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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.14</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00109</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Inclusión de harina de calamar gigante <italic>Dosidicus gigas</italic> como fuente de proteína en dietas para gallinas ponedoras</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7254-1813</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carranco-Jáuregui</surname>
						<given-names>María</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4792-4860</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fuente-Martínez</surname>
						<given-names>Benjamín</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ramírez-Poblano</surname>
						<given-names>Miriam</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4668-9598</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Calvo-Carrillo</surname>
						<given-names>María</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6036-1321</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ávila-González</surname>
						<given-names>Ernesto</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Nutrición Animal Dr. Fernando Pérez-Gil Romo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. Ciudad de México. México. concepcioncalvo1@hotmail.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Nutrición Animal Dr. Fernando Pérez-Gil Romo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Ciudad de México</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
				<email>concepcioncalvo1@hotmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Producción Avícola, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México. México. benjaminfuente@yahoo.com.mx avilaernesto@yahoo.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Producción Avícola</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Ciudad de México</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
				<email>benjaminfuente@yahoo.com.mx</email>
				<email>avilaernesto@yahoo.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Alumna de la Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México. México. rexprimero@hotmail.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Química</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Ciudad de México</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
				<email>rexprimero@hotmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><sup>*</sup>Autor responsable y de correspondencia: Fuente-Martínez Benjamín. Manuel M. López S/N, Colonia Santiago Zapotitlán, Alcaldía Tláhuac, 13209, Ciudad de México. México.</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>
			<elocation-id>e109</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="pub">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>El calamar gigante <italic>Dosidicus gigas</italic> presenta un potencial para elaborar productos para consumo humano y alimentos balanceados por su alto contenido de proteína. El objetivo de este trabajo fue incluir 10 y 20 % de harina de calamar gigante (HCG) como fuente de proteína en dietas para gallinas ponedoras. Ciento treinta y cinco gallinas Bovans White se distribuyeron en testigo (T), 10 % (TI) y 20 % (T2) en ensayo de 6 semanas. Se midieron variables productivas, calidad física del huevo, proteína cruda, perfil de aminoácidos y evaluación sensorial (sabor). Proteína cruda en HCG (77.76 %), aminoácidos (g aa/100 de proteína): metionina+cisteína (3.76), lisina (10.16), isoleusina (4.26), leucina (6.56), fenilalanina (4.56) y triptófano (2.0). Variables productivas (P &lt; 0.05) en postura (%); peso del huevo (g); conversión alimentaria (kg:kg) y masa de huevo (ave/día/g), y sin diferencia (P &gt; 0.05) consumo (ave/día/g). Calidad física del huevo con diferencias (P &lt; 0.05) en peso de huevo (g); altura de albúmina (mm) y unidades Haugh (UH). En huevo proteína cruda y aminoácidos diferencias (P &lt; 0.05). Evaluación sensorial (P &gt; 0.05), calificando los 3 tratamientos en 4 “gusta”. Se concluye que la harina de calamar gigante puede ser una alternativa como fuente de proteína para la alimentación de gallinas de postura no mayor al 10 %.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Harina de calamar gigante</kwd>
				<kwd>composición química</kwd>
				<kwd>gallinas ponedoras y huevo</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="10"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="23"/>
				</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>México es uno de los principales países a nivel mundial en la pesquería del calamar gigante (<italic>Dosidicusgigas</italic> D’Orbigny 1835) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Montaño <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). Es una especie oceánica y migratoria del Océano Pacífico Oriental, se distribuye desde Monterey, California, EUA hasta el norte de Chile. De las especies de calamar, el <italic>Dosidicus gigas</italic> se explota en forma comercial en México, su captura se registra de manera oficial en el Golfo de California y se descarga en los puertos de Mazatlán, Sinaloa; Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur y Guaymas, Sonora (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Luna et al., 2006</xref>).</p>
			<p>La captura del calamar gigante en los últimos años ha sido abundante e importante, como recurso dentro del sistema productivo pesquero en México; se reportó para el año 2014 la captura de 40,878.02 kg en Guaymas, Sonora (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">CONAPESCA, 2017</xref>). En general se aprovecha el 75 % del calamar sin visceras, y al ser un alimento de origen marino su valor nutrimental se considera como bueno; destaca el contenido de proteínas (53 %) de fácil digestión (digestibilidad = 94 %), carbohidratos no asimilables, vitaminas A, D y complejo B, bajo contenido graso y calórico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Martínez-Vega <italic>et al.,</italic> 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Luna et al., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Toyes, 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Existe información sobre la ecología, biología, reproducción y distribución del calamar gigante (<italic>Dosidicus gigas)</italic> así como de la composición química del calamar entero fresco con una humedad de 82.23 %, proteína cruda 15.32 %, cenizas 1.31 % y grasa 0.87 %; en harina se reporta un contenido de proteína cruda 77.76 %, cenizas 8.54 % y grasa 6.33 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abugoch et al., 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alegre et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Calvo et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Por otro lado, la actividad avícola contribuye de manera importante en el sistema de producción de alimentos en el mundo, por lo que se hace necesario una búsqueda para mejorar día a día cada uno de los aspectos involucrados en el proceso de producción. Adquirir el alimento adecuado para obtener resultados óptimos en la avicultura, es un aspecto importante donde el alimento representa el porcentaje más alto dentro de la inversión que se realiza en el ciclo de producción; siendo la proteína el ingrediente de mayor costo en la elaboración de alimentos balanceados. Por lo que las investigaciones en el área avícola se enfocan a la posibilidad de modificar la composición química de sus productos; por ejemplo, reducir el nivel de colesterol y grasa saturada y enriquecerlos con ácidos grasos insaturados, vitaminas, minerales, pigmentos antioxidantes y proteínas; tanto en carne de pollo como en huevo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Morales et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Martínez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>El uso de la harina de calamar gigante (HCG) en bioensayos aplicados a gallinas ponedoras, permitirá conocer el nivel óptimo de inclusión en la dieta para aprovechar este recurso proteínico en la industria avícola. La HCG se ha utilizado como alimento en granjas camaroneras, pero no hay literatura científica que reporte su uso como alimento para aves, como se ha realizado con otros productos de origen marino como aceites y harinas de pescados, crustáceos y algas marinas; como fuentes de proteínas, ácidos grasos n-3 y n-6 y pigmentos.</p>
			<p>El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto de la inclusión de harina de calamar gigante, como fuente de proteína en dietas para gallinas ponedoras, y su efecto sobre las variables productivas y calidad del huevo.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>Obtención, recepción y almacenamiento de la harina de calamar gigante (HCG)</p>
			<p>La HCG (manto, tentáculos, visceras, pluma y boca) fue proporcionada por una planta procesadora de productos marinos en Guaymas, Sonora, México, se transportó al Departamento de Nutrición Animal Dr. Fernando Pérez-Gil Romo del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, y se mantuvieron en congelación (-20 °C) hasta su análisis y uso.</p>
			<p>Análisis químico de la harina de calamar gigante (HCG)</p>
			<p>Se analizó por los métodos estandarizados descritos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">AOAC (2005)</xref> (6 repeticiones): humedad por estufa de secado (método 934.01), cenizas por calcinación (método 942.05), proteína cruda por Kjeldahl (N x 6.25) (método 976.05), extracto etéreo por Soxhlet (método 2003.06) y extracto libre de nitrógeno y minerales por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica. Energía bruta utilizando Bomba Calorimétrica (Parr Instrument Company, Inc., Moline Illinois). Perfil de aminoácidos por HPLC (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Método Waters, 1993</xref>). Estándares de aminoácidos hidrolizados, Marca Pierce, Catálogo NCI 0180.</p>
			<p>La muestra se hidrolizó con fenol y HCI 6N, para posteriormente derivatizarla con un buffer de fosfatos y 6-aminoquilonil-N-hidroxisuccimonolil carbamato (reactivo derivatizante AccQ-tag flúor), convirtiendo los aminoácidos primarios y secundarios en derivados estables de ureas que fluorescen fuertemente a 395 nm. Los estándares se derivatizan de igual manera que la muestra.</p>
			<p>Condiciones HPLC (Waters modelo 2475): se empleó una columna AccQ-Tag de alta eficiencia Nova-Pak C18 de 4 pm, fase móvil con eluyente A: buffer WATERS AccQ-TAG; eluyente B: acetonitrilo y eluyente C: Agua MILLI-Q Grado HPLC, tiempo de corrida 60 min., detector fluorescencia Waters 470 nm, temperatura de columna 37 °C y volumen de inyección 5 pL, y se continua con el procedimiento analítico descrito en el Manual Operativo de Waters para esta columna (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Waters 1993</xref>).</p>
			<p>Elaboración de dietas y comportamiento de las aves</p>
			<p>El estudio se llevó a cabo en el Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Producción Avícola (CElEPAv) de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, con una altura de 2,250 m sobre nivel del mar, clima templado-húmedo, temperatura promedio anual de 16 °C y precipitación pluvial media anual de 747 mm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">CONAGUA, 2019</xref>). El procedimiento que se siguió en el manejo de las aves cumplió con la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">NOM-062-ZOO-1999</xref>, especificaciones técnicas para la producción, cuidado y uso de los animales de laboratorio.</p>
			<p>Se utilizaron 135 gallinas Bovans White de primer ciclo, 18 semanas de edad, alojadas en jaulas en batería con 3 gallinas cada una; fueron distribuidas con un diseño completamente al azar en 3 tratamientos con 5 repeticiones con 9 aves cada uno: dieta testigo, 10 % y 20 % de proteína proveniente de HCG. Se utilizó el programa computacional Allix2. Ver 5.37.1 para formular las dietas experimentales suplementadas con HCG. El procedimiento empleado consiste en incluir los datos provenientes del análisis químico proximal de los ingredientes; el cálculo se hizo con base al aporte proteínico, donde la proteína de la HCG sustituyó parcialmente a la de la pasta de soya, que cumplió con las necesidades nutricionales de la estirpe de acuerdo con la fase de producción (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Dietas experimentales suplementadas con harina de calamar gigante <italic>Dosidicus gigas</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<table style="border-collapse:separate;">
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Ingrediente</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Testigo (T)</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">T + 10 % HCG T</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">+ 20 % HCG</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Sorgo</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">564.823</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">621.553</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">652.180</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Pasta de soya</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">269.096</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">197.115</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">149.015</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Carbonato de calcio</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">99.593</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">99.902</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">100.164</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Aceite vegetal</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">38.212</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">28.320</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">21.560</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Harina Calamar Gigante (HCG)</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.000</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">26.910</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">53.820</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Ortofosfato 1820</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">16.490</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">14.768</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">12.940</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Sal (NaCI)</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.649</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.671</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.688</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">DL-Metionina 99 %</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.768</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.566</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.134</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Premezcla de vitaminas<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>1</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.000</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.000</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Premezcla de minerales<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2"><sup>2</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.500</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.500</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.500</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Toxisorb<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>3</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.000</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.000</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Avelut polvo<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>4</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.000</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.000</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">L-Lisina HCI 78.8 %</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.870</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.693</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Cloruro de colina 60 %</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.500</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.500</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.500</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Pigmento rojo vegetal<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5"><sup>5</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.200</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.200</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.200</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Antioxidante<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6"><sup>6</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.150</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.150</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.150</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Furafeed<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>7</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.150</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.150</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.150</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Total</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1000.0</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1000.0</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1000.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">Precio (Moneda Nacional)</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">120.59</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">109.51</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">99.52</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"/>
								<td colspan="3" style="border:0; text-align: center;">Análisis de nutrientes</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Energía metabolizable, kcal/kg</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">2.871</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">2.850</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">2.850</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Proteína cruda, %</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">18.334</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">17.274</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">17.169</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Metionina + cistina total, %</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.747</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.743</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.741</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Lisina total, %</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.963</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.961</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.984</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Treonina total, %</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.686</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.702</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.756</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Triptófano total, %</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.228</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.186</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.157</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Calcio total, %</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.001</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.001</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Fósforo disponible, %</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.440</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.440</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.440</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">Sodio, %</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">0.190</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">0.190</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">0.190</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<label>1</label>
							<p>Contenido de vitaminas por kg: A; 4.0 MUI: D<sub>3</sub>; 666,666.7 Ul: RovomixHyD; 5 kg: K<sub>3</sub>; 1.67 g: B<sub>1</sub>; 0.83 g: B<sub>2</sub>; 2.33 g: B<sub>6</sub>; 1.17 g: B<sub>12</sub>; 6,666.67 mg: Niacina; 10 g: Ácido D-Pantoténico; 3.33 g: Ácido fólico; 0.33 g: Biotin; 33.33 mg: Colina; 100 g.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<label>2</label>
							<p>Contenido de minerales por kg: Hierro; 20 g: Zinc; 26.67 g: Manganeso; 36.67 g: Cobre; 5 g: lodo; 0.33 g: Selenio; 0.1 g.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<label>3</label>
							<p> Secuestrante de micotoxinas.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<label>4</label>
							<p>Fuente de xantofilas naturales amarillas.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<label>5</label>
							<p>Avired: 5 g/kg (mínimo) de xantofilas de frutos de <italic>Capsicum</italic> spp.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN6">
							<label>6</label>
							<p>BHA; 1.2 %: BHT; 9.0 %: Etoxiquin; 4.8 %: Agentes quelantes; 10.0 %.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN7">
							<label>7</label>
							<p>Antimicótico.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p><bold>Cuantificación de proteína cruda y perfil de aminoácidos en el huevo</bold></p>
			<p>Al final de la evaluación de la calidad física del huevo, de estos mismos, se tomaron al azar 5 de cada repetición y se mezclaron con una batidora de mano, y se les realizó la cuantificación de proteína cruda por el método de Kjeldahl (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">AOAC, 2005</xref>). La cuantificación del perfil de aminoácidos se llevó a cabo por HPLC, mediante el método AccQ-TAG Waters 1993 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Manual No. WAT052874, Waters, 1993</xref>).</p>
			<p><bold>Evaluación sensorial</bold></p>
			<p>Se muestrearon 10 huevos de cada tratamiento (2 por repetición), se cocinaron en forma de huevo revuelto sin aceite y sin sal. Se llevó a cabo una prueba de nivel de agrado para el sabor, y se estableció una escala de 5 puntos (1 = disgusta mucho; 2 = disgusta; 3 = ni gusta ni disgusta; 4 = gusta y 5 = gusta mucho). Participaron 30 jueces no entrenados, pero sí consumidores habituales de huevo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Anzaldúa, 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p><bold>Análisis estadístico</bold></p>
			<p>Para todas las variables estudiadas se llevó a cabo un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) con un 95 % de confianza, y la diferencia entre medias por la prueba de Tukey, a través del paquete estadístico de Statistical Analysis System (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">SAS Inst. Inc., 2003</xref>). Los resultados de la evaluación sensorial se analizaron mediante la prueba no paramétrica de Friedman (P &lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Anzaldúa, 2014</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Análisis químicos a la HCG y a las dietas</p>
			<p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref>, se presenta la composición química de la harina de calamar gigante (HCG), en donde se destaca el valor de proteína cruda (77.76 % BH y de 82.82 % BS). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Toyes (2016)</xref> reporta un contenido de proteína cruda en harina de visceras de calamar de la misma especie de 53 %, observándose una diferencia del 28 % menor que en HCG. Sin embargo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ezquerra <italic>et al.</italic> (2007)</xref> reportaron que del total de la proteína cruda de varias especies de calamares, los elementos no nitrogenados (óxido de trimetilamina y otras aminas, aminoácidos libres y octopina, arginina, glicina, betaína, alanina y nucleótidos), constituyen el 37 %; aunque estos autores no especifican si este valor corresponde a calamar entero o sólo partes comestibles, y si es fresco o en harina; sin embargo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Maza et al. (2003)</xref>, mencionan en su estudio que el contenido de nitrógeno no proteico en manto fresco de calamar gigante es de 39.5 %. Por otro lado, en la HCG las cenizas (8.54 %), están constituidas por principalmente por hierro y sodio (0.19 y 0.16 mg/100g), respectivamente. Como parte del proceso para la obtención de la HCG, se realiza un prensado que genera un fluido formado por agua y aceite, por lo que el contenido de grasa en la harina fue de 6.33 %; por ese motivo el aporte energético es menor 4.03 Kcal/g, siendo similar a lo publicado en harina de calamar <italic>lllex illecebrosus</italic> (4.13 Kcal/g) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Calvo et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Composición química, perfil de aminoácidos y minerales en harina de calamar gigante <italic>
 <italic>(HCG)</italic> 
</italic> Dosidicus gigas</title>
					</caption>
					<table style="order-collapse:separate;">
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;"/>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">HCG/base húmeda</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">HCG/base seca</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="3" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">Análisis proximal (g/100g)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>1</sup></xref></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Humedad</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.46 ± 0.002</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">—</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Proteína cruda</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">77.76 ± 0.04</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">80.54</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Extracto etéreo</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.33 ± 0.007</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.55</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Cenizas</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">8.54 ± 0.002</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">8.84</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Extracto libre de nitrógeno<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>2</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.91</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.07</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Energía Bruta (Kcal/g)</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.03 ±0.02</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.17</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">Aminoácidos</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">(g aa/100 g de proteína)</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Metionina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.64 ±0.01</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.69</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Cisteína</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">2.12 ±0.03</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">2.19</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Metionina + Cistina</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.76</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.89</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Lisina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">10.16 ±0.03</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">10.52</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Treonina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.86 ± 0.02</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.99</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Ácido aspártico</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">9.53 ±0.01</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">9.87</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Ácido glutámico</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">14.53 ±0.02</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">15.05</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Prolina</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">5.16 ±0.03</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">5.34</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Glicina</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">7.57 ± 0.03</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">7.84</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Alanina</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.79 ±0.03</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">7.03</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Valina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">5.40 ± 0.03</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">5.59</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Isoleucina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.26 ±0.01</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.41</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Leucina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.56 ± 0.02</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.79</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Serina</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.42 ± 0.02</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.54</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Fenilalanina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.56 ± 0.02</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.72</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Arginina</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.86 ± 0.02</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.99</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Histidina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.89 ±0.03</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">7.13</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Triptófano<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">2.0 ±0.03</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">2.07</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">Minerales</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">(mg/100g)</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Calcio</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.15 ±0.001</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.15</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Sodio</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.16 ±0.005</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.16</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Potasio</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.14 ±0.002</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.14</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Magnesio</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.08 ± 0.005</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.08</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">Hierro</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">0.19 ± 0.009</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">0.09</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN8">
							<label>1</label>
							<p> n=12. <sup>2</sup>Por diferencia; *Aminoácidos esenciales</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Cabe señalar que la diferencia reportada de los resultados de este estudio con referencia a otros autores podría deberse a la especie de calamar, temporada de captura, partes del calamar analizados, manejo y preparación de las muestras para análisis (fresco o en harina).</p>
			<p>La calidad de la proteína va de acuerdo con su perfil de aminoácidos esenciales, vinculada con la eficiencia en la conversión proteínica (ECP). En esta HCG se encontró que los valores de lisina, histidina, aminoácidos azufrados y aromáticos fueron similares a los aminoácidos de la leche y el huevo, a excepción de lisina e histidina, presente en mayor cantidad en leche y de valina e isoleucina mayor en huevo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Calvo et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Variables productivas y calidad física del huevo</p>
			<p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 3</xref>, se observa que hubo diferencias significativas (P &lt; 0.05) entre el testigo, 10 % y 20 % de HCG en el % de postura (91.42, 94.23 y 89.33), peso del huevo (53.61, 52.82 y 52.35 g), conversión alimenticia (1.96, 1.95 y 2.05 kg/kg) y masa de huevo (49.11, 49.93 y 46.91 ave/día/g) y sin diferencia (P &gt; 0.05), el consumo de alimento (95.49, 96.16 y 94.07 g) respectivamente entre las tres dietas. Al finalizar el estudio las gallinas tenían 24 semanas de edad, y de acuerdo con los datos publicados en la Guía de Manejo de Bovans White (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">ISA, 2009</xref>) el peso de huevo 54.6 g, masa de huevo 49.4 g, consumo de alimento g/día 100 y conversión alimenticia 2.02 kg/kg; por lo que ambos grupos de datos fueron similares.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabla 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Promedio de las variables productivas en gallinas Bovans Blanca y calidad física del huevo con diferentes porcentajes de inclusión de harina de calamar gigante (HCG)  <italic>Dosidicus gigas</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<table style="order-collapse:separate;">
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;"/>
								<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Variables Productivas</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"/>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">Testigo</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">10 % HCG</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">20 % HCG</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Postura (%)</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">91.42 ±5.08<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">94.23 ± 6.31<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">89.33 ± 10.37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Peso de Huevo(g)</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">53.61 ± 2.62<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">52.86 ± 2.36<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">52.35 ± 2.56<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Consumo, ave/día (g)</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">95.49 ± 8.24</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">96.16 ±8.80</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">94.07 ± 8.37</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Conversión Alimentaria (kg/kg)</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.96 ± 0.27<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.95 ±0.28<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">2.05 ± 0.35<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Masa de huevo, ave/día (g)</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">49.11 ± 4.95<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">49.93 ± 5.44<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">46.91 ±7.27<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;"/>
								<td colspan="4" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Calidad física del huevo</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Peso de Huevo(g)</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">53.55 ± 3.78<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">52.58 ±4.90<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">51.83 ±3.91<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Altura de albúmina (mm)</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">9.27 ± 0.96<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">9.42 ± 1.11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">8.90 ± 1.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Unidades Haugh (UH)</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">97.20 ± 4.49<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">98.11 ± 5.43<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">95.86 ±4.99<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">Clasificación del huevo de acuerdo a las<break/> Unidades Haugh en México<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10"><sup>1</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">México Extra</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">México Extra</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">México Extra</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN9">
							<p>Variables productivas n= 135. Calidad física del huevo n= 300. <sup>a,b</sup> Diferente letra en la misma fila muestra valores estadísticamente distintos (P &lt; 0.05).</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN10">
							<label>1</label>
							<p>Altura de albumen mayor a 5.5 mm o en Unidades Haugh mayor a 70 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">NMX-FF-079-SCFI, 2004</xref>)</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Los resultados reportados en este estudio concuerdan con la Guía de Manejo de Bovans White (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">ISA, 2009</xref>), que menciona que las aves entre 30-35 semanas de edad llegan a un buen desarrollo de producción, en donde reportan peso del huevo 60-61 g, masa de huevo de 25.5 g, consumo de alimento 106 g/día y conversión alimentaria de 2.08 kg/kg. En cuanto a la calidad física del huevo la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Norma Mexicana (NMX-FF-127-SCFI-2016)</xref>, menciona 5 categorías para huevo fresco determinadas por peso y tamaño (Extra grande ≥ 64, Grande 60 - 64, Mediano 55 - 60, Chico 50 - 55 y Canica ≥ 50). En este estudio, el peso del huevo fue menor con 20 % de HCG (52.35 g) con respecto al testigo (53.61 g), por lo que están dentro de la clasificación de chico, justificado este resultado por la edad de las gallinas.</p>
			<p>Para esta misma norma mexicana, existe otra clasificación para huevo fresco para plato: extra, categoría I, categoría II y fuera de clasificación, y se refiere principalmente a la apariencia del cascarón (normal, íntegro y limpio); cámara de aire (normal y no exceder los 3.2 mm), clara o albúmina y Unidades Haugh (viscosa, limpia y firme), y yema (redonda, al centro, con disco germinal visible y color entre 9 y 13 en la escala del abanico colorimétrico Roche). De acuerdo a esta clasificación la calidad física del huevo estudiado recae en extra, ya que, aunque hubo diferencias significativas en UH (98.11 para 10 % y 95.86 para 20 % de HCG y testigo de 97.20 UH) y altura de albúmina (9.42 mm y 8.90 mm para 10 y 20 % de HCG respectivamente y 9.27 mm para testigo), están dentro de esta norma. Estas variables indican la frescura del huevo, en donde la albúmina debe estar viscosa (coloidal), la que rodea a la yema, y para distinguir 3 capas (dos densas y 1 acuosa) que conforme pasa el tiempo de postura se pierde CO2 e incrementa el pH de 7.6 hasta 9.7; así como pérdida de humedad en forma de vapor de agua que va a desnaturalizar a las proteínas, y esto hará que la albúmina pierda su estructura, haciéndola más líquida y esto lleva a un menor valor de altura de albúmina y UH, así como la capacidad de mantener a la yema en el centro; modificación que se presenta cuando el huevo lleva varios días de puesta. Posiblemente el pequeño incremento de proteína en la dieta al 10 % de HCG se vio reflejado en las características físicas de la albúmina.</p>
			<p>Cuantificación de proteína cruda y perfil de aminoácidos en huevo</p>
			<p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 4</xref>, se observa que entre la proteína cruda del huevo con inclusión de 10 % (12.58 %) y testigo (12.34 %) no hubo diferencia estadística (P &gt; 0.05), pero con 20 % de HCG (10.79 %) sí hubo diferencia (P &lt; 0.05).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Tabla 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Contenido de proteína y perfil de aminoácidos en huevo de gallinas alimentadas con diferentes inclusiones de harina de calamar gigante (HCG) <italic>
 <italic>Dosidicus gigas</italic>
</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<table style="order-collapse:separate;">
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;"/>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Testigo</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">10 % HCG</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">20 % HCG</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">Proteína cruda (%)</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">12.34 ± 0.56<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">12.58 ± 0.32<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">10.79 ±0.67<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="4" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Perfil de aminoácidos (g aa/100g proteína)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Isoleucina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">5.26 ± 0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">5.18 ± 0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.92 ±0.09<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Leucina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">8.46 ± 0.06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">8.26 ± 0.06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">8.35 ± 0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Lisina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">7.28 ± 0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.93 ±0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">7.17 ± 0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Metionina + Cistina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.91 ± 0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.71 ±0.10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.55 ± 0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Fenilalanina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">5.79 ± 0.21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">5.66 ± 0.06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">5.60 ± 0.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Treonina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.87 ± 0.11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.68 ± 0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.40 ± 0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Valina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.52 ± 0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.32 ±0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.11 ±0.05°</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Tirosina</td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.40 ± 0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.21 ±0.09<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.12 ±0.06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">Arginina</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">6.74 ± 0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">6.52 ± 0.06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">6.45 ± 0.13<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN11">
							<p>n = 10. <sup>a,b,c</sup> Diferente letra en la misma fila muestra valores estadísticamente distintos (P &lt; 0.05).</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN12">
							<p>*Aminoácidos esenciales</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En relación con los aminoácidos reportados, hubo diferencia (P &lt; 0.05) entre el testigo y las muestras con 10 y 20 % de HCG. Estudios como el de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Naber (1979)</xref> que clasificó los componentes químicos del huevo basándose en cambios en la dieta de las gallinas, llegó a la conclusión de que los nutrientes proteínas, aminoácidos, grasa total y macrominerales muestran escasa variación al modificar la dieta; no así con los microminerales, vitaminas y ácidos grasos que son más influenciables a los cambios en la dieta, todo en función del nutriente que se estudie. Asimismo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Stadelman y Pratt (1989)</xref> evaluaron los factores que modifican la composición del huevo y mencionan que el nivel de proteína en éste aumenta ligeramente al incrementar la proteína y la energía de la dieta, que la cantidad total de albumen dependerá del equilibrio de aminoácidos de la dieta, y que una deficiencia en lisina o metionina reducirá el peso del albumen y disminuirá la concentración de todos los aminoácidos libres.</p>
			<p>Evaluación sensorial</p>
			<p>Los resultados obtenidos de la evaluación de sabor de huevo tuvieron un puntaje de 4, que corresponde al nivel de “gusta”. En los comentarios de esta evaluación no hizo referencia a sabores desagradables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabla 5</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t5">
					<label>Tabla 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Contenido de proteína y perfil de aminoácidos en huevo de gallinas alimentadas con diferentes inclusiones de harina de calamar gigante (HCG) <italic>Dosidicus gigas</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<table style="order-collapse:separate;">
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;"/>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Testigo</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">10 % HCG</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">20 % HCG</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Sabor</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">4.16 ± 1.02</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">4.09 ± 0.86</td>
								<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">4.06 ± 1.01</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN13">
							<p>n= 30. Escala de 5 puntos (1= disgusta mucho; 2= disgusta; 3= ni gusta ni disgusta; 4= gusta y 5= gusta mucho)</p>
						</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Finalmente cabe mencionar que la composición química del huevo de este estudio en comparación con el huevo testigo y otros reportes, dependerá de la edad de la gallina, la estirpe y tipo de manejo; sin embargo, el factor más importante será la alimentación.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio se pueden concluir que la harina de calamar gigante <italic>Dosidicus gigas,</italic> puede ser empleada como fuente de proteína en dietas para gallinas ponedoras hasta un 10 % de inclusión, sin afectar las variables productivas, el sabor del huevo y con un ligero aumento en el contenido de la proteína del huevo; por lo que puede ser una alternativa el uso de esta harina en la industria avícola.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>LITERATURA CITADA</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<mixed-citation>ABUGOCH L, Guarda A, Pérez LM, Paredes MP. 1999. Determination of proximal Chemical composition of squid ( <italic>Dosidicus gigas)</italic> and development of gel products. <italic>Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición</italic>. 49(2): 156-161. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://europepmc.org/article/med/10488395">https://europepmc.org/article/med/10488395</ext-link>. PMID: 10488395.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>ABUGOCH</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Guarda</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pérez</surname>
							<given-names>LM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Paredes</surname>
							<given-names>MP</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Giant Squid meal <italic>(Dosidicus gigas)</italic> inclusión, as a source of protein in laying hens’ diet</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>The giant squid <italic>Dosidicus gigas</italic> has a great potential to elaborate human consumption products and balanced food due to its high protein content. The objective of this work was to inelude 10 and 20 % of giant squid meal (GSM) as a protein source in diets for laying hens. One hundred thirty-five Bovans White hens were distributed as follows: control (T), 10 % (T1), and 20 % (T2), in a 6-week trial. The Productive variables measured were the physical quality of the egg, crude protein, amino acid profile, and sensory evaluation (taste), Raw GSM protein (77.76 %), amino acids (g aa/100 protein): methionine + cysteine (3.76), lysine (10.16), isoleucine (4.26), leucine (6.56), phenylalanine (4.56) and tryptophan (2.0). The Productive variables measured were (P &lt; 0.05) in posture (%); egg weight (g); food conversion (kg: kg) and egg mass (bird/day/g), and without difference (P &gt; 0.05) consumption (bird/day/g); physical quality of the egg with differences (P &lt; 0.05) in egg weight (g), albumin height (mm) and Haugh units (UH). In egg raw protein and amino acid differences (P &lt; 0.05), Sensory evaluation (P &gt; 0.05), rating the 3 treatments in 4 “likes”. According to the results, it is concluded that giant squid flour not exceeding 10 % can be an alternative as a source of protein for feeding posture hens.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Giant squid meal</kwd>
				<kwd>Chemical composition</kwd>
				<kwd>laying hens</kwd>
				<kwd>egg</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>México is one of the main countries in the world in the giant squid fishery ( <italic>gigas</italic> D’Orbigny 1835) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Montaño <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). It is an oceanic and migratory species from the Eastern Pacific Ocean, it is distributed from Monterey, California, USA to the north of Chile. Of the squid species, <italic>Dosidicus gigas</italic> is exploited commercially in México, its catch is officially registered in the Gulf of California and it is unloaded in the ports of Mazatlán, Sinaloa; Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur and Guaymas, Sonora (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Luna <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p>The capture of the giant squid in recent years has been abundant and important, as a resource within the fishing production system in México. The catch of 40,878.02 kg in Guaymas, Sonora was reported for 2014 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">CONAPESCA, 2017</xref>). In general, 75% of the squid is used without viscera, and as it is a food of marine origin, its nutritional value is considered good. It stands out the content of proteins (53%) of easy digestion (digestibility = 94%), non-assimilable carbohydrates, vitamins A, D and complex B, low fat and caloric content (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Martínez-Vega <italic>et al.,</italic> 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Luna <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Toyes, 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>There is information on the ecology, biology, reproduction and distribution of the giant squid (<italic>Dosidicus gigas)</italic> as well as the Chemical composition of fresh whole squid with a humidity of 82.23%, crude protein 15.32%, ash 1.31 % and fat 0.87%; in flour a content of crude protein 77.76%, ash 8.54% and fat 6.33% is reported (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abugoch <italic>et al.,</italic> 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alegre<italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Calvo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>On the other hand, poultry activity contributes significantly to the food production system in the world, which is why a search is necessary to improve every day each of the aspects involved in the production process. Acquiring the right feed to obtain optimal results in poultry farming is an important aspect where the feed represents the highest percentage of the investment made in the production cycle; protein being the ingredient with the highest cost in the production of balanced foods. Therefore, research in the poultry area focuses on the possibility of modifying the Chemical composition of its products; for example, reducing the level of cholesterol and saturated fat and enriching them with unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, antioxidant pigments and proteins; both in chicken meat and in eggs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Morales <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Martínez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>The use of giant squid meal (GSM) in bioassays applied to laying hens will allow to know the optimal level of inclusion in the diet to take advantage of this protein resource in the poultry industry. GSM has been used as feed in shrimp farms, but there is no scientific literature that reports its use as feed for birds, as has been done with other products of marine origin such as fish oils and meais, crustaceans and seaweed; as sources of protein, n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and pigments.</p>
				<p>The objective of this research was to determine the effect of the inclusion of giant squid meal, as a protein source in diets for laying hens, and its effect on the productive variables and egg quality.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p><bold>Obtaining, receiving and storing giant squid meal (GSM)</bold></p>
				<p>The GSM (mantle, tentacles, viscera, feather and mouth) was provided by a marine products processing plant in Guaymas, Sonora, México, it was transported to the Dr. Fernando Pérez-Gil Romo Department of Animal Nutrition of the National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, and they were keptfrozen (-20 °C) until their analysis and use.</p>
				<p><bold>Chemical analysis of giant squid meal (GSM)</bold></p>
				<p>It was analyzed by the standardized methods described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">AOAC (2005)</xref> (6 repetitions): humidity by drying oven (method 934.01), ashes by calcination (method 942.05), crude protein by Kjeldahl (Nx6.25) (method 976.05), extract ethereal by Soxhlet (method 2003.06) and extract free of nitrogen and minerals by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Gross energy using Calorimetric Pump (Parr Instrument Company, Inc., Moline Illinois). Amino acid profile by HPLC (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Método Waters, 1993</xref>). Hydrolyzed Amino Acid Standards, Pierce Brand, Catalog NCI 0180.</p>
				<p>The sample was hydrolyzed with phenol and 6N HCI, to later derivatize it with a phosphate buffer and 6-aminoquilonyl-N-hydroxysuccimonolyl carbamate (derivatizing reagent AccQ-tag fluor), converting the primary and secondary amino acids into stable derivatives of ureas that strongly fluoresce at 395 nm. The standards are derivatized in the same way as the sample.</p>
				<p>HPLC conditions (Waters model 2475): a 4 pm Nova-Pak C18 high efficiency AccQ-Tag column was used, mobile phase with eluent A: WATERS AccQ-TAG buffer; eluent B: acetonitrile and eluent C: MILLI-Q HPLC grade water, 60 min. run time, Waters 470 nm fluorescence detector, column temperature 37 ° C and 5 pL injection volume, and continue with the analytical procedure described in the Waters Operating Manual for this column (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Waters 1993</xref>).</p>
				<p><bold>Preparation of diets and behavior of birds</bold></p>
				<p>The study was carried out at the Center for Teaching, Research and Extension in Poultry Production (CELEPAv) of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics of the National Autonomous University of México, México City, with a height of 2,250 m above sea level sea, temperate-humid climate, average annual temperature of 16 °C and average annual rainfall of 747 mm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">CONAGUA, 2019</xref>). The procedure followed in the handling of the birds complied with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">NOM-062-ZOO-1999</xref>, technical specifications for the production, care and use of laboratory animals.</p>
				<p>135 first eyele Bovans White hens, 18 weeks oid, housed in battery cages with 3 hens each were used; They were distributed with a completely randomized design in 3 treatments with 5 repetitions with 9 birds each: control diet, 10 and 20 % of protein from GSM. The Allix2 Computer program was used. See 5.37.1 to formulate the experimental diets supplemented with GSM. The procedure used consists of including the data from the proximal Chemical analysis of the ingredients. The calculation was made based on the protein contribution, where the GSM protein partially replaced that of the soybean paste, which met the nutritional needs of the lineage according to the production phase (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">table 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Experimental diets supplemented with giant squid meal <italic>Dosidicus gigas</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border-collapse:separate;">
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">Ingredien</td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Control (T)</td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">T + 10 % HCG T</td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">+ 20 % HCG</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Sorghum</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">564.823</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">621.553</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">652.180</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Soybean paste</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">269.096</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">197.115</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">149.015</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Calcium carbonate</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">99.593</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">99.902</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">100.164</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Vegetable oil</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">38.212</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">28.320</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">21.560</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Giant Squid Meal (GSM)</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.000</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">26.910</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">53.820</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Orthophosphate 1820</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">16.490</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">14.768</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">12.940</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Salt (NaCl)</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.649</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.671</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.688</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">DL-Methionine 99%</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.768</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.566</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.134</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Vitamin premix<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15"><sup>1</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.000</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.000</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.000</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Mineral premix<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16"><sup>2</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.500</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.500</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.500</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Toxisorb<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17"><sup>3</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.000</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.000</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.000</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Avelut powder<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18"><sup>4</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.000</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.000</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.000</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">L-Lisina HCI 78.8 %</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.870</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.693</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.000</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Choline Chloride 60%</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.500</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.500</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.500</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Vegetable red pigment<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19"><sup>5</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.200</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.200</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.200</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Antioxidant<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20"><sup>6</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.150</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.150</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.150</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Furafeed<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21"><sup>7</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.150</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.150</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.150</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Total</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1000.0</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1000.0</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1000.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">Price (National Currency)</td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">120.59</td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">109.51</td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">99.52</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"/>
									<td colspan="3" style="border:0; text-align: center;">Nutrient analysis</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Metabolizable energy, kcal / kg</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">2.871</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">2.850</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">2.850</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Crude protein, %</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">18.334</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">17.274</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">17.169</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Methionine + total cystine,%</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.747</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.743</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.741</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Total lysine,%</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.963</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.961</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.984</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Total threonine,%</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.686</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.702</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.756</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Total tryptophan,%</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.228</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.186</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.157</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Total calcium,%</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.001</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.001</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Available phosphorus,%</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.440</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.440</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.440</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">Sodium, %</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">0.190</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">0.190</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">0.190</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN15">
								<label>1</label>
								<p>Vitamin content per kg: A; 4.0 MUI: D<sup>3</sup>; 666,666.7 IU: RovomixHyD; 5 kg: K<sub>3</sub>; 1.67 g: B<sub>1</sub>; 0.83 g: B<sub>2</sub>; 2.33 g: B<sub>6</sub>; 1.17 g: B<sub>12</sub>; 6,666.67 mg: Niacin; 10 g: D-Pantothenic Acid; 3.33 g: folie acid; 0.33 g: Biotin; 33.33 mg: Choline; 100 g.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN16">
								<label>2</label>
								<p>Mineral content per kg: Iron; 20 g: Zinc; 26.67 g: Manganese; 36.67 g: Copper; 5 g: lodine; 0.33 g: Selenium; 0.1 g.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN17">
								<label>3</label>
								<p>Mycotoxin sequestrant.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN18">
								<label>4</label>
								<p>Source of natural yellow xanthophylls.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN19">
								<label>5</label>
								<p>Avired: 5 g/kg (minimum) of <italic>Capsicum</italic> spp. Fruit xanthophylls.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN20">
								<label>6</label>
								<p>BHA; 1.2%: BHT; 9.0%: Ethoxyquin; 4.8%: Chelating agents; 10.0%.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN21">
								<label>7</label>
								<p>Antifungal.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><bold>Quantification of crude protein and amino acid profile in the egg</bold></p>
				<p>At the end of the evaluation of the physical quality of the egg, of these, 5 of each repetition were taken at random and mixed with a hand mixer, and the crude protein quantification was carried out by the Kjeldahl method (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">AOAC, 2005</xref>). The quantification of the amino acid profile was carried out by HPLC, using the AccQ-TAG Waters 1993 method (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Manual No. WAT052874, Waters, 1993</xref>).</p>
				<p><bold>Sensory evaluation</bold></p>
				<p>10 eggs were sampled from each treatment (2 per repetition), they were cooked in scrambled egg form without oil and without salt. A taste level test was carried out, and a 5-point scale was established (1 = dislike very much; 2 = dislike; 3 = neither like nor dislike; 4 = like and 5 = like very much). Thirty untrained judges participated, but they were habitual egg consumers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Anzaldúa, 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p><bold>Statistical analysis</bold></p>
				<p>For all the variables studied, an analysis of variance (ANDEVA) was carried out with 95% confidence, and the difference between means by the Tukey test, through the statistical package of Statistical Analysis System (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">SAS Inst. Inc., 2003</xref>). The results of the sensory evaluation were analyzed using Friedman's non-parametric test (P &lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Anzaldúa, 2014</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<p><bold>Chemical analysis of GSM and diets</bold></p>
				<p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">table 2</xref>, the Chemical composition of the giant squid meal (GSM) is presented, where the crude protein value stands out (77.76% BH and 82.82% BS). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Toyes (2016)</xref> reports a crude protein content in squid viscera meal of the same species of 53%, observing a difference of 28% lower than in GSM. However, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ezquerra <italic>et al.</italic> (2007)</xref> reported that of the total crude protein of various species of squid, non-nitrogenous elements (trimethylamine oxide and other amines, free amino acids and octopine, arginine, glycine, betaine, alanine and nucleotides), constitute 37%; although these authors do not specify if this value corresponds to whole squid or only edible parts, and if it is fresh or in flour; however, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Maza<italic>et al.</italic> (2003)</xref>, mention in their study that the non-protein nitrogen content in fresh mantle of giant squid is 39.5%. On the other hand, in GSM the ashes (8.54%), are mainly made up of ¡ron and sodium (0.19 and 0.16 mg/IOOg), respectively. As part of the process to obtain the GSM, a pressing is carried out that generates a fluid formed by water and oil, for which the fat content in the flour was 6.33%. For this reason, the energy intake is less than 4.03 Kcal/g, being similar to that published in <italic>lllex illecebrosus</italic> squid flour (4.13 Kcal / g) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Calvo<italic>et al.,</italic>2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Chemical composition, amino acid and mineral profile in giant squid meal (GSM) <italic>Dosidicus gigas</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<table style="order-collapse:separate;">
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>GSM /wet base</bold></td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>GSM/dry base</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="3" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">Proximal analysis (g/100g)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22"><sup>1</sup></xref></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Humidity</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.46 ± 0.002</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">—</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Crude protein</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">77.76 ± 0.04</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">80.54</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Ethereal extract</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.33 ± 0.007</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.55</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Ashes</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">8.54 ± 0.002</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">8.84</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Nitrogen-free extract<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22"><sup>2</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.91</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.07</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Gross Energy (Kcal / g)</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.03 ±0.02</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.17</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">Amino acids</td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">(g aa/100 g de proteína)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Methionine<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.64 ±0.01</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.69</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Cysteine</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">2.12 ±0.03</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">2.19</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Methionine + Cystine</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.76</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.89</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Lysine<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">10.16 ±0.03</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">10.52</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Threonine<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.86 ± 0.02</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.99</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Aspartic acid</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">9.53 ±0.01</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">9.87</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Glutamic acid</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">14.53 ±0.02</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">15.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Proline</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">5.16 ±0.03</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">5.34</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Wisteria</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">7.57 ± 0.03</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">7.84</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Alanine</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.79 ±0.03</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">7.03</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Valine<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">5.40 ± 0.03</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">5.59</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Isoleucine<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.26 ±0.01</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.41</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Leucine<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.56 ± 0.02</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.79</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Serine</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.42 ± 0.02</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.54</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Phenylalanine<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.56 ± 0.02</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.72</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Arginine</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.86 ± 0.02</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.99</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Histidine<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.89 ±0.03</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">7.13</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Tryptophan<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">2.0 ±0.03</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">2.07</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">Minerals</td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">(mg/100g)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Calcium</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.15 ±0.001</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.15</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Sodium</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.16 ±0.005</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.16</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Potassium</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.14 ±0.002</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.14</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Magnesium</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.08 ± 0.005</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">0.08</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">Iron</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">0.19 ± 0.009</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">0.09</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN22">
								<label>1 </label>
								<p>n=12. <sup>2</sup>Por diferencia; *Aminoácidos esenciales <sup>1</sup> n = 12.<sup>2</sup>By difference; *Essential amino acids</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>It should be noted that the difference reported in the results of this study with reference to other authors could be due to the squid species, harvest season, parts of the squid analyzed, handling and preparation of the samples for analysis (fresh or in flour).</p>
				<p>The quality of the protein is in accordance with its profile of essential amino acids, linked to the efficiency in protein conversion (EPC). In this GSM it was found that the values of lysine, histidine, sulfur and aromatic amino acids were similar to the amino acids of milk and eggs, with the exception of lysine and histidine, present in higher amounts in milk and higher valine and isoleucine in eggs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Calvo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>Productive variables and physical quality of the egg</p>
				<p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">table 3</xref>, it is observed that there were significant differences (P &lt;0.05) between the control, 10 and 20 % of GSM in the% of laying (91.42, 94.23 and 89.33), egg weight (53.61, 52.82 and 52.35 g ), feed conversion (1.96, 1.95 and 2.05 kg/kg) and egg mass (49.11, 49.93 and 46.91 bird/day/g) and without difference (P&gt; 0.05), feed consumption (95.49, 96.16 and 94.07 g ) respectively between the three diets. At the end of the study, the hens were 24 weeks oid, and according to the data published in the Bovans White Management Guide (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">ISA, 2009</xref>) the egg weight 54.6 g, egg mass 49.4 g, feed consumption g/day 100 and feed conversion 2.02 kg/kg; therefore both groups of data were similar.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Average of the productive variables in Bovans Blanca hens and physical quality of the egg with different inclusion percentages of giant squid meal (GSM) <italic>Dosidicus gigas</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<table style="order-collapse:separate;">
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Productive variables</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">Control</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">10 % HCG</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">20 % HCG</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Posture (%)</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">91.42 ±5.08<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">94.23 ± 6.31<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">89.33 ± 10.37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Egg Weight (g)</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">53.61 ± 2.62<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">52.86 ± 2.36<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">52.35 ± 2.56<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Consumption, bird/day (g)</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">95.49 ± 8.24</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">96.16 ±8.80</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">94.07 ± 8.37</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Feed Conversion (kg/kg)</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.96 ± 0.27<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">1.95 ±0.28<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">2.05 ± 0.35<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Egg mass, bird/day (g)</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">49.11 ± 4.95<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">49.93 ± 5.44<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">46.91 ±7.27<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td colspan="4" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Physical quality of the egg</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Egg Weight (g)</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">53.55 ± 3.78<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">52.58 ±4.90<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">51.83 ±3.91<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Albumin height (mm)</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">9.27 ± 0.96<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">9.42 ± 1.11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">8.90 ± 1.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Haugh Units (HU)</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">97.20 ± 4.49<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">98.11 ± 5.43<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">95.86 ±4.99<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">Egg classification according to Haugh<break/> Units in Mexico<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24"><sup>1</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">México Extra</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">México Extra</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">México Extra</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN23">
								<p>Productive variables n = 135. Physical quality of the egg n = 300. <sup>a,b</sup> Different letter in the same row shows statistically different values (P &lt;0.05).</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN24">
								<label>1</label>
								<p> Albumen height greater than 5.5 mm or in Haugh Units greater than 70 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">NMX-FF-079-SCFI, 2004</xref>)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The results reported in this study agree with the Bovans White Management Guide (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">ISA, 2009</xref>), which mentions that birds between 30-35 weeks of age reach a good production development, where they report 60-61 egg weight g, egg mass of 25.5 g, feed consumption 106 g/day and feed conversion of 2.08 kg/kg.</p>
				<p>Regarding the physical quality of the egg, the Mexican Standard (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">NMX-FF-127-SCFI-2016</xref>) mentions 5 categories forfresh eggs determined by weight and size (Extra-large ≥ 64, Large 60 - 64, Médium 55 - 60, Small 50 - 55 and Marble ≥ 50). In this study, the egg weight was lower with 20% GSM (52.35 g) compared to the control (53.61 g), so they are within the boy classification, justified this result by the age of the hens.</p>
				<p>For this same Mexican standard, there is another classification for fresh eggs for dishes: extra, category I, category II and out of classification, and it mainly refers to the appearance of the shell (normal, intact and clean); air chamber (normal and not exceed 3.2 mm), clear or albumen and Haugh Units (slimy, clean and firm), and yolk (round, in the center, with visible germ disc and color between 9 and 13 on the fan scale Roche colorimetric). According to this classification, the physical quality of the studied egg falls on extra, since, although there were significant differences in HU (98.11 for 10% and 95.86 for 20% of GSM and control of 97.20 HU) and albumin height (9.42 mm and 8.90 mm for 10 and 20% GSM respectively and 9.27 mm for control), are within this standard. These variables indícate the freshness of the egg, where the albumin must be viscous (colloidal), the one that surrounds the yolk, and to distinguish 3 layers (two dense and 1 aqueous) that as the laying time passes CO2 is lost and increases pH 7.6 to 9.7; as well as loss of moisture in the form of water vapor that will denature the proteins, and this will cause the albumin to lose its structure, making it more liquid and this leads to a lower value of albumin height and HU, as well as the capacity to keep the yolk in the center; modification that occurs when the egg has been laying for several days. Possibly the small increase in protein in the diet at 10% GSM was reflected in the physical characteristics of albumin.</p>
				<p>Crude protein quantification and amino acid profile in egg</p>
				<p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">table 4</xref>, it is observed that between crude egg protein with inclusión of 10% (12.58%) and control (12.34%) there was no statistical difference (P&gt; 0.05), but with 20% of GSM (10.79%) there was there was a difference (P &lt;0.05).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t9">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Protein content and amino acid profile in eggs of hens fed with different inclusions of giant squid meal (GSM) <italic>Dosidicus gigas</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<table style="order-collapse:separate;">
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Control</td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">10 % HCG</td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">20 % HCG</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">Crude protein (%)</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">12.34 ± 0.56<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">12.58 ± 0.32<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">10.79 ±0.67<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="4" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Amino acid profile (g aa / 100g protein)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Isoleucine*</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">5.26 ± 0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">5.18 ± 0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.92 ±0.09<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Leucine*</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">8.46 ± 0.06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">8.26 ± 0.06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">8.35 ± 0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Lysine*</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">7.28 ± 0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.93 ±0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">7.17 ± 0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Methionine + Cystine*</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.91 ± 0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.71 ±0.10<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">3.55 ± 0.03<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Phenylalanine*</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">5.79 ± 0.21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">5.66 ± 0.06<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">5.60 ± 0.04<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Threonine*</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.87 ± 0.11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.68 ± 0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.40 ± 0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Valine*</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.52 ± 0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.32 ±0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">6.11 ±0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>c</sup></xref></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">Tyrosine</td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.40 ± 0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.21 ±0.09<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;">4.12 ±0.06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: left;">Arginine<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>a</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">6.74 ± 0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">6.52 ± 0.06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">6.45 ± 0.13<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN25">
								<p>n = 10. <sup>a,b,c</sup> Different letter in the same row shows statistically different values (P &lt;0.05). *Essential amino acids</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>In relation to the amino acids reported, there was a difference (P &lt;0.05) between the control and the samples with 10 and 20% of GSM. Studies such as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Naber (1979)</xref> who classified the Chemical components of the egg based on changes in the diet of the hens, concluded that the nutrients proteins, amino acids, total fat and macrominerals show little variation when modifying the diet; not so with microminerals, vitamins and fatty acids that are more influenced by changes in diet, all depending on the nutrient being studied. Likewise, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Stadelman and Pratt (1989)</xref> evaluated the factors that modify the composition of the egg and mention that the protein level in it increases slightly with increasing protein and energy in the diet, that the total amount of albumen will depend on the balance of amino acids of the diet, and that a deficiency in lysine or methionine will reduce the weight of the albumen and decrease the concentration of all free amino acids.</p>
				<p>Sensory evaluation</p>
				<p>The results obtained from the egg taste evaluation had a score of 4, which corresponds to the level of &quot;like&quot;. In the comments of this evaluation, he did not refer to unpleasant flavors (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">table 5</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t10">
						<label>Table 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Results of the evaluation of the taste of eggs from hens fed with different inclusions of giant squid meal (GSM) <italic>Dosidicus gigas</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<table style="order-collapse:separate;">
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Control</td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">10 % HCG</td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">20 % HCG</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">Taste</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">4.16 ± 1.02</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">4.09 ± 0.86</td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none; border-right: none; text-align: center;">4.06 ± 1.01</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN26">
								<p>n = 30. 5-point scale (1 = dislike very much; 2 = dislike; 3 = neither like nor dislike; 4 = like and 5 = like very much)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Finally, it is worth mentioning that the Chemical composition of the egg in this study in comparison with the control egg and other reports will depend on the age of the hen, the lineage and type of management; however, the most important factor will be diet.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The results obtained in this study can be concluded that the giant squid meal <italic>Dosidicus gigas</italic> can be used as a source of protein in diets for laying hens up to 10% inclusion, without affecting the productive variables, the taste of the egg and with a slight increase in the protein content of the egg; Therefore, the use of this flour in the poultry industry can be an alternative.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<label>1</label>
					<p>Code: 2020-19.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>