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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.11</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00107</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Sustitución de heno de alfalfa por hojas de ajo y su efecto en la fermentación ruminal <italic>in vitro</italic></article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Luna-Méndez</surname>
						<given-names>Alejandra</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Gutiérrez-Chávez</surname>
						<given-names>Abner</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Valencia-Posadas</surname>
						<given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ruíz-Ramírez</surname>
						<given-names>Johnatan</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Pérez-Guiot</surname>
						<given-names>Alfredo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>García-Márquez</surname>
						<given-names>Luis</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Estudiante del Doctorado en Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales de la Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango</institution>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Tecnológico de Durango</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Tecnológico de Durango</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango</institution>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia-Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango. México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango</institution>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Autor responsable: Torres-Fraga Karla. **Autor de correspondencia: Murillo-Ortiz Manuel, Carretera Durango - Mezquital Km 11.5, C.P. 34307. 6181830274. Durango, Durango, México. <email>karlatf12@hotmail.com</email>, <email>jpaez@itdurango.edu.mx</email>, <email>gerardo.pamanes@gmail.com</email>, <email>hetoes99@yahoo.com.mx</email>, <email>focc1928mx@yahoo.com,</email>
					<email>manuelmurillo906@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>31</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>
			<fpage>00</fpage>
			<lpage>00</lpage>
			
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>03</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<p>Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la sustitución de heno de alfalfa por hojas de ajo en la producción de gas <italic>in vitro</italic> y metano, así como en los patrones de fermentación ruminal. Se evaluaron cuatro tratamientos: (T1) heno de alfalfa (50%); (T2) heno de alfalfa (33%) + hojas de ajo crudo (17%); (T3) heno de alfalfa (17%) + hojas de ajo crudo (33%) y (T4) hojas de ajo crudo (50%). Los valores más altos de &quot;a&quot; (producción de gas a partir de la fracción soluble); &quot;b&quot; (producción de gas a partir de la fracción insoluble) y &quot;c&quot; (tasa de producción de gas) se encontraron en T4 (mL); mientras que fueron menores en T1 (P &lt;0.05); pero no se observaron diferencias entre T2 y T3 (P&gt; 0.05). La concentración más alta de nitrógeno amoniacal (N-NH3) se registró en T4 y la más baja en T1 (P &lt;0.05). Las concentraciones de propionato aumentaron con T4 y disminuyeron con T1, mientras que las de acetato disminuyeron con T4 y aumentaron con T1 (P &lt;0.05). La producción de metano más alta se registró en T1 y la más baja en T4 (P &lt;0.05). Se concluye, que la sustitución de heno de alfalfa por hojas de ajo en dietas de bovinos carne, mejoró la fermentación ruminal y disminuyó la producción de metano en condiciones <italic>in vitro</italic>.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>hojas de ajo</kwd>
				<kwd>producción de gas</kwd>
				<kwd>fermentación ruminal y metano</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="30"/>
				<page-count count="01"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Hay una tendencia en la demanda a nivel mundial de consumo de ajo, lo que ha generado el empleo en la alimentación, particularmente de rumiantes, de sus principales subproductos como cáscaras, hojas y pajas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Kallel y Ellouz, 2017</xref>). En diversos países las hojas de ajo que se obtienen durante la cosecha son incineradas, y como consecuencia surgen problemas asociados con los costos de eliminación y contaminación ambiental (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Han <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>En este sentido, se puede decir que las emisiones de metano por los rumiantes no solo causan serios problemas ambientales, sino también representa una fuente importante de pérdida de energía para los animales. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Gallegos <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lan y Yang, 2019</xref>). La producción de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) que se producen en los diferentes sistemas ganaderos y su impacto en los cambios climáticos, son una preocupación importante en todo el mundo. Se ha informado que el metano entérico es el GEI más importante emitido (50-60%), en los sistemas de producción de rumiantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Tapio <italic>et al</italic>., 2017; Haque, 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Como resultado de esta problemática, se han hecho muchos intentos para modificar la fermentación ruminal y disminuir la producción de metano; entre ellos se encuentra la incorporación a las dietas de rumiantes de forrajes de buena calidad, como el heno de alfalfa. También se ha demostrado que el ajo y algunos de sus componentes disminuyen la producción de metano en condiciones <italic>in vivo</italic> e <italic>in vitro</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Kamra <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). De hecho, hasta ahora pocos estudios han investigado los efectos del ajo y sus subproductos de cosecha sobre la fermentación ruminal y la producción de metano.</p>
			<p>En función de lo anterior, nosotros asumimos que la sustitución de hojas de ajo por heno de alfalfa en dietas de bovinos carne, produce cambios similares en los patrones de fermentación ruminal y producción de metano durante la fermentación <italic>in vitro.</italic> Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la sustitución de heno de alfalfa por hojas de ajo en la producción de gas <italic>in vitro</italic> y metano, así como en los patrones de fermentación ruminal.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>El experimento se realizó en la unidad metabólica y en el laboratorio de Nutrición Animal de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Juárez del estado de Durango (México).</p>
			<p>Muestreo de hojas de ajo crudo. Las muestras (hojas con 25 cm de longitud) de ajo crudo (<italic>Allium sativum</italic>) utilizadas en este estudio, se recolectaron en la región norte de México. Para garantizar un muestreo representativo, las muestras se recolectaron cinco veces, entre enero y mayo del año 2019. Antes del análisis químico y de los ensayos <italic>in vitro</italic>, las muestras se secaron y luego se molieron a través de una malla de 1 mm.</p>
			<p>Tratamientos experimentales. En cada tratamiento experimental se utilizó como fuente de forraje heno de alfalfa y heno de hojas de ajo crudo. La composición química del heno de alfalfa y de heno de hojas de ajo crudo se muestra en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Composición química del heno de alfalfa y de las hojas de ajo (MS %)</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="center">Heno de alfalfa</th>
								<th align="center">Hojas de ajo</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">MS</td>
								<td align="center">90.2</td>
								<td align="center">89.5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">MO</td>
								<td align="center">88.9</td>
								<td align="center">90.1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">PC</td>
								<td align="center">18.0</td>
								<td align="center">18.1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">EE</td>
								<td align="center">1.6</td>
								<td align="center">2.1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">FDN</td>
								<td align="center">33.2</td>
								<td align="center">35.1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">FDA</td>
								<td align="center">23.7</td>
								<td align="center">26.7</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">CHT</td>
								<td align="center">68.8</td>
								<td align="center">66.3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">CNF</td>
								<td align="center">35.6</td>
								<td align="center">31.2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">L</td>
								<td align="center">5.7</td>
								<td align="center">6.8</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>MS = materia seca; MO = materia orgánica; PC = proteína cruda; EE = extracto de etéreo; FDN = fibra de detergente neutro; FDA = fibra detergente ácida; CHT = carbohidratos totales, CNF = carbohidratos no fibrosos; L = lignina</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Se evaluaron cuatro tratamientos: (T1) heno de alfalfa (50% MS) + hojas de ajo crudo (0% MS); (T2) heno de alfalfa (33% MS) + hojas de ajo crudo (17% MS); Heno de alfalfa T3 (17% MS) + hojas de ajo crudo (33% MS); T4 heno de alfalfa (0% MS) + hojas de ajo crudo (50% MS). En todos los tratamientos se utilizaron proporciones similares de maíz molido, semillas de algodón y minerales. La composición nutricional de los tratamientos experimentales se muestra en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Composición nutricional de los tratamientos experimentales</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col span="4"/>
							<col span="2"/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="center" colspan="5">Tratamientos </td>
								
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center">T1</td>
								<td align="center">T2</td>
								
								<td align="center">T3</td>
								<td align="center">T4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Heno de alfalfa</td>
								<td align="center">50</td>
								<td align="center">33</td>
								
								<td align="center">17</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Hojas de ajo</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">17</td>
								
								<td align="center">33</td>
								<td align="center">50</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Maíz molido</td>
								<td align="center">39</td>
								<td align="center">39</td>
								
								<td align="center">39</td>
								<td align="center">39</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Harinolina</td>
								<td align="center">10</td>
								<td align="center">10</td>
								
								<td align="center">10</td>
								<td align="center">10</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Minerales</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								
								<td align="center" >1</td>
								<td align="center" >1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" colspan="5">Composición química (MS%) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">MS</td>
								<td align="center">96.1</td>
								<td align="center">95.6</td>
								<td align="center" >95.6 </td>
								<td align="center">93.9</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">MO</td>
								<td align="center">92.5</td>
								<td align="center">91.8</td>
								<td align="center" >92.0 </td>
								<td align="center">93.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">PC</td>
								<td align="center">15.0</td>
								<td align="center">14.6</td>
								<td align="center" >14.7 </td>
								<td align="center">15.6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">EE</td>
								<td align="center">2.0</td>
								<td align="center">2.0</td>
								<td align="center" >2.5 </td>
								<td align="center">2.1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">DIVMS</td>
								<td align="center">58.2</td>
								<td align="center">60.3</td>
								<td align="center" >62.2 </td>
								<td align="center">64.2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">DIVMO</td>
								<td align="center">56.1</td>
								<td align="center">58.5</td>
								<td align="center" >59.1 </td>
								<td align="center">62.2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">FDN</td>
								<td align="center">53.3</td>
								<td align="center">49.3</td>
								<td align="center" >50.9 </td>
								<td align="center">47.1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">FDA</td>
								<td align="center">28.3</td>
								<td align="center">23.3</td>
								<td align="center" >21.7 </td>
								<td align="center">19.2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">CNF</td>
								<td align="center">21.5</td>
								<td align="center">27.2</td>
								<td align="center">23.9</td>
								
								<td align="center">28.2</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>MS = materia seca; MO = materia orgánica; PC = proteína cruda; EE = extracto de etéreo; DIVMS= digestibilidad <italic>in vitro</italic> de la materia seca, DIVMO= digestibilidad <italic>in vitro</italic> de la materia orgánica; FDN = fibra de detergente neutro; FDA = fibra detergente ácida; CNF = carbohidratos no fibrosos</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Composición nutricional. Cada muestra de los tratamientos experimentales, se analizó por triplicado para materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC), extracto de éter (EE) y materia orgánica (MO) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">AOAC, 2000</xref>). Los análisis de fibra de detergente neutro (FDN), fibra de detergente ácido (FDA) y lignina en detergente ácido (ADL), se determinaron utilizando la técnica de bolsas filtros con un analizador de fibra (ANKOM Technology, Fairport, NY, EE. UU.). El contenido de carbohidratos no fibrosos (CNF), se calculó utilizando la diferencia entre el total de carbohidratos (CHT) y el % de FDN. La digestibilidad <italic>in vitro</italic> de la materia seca (DIVMS) y de la materia orgánica (DIVMO), se determinó utilizando el incubador Daisy (ANKOM Technology, Fairport, NY, EE. UU.).</p>
			<p><bold>Gas <italic>in vitro</italic>, patrones de fermentación ruminal y producción de metano.</bold> La producción de gas <italic>in vitro</italic> se midió utilizando el sistema de producción de gas ANKOM. El líquido ruminal se recolectó aproximadamente 3 h después de la alimentación matutina de dos novillos fistulados en el rumen, alimentados a libre acceso con heno de alfalfa. El fluido ruminal se filtró inmediatamente a través de cuatro capas de gasa y se transportó al laboratorio en un termo sellado. El fluido ruminal resultante se purgó con CO2 antes de su uso como inóculo. Se pesaron por triplicado aproximadamente 1 g de muestras secas y molidas de cada tratamiento y se colocaron en módulos de vidrio. Se pipeteó en cada módulo líquido ruminal y se mezcló con saliva de McDougall (120 mL).</p>
			<p>La producción de gas se registró después de 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72 y 96 h de incubación. La cinética de producción de gas (PD) se ajustó al modelo no lineal propuesto por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Ørskov y McDonald (1979)</xref>, el cual es el siguiente: PD (t) = a+b×(1-exp-ct); donde “<bold>a”</bold> es la producción de gas a partir de la fracción soluble (mL), “<bold>b”</bold> es la producción de gas a partir de la fracción insoluble, (mL), “<bold>c”</bold> es la tasa constante de producción de gas (mL/h) y “<bold>t”</bold> es el tiempo de incubación.</p>
			<p>Para la determinación de metano, se recolectaron después de 24 h de incubación, 10 mL de gas del espacio superior de los módulos del sistema de producción de gas, de los cuales se tomaron submuestras de 3 mL y enseguida se determinó la producción de metano en un cromatógrafo de gases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Kara, 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>Asimismo, después de la finalización de la incubación de las 24 h y antes de la filtración, se recolectaron dos muestras (5 mL) del líquido de cada módulo, e inmediatamente se midió el pH y se almacenaron a -20 °C hasta el posterior análisis de nitrógeno amoniacal (N-NH3) y ácidos grasos volátiles (AGV) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ammar <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>).</p>
			<p>Análisis estadístico. Se realizó un análisis de varianza para un diseño completamente al azar, para comparar los parámetros producción de gas <italic>in vitro</italic>, metano y patrones fermentación ruminal con el procedimiento MIXED de SAS (2002). Las medias individuales se separaron mediante la prueba de rango múltiple de Tukey. Las diferencias de medias se consideraron significativas a P &lt;0.05.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p><bold>Parámetros de producción de gas <italic>in vitro.</italic> 
</bold> Los valores más altos de &quot;a&quot;, &quot;b&quot; y &quot;c&quot; (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 3</xref>), se encontraron en T4; mientras que los valores más bajos en T1 (P &lt;0.05); pero no se observaron diferencias entre T2 y T3 (P&gt; 0.05). Se observaron diferencias en el valor &quot;a + b&quot; entre tratamientos (P &lt;0.05). Los resultados son consistentes con los reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Tag El-Dini <italic>et al</italic>. (2012)</xref>, quienes encontraron un valor &quot;a&quot; de 0.60% cuando se fermentó en condiciones <italic>in vitro</italic> pulpa de ajo a un nivel del 3% del concentrado.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabla 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Parámetros de producción de gas de los tratamientos experimentales</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							
						
						<tr>
								
								<th align="center" colspan="7">Tratamiento</th>
								
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="center">T1</th>
								<th align="center">T2</th>
								<th align="center">T3</th>
								<th align="center">T4</th>
								<th align="center">media</th>
								<th align="center">EEM</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">a (mL 0.2 g<sup>-1</sup> MS)</td>
								<td align="center">0.56<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.70<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.72<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.76<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.68</td>
								<td align="center">0.12</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">b (mL 0.2 g<sup>-1</sup> MS)</td>
								<td align="center">110.7<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">117.7<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">115.1<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">120.2<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">116</td>
								<td align="center">0.81</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">c (mL h<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
								<td align="center">6.0<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">8.0<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">8.0<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">9.2<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">5.8</td>
								<td align="center">0.025</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">a+b (mL 0.2 g<sup>-1</sup> MS)</td>
								<td align="center">111.2<sup>d</sup></td>
								<td align="center">118.4<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">115.8<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">120.9<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">116.5</td>
								<td align="center">1.10</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<label><sup>a</sup></label>
							<p><sup>bc</sup>Los valores con letras diferentes en la misma fila son estadísticamente diferentes (P &lt;0.05).</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>a = Producción de gas a partir de la fracción soluble, b = Producción de gas a partir de la fracción insoluble; c = Tasa constante de producción de gas; a + b = Producción potencial de gas; EEM: Error estándar de la media</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En este estudio, las diferencias observadas entre tratamientos en el valor &quot;a&quot; pueden atribuirse a las diferentes concentraciones de los tratamientos en carbohidratos no fibrosos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">La O <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>). Los valores promedio de &quot;b&quot; y a + b encontrados en el presente estudio fueron 116.0 mL 200 mg-1 MS y 116.5 mL 200 mg-1 MS, respectivamente. Estos valores coinciden con los informados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Sahli <italic>et al</italic>. (2018)</xref> cuando se incubaron <italic>in vitro</italic> ajo en polvo, en dosis de 32 mg, en una dieta compuesta de 50% de heno de ryegrass y 50% de concentrado comercial.</p>
			<p>El valor &quot;c&quot; registrado con T4 (9.2 mL h-1) fue superior al encontrado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Anassori <italic>et al</italic>. (2012)</xref> (3.5 mL h-1), quienes evaluaron la cinética de producción de gas <italic>in vitro</italic> de bulbo de ajo crudo.</p>
			<p>En el estudio actual, la alta tasa constante de producción de gas &quot;c&quot; registrada en T4, indica una alta disponibilidad de nutrientes para los microorganismos ruminales; mientras que los valores &quot;c&quot; más bajos observados en T1 podrían ser el resultado de un alto contenido de FDN, cuyos componentes químicos podrían disminuir la velocidad de fermentación del sustrato <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">(Fievez <italic>et al</italic>., 2005)</xref>.</p>
			<p>Patrones de fermentación ruminal y producción de metano. Los patrones de fermentación ruminal y la producción de metano se presentan en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabla 4</xref>. La concentración de N-NH3 varió de 15.1 a 18.1 mg/dL. La concentración más alta de N- NH3 se registró en T4 y la más baja en T1 (P &lt;0.05). No hubo diferencias entre T2, T3 y T4 en las concentraciones de AGV totales (P&gt; 0.05); pero ambos tratamientos fueron diferentes a T1 (P &lt;0.05).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Tabla 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Patrones de fermentación ruminal y producción de metano de los tratamientos experimentales</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						
						<tbody>	
						
						<tr>
								
								<td align="center" colspan="7">Tratamientos</td>
								
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center">T1</td>
								<td align="center">T2</td>
								<td align="center">T3</td>
								<td align="center">T4</td>
								<td align="center">Media</td>
								<td align="center">EEM</td>
							</tr>
						
						
							<tr>
								<td align="left">pH</td>
								<td align="center">6.7<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">6.7<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">6.6<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">6.5<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">6.6</td>
								<td align="center">0.07</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">N-NH3, mg dL<sup>-1</sup></td>
								<td align="center">15.1<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">17.1<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">17.5<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">18.1<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">16.7</td>
								<td align="center">0.03</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">AGV totales, mM</td>
								<td align="center">86.6<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">104.4<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">104.6<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">104.8<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="center">0.36</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Acetato VFA, mol 100 mol<sup>-1</sup></td>
								<td align="center">52.8<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">50.5<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">50.8<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">48.1<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">50.5</td>
								<td align="center">0.10</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Propionato mol 100 mol<sup>-1</sup></td>
								<td align="center">24.8<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">28.0<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">27.8<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">33.0<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">28.4</td>
								<td align="center">0.08</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Butirato mol 100 mol<sup>-1</sup></td>
								<td align="center">12.2<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">12.6<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">13.5<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">13.2<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">12.8</td>
								<td align="center">0.02</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">A:P relación</td>
								<td align="center">2.1<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1.8<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1.8<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1.4<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1.7</td>
								<td align="center">0.03</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Metano (mL g<sup>-1</sup> MS)</td>
								<td align="center">19.1<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">17.0<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">16.8<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">9.5<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">15.6</td>
								<td align="center">0.53</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<label><sup>a</sup></label>
							<p><sup>bc</sup>Los valores con letras diferentes en la misma fila son estadísticamente diferentes (P &lt;0.05). EEM: Error estándar de la media</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>La concentración de acetato más alta se registró en T1 y la más baja en T4 (P &lt;0.05); mientras que la concentración más alta de propionato se registró en T4 y la más baja en T1 (P &lt;0.05). No hubo diferencia entre T1, T2 y T3 en la relación acetato:propionato (P&gt; 0.05); pero ambos tratamientos fueron diferentes a T4 (P &lt;0.05). La producción de metano más alta se registró en T1 y la más baja en T4 (P &lt;0.05).</p>
			<p>Las concentraciones ruminales de N-NH3 registradas en todos los tratamientos evaluados, se mantuvieron dentro del rango sugerido para un óptimo crecimiento microbiano. Según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Wanapat y Pimpa (1999)</xref> un rango de 15 a 30 mg/100 mL son las concentraciones mínimas requeridas para una síntesis óptima de proteínas microbianas. En contraste, con los resultados obtenidos en este estudio, varios estudios <italic>in vitro</italic> e <italic>in vivo</italic> informan que el aceite de ajo y el polvo de ajo reducen o no tienen efecto sobre la concentración de N-NH3 en el fluido ruminal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cardozo <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>); sin embargo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Yang <italic>et al</italic>. (2007)</xref> encontraron un aumento en la concentración de N-NH3 ruminal, cuando se incorporó ajo crudo a dietas de vacas lactantes. En este estudio, la mayor concentración de N-NH3 obtenida con T4 podría explicarse por el alto contenido de proteína cruda que suministran las hojas de ajo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">(Panthee <italic>et al</italic>., 2017)</xref>.</p>
			<p>Las concentraciones totales de AGV obtenidas con T2, T3 y T4 son consistentes con otros estudios <italic>in vitro,</italic> donde no difirieron con la adición de aceites de ajo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Klevenhusen <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). La concentración de propionato observada en T4 fue mayor que en los otros tratamientos; esto se evidencía con la disminución de la proporción acetato:propionato.</p>
			<p>Además, el aumento en la concentración de propionato podría atribuirse a la cantidad de carbohidratos no fibrosos suministrados por T4 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">(Van Soest, 1994)</xref>. De igual manera, la reducción en la proporción de acetato a propionato registrada en T4, indica una mejora en el aporte de energía neta <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">(Zhong <italic>et al</italic>., 2019)</xref>. Resultados similares son reportados <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Mirzaei-Aghsaghali y Maheri-Sis (2011)</xref>, quienes encontraron que el aceite de ajo aumentó las proporciones de propionato y butirato, pero redujo la proporción de acetato. En este estudio, la baja concentración de metano se obtuvo con T4 (alto en hojas de ajo); y coincide con los resultados encontrados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Kongmun <italic>et al</italic>., (2010)</xref>, quienes informan una disminución en la producción de metano cuando se evaluó el ajo en polvo en las dietas de rumiantes. En nuestro estudio, los valores de metano registrados en los cuatro tratamientos, fueron inferiores a los reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Zafarian y Manafi (2013)</xref>, quienes evaluaron en condiciones <italic>in vitro</italic>, la adición de diferentes dosis de ajo en polvo (2, 4 y 6% MS) en dietas con un 50% de fibra y un 50% de concentrado.</p>
			<p>En este estudio, la reducción en la producción de metano registrada en T4 en comparación con los otros tratamientos, podría atribuirse al aumento en la concentración de propionato, debido a que la formación de propionato consume equivalentes reductores; mientras que la formación de acetato genera H2 para la metanogénesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Moss <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>). Cualquier componente o variable de la dieta que cause un cambio a favor de la producción de propionato irá acompañado de una reducción en la producción de metano por unidad de dieta fermentada; mientras que se observa lo contrario para el acetato y el butirato <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">(Pinares-Patiño, 2003)</xref>. Sin embargo, las diferencias observadas en este estudio en la producción de metano, en comparación con las reportadas en la literatura, pueden estar relacionadas con diferentes variedades genéticas y posiblemente con el estado fenológico de la planta de ajo; lo que resulta en diferentes contenidos de la pared celular y como consecuencia en los patrones de fermentación ruminal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Lee <italic>et al</italic>., 2017)</xref>.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>La sustitución de heno de alfalfa por hojas de ajo en dietas de bovinos carne, mejoró algunos indicadores de importancia nutricional, como la producción de gas a partir de la fracción soluble y la tasa constante de producción de gas. De igual manera, incrementó las concentraciones de N-NH3 y AGV totales y redujo la producción de metano. Se necesitan investigaciones adicionales para evaluar los efectos de las hojas de ajo en las dietas de rumiantes sobre los patrones de fermentación ruminal y la producción de metano en condiciones <italic>in vivo</italic>; así como para evaluar la sostenibilidad de la suplementación de hojas de ajo para mitigar la metanogénesis del rumen sin efectos perjudiciales en el rendimiento animal.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Article original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Substitution of garlic leaves to alfalfa hay and its effect on <italic>in vitro</italic> ruminal fermentation</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<p>This research aimed to evaluate the substitution of alfalfa hay to garlic leaves during the <italic>in vitro</italic> gas and methane production, as well as in ruminal fermentation patterns. There were four treatments: (T1) alfalfa hay (50%); (T2) alfalfa hay (33%) + raw garlic leaves (17%); (T3) alfalfa hay (17%) + raw garlic leaves (33%) and (T4) raw garlic leaves (50%). The highest values of &quot;a&quot; (gas production from the soluble fraction); &quot;b&quot; (gas production from the insoluble fraction) and &quot;c&quot; (gas production rate) were found in T4 (mL). While lower in T1 (P&lt;0.05); but no differences were observed between T2 and T3 (P&gt;0.05).The highest ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration was recorded in T4 and the lowest in T1 (P&lt;0.05). The propionate concentrations increased with T4 and decreased with T1, whereas the acetate decreased with T4 and increased with T1 (P&lt;0.05). The highest methane production was recorded in T1 and the lowest in T4 (P&lt;0.05). It is concluded that substitution of alfalfa hay to garlic leaves in beef cattle diets, improved the ruminal fermentation and decreased methane production under <italic>in vitro</italic> conditions.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>garlic leaves</kwd>
				<kwd>gas production</kwd>
				<kwd>ruminal fermentation</kwd>
				<kwd>methane</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>There is a trend in global demand for garlic consumption, which has generated employment in food, particularly ruminants, of its main by-products such as husks, leaves and straws (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Kallel and Ellouz, 2017</xref>). In various countries, the garlic leaves obtained during harvest are incinerated, and consequently there are problems associated with disposal costs and environmental contamination (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Han <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). In this sense, it can be said that the methane emissions by ruminants only cause serious environmental problems, but also represent an important source of energy loss for animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Gallegos <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lan and Yang, 2019</xref>). The production of greenhouse gases (GHG) in different livestock systems and their impact on climate changes are a major concern throughout the world. Enteric methane has been reported as the most GHG emitted (50-60%), in the production systems in ruminants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Tapio <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Haque, 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>Because of this problem, many attempts have been to modify ruminal fermentation and decrease methane production made; among them is the incorporation into ruminant diets of good quality forages, such as alfalfa hay. Garlic and some of its components have also been shown to decrease methane production under <italic>in vivo</italic> and <italic>in vitro</italic> conditions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Kamra <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). In fact, so far few studies have investigated the effects of garlic and its harvest by-products on ruminal fermentation and methane production.</p>
				<p>Based on the above, it assumes that the substitution of garlic leaves for alfalfa hay in beef cattle diets produces similar changes in the rumen fermentation patterns and methane production during <italic>in vitro</italic> fermentation. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the substitution of alfalfa hay for garlic leaves in the production of <italic>in vitro</italic> gas and methane, as well as in the ruminal fermentation patterns.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p>The experiment was in the metabolic unit and in the Animal Nutrition laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics of the Juárez University of Durango state (Mexico) carried out.</p>
				<p>Raw garlic leaf sampling. The samples (25 cm long leaves) of raw garlic (<italic>Allium sativum</italic>) used in this study were collected in the northern region of Mexico. To ensure representative sampling, the samples were collected five times, between January and May 2019. Before chemical analysis and <italic>in vitro</italic> tests, the samples were dried and then ground through a 1 mm mesh.</p>
				<p>Experimental treatments. In each experimental treatment, alfalfa hay and raw garlic leaf hay were used as forage sources. The chemical composition of raw alfalfa hay and garlic leaf hay is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Chemical composition of alfalfa hay and garlic leaves (DM%)</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								
							
							<tr>
									<th align="justify"> </th>
									<th align="center">Alfalfa hay</th>
									<th align="center">Garlic leaves</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DM</td>
									<td align="center">90.2</td>
									<td align="center">89.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">OM</td>
									<td align="center">88.9</td>
									<td align="center">90.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CP</td>
									<td align="center">18.0</td>
									<td align="center">18.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">EE</td>
									<td align="center">1.6</td>
									<td align="center">2.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">NDF</td>
									<td align="center">33.2</td>
									<td align="center">35.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">ADF</td>
									<td align="center">23.7</td>
									<td align="center">26.7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">TCH</td>
									<td align="center">68.8</td>
									<td align="center">66.3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">NFC</td>
									<td align="center">35.6</td>
									<td align="center">31.2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">L</td>
									<td align="center">5.7</td>
									<td align="center">6.8</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>DM = dry matter; OM = organic matter; CP = crude protein; EE = ether extract; NDF = neutral detergent fiber; ADF = acid detergent fiber; TCH = total carbohydrates, NFC = non-fibrous carbohydrates; L = lignin</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Four treatments were evaluated: (T1) alfalfa hay (50% DM) + raw garlic leaves (0% DM); (T2) alfalfa hay (33% DM) + raw garlic leaves (17% DM); T3 alfalfa hay (17% DM) + raw garlic leaves (33% DM); T4 alfalfa hay (0% DM) + raw garlic leaves (50% DM). Similar proportions of ground corn, cottonseed and minerals were used in all treatments. The nutritional composition of the experimental treatments is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Nutritional composition of the experimental treatments</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col span="4"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center" colspan="5">Treatments </td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> Alfalfa hay</td>
									<td align="center">T1 50</td>
									<td align="center">T2 33</td>
									
									<td align="center">T3 17</td>
									<td align="center">T4 0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Garlic leaves</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">17</td>
									
									<td align="center">33</td>
									<td align="center">50</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Ground corn</td>
									<td align="center">39</td>
									<td align="center">39</td>
									
									<td align="center">39</td>
									<td align="center">39</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Flour</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Minerals</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									
									<td align="center" >1</td>
									<td align="center" >1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="5">Chemical composition (DM%) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DM</td>
									<td align="center">96.1</td>
									<td align="center">95.6</td>
									<td align="center" >95.6 </td>
									<td align="center">93.9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">OM</td>
									<td align="center">92.5</td>
									<td align="center">91.8</td>
									<td align="center" >92.0 </td>
									<td align="center">93.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CP</td>
									<td align="center">15.0</td>
									<td align="center">14.6</td>
									<td align="center" >14.7 </td>
									<td align="center">15.6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">EE</td>
									<td align="center">2.0</td>
									<td align="center">2.0</td>
									<td align="center" >2.5 </td>
									<td align="center">2.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DIVDM</td>
									<td align="center">58.2</td>
									<td align="center">60.3</td>
									<td align="center" >62.2 </td>
									<td align="center">64.2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DIVOM</td>
									<td align="center">56.1</td>
									<td align="center">58.5</td>
									<td align="center" >59.1 </td>
									<td align="center">62.2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">NDF</td>
									<td align="center">53.3</td>
									<td align="center">49.3</td>
									<td align="center" >50.9 </td>
									<td align="center">47.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">ADF</td>
									<td align="center">28.3</td>
									<td align="center">23.3</td>
									<td align="center" >21.7 </td>
									<td align="center">19.2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">NFC</td>
									<td align="center">21.5</td>
									<td align="center">27.2</td>
									<td align="center" >23.9 </td>
									<td align="center">28.2</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p>DM = dry matter; OM = organic matter; CP = crude protein; EE = ether extract; DIVDM = <italic>in vitro</italic> digestibility of dry matter, DIVOM = <italic>in vitro</italic> digestibility of organic matter; NDF = neutral detergent fiber; ADF = acid detergent fiber; NFC = non-fibrous carbohydrates</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Nutritional composition. Each sample of the experimental treatments was analyzed in triplicate for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE) and organic matter (OM) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">AOAC, 2000</xref>). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) analyzes were determined using the filter bag technique with a fiber analyzer (ANKOM Technology, Fairport, NY, USA). The non-fibrous carbohydrate content (NFC) was calculated using the difference between the total carbohydrates (TCH) and the % of NDF. The <italic>in vitro</italic> digestibility of dry matter (DIVDM) and organic matter (DIVOM) was determined using the Daisy incubator (ANKOM Technology, Fairport, NY, USA).</p>
				<p><bold>
 <italic>In vitro</italic> gas, ruminal fermentation patterns and methane production.</bold> 
 <italic>In vitro</italic> gas production was measured using the ANKOM gas production system. Ruminal fluid was collected approximately 3 h after the morning feeding of two fistulated steers in the rumen, fed open access with alfalfa hay. The ruminal fluid was immediately through four layers of gauze filtered and it was transported to the laboratory in a thermos sealed. The resulting ruminal fluid was purged with CO2 before use as an inoculum. Approximately 1 g of dried and ground samples from each treatment were in triplicate weighed and placed in glass modules. Ruminal liquid was into each module pipetted and mixed with McDougall's saliva (120 mL).</p>
				<p>Gas production was recorded after 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h of incubation. The gas production kinetics (PD) was adjusted to the non-linear model proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Ørskov and McDonald (1979)</xref>. It is the following: PD (t) = a+b × (1-exp-ct); where “<bold>a</bold>” is the gas production from the soluble fraction (mL), “<bold>b</bold>” is the gas production from the insoluble fraction, (mL), “<bold>c</bold>” is the constant rate of gas production ( mL/h) and &quot;<bold>t</bold>&quot; is the incubation time.</p>
				<p>For the determination of methane, after 24 h of incubation, 10 mL of gas were collected from the upper space of the modules of the gas production system, from which 3 mL subsamples were taken and the methane production was then determined in a gas chromatograph (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Kara, 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>Likewise, after the end of the 24 h incubation and before filtration, two samples (5 mL) of the liquid from each module were collected, and the pH was immediately measured and stored at -20 °C until subsequent analysis of ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ammar <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>).</p>
				<p>Statistical analysis. An analysis of variance was carried out for a completely randomized design to compare the parameters of <italic>in vitro</italic> gas production, methane and ruminal fermentation patterns with the MIXED procedure of SAS (2002). Individual means were separated by Tukey's multiple range test. The mean differences were considered significant at P &lt;0.05.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<p><bold>
 <italic>In vitro</italic> gas production parameters.</bold> The highest values of &quot;a&quot;, &quot;b&quot; and &quot;c&quot; (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">table 3</xref>), were found in T4; while the lowest values in T1 (P &lt;0.05); but no differences were observed between T2 and T3 (P&gt; 0.05). Differences in the value &quot;a + b&quot; were observed between treatments (P &lt;0.05). The results are consistent with those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Tag El-Dini <italic>et al</italic>. (2012)</xref>, who found an &quot;a&quot; value of 0.60% when garlic pulp was fermented under <italic>in vitro</italic> conditions at a level of 3% of the concentrate.</p>
				<p>In this study, the differences observed between treatments in the value &quot;a&quot; can be attributed to the different concentrations of the treatments in non-fibrous carbohydrates (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">La O <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>). The average values of &quot;b&quot; and a+b found in the present study were 116.0 mL 200 mg-1 DM and 116.5 mL 200 mg-1 DM, respectively. These values coincide with those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Sahli <italic>et al</italic>. (2018)</xref> when garlic powder, in doses of 32 mg, were incubated <italic>in vitro</italic> in a diet composed of 50% ryegrass hay and 50% commercial concentrate.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Gas production parameters of the experimental treatments</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								
							
							<tr>
									<th align="justify"> </th>
									<th align="justify">T1</th>
									<th align="justify">T2</th>
									<th align="justify">T3</th>
									<th align="justify">T4</th>
									<th align="justify">mean</th>
									<th align="justify">SEM</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">a (mL 0.2 g-1 DM)</td>
									<td align="center">0.56c</td>
									<td align="center">0.70b</td>
									<td align="center">0.72b</td>
									<td align="center">0.76a</td>
									<td align="center">0.68</td>
									<td align="center">0.12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">b (mL 0.2 g-1 DM)</td>
									<td align="center">110.7c</td>
									<td align="center">117.7b</td>
									<td align="center">115.1b</td>
									<td align="center">120.2a</td>
									<td align="center">116</td>
									<td align="center">0.81</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">c (mL h-1)</td>
									<td align="center">6.0c</td>
									<td align="center">8.0b</td>
									<td align="center">8.0b</td>
									<td align="center">9.2a</td>
									<td align="center">5.8</td>
									<td align="center">0.025</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">a+b (mL 0.2 g-1 DM)</td>
									<td align="center">111.2d</td>
									<td align="center">118.4b</td>
									<td align="center">115.8c</td>
									<td align="center">120.9a</td>
									<td align="center">116.5</td>
									<td align="center">1.10</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN8">
								<p>abc Values with different letters in the same row are statistically different (P &lt;0.05).</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN9">
								<p>a = Production of gas from the soluble fraction, b = Production of gas from the insoluble fraction; c = constant rate of gas production; a + b = Potential gas production; SEM: Standard error of the mean</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The &quot;c&quot; value registered with T4 (9.2 mL h-1) was higher than that found by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Anassori <italic>et al</italic>. (2012)</xref> (3.5 mL h-1), who evaluated the <italic>in vitro</italic> gas production kinetics of raw garlic bulb. In the current study, the high constant rate of gas production &quot;c&quot; registered in T4 indicates a high availability of nutrients for ruminal microorganisms; while the lower &quot;c&quot; values observed in T1 could be the result of a high content of NDF, whose chemical components could decrease the fermentation rate of the substrate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Fievez <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>).</p>
				<p>Ruminal fermentation patterns and methane production. Ruminal fermentation patterns and methane production are in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref> presented. The concentration of N-NH3 ranged from 15.1 to 18.1 mg/dL. The highest concentration of N-NH3 was recorded in T4 and the lowest in T1 (P &lt;0.05). There were no differences between T2, T3 and T4 in total VFA concentrations (P&gt; 0.05); but both treatments were different at T1 (P &lt;0.05).</p>
				<p>The highest acetate concentration was recorded in T1 and the lowest in T4 (P &lt;0.05), while the highest concentration of propionate was registered in T4 and the lowest in T1 (P &lt;0.05). There was no difference between T1, T2 and T3 in the acetate: propionate ratio (P&gt; 0.05); but both treatments were different at T4 (P &lt;0.05). The highest methane production was recorded in T1 and the lowest in T4 (P &lt;0.05).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Ruminal fermentation patterns and methane production of the experimental treatments</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								
							<tr>
									<th align="justify"> </th>
									<th align="justify">T1</th>
									<th align="justify">T2</th>
									<th align="justify">T3</th>
									<th align="justify">T4</th>
									<th align="justify">Mean</th>
									<th align="justify">SEM</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">pH</td>
									<td align="center">6.7a</td>
									<td align="center">6.7a</td>
									<td align="center">6.6a</td>
									<td align="center">6.5a</td>
									<td align="center">6.6</td>
									<td align="center">0.07</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">N-NH3, mg dL<sup>-1</sup></td>
									<td align="center">15.1c</td>
									<td align="center">17.1b</td>
									<td align="center">17.5b</td>
									<td align="center">18.1a</td>
									<td align="center">16.7</td>
									<td align="center">0.03</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Total VFA, mM</td>
									<td align="center">86.6b</td>
									<td align="center">104.4a</td>
									<td align="center">104.6a</td>
									<td align="center">104.8a</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">0.36</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Acetate VFA, mol 100 mol-1</td>
									<td align="center">52.8a</td>
									<td align="center">50.5b</td>
									<td align="center">50.8b</td>
									<td align="center">48.1c</td>
									<td align="center">50.5</td>
									<td align="center">0.10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Propionate mol 100 mol-1</td>
									<td align="center">24.8c</td>
									<td align="center">28.0b</td>
									<td align="center">27.8b</td>
									<td align="center">33.0a</td>
									<td align="center">28.4</td>
									<td align="center">0.08</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Butyrate mol 100 mol-1</td>
									<td align="center">12.2a</td>
									<td align="center">12.6a</td>
									<td align="center">13.5a</td>
									<td align="center">13.2a</td>
									<td align="center">12.8</td>
									<td align="center">0.02</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">A:P ratio</td>
									<td align="center">2.1a</td>
									<td align="center">1.8a</td>
									<td align="center">1.8a</td>
									<td align="center">1.4b</td>
									<td align="center">1.7</td>
									<td align="center">0.03</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Methane (mL g-1 DM)</td>
									<td align="center">19.1a</td>
									<td align="center">17.0b</td>
									<td align="center">16.8b</td>
									<td align="center">9.5c</td>
									<td align="center">15.6</td>
									<td align="center">0.53</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN10">
								<p>abc Values with different letters in the same row are statistically different (P &lt;0.05). SEM: Standard error of the mean</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The ruminal concentrations of N-NH3 registered in all the evaluated treatments were kept within the suggested range for optimal microbial growth. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Wanapat and Pimpa (1999)</xref>, a range of 15 to 30 mg/100 mL is the minimum concentrations required for optimal microbial protein synthesis.</p>
				<p>In contrast, with the results obtained in this study, several <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> studies report that garlic oil and garlic powder reduce or have no effect on the concentration of N-NH3 in ruminal fluid (Cardozo <italic>et al</italic>., 2004). However, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Yang <italic>et al</italic>. (2007</xref>) found an increase in the concentration of ruminal N-NH3, when raw garlic was incorporated into the diets of lactating cows. In this study, the higher concentration of N-NH3 obtained with T4 could be explained by the high content of crude protein supplied by garlic leaves (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Panthee <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>The total VFA concentrations obtained with T2, T3 and T4 are consistent with other <italic>in vitro</italic> studies, where they did not differ with the addition of garlic oils (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Klevenhusen <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). The propionate concentration observed in T4 was higher than in the other treatments; this is evidenced by the decrease in the acetate: propionate ratio.</p>
				<p>Furthermore, the increase in propionate concentration could be attributed to the amount of non-fibrous carbohydrates supplied by T4 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Van Soest, 1994</xref>). Similarly, the reduction in the ratio of acetate to propionate registered in T4 indicates an improvement in the net energy contribution (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Zhong <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Similar results are reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Mirzaei- Aghsaghali and Maheri-Sis (2011)</xref> who found that garlic oil increased the proportions of propionate and butyrate, but reduced the proportion of acetate. In this study, the low concentration of methane was obtained with T4 (high in garlic leaves); and coincides with the results found by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Kongmun <italic>et al</italic>., (2010</xref>), who report a decrease in methane production when garlic powder was evaluated in ruminant diets. In our study, the methane values recorded in the four treatments were lower than those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Zafarian and Manafi(2013)</xref>, who evaluated <italic>in vitro</italic> conditions, the addition of different doses of garlic powder (2, 4 and 6% DM) in diets with 50% fiber and 50% concentrate.</p>
				<p>In this study, the reduction in methane production registered in T4 in comparison with the other treatments could be attributed to the increase in the concentration of propionate, because the formation of propionate consumes reducing equivalents; while the formation of acetate generates H2 for methanogenesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Moss <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>). Any component or variable in the diet that causes a change in favor of propionate production will be by a reduction in methane production per unit of fermented diet accompanied while the opposite is observed for acetate and butyrate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Pinares-Patiño, 2003</xref>). However, the differences observed in this study in methane production, compared to those reported in the literature, may be related to different genetic varieties and possibly to the phenological state of the garlic plant; which results in different contents of the cell wall and as a consequence in the ruminal fermentation patterns (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Lee <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>The substitution of alfalfa hay for garlic leaves in beef cattle diets improved some indicators of nutritional importance, such as the production of gas from the soluble fraction and the constant rate of gas production. Similarly, it increased the concentrations of N- NH3, total VFA, and reduced the production of methane. Further research is needed to evaluate the effects of garlic leaves in ruminant diets on ruminal fermentation patterns and methane production under <italic>in vivo</italic> conditions; as well as to evaluate the sustainability of garlic leaf supplementation to mitigate rumen methanogenesis without harmful effects on animal performance.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>