<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.15</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00231</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos de revisión</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Metabolismo en rumiantes y su asociación con analitos bioquímicos sanguíneos</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Arias-Islas</surname>
						<given-names>Erika</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Morales-Barrera</surname>
						<given-names>Jesús</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Prado-Rebolledo</surname>
						<given-names>Omar</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>García-Casillas</surname>
						<given-names>Arturo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"><sup>**</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Estudiante de Maestría en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Colima. México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Colima</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Colima</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Autor responsable: Arias-Islas Erika. Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, Coyoacán, México, CP 04960.</corresp>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>**</label>Autor de correspondencia: García-Casillas Arturo. Kilometro 40 Carretera Colima-Manzanillo, S/N, Tecomán, Colima. México. CP 28100. <email>arisla82@hotmail.com</email>, <email>jemorab@yahoo.com.mx</email>, <email>omarpr@ucol.mx</email>, <email>cesargarciacasillas@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>28</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>			
			<elocation-id>e231</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>10</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<p>El presente estudio es un análisis de elementos científicos sobre el metabolismo de los rumiantes: polisacáridos, proteínas y lípidos. Donde i) la digestión fermentativa realizada por microorganismos, ii) la digestión y absorción posruminal y iii) el metabolismo de cada monómero, se asocian con analitos sanguíneos que otorgan una aproximación al metabolismo nutricional del animal, además confieren información sobre alteraciones y ajustes homeostáticos. Esta revisión hace énfasis en el metabolismo de monosacáridos, aminoácidos y ácidos grasos. Por lo tanto, la información revisada pretende hacer más accesibles los procesos catabólicos y anabólicos en la nutrición de los rumiantes.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras claves:</title>
				<kwd>glucosa</kwd>
				<kwd>lípidos</kwd>
				<kwd>polisacáridos</kwd>
				<kwd>proteínas y urea</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="12"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="102"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Los mamíferos clasificados como rumiantes se caracterizan por la adaptación morfofisiológica de su sistema digestivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">Resende Jr <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">Rotta <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), fraccionado en cuatro cámaras: I) retículo, II) rumen, III) omaso y IV) abomaso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">Qiyu <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). El abomaso secreta hidrolasas digestivas y su función es similar al estómago de los monogástricos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Agarwal <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). Los rumiantes se especializan por su capacidad para alimentarse de pastos y forrajes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">Puppel y Kuczyńska, 2016</xref>), ya que pueden degradar polisacáridos estructurales p. ej., celulosa, hemicelulosa y pectina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">DePeters y George, 2014</xref>), muy poco digestibles para las especies no rumiantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Kittelmann <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">Zeng <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). La degradación del alimento se realiza principalmente por digestión fermentativa, llevada a cabo por microorganismos presentes en el rumen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Ginane <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">Wallace <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Las moléculas resultantes de la fermentación ruminal son aprovechadas para satisfacer los procesos fisiológicos del animal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Kittelmann <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Li <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>a). La cuantificación de los analitos bioquímicos en el plasma y/o suero, otorgan una aproximación al metabolismo nutricional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">García <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>); además confieren información sobre alteraciones y ajustes homeostáticos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Moyano <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Por tal motivo es importante comprender los procesos de catabolismo y anabolismo que se llevan a cabo en el rumiante para entender los niveles de analitos presentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">Puppel y Kuczyńska, 2016</xref>). Debido a ello, es necesario incrementar nuestra comprensión sobre el metabolismo de los monosacáridos, aminoácidos (<bold>aa</bold>) y ácidos grasos. Por lo tanto, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre su metabolismo en los rumiantes y su asociación con diferentes analitos bioquímicos.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Abreviaturas</title>
				<def-list id="d1">
					<def-item>
						<term>aa</term>
						<def>
							<p>aminoácidos</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>AcAc</term>
						<def>
							<p>acetoacetato</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>AGNE</term>
						<def>
							<p>ácidos grasos no esterificados</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>AGV</term>
						<def>
							<p>ácidos grasos volátiles</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>ALB </term>
						<def>
							<p>albumina</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>Arg </term>
						<def>
							<p>arginina</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>C=O </term>
						<def>
							<p>grupo carbonilo</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>C16:0 </term>
						<def>
							<p>palmítico</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub></term>
						<def>
							<p>piruvato</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub></term>
						<def>
							<p>glucosa</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>CO<sub>2</sub></term>
						<def>
							<p>dióxido de carbono</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>COL</term>
						<def>
							<p>colesterol</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>COOH</term>
						<def>
							<p>grupo carboxilo</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>CH<sub>4</sub></term>
						<def>
							<p>metano</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>FAD</term>
						<def>
							<p>dinucleótido de flavina-adenina</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>Glu</term>
						<def>
							<p>glutámico</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></term>
						<def>
							<p>carbónico</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>HCl </term>
						<def>
							<p>clorhídrico</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>HCO<sub>3</sub></term>
						<def>
							<p>anión hidrógenocarbonato</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>His</term>
						<def>
							<p>histidina</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>Ile</term>
						<def>
							<p>isoleucina</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>K<sup>+</sup></term>
						<def>
							<p>ion potasio</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>Leu</term>
						<def>
							<p>leucina</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>Lys</term>
						<def>
							<p>lisina</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>Met</term>
						<def>
							<p>metionina</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>Na<sup>+</sup></term>
						<def>
							<p>ion sodio</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>NH3</term>
						<def>
							<p>amoníaco</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>NNP</term>
						<def>
							<p>nitrógeno no proteico</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>pH</term>
						<def>
							<p>potencial de hidrógeno</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>Phe</term>
						<def>
							<p>fenilalanina</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>PLP</term>
						<def>
							<p>cofactor piridoxal fosfato</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>TAG</term>
						<def>
							<p>triacilgliceroles</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>Thr</term>
						<def>
							<p>treonina</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>Trp</term>
						<def>
							<p>triptófano</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>Val</term>
						<def>
							<p>valina</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term><italic>VLDL</italic></term>
						<def>
							<p><italic>very low density lipoproteins</italic></p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>β-HBA </term>
						<def>
							<p>β-hidroxibutirato</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
				</def-list>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>El Rumen</title>
				<p>El rumen es una cámara de fermentación anaerobia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Armato <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), con un potencial de hidrógeno (<bold>pH</bold>) entre ácido y neutro de 5.5 a 7.0 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Jiang <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>); siendo éste el principal determinante del tipo y número de microorganismos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">Resende Jr <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), y una temperatura que oscila entre 38 a 42 ºC (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">Pourazad <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">Yazdi <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). El ecosistema ruminal está formado por tres grupos: I) bacterias, su concentración es de 1 x 10<sup>10</sup> y 1 x 10<sup>11</sup>/mL de líquido ruminal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">Valente <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), y está relacionada con el contenido energético de la dieta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Krause <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>); además el nitrógeno no proteico (<bold>NNP</bold>), como la urea, debe ser convertido en amoniaco (<bold>NH</bold>
 <sub>3</sub>) para que pueda ser utilizado por las bacterias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">DePeters y George, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">Wallace <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>), transformando proteína de mala calidad en proteína de alta calidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">Puppel y Kuczyńska, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Jin <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>); grupo II) protozoarios ciliados, su concentración oscila entre 1 x 10<sup>4</sup> y 1 x 10<sup>6</sup>/mL de líquido ruminal, su función es controlar el número de bacterias en el rumen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Francisco <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), envuelven almidón que pasa al intestino, siendo una fuente de glucosa (<bold>C</bold>
 <sub>6</sub>
 <bold>H</bold>
 <sub>12</sub>
 <bold>O</bold>
 <sub>6</sub>) para el rumiante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">Wallace <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>), no sintetizan proteína a partir de NNP (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Jin <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>); la mayoría son del género <italic>Isotricha</italic> o <italic>Entodinium</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Gebreegziabher, 2016</xref>), y grupo III) hongos, se encuentran en una concentración de 1 x 10<sup>3</sup> a 1 x 10<sup>5</sup>/mL de líquido ruminal, poseen actividad celulolítica principalmente en forrajes maduros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">Valente <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>); algunas especies son <italic>Neocallimastix frontalis</italic>, <italic>Caecomyces communis</italic> y <italic>Piromyces communis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Krause <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>La Microbiota Ruminal Amilolítica-Celulolítica y la Fermentación Anaeróbica</title>
				<p>La degradación de polisacáridos presente en los forrajes es llevada a cabo por bacterias celulolíticas (<italic>Bacteriodes succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus</italic>), amilolíticas (<italic>Bacteroides amylophylus</italic>, <italic>Streptococcus bovis</italic>), hemicelulolíticas (<italic>Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens</italic>, <italic>Bacteroides ruminicola</italic>) y pectinolíticas (<italic>Lachnospira multiparus, Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">Valente <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), que obtienen C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> y otros monosacáridos como xilosa y fructosa-6-fosfato, a partir de celulosa y hemicelulosa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Krause <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). Los monómeros son absorbidos por microorganismos y vía glucolítica forman nicotinamida adenina dinucleótido en su forma reducida (<bold>NADH+H</bold>
 <sup>+</sup>), piruvato (<bold>C</bold>
 <sub>3</sub>
 <bold>H</bold>
 <sub>3</sub>
 <bold>O</bold>
 <sub>3</sub>) y adenosina trifosfato (<bold>ATP</bold>) para su crecimiento y mantenimiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">Wallace <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Francisco <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). La digestión fermentativa es anaeróbica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Kittelmann <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">Yazdi <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), por lo que el C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub> funciona como captador de electrones, para generar NAD+ y ATP, retirando NADH+H<sup>+</sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Górka <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>Los ácidos grasos volátiles (<bold>AGV</bold>): acético (<bold>CH</bold>
 <sub>3</sub>
 <bold>-COOH</bold>), propiónico (<bold>CH</bold>
 <sub>3</sub>
 <bold>-CH</bold>
 <sub>2</sub>
 <bold>-COOH</bold>) y butírico (<bold>CH</bold>
 <sub>3</sub>
 <bold>-CH</bold>
 <sub>2</sub>
 <bold>-CH</bold>
 <sub>2</sub>
 <bold>-COOH</bold>) son los principales productos terminales de la digestión fermentativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Aydin <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Li <italic>et al</italic>., 2019a</xref>); son absorbidos a través de la pared del rumen e incorporados a la circulación mediante la vena porta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">Resende Jr <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Representan entre el 70-80% del combustible energético del rumiante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Mikołajczyk <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>La flora ruminal sintetiza CH<sub>3</sub>-COOH a partir de la descarboxilación de
						C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub> en acetil-coenzima A, liberando un
					carbono (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Gebreegziabher, 2016</xref>; <xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Chishti <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>).
					Para la formación de CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH se
					requieren dos acetil-coenzima A (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Górka
							<italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77"
						>Resende Jr <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Hay dos vías para la
					formación de CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH: I) vía reductiva directa, el
						C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub> pasa a lactato, y éste a
					acrilil-coenzima A (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Aydin <italic>et
						al</italic>., 2017</xref>), y II) vía aleatoria, se añade un carbono al
						C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub> y el oxaloacetato formado se
					transforma en succinato; posteriormente se sintetiza
						CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH, perdiendo un carbono y formando
					dioxígeno molecular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Krehbiel, 2014;</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Gebreegziabher, 2016</xref>). Además, se forma
					dióxido de carbono (<bold>CO</bold>
					<sub>2</sub>) y metano (<bold>CH</bold>
					<sub>4</sub>) que se eliminan por eructo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86"
						>Teklebrhan <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr"
						rid="B87">Toral <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). La síntesis de CH<sub>4</sub> es
					necesaria para la producción de cofactores oxidados en las rutas para la
					formación de CH<sub>3</sub>-COOH y CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52"
						>Kozłowska <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Las bacterias encargadas
					de esta función son <italic>Methanobrevibacter ruminantium</italic>,
						<italic>Methanobacterium formicicum</italic> y <italic>Methanomicrobium
						mobile</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Baruah <italic>et
							al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>En la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>, se muestra la síntesis de AGV. La concentración ruminal de CH<sub>3</sub>-COOH, CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH y CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH en animales alimentados con forrajes; oscila entre 70:20:10% respectivamente, y en animales alimentados principalmente con cereales fluctúa entre 60:30:10% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Gebreegziabher, 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Síntesis de ácidos grasos volátiles a partir de monosacáridos en el rumen</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e231-gf1.gif"/>
						<attrib>Fuente: información sintetizada de (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Gebreegziabher, 2016</xref>)</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>La Microbiota Ruminal Proteolítica y la Fermentación Anaeróbica</title>
				<p>Los componentes proteicos suministrados en la dieta son fermentados por bacterias proteolíticas <italic>Bacteroides amylophylus</italic>, <italic>Bacteroides ruminicola</italic>, y algunas cepas de <italic>Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">García <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), mediante sus proteasas microbianas, liberando péptidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Alves <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">Rostom y Shine, 2018</xref>). Estos son absorbidos por el microorganismo<italic>,</italic> donde las peptidasas hidrolizan los enlaces peptídicos, liberando aa, utilizados para traducir proteínas propias o catabolizarlos para liberar energía (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Li <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>b; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Silva <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). El producto final es el NH3 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Khezri <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Carvalho <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), que sirve como sustrato de nitrógeno para las bacterias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">Valente <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). El NH3 es absorbido mediante difusión pasiva a través de los canales de ion potasio (<bold>K</bold>
					<sup>+</sup>), ubicados en la membrana del rumen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">García <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), por circulación portal llega al hígado donde es sintetizado en urea (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">Rostom y Shine, 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>La síntesis de urea comienza en la matriz mitocondrial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">Shi <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>) con la unión del anión hidrogenocarbonato (<bold>HCO</bold>
 <sub>3</sub>
 <bold>-</bold>) y el NH<sub>3</sub>, por medio de carbamoil fosfato sintetasa. El fosfato de carbamoil se une a la ornitina, por medio de ornitina transcarbamoilasa, generando citrulina. Esta se transporta al citoplasma donde reacciona con aspartato por medio de argininosuccinato sintasa, formando argininosuccinato; posteriormente argininosuccinato liasa lo divide, formando arginina (<bold>Arg</bold>) y fumarato (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Hristov <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Por último, la Arg cataliza la hidrólisis para sintetizar ornitina, agua (<bold>H</bold>
 <sub>2</sub>
 <bold>O</bold>) y urea (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Gebreegziabher, 2016</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2 </xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Síntesis de urea</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e231-gf2.gif"/>
						<attrib>Fuente: información sintetizada de (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">Shi <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). </attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>La urea pasa nuevamente a la circulación sanguínea, donde tiene tres rutas metabólicas: 1.) regresa al rumen vía saliva o a través de las capas epiteliales del rumen, con ayuda de las proteínas de transporte UT-B para ser reconvertida en NH3 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">García <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Carvalho <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), 2.) excretada en la orina o heces fecales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">Schuba <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Li <italic>et al</italic>., 2019b</xref>) o, 3.) formar parte del NNP de la leche (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Alves <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Jin <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figura 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f3">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Metabolismo general de las proteínas en el rumiante</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e231-gf3.jpg"/>
						<attrib>Fuente: información sintetizada de (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Li <italic>et al</italic>., 2019b</xref>) </attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>La Microbiota Ruminal Lipolítica y la Fermentación Anaeróbica</title>
				<p>Los microorganismos encargados de catabolizar los componentes lipídicos de la dieta, son: <italic>Anaerovibrio lipolytica</italic>, <italic>Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens</italic>, <italic>Treponema bryantii</italic>, <italic>Eubacterium spp.</italic>, <italic>Fusocillus spp y Micrococcus spp.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">Valente <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Las lipasas bacterianas por hidrólisis liberan ácidos grasos no esterificados (<bold>AGNE</bold>) y glicerol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">Prieto <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>); además alcoholes aminados (derivados de fosfolípidos) y galactosa (procedente de galactolípidos) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">Toral <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). El glicerol, los alcoholes aminados y la galactosa son metabolizados a AGV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">Silva <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">van Cleef <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Los AGNE que se encuentran libres en el rumen, llevan un proceso de hidrogenación microbiana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">Tran <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">Toral <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>), resultado de la adición de hidrógeno a los ácidos grasos saturados, para formar ácidos grasos insaturados con dobles enlaces (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Francisco <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Este mecanismo es otra forma de eliminar los hidrógenos que resultan del catabolismo de los polisacáridos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Osorio <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">Prieto <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>La absorción de los AGV se realiza en la pared del rumen (80%), en omaso (10%), y el resto pasa al abomaso para ser absorbidos en el duodeno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">Yazdi <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Los AGV se difunden pasivamente hacia el interior del epitelio ruminal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Agarwal <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">Yohe <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). El hidrógeno necesario para que los AGV se disocien en el epitelio, es donado por el carbónico (<bold>H</bold>
 <sub>2</sub>
 <bold>CO</bold>
 <sub>3</sub>), formando CO<sub>2</sub> y H<sub>2</sub>O, de la disociación se obtiene un hidrógeno para unirse a los AGV y se forma una molécula de HCO<sub>3</sub>- en la luz del rumen. Por lo tanto, este proceso ayuda a amortiguar el pH ruminal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">Wang <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>La absorción de los AGV se realiza de la misma forma para todos, aunque en el interior de las células epiteliales del rumen cambia su conformación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">Qumar <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Una parte del CH<sub>3</sub>-COOH se oxida por completo dentro de las células, como fuente de energía; mientras el resto es absorbido sin ser alterado, pasando al hígado por la vena porta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Loncke <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). El 80% del CH<sub>3</sub>-COOH que llega al hígado escapa de la oxidación, pasando a la circulación general para ser aprovechado por otros tejidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">Qumar <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>En el citoplasma la conversión del CH<sub>3</sub>-COOH a acetil-Coenzima A es catalizado por acetil-Coenzima A sintetasa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Chishti <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). La mayor parte se oxida en el ciclo de Krebs o es utilizado para síntesis de ácidos grasos en los hepatocitos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">Yohe <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Una fracción del CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH es degradado y convertido en lactato (2-5%) antes o durante la absorción; el resto pasa en la circulación portal hacia el hígado, donde los hepatocitos lo sintetizan en C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>, vía glucogénesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Loncke <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). Para entrar al ciclo de Krebs el propionil-Coenzima A mediante propionil-Coenzima A carboxilasa, forma metilmalonil-Coenzima A, y posteriormente se forma succinil-Coenzima A (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Gebreegziabher, 2016</xref>). El CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH es convertido casi en su totalidad a β- hidroxibutirato (<bold>β-HBA</bold>) en la mucosa ruminal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Agarwal <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). Este cuerpo cetónico, representa el 80% de las cetonas formadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Górka <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). El CH<sub>3</sub>-COOH y el β-HBA se utiliza para la síntesis de ácidos grasos en el tejido adiposo y la glándula mamaria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">García <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">Song <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Digestión y Absorción Posruminal</title>
				<p>Aunque el rumiante se caracteriza por la fermentación microbiana en el rumen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Hristov <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), la digestión posruminal es vital, ya que dispone de lípidos, proteínas y algunos polisacáridos no estructurales que escapan de la fermentación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Agarwal <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). El alimento no fermentado junto con proteína microbiana, pasa al omaso por el orificio retículo-omasal, donde se absorben AGV, NH3, H2O, ion sodio (<bold>Na</bold>
					<sup>+</sup>) y K<sup>+</sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Hussain <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Freitas Jr <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Posteriormente pasan al abomaso que contiene ácido clorhídrico (<bold>HCl</bold>) y pepsina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">Rotta <italic>et</italic> al., 2014</xref>). El alimento es mezclado, pasando al duodeno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Hristov <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). El almidón y disacáridos que escapan de la digestión ruminal son hidrolizados por amilasas pancreáticas obteniéndose monosacáridos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">Rotta <italic>et</italic> al., 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>La absorción se lleva a cabo en las vellosidades de los enterocitos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Harmon, 2009</xref>). Los monosacáridos se transportan en contra de su gradiente de concentración por medio del cotransportador de Na<sup>+</sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Harmon y Swanson, 2020</xref>). La bomba ATPasa - Na<sup>+</sup>- K<sup>+</sup> crea el gradiente de concentración del Na<sup>+</sup> que aporta la energía (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bergman <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>Otra forma de transporte para C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> es el transportador GLUT2 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Harmon, 2009</xref>). La proteína que llega al intestino delgado procede de la dieta que escapa de la fermentación, proteína endógena (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">García <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>) y la contenida en los microorganismos que están unidos al alimento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Batista <italic>et</italic> al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Golshan <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). El catabolismo inicia en el abomaso por la pepsina e hidrólisis acida; posteriormente en el duodeno por enzimas pancreáticas y duodenales (tripsinasa, quimiotripsinasa y carboxipeptidasa), que rompen enlaces peptídicos para liberar aa y pequeños péptidos para su absorción en yeyuno e íleon (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Emery, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Hristov <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). La absorción consiste en un transporte a través de Na<sup>+</sup> dependiente, el consumo de energía se asocia con el flujo continuo de Na<sup>+</sup> hacia el exterior, como resultado de la actividad de la bomba ATPasa - Na<sup>+</sup> - K<sup>+</sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Silva <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). El Na<sup>+</sup> que entra a la célula a favor de un gradiente de concentración, va unido a una molécula de aa a través de la membrana celular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Emery, 2012; Rostom y Shine, 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>Los lípidos que llegan al abomaso en forma de AGNE representan entre el 70 y 80%, el resto son fosfolípidos de origen microbiano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aibibula <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">Toral <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Estos últimos son emulsionados por sales biliares e hidrolizados por lipasas pancreáticas para liberar AGNE (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Dawson y Karpen, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Kohan <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). La micela se forma de sales biliares, AGNE saturados, triacilgliceroles (<bold>TAG</bold>) y lecitina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Cao <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), transportándose hasta las vellosidades de los enterocitos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">Park <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Los AGNE de menos de 12 carbonos, se absorben y son transportados por vena porta al hígado unidos por enlaces no covalentes en la albumina (<bold>ALB</bold>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Dawson y Karpen, 2015</xref>). En cambio, los AGNE de 12 o más carbonos, son esterificados para formar TAG y fosfolípidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">Vargas, 2019</xref>). Los TAG, cantidades pequeñas de mono y diacilgliceroles, fosfolípidos y colesterol (<bold>COL</bold>) son unidos a apoproteínas para formar quilomicrones y lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad (<bold>
 <italic>very low density lipoproteins VLDL</italic>
</bold> ), que salen al sistema linfático, para ser incorporados al torrente sanguíneo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Kohan <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">Prieto <italic>et</italic> al., 2016</xref>). Los lípidos se absorben por difusión o pinocitosis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">Walther y Farese Jr, 2012</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Metabolismo de Monosacáridos en Rumiantes</title>
				<p>El torrente sanguíneo es el medio por el cual los nutrientes absorbidos se dirigen al hígado y a otros órganos para su catabolismo o anabolismo, según la necesidad celular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Goyal y Longo, 2015</xref>). Las enzimas juegan un papel muy importante en el metabolismo, ya que son proteínas catalizadoras de reacciones específicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Jindal y Warshel 2017</xref>); sin ellas las reacciones biológicas serían muy lentas para la vida celular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">Ramsay <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Su función es unirse temporalmente a una molécula, parta aplicar cambios atómicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Menger y Nome, 2019</xref>). El metabolismo de los monosacáridos gira en torno al suministro y destino de C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>, siendo este monómero la principal fuente de energía para las células (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Hooijberg <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). La vía catabólica de C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> es la glucólisis, llevada a cabo en el citoplasma celular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Dashty, 2013</xref>). Este proceso consta de ocho reacciones: 1) la glucosa (<bold>C</bold>
 <sub>6</sub>
 <bold>H</bold>
 <sub>12</sub>
 <bold>O</bold>
 <sub>6</sub>) ingresa al citoplasma para ser fosforilada (adición de un grupo fosfato), a partir de ATP. Esta reacción es catalizada por la hexoquinasa. La glucosa- 6-fosfato (<bold>C</bold>
 <sub>6</sub>
 <bold>H</bold>
 <sub>11</sub>
 <bold>O</bold>
 <sub>9</sub>
 <bold>P</bold>) (aldohexosa) resultante abunda en todas las células, ya que la gran mayoría de C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> que ingresa al citoplasma termina siendo fosforilada, con el fin de impedir que pueda atravesar de regreso la membrana citoplasmática y difundirse al medio extracelular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Donnelly y Finlay, 2015</xref>); 2) la C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>11</sub>O<sub>9</sub>P presenta isomerización [una molécula es transformada en otra que posee los mismos átomos, pero dispuestos de forma distinta -cambia de lugar el grupo carbonilo (<bold>C=O</bold>)-] y es transformada en fructosa- 6-fosfato (cetohexosa). Reacción catalizada por glucosa-6-fosfato isomerasa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Dashty, 2013</xref>); 3) la fructosa-6-fosfato, es fosforilada a partir de ATP, en los carbonos 1 y 6 para dar lugar a la fructosa-1,6-bisfosfato. Reacción catalizada por fosfofructoquinasa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Ashrafi y Ryan, 2017</xref>); 4) la fructosa-1,6-bisfosfato es dividida en dos: gliceraldehido-3-fosfato y dihidroxiacetona fosfato. Reacción catalizada por aldosa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">Watts y Ristow, 2017</xref>); 5) triosa fosfato isomerasa cataliza la conversión de dihidroxiacetona fosfato para obtener más gliceraldehido-3-fosfato (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Bommer <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>); 6) el gliceraldehido-3-fosfato es oxidado y fosforilado, en los carbonos 1 y 6 formando 1,3-bisfosfoglicerato por gliceraldehido- fosfato deshidrogenasa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Poher <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Posteriormente, transfiere su grupo fosfato, para sintetizar ATP y se transforma en 3-fosfoglicerato. Reacción catalizada por fosfoglicerato quinasa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Dashty, 2013</xref>); 7) el 3-fosfoglicerato presenta isomerización del C3 al C2 y es transformado en 2-fosfoglicerato por la fosfoglicerato mutasa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Donnelly y Finlay, 2015</xref>). Posteriormente la enolasa propicia la formación de un enlace doble, eliminando una molécula de H<sub>2</sub>O y formando fosfoenolpiruvato (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Bommer <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>) y 8) el fosfoenolpiruvato transfiere su grupo fosfato, para sintetizar ATP y se transforma en C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, reacción catalizada por piruvato quinasa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">figura 4</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>. Metabolismo general de los monosacáridos</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e231-gf4.gif"/>
						<attrib>Fuente: información sintetizada de (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Dashty, 2013</xref>) </attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>El C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub> sale del citoplasma e ingresa a la matriz mitocondrial, utilizando la fuerza protón- motriz generada por la cadena respiratoria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Poher <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Por cada C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> se generan dos C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, dos ATP, dos NADH+H<sup>+</sup>, dos hidrogeniones y dos moléculas de H<sub>2</sub>O (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Dashty, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">Watts y Ristow, 2017</xref>). Las células aerobias metabolizan el C3H3O3 a acetil-Coenzima A, por medio de piruvato deshidrogenasa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Edinburgh <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>), permitiendo su ingreso al ciclo de Krebs para su participación en la fosforilación oxidativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bergman <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>Por cada acetil-Coenzima A que ingrese en el ciclo de Krebs se producen 12 ATP. Este proceso es fuente esencial de intermediarios para otras rutas metabólicas, p. ej., glucogenogénesis en el hígado y músculo estriado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Dashty, 2013;</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Edinburgh <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>), ruta de las pentosas fosfato (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">figura 4</xref>) y síntesis de lípidos y aa. La ruta de las pentosas fosfato, es una vía metabólica alterna que no produce ATP (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Kohan <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>), sintetiza equivalentes reductores como nicotinamida adenina dinucleótido (<bold>NADPH</bold>), para la síntesis <italic>de novo</italic> de ácidos grasos, esteroides, el mantenimiento de glutatión para la actividad antioxidante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Chen <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>) y fuentes de ribosa para la síntesis de ácidos nucleicos y nucleótidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Norris <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>El intermediario triosa fosfato de la glucólisis forma la porción de glicerol en los TAG (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Edinburgh <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Por otro lado, el C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub> y los intermediarios del ciclo de Krebs suministran los esqueletos carbonados para la síntesis de aa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">Valdebenito <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>) y la acetil-Coenzima A es el precursor de AGNE, COL y hormonas esteroideas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">Edinburgh <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). La gluconeogénesis sintetiza C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> a partir de lactato, aa y glicerol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Cantalapiedra <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Campos <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), en el citoplasma y la mitocondria de los hepatocitos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Chen <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">Qaid y Abdelrahman, 2016</xref>). En esta ruta se consumen seis ATP por cada C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> producida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Gebreegziabher, 2016</xref>) y el propionato CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>- COOH es el único AGV glucogénico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">Wallace <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>La importancia de la glucogénesis en rumiantes (figura 4), se debe a que su organismo absorbe cantidades pequeñas de C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> por el tracto digestivo y su capacidad de almacenar glucógeno en el hígado es limitada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">Qaid y Abdelrahman, 2016</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Metabolismo de Ácidos Grasos en Rumiantes</title>
				<p>El metabolismo de los lípidos depende principalmente de ácidos grasos y COL (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">Watts y Ristow, 2017</xref>). La fuente de AGNE de cadena larga es proporcionada por la dieta o por síntesis <italic>de novo</italic> a partir de acetil-Coenzima A, que se deriva de monosacáridos o esqueletos carbonados de aa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">Walther y Farese Jr, 2012</xref>). La síntesis de ácidos grasos inicia en la mitocondria con la formación de acetil-Coenzima A, a partir de la oxidación de CH<sub>3</sub>-COOH y CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">Vargas, 2019</xref>). Dentro de la mitocondria, se produce acetil-Coenzima A; sin embargo, la membrana mitocondrial es impermeable a su paso. Por lo tanto, se requiere del sistema tricarboxilato y de la acción de citrato sintetasa para convertir acetil-Coenzima A en citrato y permitir su paso al citoplasma celular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Civeira <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">Nunes-Nesi <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>Una vez en el citoplasma, el citrato es trasformado nuevamente en acetil-Coenzima A por medio de ATP-citrato liasa, obteniéndose además oxaloacetato y adenosina difosfato (<bold>ADP</bold>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">Walther y Farese Jr, 2012</xref>). Como el proceso para la síntesis de ácidos grasos es endergónico (acumula energía a partir de carbonos), el acetil-Coenzima A presenta carboxilación [se estructura un grupo carboxilo (<bold>COOH</bold>) en la molécula], a través de su unión con HCO - en una reacción catalizada por acetil-Coenzima A carboxilasa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">García <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>El oxaloacetato es reducido por malato deshidrogenasa a malato, y este a su vez, es convertido en C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub> por malato deshidrogenasa, dando a la donadora de electrones nicotinamida adenina dinucleótido fosfato en su forma reducida (<bold>NADPH+H</bold>
 <sup>+</sup>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">Watts y Ristow, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">Vargas, 2019</xref>). A partir de malonil-Coenzima A, la síntesis de ácidos grasos se realiza por elongación, mediante ácido graso sintasa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Du <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Este complejo proteico efectúa síntesis, reducción, deshidratación, y nuevamente reducción, condensando los grupos de malonil-Coenzima A con acetil-Coenzima A (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Civeira <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Norris <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). En la elongación se van añadiendo grupos de dos carbonos al ácido graso, obteniendo palmítico (<bold>C16:0</bold>) como ácido graso final (Shi <italic>et al</italic>., 2018).</p>
				<p>Los ácidos grasos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">figura 5</xref>), se pueden oxidar a acetil-Coenzima A mediante β-oxidación mitocondrial, o esterificarse con glicerol para formar TAG y funcionar como la principal reserva energética del organismo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Osorio <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). La síntesis de TAG inicia con la formación de glicerol-3-fosfato (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Fong <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), posteriormente acil-Coenzima A graso sintasa activa ácidos grasos y tres de ellos se esterifican a la molécula (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Civeira <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figura 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>. Metabolismo general de los lípidos</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e231-gf5.gif"/>
						<attrib>Fuente: información sintetizada de (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Du <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>) </attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>En el catabolismo de TAG se hidrolizan los enlaces éster en C1 o en C3, obteniendo AGNE. Reacción catalizada por lipasa sensible a hormona (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">McFadden, 2020</xref>). Los AGNE se transportan en el torrente sanguíneo, mediante unión no covalente con ALB, donde son captados y oxidados por miocitos o hepatocitos, o almacenados por adipocitos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Edinburgh <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). La β-oxidación se realiza en la matriz mitocondrial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Morita <italic>et al</italic>, 2016</xref>), llevándose a cabo mediante, la activación de ácidos grasos por medio de tiosinasa en acil-Coenzima A (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">Walther y Farese Jr, 2012</xref>); este proceso requiere ATP para formar adenilil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fukao <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). El acil-Coenzima A activado entra a la matriz mitocondrial por medio de la carnitina palmitoiltransferasa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">Nunes-Nesi <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Morita <italic>et al</italic>, 2016</xref>), y se oxida por medio de acil-Coenzima A graso deshidrogenasa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Houten y Wanders, 2010</xref>). Los átomos de hidrógeno son aceptados por el dinucleótido de flavina-adenina (<bold>FAD</bold>) que se reduce a FADH<sub>2</sub> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Norris <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Posteriormente, enoil-Coenzima A hidratasa introduce H<sub>2</sub>O en el doble enlace recién formado entre C2 y C3 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Kong <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>) y β-hidroxiacil Coenzima A deshidrogenasa forma al 3-cetoacil-Coenzima A (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">Walther y Farese Jr, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Martines <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>). Los dos átomos eliminados se transfieren a NAD+ generando NADH+H<sup>+</sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Kohan <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>Por último tiolasa divide el C1 y C2 del 3-cetoacil-Coenzima A, liberando acetil-Coenzima A (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Martines <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>), esto acorta la cadena de acil-Coenzima A de dos carbonos, necesitándose otra Coenzima A, para finalizar la molécula recién acortada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Kong <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Estos pasos se repiten hasta dejar un acil-Coenzima A de cuatro carbonos,donde se repiten los cuatro pasos, sólo que en vez de liberarse un acetil-Coenzima A se liberan dos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Civeira <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>Cuando se trata de un ácido graso impar la penúltima repetición deja un acil-Coenzima A graso de cinco carbonos y éste se somete a los cuatro pasos anteriores, pero los dos pasos finales dan una molécula de acetil-Coenzima A y una molécula de propionil- Coenzima A de tres carbonos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Houten y Wanders, 2010</xref>). La acetil-Coenzima A como producto de la β-oxidación de los ácidos grasos, puede tener tres destinos: a) entrar al ciclo de Krebs para oxidarse hasta CO<sub>2</sub> y H<sub>2</sub>O para la liberación de energía (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fukao <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Panov <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>); b) fungir como precursor para la síntesis de COL y otros esteroides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">Walther y Farese Jr, 2012</xref>) y c) participar en la cetogénesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">Watts y Ristow, 2017</xref>). Los cuerpos cetónicos acetoacetato (<bold>AcAc</bold>), β-HBA y acetona (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Garzón y Espinosa, 2018</xref>), sirven como sustrato para la producción de ATP (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">McFadden, 2020</xref>). Se sintetizan en el hígado, en concentraciones bajas, pero cuando disminuye la C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> intracelular su síntesis se eleva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Norris <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>La cetogénesis tiene lugar en la matriz mitocondrial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fukao <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). Cuando las reservas hepáticas de glucógeno disminuyen, se estimula la actividad de la carnitina palmitoiltransferasa, provocando el transporte de AGNE hacia el interior de la mitocondria hepática (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">Walther y Farese Jr, 2012</xref>), donde se realiza una serie de sucesivas β- oxidaciones que conducen a la formación de acetil-Coenzima A (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">McFadden, 2020</xref>). Esta molécula se combina con oxaloacetato para su ingreso al ciclo de Krebs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">García <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015</xref>). Si esta oxidación es completa se liberará CO<sub>2</sub> y átomos de hidrógeno, que donarán sus electrones para efectuar reacciones óxido reducción, que culminarán con la formación de H<sub>2</sub>O y ATP (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">McFadden, 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>Si el oxaloacetato se reduce el acetil-Coenzima A, se acumula dentro de la mitocondria hepática (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">Walther y Farese Jr, 2012</xref>); por lo que dos moléculas de acetil-Coenzima A reaccionan para formar acetoacetil-Coenzima A, catalizada por tiolasa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fukao <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). El acetoacetil-Coenzima A se une con otra molécula de acetil-Coenzima A para formar β-hidroxi-β-metilglutaril-CoA, catalizada por 3-hidroxi-3-metilglutaril-CoA sintasa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Norris <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Por último, la molécula, se metaboliza en AcAc (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">figura 5</xref>) y sale de la mitocondria al citoplasma, donde puede reducirse en β-HBA o descarboxilarse, hasta acetona (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">García <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Metabolismo de Aminoácidos en Rumiantes</title>
				<p>El metabolismo de los aa involucra la transaminación y desaminación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Dong <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), reacciones necesarias para el anabolismo y catabolismo de las proteínas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Golshan <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Los aa Arg, histidina (<bold>His</bold>), isoleucina (<bold>Ile</bold>), leucina (<bold>Leu</bold>), lisina (<bold>Lys</bold>), metionina (<bold>Met</bold>), fenilalanina (<bold>Phe</bold>), treonina (<bold>Thr</bold>), triptófano (<bold>Trp</bold>) y valina (<bold>Val</bold>), son producidos en su mayoría por fermentación ruminal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">Zhou <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Los aa están compuestos por un grupo amino (<bold>-NH</bold>
 <sub>2</sub>) y un grupo COOH; además de una cadena lateral R, que les da propiedades hidrofílicas, hidrofóbicas, ácidas, básicas y aromáticas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">Rostom y Shine, 2018</xref>). La transaminación se lleva a cabo por aminotransferasas, el grupo -NH2 se transfiere de un aa ácido a un aa cetoácido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">Zhou <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Batista <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Las aminotransferasas se localizan en el citoplasma y mitocondrias, teniendo dos tipos de especificidad: I) el tipo de aa que dona el -NH<sub>2</sub> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Emery, 2015</xref>) y II) el cetoácido que acepta el -NH2 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Dong <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Aunque las enzimas varían dependiendo del tipo de aa que unen, la mayoría usan glutámico (<bold>Glu</bold>) como donador de -NH<sub>2</sub> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">Rostom y Shine, 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>Estas reacciones requieren del cofactor piridoxal fosfato (<bold>PLP</bold>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">Witus <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). En la desaminación oxidativa los aa pierden el -NH<sub>2</sub>, reacción catalizada por glutamato deshidrogenasa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Dong <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Los esqueletos carbonados resultantes se degradan para obtener uno de los siete productos metabólicos posibles: acetil-Coenzima A, acetoacetil-Coenzima A, C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, cetoglutarato, succinil-Coenzima A, fumarato u oxaloacetato (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">Rostom y Shine, 2018</xref>). Los aa que se degradan de acetil-Coenzima A, a acetoacetil-Coenzima A se conocen como cetogénicos (Lys y Leu) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Batista <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Los esqueletos carbonados de los aa glucogénicos se degradan a C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub> o un intermediario del ciclo de Krebs, pero también pueden convertirse en C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> mediante glucogénesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Emery, 2012</xref>). El NH3 resultante de la desaminación de los aa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">figura 6</xref>) se transporta a los hepatocitos periportales para participar en la ureagénesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">García <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figura 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>. Metabolismo general de aminoácidos</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e231-gf6.gif"/>
						<attrib>Fuente: información sintetizada de (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Golshan <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>) </attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Los elementos científicos presentados sobre el anabolismo y el catabolismo de los nutrientes, manifiestan que la absorción intestinal de glucosa en los rumiantes es limitada. Por lo tanto, la microbiota ruminal juega un papel importante en la transformación, asimilación y síntesis de cada uno de los monómeros bioquímicos; elementos de vital importancia en la glucogénesis, proteogénesis, ureagénesis, lipogénesis y cetogénesis; procesos metabólicos que confieren información sobre las alteraciones y los ajustes homeostáticos en los rumiantes.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>LITERATURA CITADA</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<mixed-citation>Agarwal U, Hu Q, Baldwin RL, Bequette BJ. 2015. Role of rumen butyrate in regulation of nitrogen utilization and urea nitrogen kinetics in growing sheep. <italic>Journal of Dairy Science</italic>. 93(1):2382-2390. ISSN: 0022-0302. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-8738</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Agarwal</surname>
							<given-names>U</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hu</surname>
							<given-names>Q</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Baldwin</surname>
							<given-names>RL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bequette</surname>
							<given-names>BJ.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Role of rumen butyrate in regulation of nitrogen utilization and urea nitrogen kinetics in growing sheep</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Dairy Science</source>
					<volume>93</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>2382</fpage>
					<lpage>2390</lpage>
					<issn>0022-0302</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2527/jas.2014-8738</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<mixed-citation>Aibibula Y, Halidai R, Masaaki H, Meiji O. 2015. Rumen degradability and post-ruminal degestion of nitrogen and amino acids by cows grazing temperate pasture. <italic>Asian Agricultural Research</italic>. 7(5):72-78. ISSN: 1011-2367. http://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.207047</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Aibibula</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Halidai</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Masaaki</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Meiji</surname>
							<given-names>O.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Rumen degradability and post-ruminal degestion of nitrogen and amino acids by cows grazing temperate pasture</article-title>
					<source>Asian Agricultural Research</source>
					<volume>7</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>72</fpage>
					<lpage>78</lpage>
					<issn>1011-2367</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22004/ag.econ.207047</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<mixed-citation>Alves EM, Magalhães DR, Freitas MA, Dos Santos EJ, Pereira MLA, Pedreira MS. 2014. Nitrogen metabolism and microbial synthesis in sheep fed diets containing slow release urea to replace the conventional urea. <italic>Acta Scientiarum: Animal Sciences</italic>. 36(1):55-62. ISSN: 1807-8672. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v36i1.21377</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Alves</surname>
							<given-names>EM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Magalhães</surname>
							<given-names>DR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Freitas</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dos Santos</surname>
							<given-names>EJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pereira</surname>
							<given-names>MLA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pedreira</surname>
							<given-names>MS.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Nitrogen metabolism and microbial synthesis in sheep fed diets containing slow release urea to replace the conventional urea</article-title>
					<source>Acta Scientiarum: Animal Sciences</source>
					<volume>36</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>55</fpage>
					<lpage>62</lpage>
					<issn>1807-8672</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4025/actascianimsci.v36i1.21377</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<mixed-citation>Armato LM, Gianesella M, Morgante M, Fiore E, Rizzo M, Giudice E, Piccione G. 2016. Rumen volatile fatty acids x dietary supplementation with live yeast and yeast cell wall in feedlot beef cattle. <italic>Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica: Animal Science</italic>. 66(2):119-124. ISSN: 0906-4702 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09064702.2016.1272628</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Armato</surname>
							<given-names>LM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gianesella</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Morgante</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fiore</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rizzo</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Giudice</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Piccione</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Rumen volatile fatty acids x dietary supplementation with live yeast and yeast cell wall in feedlot beef cattle</article-title>
					<source>Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica: Animal Science</source>
					<volume>66</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>119</fpage>
					<lpage>124</lpage>
					<issn>0906-4702</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/09064702.2016.1272628</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<mixed-citation>Ashrafi G, Ryan TA. 2017. Glucose metabolism in nerve terminals. <italic>Current Opinion in Neurobiology</italic>. 45(1):156-161. ISSN: 0959-4388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2017.03.007</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ashrafi</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ryan</surname>
							<given-names>TA.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Glucose metabolism in nerve terminals</article-title>
					<source>Current Opinion in Neurobiology</source>
					<volume>45</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>156</fpage>
					<lpage>161</lpage>
					<issn>0959-4388</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.conb.2017.03.007</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<mixed-citation>Aydin S, Yıldırım E, Ince O, Ince B. 2017. Rumen anaerobic fungi create new opportunities for enhanced methane production from microalgae biomass. <italic>Algal Research</italic>. 23(1):150-160. ISSN: 2211-9264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2016.12.016</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Aydin</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yıldırım</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ince</surname>
							<given-names>O</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ince</surname>
							<given-names>B.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Rumen anaerobic fungi create new opportunities for enhanced methane production from microalgae biomass</article-title>
					<source>Algal Research</source>
					<volume>23</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>150</fpage>
					<lpage>160</lpage>
					<issn>2211-9264</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.algal.2016.12.016</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<mixed-citation>Baruah L, Malik PK, Kolte AP, Goyal P, Dhali A, Bhatta R. 2019. Rumen methane amelioration in sheep using two selected tanniferous phyto-leaves. <italic>Carbon Management</italic>. 10(3):299-308. ISSN: 1758-3004. https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2019.1605480</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Baruah</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Malik</surname>
							<given-names>PK</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kolte</surname>
							<given-names>AP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Goyal</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dhali</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bhatta</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Rumen methane amelioration in sheep using two selected tanniferous phyto-leaves</article-title>
					<source>Carbon Management</source>
					<volume>10</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>299</fpage>
					<lpage>308</lpage>
					<issn>1758-3004</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/17583004.2019.1605480</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<mixed-citation>Batista ED, Detmann E, Titgemeyer EC, Valadares-Filho SC, Valadares RFD, Prates LL, Rennó LN, Paulino MF. 2016. Effects of varying ruminally undegradable protein supplementation on forage digestion, nitrogen metabolism, and urea kinetics in Nellore cattle fed low-quality tropical forage. <italic>Journal Animal Science</italic>. 94(1):201-216. ISSN: 1525-3163. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-9493</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Batista</surname>
							<given-names>ED</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Detmann</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Titgemeyer</surname>
							<given-names>EC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Valadares-Filho</surname>
							<given-names>SC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Valadares</surname>
							<given-names>RFD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Prates</surname>
							<given-names>LL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rennó</surname>
							<given-names>LN</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Paulino</surname>
							<given-names>MF.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Effects of varying ruminally undegradable protein supplementation on forage digestion, nitrogen metabolism, and urea kinetics in Nellore cattle fed low-quality tropical forage</article-title>
					<source>Journal Animal Science</source>
					<volume>94</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>201</fpage>
					<lpage>216</lpage>
					<issn>1525-3163</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2527/jas.2015-9493</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<mixed-citation>Bergman RN, Piccinini F, Kabir M, Ader M. 2019. Novel aspects of the role of the liver in carbohydrate metabolism. <italic>Metabolism Clinical and Experimental</italic>. 99(1):119-125. ISSN: 0026-0495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2019.05.011</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bergman</surname>
							<given-names>RN</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Piccinini</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kabir</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ader</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Novel aspects of the role of the liver in carbohydrate metabolism</article-title>
					<source>Metabolism Clinical and Experimental</source>
					<volume>99</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>119</fpage>
					<lpage>125</lpage>
					<issn>0026-0495</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.metabol.2019.05.011</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<mixed-citation>Bommer GT, Schaftingen EV, Veiga-da-Cunha M. 2020. Metabolite repair enzymes control metabolic damage in glycolysis. <italic>Trends in Biochemical Sciences</italic>. 45(3):16-32. ISSN: 0968-0004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2019.07.004</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bommer</surname>
							<given-names>GT</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schaftingen</surname>
							<given-names>EV</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Veiga-da-Cunha</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2020</year>
					<article-title>Metabolite repair enzymes control metabolic damage in glycolysis</article-title>
					<source>Trends in Biochemical Sciences</source>
					<volume>45</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>16</fpage>
					<lpage>32</lpage>
					<issn>0968-0004</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tibs.2019.07.004</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<mixed-citation>Campos GR, Correa-Orozco A, Zambrano BGL, Ospina CA. 2018. Alteraciones bioquímicas y metabólicas en el período de transición en vacas lecheras. <italic>Revista de Investigación Agraria y Ambiental</italic>. 9(2):166-179. ISSN: 2145-6097.https://doi.org/10.22490/21456453.2123</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Campos</surname>
							<given-names>GR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Correa-Orozco</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zambrano</surname>
							<given-names>BGL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ospina</surname>
							<given-names>CA.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Alteraciones bioquímicas y metabólicas en el período de transición en vacas lecheras</article-title>
					<source>Revista de Investigación Agraria y Ambiental</source>
					<volume>9</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>166</fpage>
					<lpage>179</lpage>
					<issn>2145-6097</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22490/21456453.2123</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<mixed-citation>Cantalapiedra-Hijar G, Ortigues-Marty I, Sepchat B, Agabriel J, Huneau JF, Fouillet H. 2015. Diet-animal fractionation of nitrogen stable isotopes reflects the efficiency of nitrogen assimilation in ruminants. <italic>British Journal of Nutrition</italic>. 113(1):1158-1169. ISSN: 0007-1145. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114514004449</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Cantalapiedra-Hijar</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ortigues-Marty</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sepchat</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Agabriel</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Huneau</surname>
							<given-names>JF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fouillet</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Diet-animal fractionation of nitrogen stable isotopes reflects the efficiency of nitrogen assimilation in ruminants</article-title>
					<source>British Journal of Nutrition</source>
					<volume>113</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>1158</fpage>
					<lpage>1169</lpage>
					<issn>0007-1145</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S0007114514004449</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<mixed-citation>Cao YC, Yang XJ, Guo L, Zheng C, Wang DD, Cai CJ, Yao JH. 2018. Regulation of pancreas development and enzymatic gene expression by duodenal infusion of leucine and phenylalanine in dairy goats. <italic>Livestock Science</italic>. 216(1):9-15. ISSN: 1871-1413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2018.03.010</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Cao</surname>
							<given-names>YC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yang</surname>
							<given-names>XJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Guo</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zheng</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>DD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cai</surname>
							<given-names>CJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yao</surname>
							<given-names>JH.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Regulation of pancreas development and enzymatic gene expression by duodenal infusion of leucine and phenylalanine in dairy goats</article-title>
					<source>Livestock Science</source>
					<volume>216</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>9</fpage>
					<lpage>15</lpage>
					<issn>1871-1413</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.livsci.2018.03.010</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<mixed-citation>Carvalho IPC, Doelman J, Martín-Tereso J.2019. Post-ruminal non-protein nitrogen supplementation as a strategy to improve fibre digestion and N efficiency in the ruminant. <italic>Journa of Animal Physiology Animal Nutrition</italic>. 104(1):64-75. ISSN: 1439-0396. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13233</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Carvalho</surname>
							<given-names>IPC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Doelman</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Martín-Tereso</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Post-ruminal non-protein nitrogen supplementation as a strategy to improve fibre digestion and N efficiency in the ruminant</article-title>
					<source>Journa of Animal Physiology Animal Nutrition</source>
					<volume>104</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>64</fpage>
					<lpage>75</lpage>
					<issn>1439-0396</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpn.13233</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<mixed-citation>Civeira F, Baila-Rueda L, Castro-Orós I, Mateo-Gallego R, Cenarro A.2013. Novedades en el metabolismo lipídico. <italic>Revista Nefroligía</italic>. 4(4):9-17. ISSN: 0211-6995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3265/NefrologíaSuplementoExtraordinario.pre2013.Nov.12338</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Civeira</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Baila-Rueda</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Castro-Orós</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mateo-Gallego</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cenarro</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Novedades en el metabolismo lipídico</article-title>
					<source>Revista Nefroligía</source>
					<volume>4</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>9</fpage>
					<lpage>17</lpage>
					<issn>0211-6995</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3265/NefrologíaSuplementoExtraordinario.pre2013.Nov.12338</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<mixed-citation>Chen L, Tuo B, Dong H. 2016. Regulation of intestinal glucose absorption by ion channels and transporters. <italic>Nutrients</italic>. 8(43):2-13. ISSN: 2072-6643. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010043</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Chen</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tuo</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dong</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Regulation of intestinal glucose absorption by ion channels and transporters</article-title>
					<source>Nutrients</source>
					<volume>8</volume>
					<issue>43</issue>
					<fpage>2</fpage>
					<lpage>13</lpage>
					<issn>2072-6643</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/nu8010043</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<mixed-citation>Chishti GA, Salfer IJ, Suarez-Mena FX, Harvatine KJ, Heinrichs AJ. 2020. <italic>Short communication:</italic> Relationships between physical form of oats in starter, rumen pH, and volatile fatty acids on hepatic expression of genes involved in metabolism and inflammation in dairy calves. <italic>Journal of Dairy Science</italic>. 103(1):10-18. ISSN: 0022-0302. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-16296</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Chishti</surname>
							<given-names>GA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Salfer</surname>
							<given-names>IJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Suarez-Mena</surname>
							<given-names>FX</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Harvatine</surname>
							<given-names>KJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Heinrichs</surname>
							<given-names>AJ.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2020</year>
					<article-title>Short communication: Relationships between physical form of oats in starter, rumen pH, and volatile fatty acids on hepatic expression of genes involved in metabolism and inflammation in dairy calves</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Dairy Science</source>
					<volume>103</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>10</fpage>
					<lpage>18</lpage>
					<issn>0022-0302</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3168/jds.2019-16296</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<mixed-citation>Dashty M. 2013. A quick look at biochemistry: Carbohydrate metabolism. <italic>Clinical Biochemistry</italic>. 46(1):1339-1352. ISSN: 0009-9120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.04.027</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Dashty</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>A quick look at biochemistry: Carbohydrate metabolism</article-title>
					<source>Clinical Biochemistry</source>
					<volume>46</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>1339</fpage>
					<lpage>1352</lpage>
					<issn>0009-9120</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.04.027</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<mixed-citation>Dawson PA, Karpen SJ. 2015. Intestinal transport and metabolism of bile acids. <italic>Journal of Lipid Research</italic>. 56(1):1085-1099. ISSN: 0022-2275. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.r054114</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Dawson</surname>
							<given-names>PA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Karpen</surname>
							<given-names>SJ.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Intestinal transport and metabolism of bile acids</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Lipid Research</source>
					<volume>56</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>1085</fpage>
					<lpage>1099</lpage>
					<issn>0022-2275</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1194/jlr.r054114</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<mixed-citation>DePeters EJ, George LW. 2014. Rumen transfaunation. <italic>Immunology Letters</italic>. 162(1):69-76. ISSN: 0165-2478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2014.05.009</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Depeters</surname>
							<given-names>EJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>George</surname>
							<given-names>LW.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Rumen transfaunation</article-title>
					<source>Immunology Letters</source>
					<volume>162</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>69</fpage>
					<lpage>76</lpage>
					<issn>0165-2478</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.imlet.2014.05.009</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<mixed-citation>Dong J, Jeong HJ, Ueda H. 2016. Preparation of quenchbodies by protein transamination reaction. <italic>Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering</italic>. 122(1):125-130. ISSN: 1389-1723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.12.010</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Dong</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jeong</surname>
							<given-names>HJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ueda</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Preparation of quenchbodies by protein transamination reaction</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering</source>
					<volume>122</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>125</fpage>
					<lpage>130</lpage>
					<issn>1389-1723</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.12.010</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B22">
				<mixed-citation>Donnelly RP, Finlay DK. 2015. Glucose, glycolysis and lymphocyte responses. <italic>Molecular Immunology</italic>. 68(1):513-519. ISSN: 0161-5890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2015.07.034</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Donnelly</surname>
							<given-names>RP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Finlay</surname>
							<given-names>DK.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Glucose, glycolysis and lymphocyte responses</article-title>
					<source>Molecular Immunology</source>
					<volume>68</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>513</fpage>
					<lpage>519</lpage>
					<issn>0161-5890</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.molimm.2015.07.034</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B23">
				<mixed-citation>Du X, She T, Wang H, Qin X, Xing D, Ye Q, Shi Z, Fang Z, Zhu Y, Yang Y, Peng Z, Zhao C, Lv B, Li X, Liu G, Li X. 2018. Adaptations of hepatic lipid metabolism and mitocondria in dairy cows with mild fatty liver. <italic>Journal Dairy Science</italic>. 101(10):9544-9558. ISSN: 0022-0302. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-14546</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Du</surname>
							<given-names>X</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>She</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Qin</surname>
							<given-names>X</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Xing</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ye</surname>
							<given-names>Q</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shi</surname>
							<given-names>Z</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fang</surname>
							<given-names>Z</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhu</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yang</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Peng</surname>
							<given-names>Z</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhao</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lv</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Li</surname>
							<given-names>X</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liu</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Li</surname>
							<given-names>X.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Adaptations of hepatic lipid metabolism and mitocondria in dairy cows with mild fatty liver</article-title>
					<source>Journal Dairy Science</source>
					<volume>101</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>9544</fpage>
					<lpage>9558</lpage>
					<issn>0022-0302</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3168/jds.2018-14546</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B24">
				<mixed-citation>Edinburgh RM, Betts JA, Burns SF, González TJ. 2017. Concordant and divergent strategies to improve postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism. <italic>Nutrition Bulletin</italic>. 42(1):113-122. ISSN: 1467-3010. https://doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12259</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Edinburgh</surname>
							<given-names>RM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Betts</surname>
							<given-names>JA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Burns</surname>
							<given-names>SF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>González</surname>
							<given-names>TJ.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Concordant and divergent strategies to improve postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism</article-title>
					<source>Nutrition Bulletin</source>
					<volume>42</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>113</fpage>
					<lpage>122</lpage>
					<issn>1467-3010</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/nbu.12259</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B25">
				<mixed-citation>Emery PW. 2012. Basic metabolism: protein. <italic>Surgery</italic>. 30(5):209-213. ISSN: 0039-6060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2012.02.008</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Emery</surname>
							<given-names>PW.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Basic metabolism: protein</article-title>
					<source>Surgery</source>
					<volume>30</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>209</fpage>
					<lpage>213</lpage>
					<issn>0039-6060</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.mpsur.2012.02.008</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B26">
				<mixed-citation>Emery PW. 2015. Basic metabolism: protein. <italic>Surgery</italic>. 33(4):143-147. ISSN: 0039-6060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2015.01.008</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Emery</surname>
							<given-names>PW.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Basic metabolism: protein</article-title>
					<source>Surgery</source>
					<volume>33</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>143</fpage>
					<lpage>147</lpage>
					<issn>0039-6060</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.mpsur.2015.01.008</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B27">
				<mixed-citation>Fong LG, Young SG, Beigneux AP, Bensadoun A, Oberer M, Jiang H, Ploug M. 2016. GPIHBP1 and plasma triglyceride metabolism. <italic>Trends in Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism</italic>. 27(7):445-469. ISSN: 1043-2760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2016.04.013</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Fong</surname>
							<given-names>LG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Young</surname>
							<given-names>SG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Beigneux</surname>
							<given-names>AP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bensadoun</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Oberer</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jiang</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ploug</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>GPIHBP1 and plasma triglyceride metabolism</article-title>
					<source>Trends in Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism</source>
					<volume>27</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>445</fpage>
					<lpage>469</lpage>
					<issn>1043-2760</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tem.2016.04.013</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B28">
				<mixed-citation>Francisco AE, Santos-Silva JM, Portugal APV, Alves SP, Bessa RJB. 2019. Relationship between rumen ciliate protozoa and biohydrogenation fatty acid profile in rumen and meat of lambs. <italic>PLoS ONE</italic>. 14(9):221-243. ISSN: 1932-6203. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221996</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Francisco</surname>
							<given-names>AE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Santos-Silva</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Portugal</surname>
							<given-names>APV</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alves</surname>
							<given-names>SP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bessa</surname>
							<given-names>RJB.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Relationship between rumen ciliate protozoa and biohydrogenation fatty acid profile in rumen and meat of lambs</article-title>
					<source>PLoS ONE</source>
					<volume>14</volume>
					<issue>9</issue>
					<fpage>221</fpage>
					<lpage>243</lpage>
					<issn>1932-6203</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0221996</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B29">
				<mixed-citation>Freitas Jr JE, Bettero VP, Zanferari F, Del Valle TA, De Paiva PG, De Jesus EF, Takiya CS, Leite LC, Dias M, Rennó FP. 2019. Ruminal fatty acid outflow in dry cows fed different sources of linoleic acid: reticulum and omasum as alternative sampling sites to abomasum. <italic>Archives of Animal Nutrition</italic>. 70(3):171-193. ISSN: 1745-039X. https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2019.1595886</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Freitas</surname>
							<given-names>JE</given-names>
							<suffix>Jr</suffix>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bettero</surname>
							<given-names>VP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zanferari</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Del Valle</surname>
							<given-names>TA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>De Paiva</surname>
							<given-names>PG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>De Jesus</surname>
							<given-names>EF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Takiya</surname>
							<given-names>CS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Leite</surname>
							<given-names>LC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dias</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rennó</surname>
							<given-names>FP.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Ruminal fatty acid outflow in dry cows fed different sources of linoleic acid: reticulum and omasum as alternative sampling sites to abomasum</article-title>
					<source>Archives of Animal Nutrition</source>
					<volume>70</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>171</fpage>
					<lpage>193</lpage>
					<issn>1745-039X</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/1745039X.2019.1595886</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B30">
				<mixed-citation>Fukao T, Mitchell G, Sass JO, Hori T, Orii K, Aoyama Y. 2014. Ketone body metabolism and its defects. <italic>Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease</italic>. 37(1):541-551. ISSN: 0141-8955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10545-014-9704-9</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Fukao</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mitchell</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sass</surname>
							<given-names>JO</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hori</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Orii</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aoyama</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Ketone body metabolism and its defects</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease</source>
					<volume>37</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>541</fpage>
					<lpage>551</lpage>
					<issn>0141-8955</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10545-014-9704-9</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B31">
				<mixed-citation>García CAC, Montiel RLA, Borderas TF, Girard V. 2015. Relationship between β- hydroxybutyrate and the fat: protein ratio of milk during early lactation in dairy cows. <italic>Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria</italic>. 47(1):21-25. ISSN: 0301-732X. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0301-732X2015000100005</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>García</surname>
							<given-names>CAC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Montiel</surname>
							<given-names>RLA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Borderas</surname>
							<given-names>TF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Girard</surname>
							<given-names>V.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Relationship between β- hydroxybutyrate and the fat: protein ratio of milk during early lactation in dairy cows</article-title>
					<source>Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria</source>
					<volume>47</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>21</fpage>
					<lpage>25</lpage>
					<issn>0301-732X</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4067/S0301-732X2015000100005</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B32">
				<mixed-citation>García CAC, Montiel RLA, Borderas TF. 2014. Grasa y proteína de la leche de vaca: componentes, síntesis y modificación. <italic>Archivos de Zootecnia</italic>. 63(1):85-105. ISSN: 1885-4494. https://doi.org/10.21071/az.v63i241.592</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>García</surname>
							<given-names>CAC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Montiel</surname>
							<given-names>RLA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Borderas</surname>
							<given-names>TF.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Grasa y proteína de la leche de vaca: componentes, síntesis y modificación</article-title>
					<source>Archivos de Zootecnia</source>
					<volume>63</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>85</fpage>
					<lpage>105</lpage>
					<issn>1885-4494</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21071/az.v63i241.592</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B33">
				<mixed-citation>Garzón AAM, Espinosa OJ. 2018. Epidemiología de la cetosis en bovinos: una revisión. <italic>Revista CES Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</italic>. 13(1):42-61. ISSN: 1900-9607. http://dx.doi.org/10.21615/cesmvz.13.1.4</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Garzón</surname>
							<given-names>AAM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Espinosa</surname>
							<given-names>OJ.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Epidemiología de la cetosis en bovinos: una revisión</article-title>
					<source>Revista CES Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</source>
					<volume>13</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>42</fpage>
					<lpage>61</lpage>
					<issn>1900-9607</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21615/cesmvz.13.1.4</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B34">
				<mixed-citation>Gebreegziabher Z. 2016. Factors affecting feed intake and its regulation mechanisms in ruminants. A Review. <italic>International Journal of Livestock Research</italic>. 6(4):19-40. ISSN: 2277-1964. https://doi.org/10.5455/ijlr.20160328085909</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gebreegziabher</surname>
							<given-names>Z.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Factors affecting feed intake and its regulation mechanisms in ruminants</article-title>
					<source>A Review. International Journal of Livestock Research</source>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>19</fpage>
					<lpage>40</lpage>
					<issn>2277-1964</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5455/ijlr.20160328085909</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B35">
				<mixed-citation>Ginane C, Bonnet M, Baumont R, Revell DK. 2015. Feeding behaviour in ruminants: a consequence of interactions between a reward system and the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. <italic>Animal Production Science</italic>. 55(1):247-260. ISSN: 1836-0939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/AN14481</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ginane</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bonnet</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Baumont</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Revell</surname>
							<given-names>DK.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Feeding behaviour in ruminants: a consequence of interactions between a reward system and the regulation of metabolic homeostasis</article-title>
					<source>Animal Production Science</source>
					<volume>55</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>247</fpage>
					<lpage>260</lpage>
					<issn>1836-0939</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1071/AN14481</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B36">
				<mixed-citation>Golshan S, Pirmohammadi R, Khalilvandi-Behroozyar H. 2019. Microwave irradiation of whole soybeans in ruminant nutrition: Protein and carbohydrate metabolism <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in situ</italic>. <italic>Veterinary Research Forum</italic>. 10(4):343-350. ISSN: 2008-8140. https://dx.doi.org/10.30466%2Fvrf.2019.35896</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Golshan</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pirmohammadi</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Khalilvandi-Behroozyar</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Microwave irradiation of whole soybeans in ruminant nutrition: Protein and carbohydrate metabolism in vitro and in situ</article-title>
					<source>Veterinary Research Forum</source>
					<volume>10</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>343</fpage>
					<lpage>350</lpage>
					<issn>2008-8140</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30466%2Fvrf.2019.35896</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B37">
				<mixed-citation>Górka P, Śliwiński B, Flaga J, Wieczorek J, Godlewski MM, Wierzchoś E, Zabielski R, Kowalski ZM. 2017. Effect of butyrate infusion into the rumen on butyrate flow to the duodenum, selected gene expression in the duodenum epithelium, and nutrient digestion in sheep. <italic>Journal Animal Science</italic>. 95(1):2144-2155. ISSN: 1525-3163. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2016.1218</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Górka</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Śliwiński</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Flaga</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wieczorek</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Godlewski</surname>
							<given-names>MM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wierzchoś</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zabielski</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kowalski</surname>
							<given-names>ZM.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Effect of butyrate infusion into the rumen on butyrate flow to the duodenum, selected gene expression in the duodenum epithelium, and nutrient digestion in sheep</article-title>
					<source>Journal Animal Science</source>
					<volume>95</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>2144</fpage>
					<lpage>2155</lpage>
					<issn>1525-3163</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2527/jas.2016.1218</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B38">
				<mixed-citation>Goyal R, Longo LD. 2015. Metabolic profiles in ovine carotid arteries with developmental maturation and long-term hypoxia. <italic>PLoS ONE</italic>. 10(6):33-66. ISSN: 1932-6203. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0130739</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Goyal</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Longo</surname>
							<given-names>LD.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Metabolic profiles in ovine carotid arteries with developmental maturation and long-term hypoxia</article-title>
					<source>PLoS ONE</source>
					<volume>10</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>33</fpage>
					<lpage>66</lpage>
					<issn>1932-6203</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0130739</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B39">
				<mixed-citation>Harmon DL, Swanson CK. 2020. Review: Nutritional regulation of intestinal starch and protein assimilation in ruminants. <italic>Animal</italic>. 14(1):17-28. ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731119003136</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Harmon</surname>
							<given-names>DL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Swanson</surname>
							<given-names>CK.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2020</year>
					<article-title>Review: Nutritional regulation of intestinal starch and protein assimilation in ruminants</article-title>
					<source>Animal</source>
					<volume>14</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>17</fpage>
					<lpage>28</lpage>
					<issn>2076-2615</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S1751731119003136</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B40">
				<mixed-citation>Harmon DL. 2009. Understanding starch utilization in the small intestine of cattle. <italic>Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences</italic>. 22(7):915-922. ISSN: 1011-2367. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2009.r.08</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Harmon</surname>
							<given-names>DL.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2009</year>
					<article-title>Understanding starch utilization in the small intestine of cattle</article-title>
					<source>Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences</source>
					<volume>22</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>915</fpage>
					<lpage>922</lpage>
					<issn>1011-2367</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5713/ajas.2009.r.08</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B41">
				<mixed-citation>Hooijberg EH, Steenkamp G, Buss P, Goddard A. 2017. Method comparison and generation of plasma biochemistry RIs for the White rhinoceros on a point-of-care and wet chemistry analyzer. <italic>Veterinary Clinical Pathology</italic>. 46(2):287-298. ISSN: 0275-6382. https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12490</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hooijberg</surname>
							<given-names>EH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Steenkamp</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Buss</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Goddard</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Method comparison and generation of plasma biochemistry RIs for the White rhinoceros on a point-of-care and wet chemistry analyzer</article-title>
					<source>Veterinary Clinical Pathology</source>
					<volume>46</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>287</fpage>
					<lpage>298</lpage>
					<issn>0275-6382</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/vcp.12490</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B42">
				<mixed-citation>Houten SM, Wanders RJA. 2010. A general introduction to the biochemistry of mitocondrial fatty acid β-oxidation. <italic>Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease</italic>. 33(1):469-477. ISSN: 0141-8955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10545-010-9061-2</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Houten</surname>
							<given-names>SM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wanders</surname>
							<given-names>RJA.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<article-title>A general introduction to the biochemistry of mitocondrial fatty acid β-oxidation</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease</source>
					<volume>33</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>469</fpage>
					<lpage>477</lpage>
					<issn>0141-8955</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10545-010-9061-2</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B43">
				<mixed-citation>Hristov AN, Bannink A, Crompton LA, Huhtanen P, Kreuzer M, McGee M, Nozière P, Reynolds CK, Bayat AR, Yáñez-Ruiz DR, Dijkstra J, Kebreab E, Schwarm A, Shingfield KJ, Yu Z. 2019. <italic>Invited review:</italic> Nitrogen in ruminant nutrition: A review of measurement techniques. <italic>Journal of Dairy Science</italic>. 102(1):5811-5852. ISSN: 0022-0302. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-15829</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hristov</surname>
							<given-names>AN</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bannink</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Crompton</surname>
							<given-names>LA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Huhtanen</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kreuzer</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>McGee</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nozière</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Reynolds</surname>
							<given-names>CK</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bayat</surname>
							<given-names>AR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yáñez-Ruiz</surname>
							<given-names>DR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dijkstra</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kebreab</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schwarm</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shingfield</surname>
							<given-names>KJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yu</surname>
							<given-names>Z.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Invited review: Nitrogen in ruminant nutrition: A review of measurement techniques</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Dairy Science</source>
					<volume>102</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>5811</fpage>
					<lpage>5852</lpage>
					<issn>0022-0302</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3168/jds.2018-15829</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B44">
				<mixed-citation>Hussain SA, Uppal SK, Randhawa C, Sood NK, Mahajan SK. 2013. Clinical characteristics, hematology, and biochemical analytes of primary omasa impaction in bovines. <italic>Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences</italic>. 37(1):329-336. ISSN: 1300- 0128. https://doi.org/10.3906/vet-1205-31</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hussain</surname>
							<given-names>SA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Uppal</surname>
							<given-names>SK</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Randhawa</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sood</surname>
							<given-names>NK</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mahajan</surname>
							<given-names>SK.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Clinical characteristics, hematology, and biochemical analytes of primary omasa impaction in bovines</article-title>
					<source>Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences</source>
					<volume>37</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>329</fpage>
					<lpage>336</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3906/vet-1205-31</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B45">
				<mixed-citation>Jiang FG, Lin XY, Yan ZG, Hu ZY, Liu GM, Sun YD, Liu XW, Wang ZH. 2017. Effect of dietary roughage level on chewing activity, ruminal pH, and saliva secretion in lactating Holstein cows. <italic>Journal of Dairy Science</italic>. 100(4):1-12. ISSN: 0022-0302. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11559</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Jiang</surname>
							<given-names>FG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lin</surname>
							<given-names>XY</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yan</surname>
							<given-names>ZG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hu</surname>
							<given-names>ZY</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liu</surname>
							<given-names>GM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sun</surname>
							<given-names>YD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liu</surname>
							<given-names>XW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>ZH.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Effect of dietary roughage level on chewing activity, ruminal pH, and saliva secretion in lactating Holstein cows</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Dairy Science</source>
					<volume>100</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>12</lpage>
					<issn>0022-0302</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3168/jds.2016-11559</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B46">
				<mixed-citation>Jin D, Zhao SG, Zheng N, Bu DP, Beckers Y, Wang JQ. 2018. Urea nitrogen induces changes in rumen microbial and host metabolic profiles in dairy cows. <italic>Livestock Science</italic>. 210(1):104-110. ISSN: 1871-1413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2018.02.011</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Jin</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhao</surname>
							<given-names>SG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zheng</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bu</surname>
							<given-names>DP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Beckers</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>JQ.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Urea nitrogen induces changes in rumen microbial and host metabolic profiles in dairy cows</article-title>
					<source>Livestock Science</source>
					<volume>210</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>104</fpage>
					<lpage>110</lpage>
					<issn>1871-1413</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.livsci.2018.02.011</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B47">
				<mixed-citation>Jindal G, Warshel A. 2017. Misunderstanding the preorganization concept can lead to confusions about the origin of enzyme catalysis. <italic>Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics</italic>. 85(12):2-19. ISSN: 1097-0134. https://doi.org/10.1002/prot.25381</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Jindal</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Warshel</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Misunderstanding the preorganization concept can lead to confusions about the origin of enzyme catalysis</article-title>
					<source>Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics</source>
					<volume>85</volume>
					<issue>12</issue>
					<fpage>2</fpage>
					<lpage>19</lpage>
					<issn>1097-0134</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/prot.25381</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B48">
				<mixed-citation>Khezri A, Dayani O, Tahmasbi R. 2016. Effect of increasing levels of wasted date palm on digestion, rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep. <italic>Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition</italic>. 101(1):53-60. ISSN: 0931-2439. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12504</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Khezri</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dayani</surname>
							<given-names>O</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tahmasbi</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Effect of increasing levels of wasted date palm on digestion, rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition</source>
					<volume>101</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>53</fpage>
					<lpage>60</lpage>
					<issn>0931-2439</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpn.12504</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B49">
				<mixed-citation>Kittelmann S, Seedorf H, Walters WA, Clemente JC, Knight R, Gordon JI, Janssen PH. 2013. Simultaneous amplicon sequencing to explore co-occurrence patterns of bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic microorganisms in rumen microbial communities. <italic>PLoS ONE</italic>. 2(1):1112-1126. ISSN: 1932-6203. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047879</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kittelmann</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Seedorf</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Walters</surname>
							<given-names>WA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Clemente</surname>
							<given-names>JC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Knight</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gordon</surname>
							<given-names>JI</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Janssen</surname>
							<given-names>PH.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Simultaneous amplicon sequencing to explore co-occurrence patterns of bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic microorganisms in rumen microbial communities</article-title>
					<source>PLoS ONE</source>
					<volume>2</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>1112</fpage>
					<lpage>1126</lpage>
					<issn>1932-6203</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0047879</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B50">
				<mixed-citation>Kohan AB, Wang F, Lo CM, Liu M, Tso P. 2015. ApoA-IV: current and emerging roles in intestinal lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and satiety. <italic>Journal of Physiology- Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiolpgy</italic>. 308(1):472-481. ISSN: 0193-1857. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00098.2014</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kohan</surname>
							<given-names>AB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lo</surname>
							<given-names>CM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liu</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tso</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>ApoA-IV: current and emerging roles in intestinal lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and satiety</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Physiology- Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiolpgy</source>
					<volume>308</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>472</fpage>
					<lpage>481</lpage>
					<issn>0193-1857</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1152/ajpgi.00098.2014</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B51">
				<mixed-citation>Kong F, Liang Y, Légeret B, Beyly-Adriano A, Blangy S, Haslam RP, Napier JA, Beisson F, Peltier G, Li-Beisson Y. 2017. Chlamydomonas carries out fatty acid β-oxidation in ancestral peroxisomes using a bona fide acyl-CoA oxidase. <italic>The Plant Journal</italic>. 90(1):358-371. ISSN: 0960-7412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tpj.13498</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kong</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liang</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Légeret</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Beyly-Adriano</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Blangy</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Haslam</surname>
							<given-names>RP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Napier</surname>
							<given-names>JA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Beisson</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Peltier</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Li-Beisson</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Chlamydomonas carries out fatty acid β-oxidation in ancestral peroxisomes using a bona fide acyl-CoA oxidase</article-title>
					<source>The Plant Journal</source>
					<volume>90</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>358</fpage>
					<lpage>371</lpage>
					<issn>0960-7412</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/tpj.13498</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B52">
				<mixed-citation>Kozłowska M, Cieślak A, Jóźwik A, El-Sherbiny M, Stochmal A, Oleszek W, Kowalczyk M, Filipiak F, Szumacher-Strabel M. 2019. The effect of total and individual alfalfa saponins on rumen methane produc. <italic>Journal of the Science Food and Agriculture</italic>. 100(1):1922-1930. ISSN: 0022-5142. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10204</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kozłowska</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cieślak</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jóźwik</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>El-Sherbiny</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Stochmal</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Oleszek</surname>
							<given-names>W</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kowalczyk</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Filipiak</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Szumacher-Strabel</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>The effect of total and individual alfalfa saponins on rumen methane produc</article-title>
					<source>Journal of the Science Food and Agriculture</source>
					<volume>100</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>1922</fpage>
					<lpage>1930</lpage>
					<issn>0022-5142</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/jsfa.10204</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B53">
				<mixed-citation>Krause DO, Nagaraja TG, Wright ADG, Callaway TR. 2013. Board-invited review: Rumen microbiology: Leading the way in microbial ecology. <italic>Journal Animal Science</italic>. 91(1):331-339. ISSN: 1525-3163. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-5567</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Krause</surname>
							<given-names>DO</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nagaraja</surname>
							<given-names>TG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wright</surname>
							<given-names>ADG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Callaway</surname>
							<given-names>TR.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Board-invited review: Rumen microbiology: Leading the way in microbial ecology</article-title>
					<source>Journal Animal Science</source>
					<volume>91</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>331</fpage>
					<lpage>339</lpage>
					<issn>1525-3163</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2527/jas.2012-5567</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B54">
				<mixed-citation>Krehbiel CR. 2014. Invited review: Applied nutrition of ruminants: Fermentation and digestive physiology. <italic>The Professional Animal Scientist</italic>. 30(1):129-139. ISSN: 1080-7446. https://doi.org/10.15232/S1080-7446(15)30100-5</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Krehbiel</surname>
							<given-names>CR.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Invited review: Applied nutrition of ruminants: Fermentation and digestive physiology</article-title>
					<source>The Professional Animal Scientist</source>
					<volume>30</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>129</fpage>
					<lpage>139</lpage>
					<issn>1080-7446</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15232/S1080-7446(15)30100-5</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B55">
				<mixed-citation>Li MM, Sengupta S, Hanigan MD.2019a. Using artificial neural networks to predict pH, ammonia, and volatile fatty acid concentrations in the rumen. <italic>Journal of Dairy Science</italic>. 102(1):20-32. ISSN: 0022-0302. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-15964</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Li</surname>
							<given-names>MM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sengupta</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hanigan</surname>
							<given-names>MD.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Using artificial neural networks to predict pH, ammonia, and volatile fatty acid concentrations in the rumen</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Dairy Science</source>
					<volume>102</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>20</fpage>
					<lpage>32</lpage>
					<issn>0022-0302</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3168/jds.2018-15964</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B56">
				<mixed-citation>Li MMTitgemeyer EC, Hanigan, MD. 2019b. A revised representation of urea and ammonia nitrogen recycling and use in the Molly cow model. <italic>Journal of Dairy Science</italic>. 102(6):67-88. ISSN: 0022-0302. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-15947</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Li</surname>
							<given-names>MM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Titgemeyer</surname>
							<given-names>EC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hanigan</surname>
							<given-names>MD.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>A revised representation of urea and ammonia nitrogen recycling and use in the Molly cow model</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Dairy Science</source>
					<volume>102</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>67</fpage>
					<lpage>88</lpage>
					<issn>0022-0302</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3168/jds.2018-15947</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B57">
				<mixed-citation>Loncke C, Nozière P, Bahloul L, Vernet J, Lapierre H, Sauvant D, Ortigues-Marty I. 2015. Empirical prediction of net splanchnic release of ketogenic nutrients, acetate, butyrate and β-hydroxybutyrate in ruminants: a meta-analysis. <italic>Animal</italic>. 9(3):449-463. ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731114002638</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Loncke</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nozière</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bahloul</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vernet</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lapierre</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sauvant</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ortigues-Marty</surname>
							<given-names>I.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Empirical prediction of net splanchnic release of ketogenic nutrients, acetate, butyrate and β-hydroxybutyrate in ruminants: a meta-analysis</article-title>
					<source>Animal</source>
					<volume>9</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>449</fpage>
					<lpage>463</lpage>
					<issn>2076-2615</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S1751731114002638</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B58">
				<mixed-citation>MartineS A-CMF, Van Eunen K, Reijngoud D-J, Bakker BM. 2017. The promiscuous enzyme medium-chain 3-keto-acyl-CoA thiolase triggers a vicious cycle in fatty-acid beta- oxidation. <italic>PLoS Computational Biology</italic>. 13(4):100-123. ISSN: 1553-734X. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005461</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MartineS</surname>
							<given-names>A-CMF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Van Eunen</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Reijngoud</surname>
							<given-names>D-J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bakker</surname>
							<given-names>BM.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>The promiscuous enzyme medium-chain 3-keto-acyl-CoA thiolase triggers a vicious cycle in fatty-acid beta- oxidation</article-title>
					<source>PLoS Computational Biology</source>
					<volume>13</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>100</fpage>
					<lpage>123</lpage>
					<issn>1553-734X</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005461</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B59">
				<mixed-citation>McFadden JW.2020. Review: Lipid biology in the periparturient dairy cow: contemporary perspectives. <italic>Animal</italic> 14(S1): s165-s175. ISSN: 0968-0004. ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731119003185</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>McFadden</surname>
							<given-names>JW.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2020</year>
					<article-title>Review: Lipid biology in the periparturient dairy cow: contemporary perspectives</article-title>
					<source>Animal</source>
					<volume>14</volume>
					<issue>S1</issue>
					<fpage>s165</fpage>
					<lpage>s175</lpage>
					<issn>0968-0004</issn>
					<issn>2076-2615</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S1751731119003185</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B60">
				<mixed-citation>Menger MF, Nome F. 2019. Interaction vs preorganization in enzyme catalysis. A dispute that calls for resolution. <italic>ACS Chemical Biology</italic>. 14(1):1386-1392. ISSN: 1554-8929. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschembio.8b01029</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Menger</surname>
							<given-names>MF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nome</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Interaction vs preorganization in enzyme catalysis. A dispute that calls for resolution</article-title>
					<source>ACS Chemical Biology</source>
					<volume>14</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>1386</fpage>
					<lpage>1392</lpage>
					<issn>1554-8929</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1021/acschembio.8b01029</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B61">
				<mixed-citation>Mikołajczyk K, Pecka-Kiełb E, Zachwieja A. 2019. Impact of the volume and the profile of volatile fatty acids in the rumen fermentation on cow productivity and milk composition. <italic>Mljekarstvo</italic>. 69(4):222-228. ISSN: 0026-704X. https://doi.org/10.15567/mljekarstvo.2019.0402</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Mikołajczyk</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pecka-Kiełb</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zachwieja</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Impact of the volume and the profile of volatile fatty acids in the rumen fermentation on cow productivity and milk composition</article-title>
					<source>Mljekarstvo</source>
					<volume>69</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>222</fpage>
					<lpage>228</lpage>
					<issn>0026-704X</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15567/mljekarstvo.2019.0402</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B62">
				<mixed-citation>Morita M, Matsumoto S, Okazaki A, Tomita K, Watanabe S, Kawaguchi K, Minato D, Matsuya Y, Shimozawa N, Imanaka T. 2016. A novel method for determining peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation. <italic>Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease</italic>. 39(1):725-731. ISSN: 0141-8955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10545-016-9952-y</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Morita</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Matsumoto</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Okazaki</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tomita</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Watanabe</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kawaguchi</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Minato</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Matsuya</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shimozawa</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Imanaka</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>A novel method for determining peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease</source>
					<volume>39</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>725</fpage>
					<lpage>731</lpage>
					<issn>0141-8955</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10545-016-9952-y</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B63">
				<mixed-citation>Moyano JC, López JC, Galván DC, Marini PR, Fischman ML. 2018. Daily variations in protein and energy metabolism during the day in hair sheep in the ecuadorian Amazon Region. <italic>Journal of Vetetinaty Science</italic> &amp; <italic>Technology</italic>. 9(2):19-23. ISSN: 2157-7579. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.1000530</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Moyano</surname>
							<given-names>JC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>López</surname>
							<given-names>JC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Galván</surname>
							<given-names>DC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Marini</surname>
							<given-names>PR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fischman</surname>
							<given-names>ML</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Daily variations in protein and energy metabolism during the day in hair sheep in the ecuadorian Amazon Region</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Vetetinaty Science &amp; Technology</source>
					<volume>9</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>19</fpage>
					<lpage>23</lpage>
					<issn>2157-7579</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4172/2157-7579.1000530</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B64">
				<mixed-citation>Norris GH, Jiang C, Ryan J, Porter CM, Blesso CN. 2016. Milk sphingomyelin improves lipid metabolism and alters gut microbiota in high fat diet-fed mice. <italic>The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry</italic>. 30(1):93-101. ISSN: 0955-2863.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.12.003</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Norris</surname>
							<given-names>GH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jiang</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ryan</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Porter</surname>
							<given-names>CM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Blesso</surname>
							<given-names>CN.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Milk sphingomyelin improves lipid metabolism and alters gut microbiota in high fat diet-fed mice</article-title>
					<source>The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry</source>
					<volume>30</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>93</fpage>
					<lpage>101</lpage>
					<issn>0955-2863</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.12.003</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B65">
				<mixed-citation>Nunes-NESI A, Araujo WL, Obata T, Fernie AR. 2013. Regulation of the mitocondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle. <italic>Current Opinion in Plant Biology</italic>. 16(1):335-343. ISSN: 1369-5266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2013.01.004</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Nunes-NESI</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Araujo</surname>
							<given-names>WL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Obata</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fernie</surname>
							<given-names>AR.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Regulation of the mitocondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle</article-title>
					<source>Current Opinion in Plant Biology</source>
					<volume>16</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>335</fpage>
					<lpage>343</lpage>
					<issn>1369-5266</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.pbi.2013.01.004</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B66">
				<mixed-citation>Osorio JH, Barrera LM, Pérez JE. 2015. Comparación del perfil lipídico por sexo y edad en ovinos. <italic>Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia</italic>. 62(1):11-19. ISSN: 0120-2952. https://doi.org/10.15446/rfmvz.v62n1.49381</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Osorio</surname>
							<given-names>JH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Barrera</surname>
							<given-names>LM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pérez</surname>
							<given-names>JE.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Comparación del perfil lipídico por sexo y edad en ovinos</article-title>
					<source>Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia</source>
					<volume>62</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>11</fpage>
					<lpage>19</lpage>
					<issn>0120-2952</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15446/rfmvz.v62n1.49381</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B67">
				<mixed-citation>Panov A, Orynbayeva Z, Vavilin V, Lyakhovich V.2014. Fatty acids in energy metabolism of the central nervous system. <italic>BioMed Research International</italic>. 20(1):30-42. ISSN: 2414-6133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/472459</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Panov</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Orynbayeva</surname>
							<given-names>Z</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vavilin</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lyakhovich</surname>
							<given-names>V.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Fatty acids in energy metabolism of the central nervous system</article-title>
					<source>BioMed Research International</source>
					<volume>20</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>30</fpage>
					<lpage>42</lpage>
					<issn>2414-6133</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2014/472459</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B68">
				<mixed-citation>Park CJ, Armenia SJ, Shaughnessy MP, Greig CJ, Cowles RA. 2019. Potentiation of serotonin signaling leads to increased carbohydrate and lipid absorption in the murine small intestine. <italic>Journal of Pediatric Surgery</italic>. 54(1):1245-1249. ISSN: 0022-3468.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.02.027</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Park</surname>
							<given-names>CJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Armenia</surname>
							<given-names>SJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shaughnessy</surname>
							<given-names>MP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Greig</surname>
							<given-names>CJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cowles</surname>
							<given-names>RA.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Potentiation of serotonin signaling leads to increased carbohydrate and lipid absorption in the murine small intestine</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Pediatric Surgery</source>
					<volume>54</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>1245</fpage>
					<lpage>1249</lpage>
					<issn>0022-3468</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.02.027</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B69">
				<mixed-citation>Poher AL, Tschöp MH, Müller TD. 2018. Ghrelin regulation of glucose metabolism. <italic>Peptides</italic>. 100(1):236-242. ISSN: 0196-9781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.015</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Poher</surname>
							<given-names>AL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tschöp</surname>
							<given-names>MH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Müller</surname>
							<given-names>TD.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Ghrelin regulation of glucose metabolism</article-title>
					<source>Peptides</source>
					<volume>100</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>236</fpage>
					<lpage>242</lpage>
					<issn>0196-9781</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.015</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B70">
				<mixed-citation>Pourazad P, Khiaosa-ard R, Qumar M, Wetzels SU, Klevenhusen F, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Zebeli Q. 2016. Transient feeding of a concentrate-rich diet increases the severity of subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cattle. <italic>Journal of Dairy Science</italic>. 94(1):726-738. ISSN: 0022-0302. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-9605</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Pourazad</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Khiaosa-ard</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Qumar</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wetzels</surname>
							<given-names>SU</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Klevenhusen</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Metzler-Zebeli</surname>
							<given-names>BU</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zebeli</surname>
							<given-names>Q.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Transient feeding of a concentrate-rich diet increases the severity of subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cattle</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Dairy Science</source>
					<volume>94</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>726</fpage>
					<lpage>738</lpage>
					<issn>0022-0302</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2527/jas.2015-9605</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B71">
				<mixed-citation>Prieto ME, Mahecha LL, Angulo AJ, Vargas SJE. 2016. Efecto de la suplementación lipídica sobre ácidos grasos en leche de vaca, énfasis en ácido ruménico. <italic>Agronomía Mesoamericana</italic>. 27(2):421-437. ISSN: 2215-3608. https://doi.org/10.15517/am.v27i2.22022</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Prieto</surname>
							<given-names>ME</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mahecha</surname>
							<given-names>LL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Angulo</surname>
							<given-names>AJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vargas</surname>
							<given-names>SJE.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Efecto de la suplementación lipídica sobre ácidos grasos en leche de vaca, énfasis en ácido ruménico</article-title>
					<source>Agronomía Mesoamericana</source>
					<volume>27</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>421</fpage>
					<lpage>437</lpage>
					<issn>2215-3608</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/am.v27i2.22022</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B72">
				<mixed-citation>Puppel K, Kuczyńska B. 2016. Metabolic profiles of cow’s blood; a review. <italic>Journal of the Science Food and Agriculture</italic>. 96(1):4321-4328. ISSN: 0022-5142. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7779</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Puppel</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kuczyńska</surname>
							<given-names>B.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Metabolic profiles of cow’s blood; a review</article-title>
					<source>Journal of the Science Food and Agriculture</source>
					<volume>96</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>4321</fpage>
					<lpage>4328</lpage>
					<issn>0022-5142</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/jsfa.7779</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B73">
				<mixed-citation>Qaid MM, Abdelrahman MM.2016. Role of insulin and other related hormones in energy metabolism-A review. <italic>Cogent Food and Agriculture</italic>. 2(1):126-142. ISSN: 2331-1932. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2016.1267691</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Qaid</surname>
							<given-names>MM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Abdelrahman</surname>
							<given-names>MM.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Role of insulin and other related hormones in energy metabolism-A review</article-title>
					<source>Cogent Food and Agriculture</source>
					<volume>2</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>126</fpage>
					<lpage>142</lpage>
					<issn>2331-1932</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/23311932.2016.1267691</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B74">
				<mixed-citation>Qiyu D, Rong Z and Tong F.2019. Review of strategies to promote rumen development in calves. <italic>Animals</italic>. 9(8):2-15. ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9080490</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Qiyu</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rong</surname>
							<given-names>Z</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tong</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Review of strategies to promote rumen development in calves</article-title>
					<source>Animals</source>
					<volume>9</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>2</fpage>
					<lpage>15</lpage>
					<issn>2076-2615</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ani9080490</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B75">
				<mixed-citation>Qumar M, Khiaosa-ard R, Pourazad P, Wetzels SU, Klevenhusen F, Kandler W, Aschenbach JR, Zebeli Q.2016. Evidence of <italic>in vivo</italic> absorption of lactate and modulation of short chain fatty acid absorption from the reticulo-rumen of non lactating cattle fed high concentrate diets. <italic>PloS ONE</italic>. 11(10):1-15. ISSN: 1932-6203. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164192</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Qumar</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Khiaosa-ard</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pourazad</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wetzels</surname>
							<given-names>SU</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Klevenhusen</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kandler</surname>
							<given-names>W</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aschenbach</surname>
							<given-names>JR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zebeli</surname>
							<given-names>Q.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Evidence of in vivo absorption of lactate and modulation of short chain fatty acid absorption from the reticulo-rumen of non lactating cattle fed high concentrate diets</article-title>
					<source>PloS ONE</source>
					<volume>11</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>15</lpage>
					<issn>1932-6203</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0164192</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B76">
				<mixed-citation>Ramsay JD, Evanoff R, Mealey RH, Simpson EL.2019. The prevalence of elevated γ- glutamyltransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activity in racing Thorough breds and their associations with viral infection. <italic>Equine Veterinary Journal</italic>. 51(1):738-742. ISSN: 0425-1644. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13092</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ramsay</surname>
							<given-names>JD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Evanoff</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mealey</surname>
							<given-names>RH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Simpson</surname>
							<given-names>EL.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>The prevalence of elevated γ- glutamyltransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activity in racing Thorough breds and their associations with viral infection</article-title>
					<source>Equine Veterinary Journal</source>
					<volume>51</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>738</fpage>
					<lpage>742</lpage>
					<issn>0425-1644</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/evj.13092</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B77">
				<mixed-citation>Resende Jr JC, Daniel JLP, Barreto-Vianna ARC, Peixoto JV, Guimarães GC, Costa SF, Lima RF, Meirelles FC. 2019. Determination of volatile fatty acids clearance in intact ruminal digesta. <italic>Revista CES Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</italic>. 14(1):8-17. ISSN: 1900-9607. http://dx.doi.org/10.21615/cesmvz.14.1.1</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Resende</surname>
							<given-names>JC</given-names>
							<suffix>Jr</suffix>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Daniel</surname>
							<given-names>JLP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Barreto-Vianna</surname>
							<given-names>ARC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Peixoto</surname>
							<given-names>JV</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Guimarães</surname>
							<given-names>GC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Costa</surname>
							<given-names>SF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lima</surname>
							<given-names>RF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Meirelles</surname>
							<given-names>FC.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Determination of volatile fatty acids clearance in intact ruminal digesta</article-title>
					<source>Revista CES Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</source>
					<volume>14</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>8</fpage>
					<lpage>17</lpage>
					<issn>1900-9607</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21615/cesmvz.14.1.1</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B78">
				<mixed-citation>Rostom H, Shine B. 2018. Basic metabolism: proteins. <italic>Journal of Basic Science</italic>. 30(6):234-240. ISSN: 2448-4997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2018.01.009</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rostom</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shine</surname>
							<given-names>B.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Basic metabolism: proteins</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Basic Science</source>
					<volume>30</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>234</fpage>
					<lpage>240</lpage>
					<issn>2448-4997</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.mpsur.2018.01.009</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B79">
				<mixed-citation>Rotta PP, Valadares-Filho SC, Detmann E, Costa-Silva LF, Paulino MF, Marcondes MI, Lobo AAG, Villadiego FAC. 2014. Digesta sampling sites and marker methods for estimation of ruminal outflow in bulls fed different proportions of corn silage or sugarcane. <italic>Journal of Dairy Science</italic>. 92(1):2996-3006. ISSN: 0022-0302. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-7364</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rotta</surname>
							<given-names>PP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Valadares-Filho</surname>
							<given-names>SC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Detmann</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Costa-Silva</surname>
							<given-names>LF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Paulino</surname>
							<given-names>MF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Marcondes</surname>
							<given-names>MI</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lobo</surname>
							<given-names>AAG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Villadiego</surname>
							<given-names>FAC.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Digesta sampling sites and marker methods for estimation of ruminal outflow in bulls fed different proportions of corn silage or sugarcane</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Dairy Science</source>
					<volume>92</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>2996</fpage>
					<lpage>3006</lpage>
					<issn>0022-0302</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2527/jas.2013-7364</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B80">
				<mixed-citation>Schuba J, Südekum KH, Pfeffer E, Jayanegara A. 2017. Excretion of faecal, urinary urea and urinary non-urea nitrogen by four ruminant species as influenced by dietary nitrogen intake: A meta-analysis. <italic>Livestock Science</italic>. 198(1):82-88. ISSN: 1871-1413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2017.01.017</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Schuba</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Südekum</surname>
							<given-names>KH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pfeffer</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jayanegara</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Excretion of faecal, urinary urea and urinary non-urea nitrogen by four ruminant species as influenced by dietary nitrogen intake: A meta-analysis</article-title>
					<source>Livestock Science</source>
					<volume>198</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>82</fpage>
					<lpage>88</lpage>
					<issn>1871-1413</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.livsci.2017.01.017</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B81">
				<mixed-citation>Shi F, Wang H, Degen AA, Zhou J, Guo N, Mudassar S, Long R. 2019. Rumen parameters of yaks (<italic>Bos grunniens</italic>) and indigenous cattle (<italic>Bos taurus</italic>) grazing on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. <italic>Journal of Animal Physiology Animal Nutrition</italic>. 103(1):969-976. ISSN: 1439-0396. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13095</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Shi</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Degen</surname>
							<given-names>AA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhou</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Guo</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mudassar</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Long</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Rumen parameters of yaks (Bos grunniens) and indigenous cattle (Bos taurus) grazing on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Animal Physiology Animal Nutrition</source>
					<volume>103</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>969</fpage>
					<lpage>976</lpage>
					<issn>1439-0396</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpn.13095</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B82">
				<mixed-citation>Shi HB, Du Y, Zhang CH, Sun C, He YL, Wu YH, Liu JX, Luo J, Loor JJ. 2018. Fatty acid elongase 5 (ELOVL5) alters the synthesis of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids in goat mammary epithelial cells. <italic>Journal Dairy Science</italic>. 101(5):4586-4594. ISSN: 0022-0302. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-14061</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Shi</surname>
							<given-names>HB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Du</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhang</surname>
							<given-names>CH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sun</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>He</surname>
							<given-names>YL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wu</surname>
							<given-names>YH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liu</surname>
							<given-names>JX</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Luo</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Loor</surname>
							<given-names>JJ.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Fatty acid elongase 5 (ELOVL5) alters the synthesis of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids in goat mammary epithelial cells</article-title>
					<source>Journal Dairy Science</source>
					<volume>101</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>4586</fpage>
					<lpage>4594</lpage>
					<issn>0022-0302</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3168/jds.2017-14061</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B83">
				<mixed-citation>Silva M, Rosani VM, Pinto de Carvalho GG, Vieira PAJ, Alburquerque PML, Pereira L. Campos SF, Fernandes PA, Santana BL, Jeruzia VM, Almeida RLM. 2016. Nitrogen balance, microbial protein synthesis and ingestive behavior of lambs fed diets containing cottonseed cake in substitution of soybean meal semina. <italic>Ciências Agrárias</italic>. 37(4):2155-2166. ISSN: 2183-041X http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n4p2155</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Silva</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rosani</surname>
							<given-names>VM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pinto de Carvalho</surname>
							<given-names>GG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vieira</surname>
							<given-names>PAJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alburquerque</surname>
							<given-names>PML</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pereira</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Campos</surname>
							<given-names>SF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fernandes</surname>
							<given-names>PA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Santana</surname>
							<given-names>BL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jeruzia</surname>
							<given-names>VM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Almeida</surname>
							<given-names>RLM.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Nitrogen balance, microbial protein synthesis and ingestive behavior of lambs fed diets containing cottonseed cake in substitution of soybean meal semina</article-title>
					<source>Ciências Agrárias</source>
					<volume>37</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>2155</fpage>
					<lpage>2166</lpage>
					<issn>2183-041X</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n4p2155</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B84">
				<mixed-citation>Silva VO, Lopes E, Andrade EF, Sousa RV, Zangeronimo MG, Pereira LJ. 2014. Use of biodiesel co-products (Glycerol) as alternative sources o energy in animal nutrition: a systematic review. <italic>Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria</italic>. 46(1):111-120. ISSN: 0301-732X. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0301-732X2014000100015</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Silva</surname>
							<given-names>VO</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lopes</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Andrade</surname>
							<given-names>EF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sousa</surname>
							<given-names>RV</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zangeronimo</surname>
							<given-names>MG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pereira</surname>
							<given-names>LJ.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Use of biodiesel co-products (Glycerol) as alternative sources o energy in animal nutrition: a systematic review</article-title>
					<source>Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria</source>
					<volume>46</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>111</fpage>
					<lpage>120</lpage>
					<issn>0301-732X</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4067/S0301-732X2014000100015</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B85">
				<mixed-citation>Song S, Wu J, Zhao S, Casper DP, Zhang L, He B, Lang X, Wang C, Gong X, Wang F, Liu L. 2018. The effect of periodic energy restriction on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, and meat quality in sheep. <italic>Journal Animal Science</italic>. 96(1):4251-4263. ISSN: 1525-3163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky299</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Song</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wu</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhao</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Casper</surname>
							<given-names>DP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhang</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>He</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lang</surname>
							<given-names>X</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gong</surname>
							<given-names>X</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liu</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>The effect of periodic energy restriction on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, and meat quality in sheep</article-title>
					<source>Journal Animal Science</source>
					<volume>96</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>4251</fpage>
					<lpage>4263</lpage>
					<issn>1525-3163</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/jas/sky299</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B86">
				<mixed-citation>Teklebrhan T, Wang R, Wang M, Wen MW, Tan LW, Zhang XM, Ma ZY, Tan ZL. 2020. Effect of dietary corn gluten inclusion on rumen fermentation, microbiota and methane emissions in goats. <italic>Animal Feed Science and Technology</italic>. 259(1):114-122. ISSN: 0377-8401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114314</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Teklebrhan</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wen</surname>
							<given-names>MW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tan</surname>
							<given-names>LW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhang</surname>
							<given-names>XM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ma</surname>
							<given-names>ZY</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tan</surname>
							<given-names>ZL.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2020</year>
					<article-title>Effect of dietary corn gluten inclusion on rumen fermentation, microbiota and methane emissions in goats</article-title>
					<source>Animal Feed Science and Technology</source>
					<volume>259</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>114</fpage>
					<lpage>122</lpage>
					<issn>0377-8401</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114314</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B87">
				<mixed-citation>Toral PG, Hervás G, Carreño D, Leskinen H, Belenguer A, Shingfield JK, Frutos F. 2017. In vitro response to EPA, DPA, and DHA: Comparison of effects on ruminal fermentation and biohydrogenation of 18-carbon fatty acids in cows and ewes. <italic>Journal of Dairy Science</italic>. 100(8):6187-6198. ISSN: 0022-0302. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-12638</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Toral</surname>
							<given-names>PG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hervás</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Carreño</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Leskinen</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Belenguer</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shingfield</surname>
							<given-names>JK</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Frutos</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>In vitro response to EPA, DPA, and DHA: Comparison of effects on ruminal fermentation and biohydrogenation of 18-carbon fatty acids in cows and ewes</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Dairy Science</source>
					<volume>100</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>6187</fpage>
					<lpage>6198</lpage>
					<issn>0022-0302</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3168/jds.2017-12638</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B88">
				<mixed-citation>Toral PG, Monahan FJ, Hervá G, Frutos P, Moloney AP. 2018. Review: Modulating ruminal lipid metabolism to improve the fatty acid composition of meat and milk. Challenges and opportunities. <italic>Animal</italic>. 12(3):449-463. ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118001994</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Toral</surname>
							<given-names>PG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Monahan</surname>
							<given-names>FJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hervá</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Frutos</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Moloney</surname>
							<given-names>AP.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Review: Modulating ruminal lipid metabolism to improve the fatty acid composition of meat and milk. Challenges and opportunities</article-title>
					<source>Animal</source>
					<volume>12</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>449</fpage>
					<lpage>463</lpage>
					<issn>2076-2615</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S1751731118001994</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B89">
				<mixed-citation>Tran LV, Malla AM, Kumar S, Tyagi TKA. 2017. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in male ruminant reproduction-A Review. <italic>Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences</italic>. 30(5):622-637. ISSN: 1011-2367. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.15.1034</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Tran</surname>
							<given-names>LV</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Malla</surname>
							<given-names>AM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kumar</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tyagi</surname>
							<given-names>TKA.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Polyunsaturated fatty acids in male ruminant reproduction-A Review</article-title>
					<source>Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences</source>
					<volume>30</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>622</fpage>
					<lpage>637</lpage>
					<issn>1011-2367</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5713/ajas.15.1034</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B90">
				<mixed-citation>Valdebenito R, Ruminot I, Garrido-Gerter P, Fernández-Moncada I, Forero-Quintero L, Alegría K, Becker HM, Deitmer JW, Barros LF. 2016. Targeting of astrocytic glucosa metabolism by β-hydroxybutyrate. J<italic>ournal of Cerebral Blood Flow &amp; Metabolism</italic>. 36(10):1813-1822. ISSN: 0271-678X. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X15613955</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Valdebenito</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ruminot</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Garrido-Gerter</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fernández-Moncada</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Forero-Quintero</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alegría</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Becker</surname>
							<given-names>HM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Deitmer</surname>
							<given-names>JW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Barros</surname>
							<given-names>LF.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Targeting of astrocytic glucosa metabolism by β-hydroxybutyrate</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow &amp; Metabolism</source>
					<volume>36</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>1813</fpage>
					<lpage>1822</lpage>
					<issn>0271-678X</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/0271678X15613955</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B91">
				<mixed-citation>Valente TNP, Lima ES, dos Santos WBR, Cesário AS, Tavares CJ, Fernandes IL, de Freitas MAM. 2016. Ruminal microorganism consideration and protein used in the metabolism of the ruminants: A review. <italic>African Journal of Microbiology Research</italic>. 10(14):456-562. ISSN: 1996-0808. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2016.7627</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Valente</surname>
							<given-names>TNP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lima</surname>
							<given-names>ES</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>dos Santos</surname>
							<given-names>WBR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cesário</surname>
							<given-names>AS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tavares</surname>
							<given-names>CJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fernandes</surname>
							<given-names>IL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>de Freitas</surname>
							<given-names>MAM.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Ruminal microorganism consideration and protein used in the metabolism of the ruminants: A review</article-title>
					<source>African Journal of Microbiology Research</source>
					<volume>10</volume>
					<issue>14</issue>
					<fpage>456</fpage>
					<lpage>562</lpage>
					<issn>1996-0808</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5897/AJMR2016.7627</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B92">
				<mixed-citation>Van Cleef EHCB, Almeida MT, Leal PH, Paschoaloto JR, Filho ESC, Ezequiel JMB. 2018. Effects of partial or total replacement of corn cracked grain with high concentrations of crude glycerin on rumen metabolism of crossbred sheep. <italic>Small Ruminant Research</italic>. 159(1):45-51. ISSN: 0921-4488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.12.011</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Van Cleef</surname>
							<given-names>EHCB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Almeida</surname>
							<given-names>MT</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Leal</surname>
							<given-names>PH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Paschoaloto</surname>
							<given-names>JR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Filho</surname>
							<given-names>ESC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ezequiel</surname>
							<given-names>JMB.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Effects of partial or total replacement of corn cracked grain with high concentrations of crude glycerin on rumen metabolism of crossbred sheep</article-title>
					<source>Small Ruminant Research</source>
					<volume>159</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>45</fpage>
					<lpage>51</lpage>
					<issn>0921-4488</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.12.011</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B93">
				<mixed-citation>Vargas JAC. 2019. Función y metabolismo de ácidos grasos en el tejido adiposo y hepático de rumiantes en producción: una revisión. <italic>Revista CES Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</italic>. 14(2):30-44. ISSN: 1900-9607. http://dx.doi.org/10.21615/cesmvz.14.2.3</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Vargas</surname>
							<given-names>JAC.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Función y metabolismo de ácidos grasos en el tejido adiposo y hepático de rumiantes en producción: una revisión</article-title>
					<source>Revista CES Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</source>
					<volume>14</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>30</fpage>
					<lpage>44</lpage>
					<issn>1900-9607</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21615/cesmvz.14.2.3</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B94">
				<mixed-citation>Walther TC, Farese Jr RV. 2012. Lipid droplets and cellular lipid metabolism. <italic>Annual Review of Biochemistry</italic>. 81(1):687-714. ISSN: 0066-4154. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biochem-061009-102430</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Walther</surname>
							<given-names>TC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Farese</surname>
							<given-names>RV.</given-names>
							<suffix>Jr</suffix>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Lipid droplets and cellular lipid metabolism</article-title>
					<source>Annual Review of Biochemistry</source>
					<volume>81</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>687</fpage>
					<lpage>714</lpage>
					<issn>0066-4154</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1146/annurev-biochem-061009-102430</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B95">
				<mixed-citation>Wallace RJ, Snelling TJ, McCartney CA, Tapio I, Strozzi F.2017. Application of meta‑omics techniques to understand greenhouse gas emissions originating from ruminal metabolism. <italic>Genetics Selection Evolution</italic>. 49(9):3-14. ISSN: 0999-193X. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12711-017-0285-6</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Wallace</surname>
							<given-names>RJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Snelling</surname>
							<given-names>TJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>McCartney</surname>
							<given-names>CA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tapio</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Strozzi</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Application of meta‑omics techniques to understand greenhouse gas emissions originating from ruminal metabolism</article-title>
					<source>Genetics Selection Evolution</source>
					<volume>49</volume>
					<issue>9</issue>
					<fpage>3</fpage>
					<lpage>14</lpage>
					<issn>0999-193X</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12711-017-0285-6</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B96">
				<mixed-citation>Wang M, Wang R, Janssen PH, Zhang XM, Sun XZ, Pacheco D, Tan ZL. 2016. Sampling procedure for the measurement of disolved hydrogen and volatile fatty acids in the rumen of dairy cows. <italic>Journal Animal Science</italic>. 94(1):1159-1169. ISSN: 1525-3163. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-9658</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Janssen</surname>
							<given-names>PH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhang</surname>
							<given-names>XM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sun</surname>
							<given-names>XZ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pacheco</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tan</surname>
							<given-names>ZL</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Sampling procedure for the measurement of disolved hydrogen and volatile fatty acids in the rumen of dairy cows</article-title>
					<source>Journal Animal Science</source>
					<volume>94</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>1159</fpage>
					<lpage>1169</lpage>
					<issn>1525-3163</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2527/jas.2015-9658</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B97">
				<mixed-citation>Watts JL, Ristow M. 2017. Lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>. <italic>Genetics</italic>. 207(1):413-446. ISSN: 1943-2631. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.117.300106</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Watts</surname>
							<given-names>JL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ristow</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans</article-title>
					<source>Genetics</source>
					<volume>207</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>413</fpage>
					<lpage>446</lpage>
					<issn>1943-2631</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1534/genetics.117.300106</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B98">
				<mixed-citation>Witus LS, Netirojjanakul C, Palla KS, Muehl EM, Weng CH, Iavarone AT, Francis MB. 2013. Site-Specific protein transamination using N-Methylpyridinium-4-carboxaldehyde. <italic>Journal of the American Chemical Society</italic>. 135(1):17223−17229. ISSN: 0002-7863. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja408868a</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Witus</surname>
							<given-names>LS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Netirojjanakul</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Palla</surname>
							<given-names>KS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Muehl</surname>
							<given-names>EM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Weng</surname>
							<given-names>CH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Iavarone</surname>
							<given-names>AT</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Francis</surname>
							<given-names>MB.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Site-Specific protein transamination using N-Methylpyridinium-4-carboxaldehyde</article-title>
					<source>Journal of the American Chemical Society</source>
					<volume>135</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>17223−17229</fpage>
					<lpage>17223−17229</lpage>
					<issn>0002-7863</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1021/ja408868a</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B99">
				<mixed-citation>Yazdi MH, Mirzaei-Alamouti HR, Amanlou H, Mahjoubi E, Nabipour A, Aghaziarati N, Baumgard LH. 2016. Effects of heat stress on metabolism, digestibility, and rumen epithelial characteristics in growing Holstein calves. <italic>Journal of Dairy Science</italic>. 94(1):77-89. ISSN: 0022-0302. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-9364</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Yazdi</surname>
							<given-names>MH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mirzaei-Alamouti</surname>
							<given-names>HR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Amanlou</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mahjoubi</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nabipour</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aghaziarati</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Baumgard</surname>
							<given-names>LH.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Effects of heat stress on metabolism, digestibility, and rumen epithelial characteristics in growing Holstein calves</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Dairy Science</source>
					<volume>94</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>77</fpage>
					<lpage>89</lpage>
					<issn>0022-0302</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2527/jas.2015-9364</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B100">
				<mixed-citation>Yohe TT, Schramm S, White RR, Hanigan MD, Parsons CLM, Tucker HLM, Enger BD, Hardy NR, Daniels KM.2019. Form of calf diet and the rumen. II: Impact on volatile fatty acid absorption. <italic>Journal of Dairy Science</italic>. 102(9):8502-8512. ISSN: 0022-0302. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-16450</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Yohe</surname>
							<given-names>TT</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schramm</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>White</surname>
							<given-names>RR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hanigan</surname>
							<given-names>MD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Parsons</surname>
							<given-names>CLM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tucker</surname>
							<given-names>HLM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Enger</surname>
							<given-names>BD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hardy</surname>
							<given-names>NR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Daniels</surname>
							<given-names>KM</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Form of calf diet and the rumen. II: Impact on volatile fatty acid absorption</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Dairy Science</source>
					<volume>102</volume>
					<issue>9</issue>
					<fpage>8502</fpage>
					<lpage>8512</lpage>
					<issn>0022-0302</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3168/jds.2019-16450</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B101">
				<mixed-citation>Zeng Y, Zeng D, Ni X, Zhu H, Jian P, Zhou Y, Xu S, Lin Y, Li Y, Yin Z, Pan K, Jing B. 2017. Microbial community compositions in the gastrointestinal tract of Chinese Mongolian sheep using illumina MiSeq sequencing revealed high microbial diversity. <italic>AMB Express</italic>. 7(75):2-10. ISSN: 2191-0855. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-017-0378-1</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Zeng</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zeng</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ni</surname>
							<given-names>X</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhu</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jian</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhou</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Xu</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lin</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Li</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yin</surname>
							<given-names>Z</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pan</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jing</surname>
							<given-names>B.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Microbial community compositions in the gastrointestinal tract of Chinese Mongolian sheep using illumina MiSeq sequencing revealed high microbial diversity</article-title>
					<source>AMB Express</source>
					<volume>7</volume>
					<issue>75</issue>
					<fpage>2</fpage>
					<lpage>10</lpage>
					<issn>2191-0855</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13568-017-0378-1</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B102">
				<mixed-citation>Zhou H, Meng L, Yin X, Liu Y, Xu G, Wu J, Wu M, Yang L. 2019. Artificial biocatalytic cascade with three enzymes in one pot for asymmetric synthesis of chiral unnatural amino acids. <italic>European Journal Organic Chemistry</italic>. 38(1):6470-6477. ISSN: 1099-0690. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.201900828 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Zhou</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Meng</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yin</surname>
							<given-names>X</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liu</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Xu</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wu</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wu</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yang</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Artificial biocatalytic cascade with three enzymes in one pot for asymmetric synthesis of chiral unnatural amino acids</article-title>
					<source>European Journal Organic Chemistry</source>
					<volume>38</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>6470</fpage>
					<lpage>6477</lpage>
					<issn>1099-0690</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ejoc.201900828</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Literature Review</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Metabolism in ruminants and its association with blood biochemical analytes</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<p>The present study is an analysis of scientific elements on the metabolism of ruminants: polysaccharides, proteins and lipids. Where i) the fermentative digestion carried out by microorganisms, ii) the posruminal digestion and absorption and iii) the metabolism of each monomer is associated with the blood analytes that give us an approximation to the nutritional metabolism of the animal, also confer information on alterations and adjustments homeostatic. This review emphasizes the metabolism of monosaccharides, amino acids, and fatty acids. Therefore, the revised information aims to make the understanding of catabolic and anabolic processes in ruminant nutrition.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>glucose</kwd>
				<kwd>lipids</kwd>
				<kwd>polysaccharides</kwd>
				<kwd>proteins and urea</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Mammals classified as ruminants are characterized by the morphophysiological adaptation of their digestive system (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">Resende Jr <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">Rotta <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), divided into four chambers: I) reticulum, II) rumen, III) omasum and IV) abomasum (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">Qiyu <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Abomasum secretes digestive hydrolases and its function is similar to that of monogastric stomachs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Agarwal <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). Ruminants specialize in their ability to feed on pasture and forage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">Puppel y Kuczyńska, 2016</xref>), as they can degrade structural polysaccharides for example: cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">DePeters y George, 2014</xref>), very poorly digestible for non-ruminant species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Kittelmann <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">Zeng <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Food degradation is mainly carried out by fermentative digestion, carried out by microorganisms present in the rumen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Ginane <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">Wallace <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). The molecules resulting from ruminal fermentation are used to satisfy the animal's physiological processes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Kittelmann <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Li <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>a). The quantification of biochemical analytes in plasma and/or serum, provide an approximation to nutritional metabolism (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">García <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). They also confer information on homeostatic alterations and adjustments (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Moyano <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). For this reason, it is important to understand the catabolism and anabolism processes that are carried out in the ruminant to understand the levels of analytes present (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">Puppel y Kuczyńska, 2016</xref>). Because of this, it is necessary to increase our understanding of the metabolism of monosaccharides, amino acids (<bold>aa</bold>) and fatty acids. Therefore, a bibliographic review was carried out on its metabolism in ruminants and its association with different biochemical analytes.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Abbreviations</title>
					<def-list id="d2">
						<def-item>
							<term>aa</term>
							<def>
								<p>amino acids</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>AcAc</term>
							<def>
								<p>acetoacetate</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>AGNE</term>
							<def>
								<p>unesterified fatty acids</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>AGV</term>
							<def>
								<p>volatile fatty acids</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>ALB</term>
							<def>
								<p>albumin</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>Arg</term>
							<def>
								<p>arginine</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>C=O </term>
							<def>
								<p>carbonyl group</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>C16:0</term>
							<def>
								<p>palmitic</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O</term>
							<def>
								<p>pyruvate</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub></term>
							<def>
								<p>glucose</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>CO<sub>2</sub></term>
							<def>
								<p>carbon dioxide</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>COL</term>
							<def>
								<p>cholesterol</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>COOH</term>
							<def>
								<p>carboxyl group</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>CH<sub>4</sub></term>
							<def>
								<p>methane</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>FAD</term>
							<def>
								<p>flavin-adenine dinucleotide</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>Glu</term>
							<def>
								<p>glutamic</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></term>
							<def>
								<p>carbonic</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>HCl</term>
							<def>
								<p>Hydrochloric</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>HCO<sub>3</sub></term>
							<def>
								<p>hydrogencarbonate anion</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>His</term>
							<def>
								<p>histidine</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>Ile</term>
							<def>
								<p>isoleucine</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>K<sup>+</sup></term>
							<def>
								<p>potassium ion</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>Leu</term>
							<def>
								<p>leucine</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>Lys</term>
							<def>
								<p>lysine</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>Met</term>
							<def>
								<p>metionina</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>Na<sup>+</sup></term>
							<def>
								<p>sodium ion</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>NH<sub>3</sub></term>
							<def>
								<p>ammonia</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>NNP</term>
							<def>
								<p>non-protein nitrogen</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>pH</term>
							<def>
								<p>hydrogen potential</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>Phe</term>
							<def>
								<p>phenylalanine</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>PLP</term>
							<def>
								<p>pyridoxal phosphate cofactor</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>TAG</term>
							<def>
								<p>triacylglycerols</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>Thr</term>
							<def>
								<p>threonine</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>Trp</term>
							<def>
								<p>tryptophan</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>Val</term>
							<def>
								<p>valine</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term><italic>VLDL</italic></term>
							<def>
								<p><italic>very low density lipoproteins</italic></p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>β-HBA </term>
							<def>
								<p>β- hydroxybutyrate</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
					</def-list>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>The Rumen</title>
					<p>The rumen is an anaerobic fermentation chamber (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Armato <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), with an acid to neutral hydrogen potential (pH) of 5.5 to 7.0 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Jiang <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>); this being the main determinant of the type and number of microorganisms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">Resende Jr <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>) and a temperature ranging from 38 to 42 ºC (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">Pourazad <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">Yazdi <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). The ruminal ecosystem is made up of three groups: I) bacteria, its concentration is 1 x 10<sup>10</sup> and 1 x 10<sup>11</sup>/mL of ruminal fluid (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">Valente <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), and it is related to the energy content of the diet (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Krause <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>); Furthermore, non-protein nitrogen (<bold>NNP</bold>), like urea, must be converted to ammonia (<bold>NH</bold>
						<sub>3</sub>) for it to be used by bacteria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">DePeters y George, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">Wallace <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>), transforming poor-quality protein into high quality protein (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">Puppel y Kuczyńska, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Jin <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>); group II) ciliated protozoa, its concentration ranges from 1 x 10<sup>4</sup> to 1 x 10<sup>6</sup>/mL of rumen fluid, its function is to control the number of bacteria in the rumen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Francisco <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), they wrap starch that passes into the intestine, being a source of glucose (<bold>C</bold>
 <sub>6</sub>
 <bold>H</bold>
 <sub>12</sub>
 <bold>O</bold>
						<sub>6</sub>) for the ruminant (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">Wallace <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>), they do not synthesize protein from NNP (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Jin <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>) most are of the Isotricha or <italic>Entodinium</italic> genus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Gebreegziabher, 2016</xref>), and group III) fungi, they are found in a concentration of 1 x 10<sup>3</sup> to 1 x 10<sup>5</sup>/mL of ruminal fluid, they have cellulolytic activity mainly in mature forages (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">Valente <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>); some species are <italic>Neocallimastix frontalis</italic>, <italic>Caecomyces communis</italic> and <italic>Piromyces communis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Krause <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>The Amilolytic-Cellulolytic Ruminal Microbiota and Anaerobic Fermentation </title>
					<p>The degradation of polysaccharides present in forages is carried out by cellulolytic bacteria (<italic>Bacteriodes succinogenes</italic>, <italic>Ruminococcus albus</italic>), amilolytics (<italic>Bacteroides amylophylus</italic>, <italic>Streptococcus bovis</italic>), hemicellulolytics (<italic>Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens</italic>, <italic>Bacteroides ruminicolanos</italic>) and pectinolytics (<italic>Lachnospira multiparus, Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">Valente <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), which obtain C6H12O6 and other monosaccharides such as xylose and fructose-6-phosphate, from cellulose and hemicellulose (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Krause <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). The monomers are absorbed by microorganisms and they form a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in its reduced form (<bold>NADH+H</bold>
 <sup>+</sup>), pyruvate (<bold>C</bold>
 <sub>3</sub>
 <bold>H</bold>
 <sub>3</sub>
 <bold>O</bold>
 <sub>3</sub>) and adenosine triphosphate (<bold>ATP</bold>) for its growth and maintenance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">Wallace <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Francisco <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Fermentative digestion is anaerobic (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Kittelmann <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">Yazdi <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), so C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub> works as an electron collector, to generate NAD<sup>+</sup> and ATP, removing NADH+H<sup>+</sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Górka <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
					<p>Volatile fatty acids (<italic>AGV</italic>): acetic (<bold>CH</bold>
 <sub>3</sub>
 <bold>-COOH</bold>), propionic (<bold>CH</bold>
 <sub>3</sub>
 <bold>-CH</bold>
 <sub>2</sub>
 <bold>-COOH</bold>) and butyric (<bold>CH</bold>
 <sup>3</sup>
 <bold>-CH</bold>
 <sup>2</sup>
 <bold>-CH</bold>
 <sup>2</sup>
 <bold>-COOH</bold>) are the main end products of fermentative digestion (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Aydin <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Li <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>a); they are absorbed through the rumen wall and incorporated into the circulation through the portal vein (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">Resende Jr <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). They represent between 70-80% of the ruminant's energy fuel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Mikołajczyk <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
					<p>The ruminal flora synthesizes CH<sub>3</sub>-COOH from the decarboxylation of C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub> in acetyl coenzyme A, releasing a carbon (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Gebreegziabher, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Chishti <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). For the formation of CH<sup>3</sup>-CH<sup>2</sup>-CH<sup>2</sup>-COOH two acetyl coenzyme A are required (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Górka <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">Resende Jr <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). There are two routes for the formation of CH<sup>3</sup>-CH<sup>2</sup>-COOH: I) direct reductive route, C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub> passes to lactate, and this to acrylyl-coenzyme A A (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Aydin <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>), and II) random route, a carbon to C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and the oxaloacetate formed is transformed into succinate; CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH is subsequently synthesized, losing one carbon and forming molecular dioxygen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Krehbiel, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Gebreegziabher, 2016</xref>). In addition, carbon dioxide (<bold>CO</bold>
 <sub>2</sub>) and methane (<bold>CH</bold>
 <sub>4</sub>) are formed and are eliminated by belching (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">Teklebrhan <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">Toral <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). CH<sub>4</sub> synthesis is necessary for the production of oxidized cofactors in the routes for the formation of CH<sub>3</sub>-COOH and CH<sub>3</sub>- CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Kozłowska <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). The bacteria responsible for this function are <italic>Methanobrevibacter ruminantium</italic>, <italic>Methanobacterium formicicum</italic> and <italic>Methanomicrobium mobile</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Baruah <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 1</xref> shows AGV synthesis. The rumen concentration of CH<sub>3</sub>-COOH, CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH and CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH in animals fed on forage. It ranges 70: 20: 10% respectively, and in animals fed mainly with cereals it fluctuates 60: 30: 10% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Gebreegziabher, 2016</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f7">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Synthesis of volatile fatty acids from monosaccharides in the rumen</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e231-gf7.gif"/>
							<attrib>Source<bold>:</bold> synthesized information of (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Gebreegziabher, 2016</xref>) </attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>The Proteolytic Ruminal Microbiota and Anaerobic Fermentation</title>
					<p>The protein components supplied in the diet are fermented by proteolytic bacteria <italic>Bacteroides amylophylus</italic>, <italic>Bacteroides ruminicola</italic>, and some strains of <italic>Butyrivibriofibrisolvens</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">García <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), through their microbial proteases, releasing peptides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Alves <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">Rostom y Shine, 2018</xref>). These are absorbed by the microorganism, where the peptidases hydrolyze the peptide bonds, releasing aa, used to translate own proteins or catabolize them to release energy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Li <italic>et al</italic>., 2019b</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Silva <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). The final product is NH<sub>3</sub> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Khezri <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Carvalho <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), which serves as a nitrogen substrate for bacteria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">Valente <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). NH3 is absorbed by passive diffusion through potassium ion channels (<bold>K</bold>
						<sup>+</sup>), located in the rumen membrane (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">García <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), by portal circulation it reaches the liver where it is synthesized in urea (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">Rostom y Shine, 2018</xref>).</p>
					<p> Urea synthesis begins in the mitochondrial matrix (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">Shi <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>) with the binding of the hydrogen carbonate anion (<bold>HCO</bold>
 <sub>3</sub> 
 <sup>-</sup>) and NH3, by means of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. Carbamoyl phosphate binds to ornithine, via ornithine transcarbamoylase, generating citrulline. This is transported to the cytoplasm where it reacts with aspartate by means of argininosuccinate synthase, forming argininosuccinate. Subsequently, argininosuccinate lyase divides it, forming arginine (<bold>Arg</bold>) and fumarate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Hristov <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Lastly, Arg catalyzes hydrolysis to synthesize ornithine, water (<bold>H</bold>
 <sub>2</sub>
 <bold>O</bold>) and urea (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Gebreegziabher, 2016</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">figure 2</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f8">
							<label>Figure 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Urea Synthesis</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e231-gf8.gif"/>
							<attrib>Source: synthesized information of (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">Shi <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). </attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>The urea goes back to the blood circulation where it has three metabolic routes: 1.) returns to the rumen via saliva or through the epitelial layers of rumen with the help of transport protein UT-B to be converted in NH3 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">García <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Carvalho <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), 2) excreted in the urine or feces (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">Schuba <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Li <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>b) or, 3) to be part of NNP of milk (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Alves <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Jin <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">figure 3</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f9">
							<label>Figure 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>General metabolism of proteins in the rumian</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e231-gf9.gif"/>
							<attrib>Source: synthesized information of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">(Li <italic>et al</italic>., 2019<sup>b</sup></xref>) </attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>The Lipolytic Ruminal Microbiota and Anaerobic Fermentation</title>
					<p>The microorganisms in charge of catabolizing the lipid components of the diet are: <italic>Anaerovibrio lipolytica</italic>, <italic>Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens</italic>, <italic>Treponema bryantii</italic>, <italic>Eubacterium</italic> spp., <italic>Fusocillus spp</italic>. and <italic>Micrococcus spp</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">Valente <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Bacterial lipases by hydrolysis release unesterified fatty acids (<bold>AGNE</bold>) and glycerol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">Prieto <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>); In addition, amino alcohols (derived from phospholipids) and galactose (from galactolipids) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">Toral <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Glycerol, amino alcohols and galactose are metabolized to AGV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">Silva <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">van Cleef <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). The AGNE that are free in the rumen, carry out a microbial hydrogenation process (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">Tran <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">Toral <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>), result of the addition of hydrogen to saturated fatty acids, to form unsaturated fatty acids with double bonds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Francisco <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). This mechanism is another way to eliminate the hydrogens that result from the catabolism of the polysaccharides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Osorio <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">Prieto <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
					<p>The absorption of AGV is carried out in the rumen wall (80%), in omasum (10%), and the rest passes to the abomasum to be absorbed in the duodenum (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">Yazdi <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). AGVs passively diffuse into the ruminal epithelium (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Agarwal <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">Yohe <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). The hydrogen necessary for the AGVs to dissociate in the epithelium is donated by carbon dioxide (<bold>H</bold>
 <sub>2</sub>
 <bold>CO</bold>
 <sub>3</sub>), forming CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O, from the dissociation a hydrogen is obtained to bind to the AGVs and a HCO<sub>3</sub>- molecule is formed in the lumen of the rumen. Therefore, this process helps buffer the rumen pH (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">Wang <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
					<p>The absorption of AGV is carried out in the same way for all, although inside the epithelial cells of the rumen its conformation changes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">Qumar <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). A part of the CH3-COOH is completely oxidized inside the cells, as an energy source; while the rest is absorbed without being altered, passing to the liver through the portal vein (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Loncke <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). 80% of the CH<sub>3</sub>-COOH that reaches the liver escapes oxidation, passing into the general circulation to be used by other tissues (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">Qumar <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
					<p>In the cytoplasm, the conversion of CH<sub>3</sub>-COOH to acetyl-Coenzyme A is catalyzed by acetyl-Coenzyme A synthetase (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Chishti <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Most of it is oxidized in the Krebs cycle or is used for fatty acid synthesis in hepatocytes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">Yohe <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). A fraction of CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH is degraded and converted to lactate (2-5%) before or during absorption; the rest passes in the portal circulation to the liver, where the hepatocytes synthesize it in C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>, via glycogenesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Loncke <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). To enter the Krebs cycle, propionyl- Coenzyme A through propionyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase, forms methylmalonyl- Coenzyme A, and then succinyl-Coenzyme A is formed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Gebreegziabher, 2016</xref>). CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH is converted almost entirely to β-hydroxybutyrate (<bold>β-HBA</bold>) in the rumen mucosa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Agarwal <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). This ketone body represents 80% of the ketones formed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Górka <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). CH<sub>3</sub>-COOH and β-HBA are used for the synthesis of fatty acids in adipose tissue and the mammary gland (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">García <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">Song <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Postruminal Digestion and Absorption</title>
					<p>Although the ruminant is characterized by microbial fermentation in the rumen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Hristov <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), post-ruminal digestion is vital, since it has lipids, proteins and some non- structural polysaccharides that escape from fermentation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Agarwal <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>) The unfermented food along with microbial protein, passes to the omasum through the reticulo-omasal hole, where AGV, NH<sub>3</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O, sodium ion (<bold>Na</bold>
 <sup>+</sup>) and K<sup>+</sup> are absorbed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Hussain <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Freitas Jr <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Subsequently, they pass to the abomasum containing hydrochloric acid (<bold>HCl</bold>) and pepsin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">Rotta <italic>et</italic> al., 2014</xref>). Food is mixed, passing into the duodenum (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Hristov <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). The starch and disaccharides that escape from the ruminal digestion are hydrolyzed by pancreatic amylases, obtaining monosaccharides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">Rotta <italic>et</italic> al., 2014</xref>).</p>
					<p>Absorption takes place in the villi of the enterocytes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Harmon, 2009</xref>). Monosaccharides are transported against their concentration gradient by means of the Na<sup>+</sup> co-transporter (Harmon y Swanson, 2020). The ATPase-Na<sup>+</sup>- K<sup>+</sup> pump creates the energy-contributing Na+ concentration gradient (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bergman <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
					<p>Another form of transport for C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> is the GLUT2 transporter (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Harmon, 2009</xref>). The protein that reaches the small intestine comes from the diet that escapes from fermentation, endogenous protein (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">García <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>) and that contained in the microorganisms that are linked to food (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Batista <italic>et</italic> al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Golshan <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Catabolism begins in the abomasum due to pepsin and acid hydrolysis; later in the duodenum by pancreatic and duodenal enzymes (trypsinase, chymotrypsinase and carboxypeptidase), which break peptide bonds to release aa and small peptides for their absorption in jejunum and ileum (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Emery, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Hristov <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Absorption consists of transport through Na+ dependent, energy consumption is associated with the continuous flow of Na+ to the outside, as a result of the activity of the ATPase-Na<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup> pump (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Silva <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).The Na<sup>+</sup> that enters the cell in favor of a concentration gradient, is bound to an aa molecule through the cell membrane (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Emery, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">Rostom y Shine, 2018</xref>).</p>
					<p>The lipids that reach the abomasum in the form of AGNE represent between 70 and 80%, the rest are phospholipids of microbial origin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aibibula <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">Toral <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). The latter are emulsified by bile salts and hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipases to release AGNE (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Dawson y Karpen, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Kohan <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). The micelle is formed from bile salts, saturated AGNE, triacylglycerols (<bold>TAG</bold>) and lecithin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Cao <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), transporting itself to the villi of the enterocytes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">Park <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). AGNE of less than 12 carbons are absorbed and transported by portal vein to the liver linked by non-covalent bonds in albumin (<bold>ALB</bold>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Dawson y Karpen, 2015</xref>). In contrast, AGNE of 12 or more carbons are esterified to form TAGs and phospholipids (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">Vargas, 2019</xref>). TAGs, small amounts of mono and diacylglycerols, phospholipids and cholesterol (<bold>COL</bold>) are bound to apoproteins to form chylomicrons and <italic>very low density lipoproteins</italic> (<bold>
 <italic>VLDL</italic>
</bold> ), which leave the lymphatic system, to be incorporated into the bloodstream (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Kohan <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">Prieto <italic>et</italic> al., 2016</xref>). Lipids are absorbed by diffusion or pinocytosis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">Walther y Farese Jr, 2012</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Monosaccharide Metabolism in Ruminants</title>
					<p>The blood stream is the means by which the absorbed nutrients are directed to the liver and other organs for catabolism or anabolism, depending on cellular need (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Goyal y Longo, 2015</xref>). Enzymes play a very important role in metabolism, as they are catalytic proteins for specific reactions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Jindal y Warshel 2017</xref>); Without them, biological reactions would be very slow for cell life (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">Ramsay <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Its function is to temporarily bind to a molecule, to apply atomic changes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Menger y Nome, 2019</xref>). Monosaccharide metabolism revolves around the supply and destination of C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>, with this monomer being the main source of energy for cells (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Hooijberg <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). The catabolic route of C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> is glycolysis, carried out in the cellular cytoplasm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Dashty, 2013</xref>) This process consists of eight reactions: 1) glucose (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>) enters the cytoplasm to be phosphorylated (addition of a phosphate group), starting from ATP. This reaction is catalyzed by hexokinase. The resulting glucose-6-phosphate (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>11</sub>O<sub>9</sub>P) (aldohexose) abounds in all cells, since the vast majority of C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> that enters the cytoplasm ends up being phosphorylated, in order to prevent that it can cross the cytoplasmic membrane back and diffuse into the extracellular medium (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Donnelly y Finlay, 2015</xref>); 2) C6H11O9P has isomerization [one molecule is transformed into another that has the same atoms, but arranged differently - the carbonyl group (C=O) - is replaced] and is transformed into fructose-6-phosphate (ketohexose) . Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase catalyzed reaction (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Dashty, 2013</xref>); 3) fructose-6-phosphate, is phosphorylated from ATP, at carbons 1 and 6 to give fructose- 1,6-bisphosphate. Phosphofructokinase catalyzed reaction (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Ashrafi y Ryan, 2017</xref>)Ñ 4) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is divided into two: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Aldose catalyzed reaction (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">Watts y Ristow, 2017</xref>); 5) triose phosphate isomerase catalyzes the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to obtain more glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Bommer <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>); 6) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized and phosphorylated, at carbons 1 and 6 forming 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate by glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Poher <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Subsequently, it transfers its phosphate group, to synthesize ATP and it is transformed into 3-phosphoglycerate. Phosphoglycerate kinase catalyzed reaction (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Dashty, 2013</xref>); 7) 3-phosphoglycerate exhibits isomerization of C3 to C2 and it is transformed into 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (Donnelly y Finlay, 2015). Subsequently, enolase promotes the formation of a double bond, eliminating an H<sub>2</sub>O molecule and forming phosphoenolpyruvate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Bommer <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>) and 8) phosphoenolpyruvate transfers its phosphate group, to synthesize ATP and it is transformed into C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, a reaction catalyzed by pyruvate kinase (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">figure 4</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f10">
							<label>Figure 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>General metabolism of monosaccharides</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e231-gf10.jpg"/>
							<attrib>Source: synthesized information of (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Dashty, 2013</xref>)</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub> leaves the cytoplasm and enters the mitochondrial matrix, using the proton-motor force generated by the respiratory chain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Poher <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). For each C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>, two C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, two ATP, two NADH+H<sup>+</sup>, two hydrogenions and two H<sub>2</sub>O molecules are generated (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Dashty, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">Watts y Ristow, 2017</xref>). Aerobic cells metabolize C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub> to acetyl-Coenzyme A, by means of pyruvate dehydrogenase (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Edinburgh <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>), allowing its entry into the Krebs cycle for its participation in oxidative phosphorylation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bergman <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
					<p>For each acetyl-Coenzyme A that enters the Krebs cycle, 12 ATP are produced. This process is an essential source of intermediaries for other metabolic pathways, eg. eg, glycogenogenesis in the liver and striated muscle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Dashty, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Edinburgh <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>), the pentose phosphate pathway (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 4</xref>) and lipid synthesis and aa. The pentose phosphate pathway, is an alternate metabolic pathway that does not produce ATP (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Kohan <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>), synthesizes reducing equivalents such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (<bold>NADPH</bold>), for the de novo synthesis of fatty acids, steroids, maintenance of glutathione for antioxidant activity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Chen <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>) and ribose sources for the synthesis of nucleic acids and nucleotides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Norris <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
					<p>The triose phosphate intermediate of glycolysis forms the glycerol moiety in TAGs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Edinburgh <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). On the other hand, C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Krebs cycle intermediaries supply the carbon skeletons for the synthesis of aa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">Valdebenito <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>) and acetyl-Coenzyme A is the precursor of AGNE, COL and steroid hormones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Edinburgh <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Gluconeogenesis synthesizes C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> from lactate, aa and glycerol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Cantalapiedra <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Campos <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of hepatocytes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Chen <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">Qaid y Abdelrahman, 2016</xref>). In this route, six ATP are consumed for each C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> produced (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Gebreegziabher, 2016</xref>) and the CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH propionate is the only glycogenic AGV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">Wallace <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
					<p>The importance of glycogenesis in ruminants (figure 4), is due to the fact that small amounts of C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> are absorbed by the body from the digestive tract and its ability to store glycogen in the liver is limited (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">Qaid y Abdelrahman, 2016</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Fatty Acid Metabolism in Ruminants</title>
					<p>Lipid metabolism mainly depends on fatty acids and COL (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">Watts y Ristow, 2017</xref>). The source of long-chain AGNE is provided by diet or by de novo synthesis from acetyl- Coenzyme A, which is derived from monosaccharides or aa carbon skeletons (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">Walther y Farese Jr, 2012</xref>). The synthesis of fatty acids begins in the mitochondria with the formation of acetyl-Coenzyme A, from the oxidation of CH<sub>3</sub>-COOH and CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">Vargas, 2019</xref>). Within the mitochondria, acetyl-Coenzyme A is produced; however, the mitochondrial membrane is impervious to its passage. Therefore, the tricarboxylate system and the action of citrate synthetase are required to convert acetyl-Coenzyme A to citrate and allow its passage into the cell cytoplasm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Civeira <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">Nunes-Nesi <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
					<p>Once in the cytoplasm, the citrate is transformed again into acetyl-Coenzyme A by means of ATP-citrate lyase, also obtaining oxaloacetate and adenosine diphosphate (<bold>ADP</bold>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">Walther y Farese Jr, 2012</xref>). As the process for the synthesis of fatty acids is endergonic (it accumulates energy from carbons), acetyl-Coenzyme A presents carboxylation [a carboxyl group (<bold>COOH</bold>) is structured in the molecule], through its union with HCO<sub>3</sub> - in a reaction catalyzed by acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">García <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).</p>
					<p>Oxaloacetate is reduced by malate dehydrogenase to malate, and this in turn is converted to C3H3O3 by malate dehydrogenase, giving the electron donor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate in its reduced form (<bold>NADPH+H</bold>
 <sup>+</sup>
 <bold>)</bold> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">Watts y Ristow, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">Vargas, 2019</xref>). From malonyl-Coenzyme A, the synthesis of fatty acids is carried out by elongation, using fatty acid synthase (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Du <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). This protein complex performs synthesis, reduction, dehydration, and reduction again, condensing the malonyl-Coenzyme A groups with acetyl-Coenzyme A (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Civeira <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Norris <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). In the elongation, groups of two carbons are added to the fatty acid, obtaining palmitic (<bold>C16:0</bold>) as the final fatty acid (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">Shi <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>)..</p>
					<p>Fatty acids (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">figure 5</xref>) can be oxidized to acetyl-Coenzyme A by mitochondrial β-oxidation, or esterified with glycerol to form TAG and function as the body's main energy reserve (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Osorio <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). TAG synthesis begins with the formation of glycerol-3-phosphate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Fong <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), later acyl-Coenzyme A fatty synthase activates fatty acids and three of them are esterified to the molecule (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Civeira <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f11">
							<label>Figure 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>General metabolism of lipids</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e231-gf11.gif"/>
							<attrib>Source: synthesized information of (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Du <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>) </attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>In TAG catabolism, the ester bonds at C1 or at C3 are hydrolyzed, obtaining AGNE. Hormone sensitive lipase catalyzed reaction (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">McFadden, 2020</xref>). AGNE are transported in the bloodstream, through non-covalent binding with ALB, where they are captured and oxidized by myocytes or hepatocytes, or stored by adipocytes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Edinburgh <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). The β-oxidation is carried out in the mitochondrial matrix (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Morita <italic>et al</italic>, 2016</xref>), being carried out by means of the activation of fatty acids by means of thiosinase in acyl-Coenzyme A (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">Walther y Farese Jr, 2012</xref>); this process requires ATP to form adenylyl (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fukao <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). Activated acyl-Coenzyme A enters the mitochondrial matrix through carnitine palmitoyltransferase (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">Nunes-Nesi <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Morita <italic>et al</italic>, 2016</xref>), andi t is oxidized by fatty acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Houten y Wanders, 2010</xref>). Hydrogen atoms are accepted by flavin-adenine dinucleotide (<bold>FAD</bold>) which is reduced to FADH<sub>2</sub> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Norris <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Subsequently, enoyl-Coenzyme A hydratase introduces H<sub>2</sub>O into the newly formed double bond between C2 and C3 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Kong <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>) and β-hydroxyacyl Coenzyme A dehydrogenase forms 3-ketoacyl-Coenzyme A (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">Walther y Farese Jr, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Martines <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>). The two removed atoms are transferred to NAD+ generating NADH+H<sup>+</sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Kohan <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
					<p>Finally thiolase divides C1 and C2 from 3-ketoacyl-Coenzyme A, releasing acetyl- Coenzyme A (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Martines <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>), this shortens the two-carbon acyl-Coenzyme A chain, requiring another Coenzyme A, to finish the newly shortened molecule (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Kong <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). These steps are repeated until leaving a four-carbon acyl-Coenzyme A, where the four steps are repeated, only that instead of releasing one acetyl-Coenzyme A two are released (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Civeira <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
					<p>When it comes to an odd fatty acid the penultimate repeat leaves a five-carbon fatty acyl- Coenzyme A and it undergoes the previous four steps, but the final two steps give one molecule of acetyl-Coenzyme A and one molecule of propionyl- Three carbon coenzyme A (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Houten y Wanders, 2010</xref>). Acetyl-Coenzyme A as a product of the β-oxidation of fatty acids, can have three destinations: a) enter the Krebs cycle to oxidize to CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O for energy release (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fukao <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Panov <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>); b) serve as a precursor for the synthesis of COL and other steroids (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">Walther y Farese Jr, 2012</xref>), and c) participate in ketogenesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">Watts y Ristow, 2017</xref>). The ketone bodies acetoacetate (<bold>AcAc</bold>), β-HBA and acetone (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Garzón y Espinosa, 2018</xref>), serve as a substrate for the production of ATP (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">McFadden, 2020</xref>). They are synthesized in the liver, in low concentrations, but when intracellular C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> decreases, their synthesis rises (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Norris <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
					<p>Ketogenesis takes place in the mitochondrial matrix (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fukao <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). When hepatic glycogen reserves decrease, the activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase is stimulated, causing the transport of AGNE into the hepatic mitochondria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">Walther y Farese Jr, 2012</xref>), where a series of successive β-oxidations is carried out, leading to the formation of acetyl- Coenzyme A (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">McFadden, 2020</xref>). This molecule is combined with oxaloacetate for its entry into the Krebs cycle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">García <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015</xref>). If this oxidation is complete, CO<sub>2</sub> and hydrogen atoms will be released, which will donate their electrons to carry out oxide reduction reactions, which will culminate in the formation of H<sub>2</sub>O and ATP (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">McFadden, 2020</xref>).</p>
					<p>If oxaloacetate is reduced by acetyl-Coenzyme A, it accumulates within the hepatic mitochondria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">Walther y Farese Jr, 2012</xref>); reason why two acetyl-Coenzyme A molecules react to form acetoacetyl-Coenzyme A, catalyzed by thiolase (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Fukao <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). Acetoacetyl-Coenzyme A binds with another acetyl-Coenzyme A molecule to form β- hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA, catalyzed by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Norris <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Finally, the molecule is metabolized in AcAc (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">figure 5</xref>) and leaves the mitochondria to the cytoplasm, where it can be reduced in β-HBA or decarboxylated, up to acetone (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">García <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Amino Acid Metabolism in Ruminants</title>
					<p>The metabolism of aa involves transamination and deamination (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Dong <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), necessary reactions for the anabolism and catabolism of proteins (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Golshan <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). The aa Arg, histidine (<bold>His</bold>), isoleucine (<bold>Ile</bold>), leucine (<bold>Leu</bold>), lysine (<bold>Lys</bold>), methionine (<bold>Met</bold>), phenylalanine (<bold>Phe</bold>), threonine (<bold>Thr</bold>), tryptophan (<bold>Trp</bold>) and valine (<bold>Val</bold>), are mostly produced by ruminal fermentation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">Zhou <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). The aa are composed of an amino group (<bold>-NH</bold>
 <sub>2</sub>) and a COOH group; in addition to an R side chain, which gives them hydrophilic, hydrophobic, acidic, basic and aromatic properties (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">Rostom y Shine, 2018</xref>). Transamination is carried out by aminotransferases, the -NH<sub>2</sub> group is transferred from an acidic aa to a ketoacid aa (Zhou <italic>et al</italic>., 2019; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Batista <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Aminotransferases are located in the cytoplasm and mitochondria, having two types of specificity: I) the type of aa that donates -NH<sub>2</sub> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Emery, 2015</xref>) and II) the keto acid that accepts -NH<sub>2</sub> (Dong <italic>et al</italic>., 2016). Although enzymes vary depending on the type of aa they bind, most use glutamic (<bold>Glu</bold>) as a -NH<sub>2</sub> donor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">Rostom y Shine, 2018</xref>).</p>
					<p>These reactions require the pyridoxal phosphate cofactor (<bold>PLP</bold>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">Witus <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). In oxidative deamination the aa lose the -NH<sub>2</sub>, a reaction catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Dong <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). The resulting carbon skeletons are degraded to one of seven possible metabolic products: acetyl-Coenzyme A, acetoacetyl-Coenzyme A, C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, ketoglutarate, succinyl-Coenzyme A, fumarate, or oxaloacetate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">Rostom y Shine, 2018</xref>). The aa's that degrade from acetyl-Coenzyme A to acetoacetyl-Coenzyme A are known as ketogens (Lys and Leu) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Batista <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). The carbon skeletons of glycogenic aa degrade to C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub> or a Krebs cycle intermediate, but can also be converted to C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> by glycogenesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Emery, 2012</xref>). The NH3 resulting from the deamination of the aa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">figure 6</xref>) is transported to the periportal hepatocytes to participate in ureogenesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">García <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f12">
							<label>Source: synthesized</label>
							<caption>
								<title>information of (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Golshan <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>)</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e231-gf12.gif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The scientific elements presented on anabolism and catabolism of nutrients show that intestinal absorption of glucose in ruminants is limited. Therefore, the ruminal microbiota plays an important role in the transformation, assimilation, and synthesis of each of the biochemical monomers; elements of vital importance in glycogenesis, proteogenesis, ureogenesis, lipogenesis and ketogenesis; metabolic processes that confer information on alterations and homeostatic adjustments in ruminants.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>