mayor absorbancia en los conejos suplementados, en comparación con los que no fueron suplementados. En cuanto a la respuesta al antígeno para la leucotoxina de <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic>, no se encontraron diferencias entre los grupos estudiados.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Short communication</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Serological response against <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> and its leukotoxin in rabbits supplemented with selenium</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<p>Selenodeficiency has a negative impact on the immune response of animals. The objective of the work was to evaluate selenium supplementation and its effect on the response against <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> and its leukotoxin. 21 rabbits were used, these were distributed in three groups (n=7); A: Selenium plus bacterin- toxoid was administered; B: the bacterin-toxoid was administered. C: considered control. Blood selenium content was estimated by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The response to antigens was evaluated through an ELISA. An analysis of variance and Tukey were performed to determine statistical significance, considering a P value &lt;0.05. In selenium quantification, a difference was observed between A with respect to B and C (P &lt;0.05). In the evaluation of IgG against <italic>M. haemolytica</italic>, there was a difference between A with respect to B and C (P &lt;0.05). For IgG against leukotoxin, no differences were observed between A and B (P&gt; 0.05), but of these with respect to C (P &lt;0.05). In conclusion, the supplemented animals had higher concentrations of selenium. This had positive effects on the response against <italic>M. haemolytica,</italic> however, no differences were found for the response against leukotoxin.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Mannheimia haemolytica</kwd>
				<kwd>selenium</kwd>
				<kwd>rabbits</kwd>
				<kwd>immunity</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p><italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> is a bacterium that inhabits the upper respiratory tract of ruminants, which can cause pneumonic problems associated with immunosuppression, which can lead to the death of animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">De la Rosa <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). It was observed that deficiency of some minerals in animals results in a negative effect on the immune response against the presence of antigens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Radwinska y Zarczynska, 2014</xref>). That is why there is an interest in the use of supplements that level the mineral needs, to improve the immunological status and the production processes of the animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Campos, 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>Currently, pre-mixes or parenteral solutions are used to avoid the lack of minerals such as selenium, which is an essential micronutrient for mammals, necessary in the process of growth, production and reproduction of animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mehdi y Dufrasne, 2016</xref>). Through selenoproteins, they have antioxidant functions and, therefore, participate in the proper functioning of organs, such as: heart, liver, kidneys, pancreas, testicles and thyroid (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Ghany y Tórtora-Pérez, 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p>It was observed that the deficiency of this mineral affects the ability of phagocytosis neutrophils and macrophages to destroy antigens; in addition to the fact that the life of these cells is reduced, affecting the phenomena of antigenic presentation and the subsequent production of immunoglobulins in the blood; factor that determines higher prevalence and severity of diseases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Avery y Hoffmann, 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>Selenium supplementation can improve the immune response in different animal disorders. The concentration of antibodies increases in animals supplemented with selenium, against the challenge with different antigens; compared to animals that were not supplemented (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gelderman y Clapper, 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>The objective of this study was to evaluate, by means of an indirect ELISA, parenteral supplementation with selenium and the antibody response against <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> serotype A2 and its leukotoxin, using rabbits as a biological model. The hypothesis of this work is that, if rabbits are supplemented with parenteral selenium, they will have a greater serological response to antigens of the serotype A2 of <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> and its leukotoxin, differently from animals that were not supplemented<italic>.</italic></p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Characteristics of the experimental units, group distribution and treatment administration</title>
					<p>21 New Zealand rabbits, with an average weight of 3.2 kg and 6 months of age, respectively, were used as biological models. The animals were handled according to the standards of care provided by the National Institute for Forestry, Agricultural and Fisheries Research, at the National Center for Discipline Research in Animal Microbiology, based on the Federal Animal Health Law (third title. Chapter I on animal welfare) and in the official Mexican standard NOM-062-ZOO-1999 (4.2.2; 4.2.2.1; 4.2.2.2; 4.2.2.3) The animals were housed in individual 50 cm x 30 cm stainless steel cages, kept with alfalfa pellets and water ad libitum; randomly distributed into three groups; group A: (n=7), a selenium solution (10.95 mg of sodium selenite for each mL of solution) was administered, at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg of live weight plus 2 mL of a bacterial toxoid , which contained a bacterial suspension with 1 x 10<sup>6</sup> colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL), based on <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> serotype A2 with leukotoxoid of the bacterium subcutaneously; group B: (n=7), 2 ml of bacterin toxin were administered subcutaneously and group C: (n=7), 2 ml of 10% physiological saline solution were administered subcutaneously. This group was considered the control group.</p>
					<p>Treatments were administered at week 0 and week 2 for all study animals.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Sampling and processing</title>
					<p>Samples were collected weekly. Blood was obtained from all experimental groups atrial marginal vein using Vacutainer® system; 1 mL of blood was collected in a neutral tube without anticoagulant and 1 mL in a tube with heparin. The neutral tubes were centrifuged at 4,500 g for 5 min to obtain the serum.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Laboratory tests</title>
					<p>Blood and serum tests were performed as follows; to estimate the blood selenium content, the hydride generator atomic absorption spectrophotometry method was used, following the method described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ghany-Hefnawy <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>. To obtain the antigens for the ELISA tests, sonicated to the serotype A2 from <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic>, to expose its antigens, following the technique described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Solanet <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>. In obtaining leukotoxin from <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic>, the method described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Morales-Álvarez <italic>et al.,</italic> 1993</xref> was followed.</p>
					<p>For the evaluation of the response to <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> and its leukotoxin, an indirect ELISA test was carried out in 96-well flat bottom polyethylene microplates, 100 µL of each of the antigens were added in a 1:20 dilution in each well in triplicate, incubating for 24 hours at 37 °C. After that time, a cycle of three washes with PBS Tween-20 was performed using a microplate washer. Then, a 2% solution of skimmed milk in PBS was added in order to occupy places where there was no adsorption of the antigen, leaving it for 60 min at 37 °C. Subsequently, 3 washes were performed with PBS-Tween 20. Finally, the plates were covered and stored at 4 °C, until use. Subsequently, 100 µL of the test sera were deposited in each well, at a 1:20 dilution in PBS, incubating at 37 ºC, in a bacteriological oven for 60 min. Thereafter, three washes were performed with PBS- Tween 20; was added 100 ul IgG conjugated rabbit anti-sheep to each well at a dilution of 1: 2000 in PBS, incubated 60 min at 37 °C. Thereafter, three washes were performed with PBS-Tween and 20 was added 100 µL of substrate (ABTS from Sigma Chemicals Co).</p>
					<p>Finally, the reading was made in a multiple spectrometer, calibrated at 405 nm (EIA multi- well reader of Sigma D).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>An analysis of variance was performed to determine the statistical significance of each of the variables to be measured; a value of P &lt;0.05 was considered to determine the significance of the data. Subsequently, to identify which groups were no significant differences was performed using the Tukey test statistic. For this, an honestly significant difference or HSD (<italic>Honestly significant difference</italic>) was calculated for each of the variables to be measured. Selenium dose, dose of bacterin toxin and sampling time were considered independent variables. Blood selenium levels and serum absorbances for the evaluated antigens were considered dependent variables. The program <italic>Statgraphics Centurion</italic> 16.1.11 was used for the analysis.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Quantification of selenium in the blood of experimental groups</title>
					<p>The evaluation of quantification of selenium in the blood was conducted in the experimental groups. To determine significant differences, an analysis of variance was performed, considering a value of P &lt;0.05 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Analysis of variance of the quantification of selenium in the blood of the experimental groups</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Source</td>
										<td align="center">Sum of squares</td>
										<td align="center">Degrees of freedom</td>
										<td align="center">Squares average</td>
										<td align="center">F value</td>
										<td align="center">P value</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Between groups</td>
										<td align="center">0.007</td>
										<td align="center">2</td>
										<td align="center">0.004</td>
										<td align="center">4.990</td>
										<td align="center">0.026</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Within groups</td>
										<td align="center">0.009</td>
										<td align="center">12</td>
										<td align="center">0.001</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Total</td>
										<td align="center">0.0158</td>
										<td align="center">14</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the analysis of variance of blood selenium levels in the experimental groups; a value of P &lt;0.05 was obtained; therefore, there is a statistically significant relationship between blood selenium concentrations between experimental groups. These differences can be seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">figure 1</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f7">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Means and standard errors of selenium quantification in blood of the experimental groups</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e502-gf7.jpg"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">figure 1</xref>, the standard means and errors for the quantification of selenium in the blood of the experimental groups are observed. Group A has a higher average concentration, unlike groups B and C (P&lt;0.05). During the experiment, the latter with no statistical difference between them (P&gt;0.05). To corroborate, the Tukey test was performed, calculating the HSD, obtaining a value of 0.045 µg/g. When compared to the value obtained by subtracting the group means, a statistically significant difference was obtained between group A, in relation to group B and group C.</p>
					<p>The weekly blood selenium concentrations for the study groups are shown below (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 2</xref>). Weekly quantification of selenium in the blood is observed for the experimental groups. It is observed that in weeks 0, 2 and 3, group A has higher concentrations of selenium in the blood, compared to groups B and C (P &lt;0.05); the latter with no significant difference between them (P&gt; 0.05), for those weeks. On the other hand, at weeks 1 and 4, the three groups did not show significant differences in blood selenium concentrations (P&gt; 0.05).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f8">
							<label>Figure 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Weekly blood selenium quantification of the experimental groups</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e502-gf8.gif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><bold>Evaluation of the humoral response against <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> serotype A2 in the serum of the experimental groups</bold></title>
					<p>The evaluation of the absorbances at 405 nm for IgG in the sera of the experimental groups was carried out against <italic>Mannhemia haemolytica</italic> antigens. An analysis of variance was performed to determine the statistical significance between the groups, for which a value of P &lt;0.05 was considered (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Analysis of variance of the absorbances obtained at 405 nm for serum IgG from the experimental groups against the <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> antigens</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Source</td>
										<td align="center">Sum of squares</td>
										<td align="left">Degrees of freedom</td>
										<td align="center">Squares average</td>
										<td align="center">F value</td>
										<td align="center">P value</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Between groups</td>
										<td align="center">0.308</td>
										<td align="center">2</td>
										<td align="center">0.154</td>
										<td align="center">4.941</td>
										<td align="center">0.027</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Within groups</td>
										<td align="center">0.375</td>
										<td align="center">12</td>
										<td align="center">0.031</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Total</td>
										<td align="center">0.683</td>
										<td align="center">14</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref> shows the analysis of variance for the absorbances obtained at 405 nm for IgG in the sera of the experimental groups, against <italic>Mannhemia haemolytica</italic> antigens. It is observed a P value &lt;0.05, then there is a statistically significant correlation between IgG absorbances for the study groups. These differences can be seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">figure 3 </xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f9">
							<label>Figure 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Means and standard errors of the absorbances for serum IgG of the experimental groups against <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic></title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e502-gf9.jpg"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 3</xref> shows the means and standard errors of the absorbances obtained at 405 nm for IgG in the sera of the experimental groups, against <italic>Mannhemia haemolytica</italic> antigens. Group A showed higher absorbances, differently from groups B and C (P &lt;0.05). During the experiment, the latter with no statistically significant difference (P&gt; 0.05). The Tukey test was performed, the HSD calculated, obtaining a value of 0.272. When compared with the value obtained by subtracting the means of the group, there was a statistically significant difference between group A, in relation to group B and group C.</p>
					<p>The weekly absorbances obtained at 405 nm for IgG are shown below, against <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> for the study groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f10">
							<label>Figure 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Weekly absorptions for IgG from the sera of the experimental groups, against <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic></title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e502-gf10.jpg"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 4</xref> shows the weekly absorbances obtained at 405 nm for IgG, against <italic>Mannhemia haemolytica</italic> in the study groups. At weeks 0, 2 and 3, it is observed that group A has higher absorbances, compared to groups B and C (P &lt;0.05). At weeks 1 and 4, no differences were observed between A and B and between A, B and C, respectively (P&gt; 0.05).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><bold>Evaluation of the humoral response to <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> leukotoxin in the serum of the experimental groups</bold></title>
					<p>The absorbances obtained at 405 nm were evaluated for the serum IgG of the experimental groups, against <italic>Mannhemia haemolytica</italic> leukotoxin. An analysis of variance was performed to determine significant differences, considering a value of P &lt;0.05 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<label>Table 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Analysis of variance of the absorbances obtained at 405 nm for <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> leukotoxin from the sera of the experimental groups</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Source</td>
										<td align="center">Sum of squares</td>
										<td align="left">Degrees of freedom</td>
										<td align="left">Squares average</td>
										<td align="center">F value</td>
										<td align="center">P value</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Between groups</td>
										<td align="center">0.827</td>
										<td align="center">2</td>
										<td align="center">0.414</td>
										<td align="center">4.026</td>
										<td align="center">0.046</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Within groups</td>
										<td align="center">1.233</td>
										<td align="center">12</td>
										<td align="center">0.103</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Total</td>
										<td align="center">2.060</td>
										<td align="center">14</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref> shows the analysis of variance for the absorbances obtained at 405 nm for serum IgG from the experimental groups, against the leukotoxin of <italic>Mannhemia haemolytica</italic>. A value of P &lt;0.05 is observed, therefore, there is a statistically significant relationship for absorbances for IgG between the study groups. These differences can be seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">figure 5</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f11">
							<label>Figure 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Serum absorbance averages for IgG of the experimental groups of serum <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> leukotoxin serotype A2</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e502-gf11.jpg"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 5</xref> shows the means and standard errors of the absorbances obtained at 405 nm for serum IgG of the experimental groups, against the leukotoxin of <italic>Mannhemia haemolytica</italic>. Groups A and B do not show significant differences between them (P&gt; 0.05); however, they show higher absorbances than group C (P &lt;0.05) during the experiment. Tukey's test was performed, HSD calculated, obtaining a value of 0.540. When comparing it with the value obtained by subtracting the means of the group, there is a statistically significant difference in group A in relation to group C; that has not been challenged with leukotoxin.</p>
					<p>The weekly absorbances obtained at 405 nm for IgG against leukotoxin for the study groups are shown below (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f12">
							<label>Figure 6</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Weekly average of the absorbances for IgG in the sera of the experimental groups, against <italic>Mannhemia haemolytica</italic> leukotoxin</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e502-gf12.gif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 6</xref> shows the weekly absorbances obtained at 405 nm for IgG in the sera of the study groups, against <italic>Mannhemia haemolytica</italic> leukotoxin. There were no statistically significant differences in the mean absorbances of group A and group B during the study (P&gt; 0.05); it is from week 3 that differences between A and B are observed in relation to group C (P &lt;0.05).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>In this study, rabbits were used as a biological model to observe the effect of selenium supplementation and to evaluate part of the humoral immune response, against <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> serotype A2 and its leukotoxin; which affects the respiratory tract of ruminants, causing pneumonia and death.</p>
				<p>The selenium requirement is low for rabbits, with about 0.05 mg/kg of food, to observe beneficial effects on the productivity of these animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">NRC, 1977</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Papadomichelakis <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>); however, doses of 0.2 mg/kg of food have been found to improve productivity in this species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Syvyk <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>To supplement the animals parenterally, a dose of 0.025 mg/kg of live weight was used, recommended by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Ramírez-Bribiesca <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref> for ruminants, extrapolating this dose to the metabolic weight of rabbits, so that this was the suitable for the species; as well as to avoid poisonings and deaths.</p>
				<p>Adequate levels of selenium in the blood of rabbits have been reported to range from 0.074 to 1,000 ppm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Puls,1988</xref>), this depends on the diet and the geographical area in which they are found. After supplementation, it was observed that group A had an average of 0.972 µg/g of selenium in the blood throughout the study; while groups B and C had an average of 0.595 µg/g of selenium in the blood throughout the experiment (P &lt;0.05). There were no selenium deficiencies in the blood; all three groups maintained adequate levels throughout the experiment. It was observed that mineral supplementation increases blood selenium levels in dairy cows (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Khalili<italic>, et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>), pigs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cao <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>), in chickens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Doaa <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>), sheep (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ademi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>) and goats (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Ziaei, 2015</xref>), with beneficial effects on animal health and production; however, an excess of mineral in the diet can have negative effects on productivity with the consequent poisoning of animals and death (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Żarczyñska <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>Variations in selenium concentrations were observed throughout the experiment for all groups. Within weeks, they show a decrease in blood mineral concentrations, particularly in group A, at weeks 2 and 4. This has also been seen in pigs supplemented with selenium and challenged with different antigens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Falka <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>), that it may be due to the biodistribution of the mineral in the body, to maintain the oxidative balance against infections or challenges with antigens, by means of selenoproteins; since they participate in the regulation of oxidative stress, optimizing cellular processes for proper functioning; including those involved in innate and adaptive immune responses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Dalgaarda <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). However, this synthesis is regulated by the availability of the mineral in the body; a selenium deficiency will have an impact on the correct functioning of cells and, therefore, on immune responses (Howard <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Seyedali <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>).Monogastrics, like rabbits, do not have selenium deficiency as marked as ruminants; which are very susceptible to the deficiency of this mineral, mainly in sheep and goats. In these species, the digestibility and absorption of this mineral through the diet is very low (11-18%); compared to monogastric (70-80%), which affects their health and productivity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Ghany y Tórtora-Pérez, 2010</xref>). This greater susceptibility of ruminants is attributed to the reticulo- ruminal environment, since part of the ingested selenium is absorbed by the microbiota, which uses it for protein synthesis; or the rumen environment itself reduces the mineral to non-soluble forms (selenides), which cannot be absorbed by the animal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Carbajal <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>When evaluating the absorbances for serum IgG, against <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> serotype A2, it was found that group A had an average absorbance of 1,087 nm, significantly higher than groups B and C, with an average of 0.817 nm in the study (P&lt;0.05)</p>
				<p>In other studies, ambiguous results have been observed in relation to selenium supplementation and its effect on the immune response to challenges with different antigens. On the one hand, selenium supplementation has been shown to have a positive effect in chickens in inducing specific antibodies to the vaccine against the infectious bursal disease virus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Shekaro <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012</xref>). Likewise, a higher antibody-mediated immune response against <italic>Pasteurella multocida</italic> was observed in sheep supplemented with 0.3 ppm of selenium in the diet (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kumar <italic>et al.</italic>, 2009</xref>). On the other hand, when the influence of selenium on the immunity of broilers was studied by supplementation through feed in various concentrations (0, 100, 200, 300 or 400 μg/kg of diet), no effect was found in the production of specific antibodies to the vaccine against Newcastle disease virus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Rao <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013</xref>). On the other hand, a study in goats in which the immune response against <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> was evaluated, when assessing serum IgG, no significant differences were observed in the study groups in the first 28 days of the experiment; however, the supplemented groups showed a significantly higher concentration of IgG since the 28th day, after and until the end of the experiment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Díaz-Sánchez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>) Finally, despite limited studies in rabbits, California rabbits, supplemented with selenium and challenged against sheep red blood cells (SRBC), have been reported to have higher antibody titers compared to the control group (Ebeid <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013), as observed in this study for the case of <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic>.</p>
				<p>There are likely to be more interactions related to selenium supplementation and the immune response to antigens; such as the nutritional status of the animals, age, the availability of selenium in the body and the type of infectious agent or antigen that entered the animal body; therefore, differences between animals in relation to selenium supplementation and the immune response can be observed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hoffmann y Berry, 2008</xref>). When there is an infection, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) participates in the activation and signaling of several endogenous systems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Vladimirov <italic>et al.</italic>, 2009</xref>). Phagocytic cells depend on the production of ROS for their bactericidal activities during inflammation, but if this process is not controlled by antioxidants, such as selenoproteins, reactive oxygen products can induce damage to the host, such as cell lipoperoxidation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lubos <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>). Finally, it was found that the effects of selenium supplementation would not necessarily affect the concentration of antibodies in the same way. Different effects can be expected on targeted antibody responses against T dependent antigens versus independent T antigens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Dalgaarda <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>Regarding the evaluation of absorbances for IgG, against <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> leukotoxin, no differences were found between groups A and B (P&gt; 0.05); however, both groups had higher absorbances than group C (P&gt; 0.05), which did not respond to the antigen, as expected in the study. Leukotoxin is known to induce negative biological effects on ruminant leukocytes in a species-specific manner. The rabbit is not susceptible to this antigen; however, it could have similar effects on its immune system. In ruminants, it induces the secretion and release of vasoactive chemotactic peptides; as well as the number of leukocytes available at the inflammation site, where fibrous deposits occur. This process causes acute fibrinopurulent pneumonia. Any opportunity for a secondary immune response is interrupted by leukotoxin activity, which prevents lymphocyte blastogenesis and destruction of the leukocytes themselves (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Jaramillo <italic>et al.</italic>, 2009</xref>). Finally, Jaramillo en el 2000, achieved the purification of an adhesin, capable of specifically binding to rabbit erythrocytes, concluding that <italic>Mannhemia haemolytica</italic> adhesins play an important role in infection. This may suggest why there was a stronger IgG response to <italic>Mannhemia haemolytica</italic> serotype A2 than to leukotoxin in this study.</p>
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			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The animals that were supplemented had a higher concentration of selenium in the blood. When using the rabbit as a biological model to evaluate the antigenic response, it was found that supplementation with selenium had positive effects on the response to antigens of serotype A2 of <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic>, obtaining greater absorbance in the supplemented rabbits, compared to those that were not supplemented. Regarding the antigen response to <italic>Mannheimia haemolytica</italic> leukotoxin, no differences were found between the groups studied.</p>
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