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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.10</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00106</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Diversidad genética y estructura poblacional del cerdo negro lampiño de Yucatán usando chip SNP50</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Lemus-Flores</surname>
						<given-names>Clemente</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Alonso-Morales</surname>
						<given-names>Rogelio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Toledo-Alvarado</surname>
						<given-names>Hugo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Sansor-Nah</surname>
						<given-names>Raúl</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Burgos-Paz</surname>
						<given-names>William</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Dzib-Cauich</surname>
						<given-names>Dany</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit. México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Asociación Mexicana de Criadores de Cerdos de Origen Ibérico Yucatán, A. C. México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Asociación Mexicana de Criadores de Cerdos de Origen Ibérico Yucatán, A. C</institution>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria-AGROSAVIA, Centro de Investigación Tibaittá, Colombia. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Investigación Tibaittá</institution>
				<country country="CO">Colombia</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, Yucatán. México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Yucatán</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Autor de correspondencia: Clemente Lemus Flores. Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit. Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias. Carretera Xalisco-Compostela km 3.5, Xalisco, Nayarit-México. E-mail: <email>clemus@uan.edu.mx</email>, <email>ralonsom@unam.mx</email>, <email>h.toledo.a@gmail.com</email>, <email>raulsannah@hotmail.com</email>, <email>williamobur@agrosavia.com</email>, <email>dany_dzib@outlook.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>31</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>
			<fpage>00</fpage>
			<lpage>00</lpage>
			
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>03</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<p>La estructura poblacional y diversidad genética de 104 cerdos negros lampiños de Yucatán (NLY) y ocho de raza Duroc fueron caracterizados usando un chip SNP50K. Se obtuvo la estructura poblacional, se calculó un análisis de componentes principales (ACP), menor alelo frecuencia (MAF), Heterocigosidad observada (Ho), Consanguinidad (F), Índice de Fijación de individuos en subpoblaciones (Fis), índice de alogamia (t) y análisis de asociación para identificar SNP diferentes entre poblaciones. Según el análisis Admixture la población NLY se estructura en tres subpoblaciones. El componente genético de Duroc en subpoblaciones NLY es bajo de 0.0036 a 0.0353, apreciándose una subpoblación con mayor diversidad genética, con valores más bajos de F, Fis y mayor Ho y t. Se identificaron SNP (p&lt;1.21E-50 a p&lt; 6.4E-20), asociados con genes y procesos biológicos. Genes <italic>EHF, DST, PDE8A, FOXA1 y VCL</italic> relacionados con la diferenciación de células epiteliales, la morfogénesis y desarrollo del epitelio. Otros 30 SNPs relacionados con el metabolismo de nutrientes, 23 SNPs en transporte de nutrientes, 11 SNPs a inmunidad, 10 SNPs a músculo, esqueleto y embrionario, y siete SNPs a sinapsis y receptores. NLY está distante de Duroc con diferente estructura poblacional y diversidad genética, con diferentes genes que implican procesos biológicos importantes.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras claves<italic>:</italic></title>
				<kwd>recursos genéticos</kwd>
				<kwd>SNP</kwd>
				<kwd>diversidad genética</kwd>
				<kwd>estructura poblacional y cerdo criollo</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="28"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Desde la llegada de los cerdos a América en el siglo XVI y su distribución a lo largo del nuevo mundo, ya sea la selección natural o artificial, ha modelado la diversidad de las poblaciones actuales. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Burgos-Paz <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref> describieron como el medio ambiente ha influido en las diferencias de fenotipos entre los cerdos de las tierras altas del Perú, con respecto a aquellos que habitan tierras bajas o tropicales. Teniendo en cuenta la amplia gama de climas en América, y particularmente en las costas, algunas poblaciones porcinas tienen un crecimiento en tamaño y relevancia para las comunidades humanas. Es el caso de los cerdos negros lampiños de Yucatán (NLY); esta raza de cerdo tiene particularidades fenotípicas: piel negra, sin pelo, sin manchas, pezuña negra y hocico recto; con una importante participación en la seguridad alimentaria en las poblaciones rurales humanas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Lemus y Alonso, 2005</xref>).</p>
			<p>El Sistema de Información sobre la Diversidad Animal de la FAO (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">DAD-IS, 2020</xref>), consideró que esta raza estaba en peligro de extinción, sin un programa de conservación, y es un valioso recurso genético animal que puede contribuir a la seguridad alimentaria en las comunidades rurales; así como un reservorio de diversidad genética (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Lemus-Flores <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Scarpa <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>). Además se desconoce el estado del 38% de las razas de cerdos en todo el mundo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">FAO, 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>Este biotipo lampiño procede de cerdos ibéricos (<italic>Sus mediterraneus</italic>), de origen africano; introducidos en todas las regiones del sur de Europa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Benítez y Sánchez, 2001</xref>). Posteriormente se introdujeron en América en el segundo viaje de Cristóbal Colón, en 1493 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ogata, 2019</xref>). Los cerdos NLY son una variación genética de los cerdos criollos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Su <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>) y dividen en dos líneas genéticas; uno ubicado en poblaciones en el Golfo de México y la otra población está presente en la costa del Pacífico mexicano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Lemus-Flores <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>); se le llama pelón mexicano, lampiño o lampiño tropical. Se consideró que estaban en peligro de extinción, debido a cruces no planificadas con líneas comerciales de genotipos magros. A pesar de que NLY están ampliamente distribuidos en la península de Yucatán de México, con un manejo técnico bajo-medio; hoy en día, algunos criadores de cerdos han encontrado una manera valorada de criarlo, pero la información disponible es limitada sobre la estructura de la población o pedigrí.</p>
			<p>Con el objetivo de obtener un programa de reproducción ordenado, se evaluó una amplia población de NLY, utilizando chip SNP50K comercial para estimar la diversidad y estructura poblacional real; así como sus relaciones genéticas para la futura selección de pie de cría distante de raza comercial.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Animales y análisis de genotipos</title>
				<p>De una población total de 560 cerdos negros lampiños de Yucatán (NLY) de 49 granjas, ubicadas desde Mérida hasta Tizimín del estado de Yucatán-México; se eligieron 104 adultos reproductores de 2 a 3 años de edad (17 sementales y 87 cerdas), considerando fenotípicamente rasgos de ausencia de pelo (lampiños), piel negra, sin manchas, pezuña negra y hocico recto. Adicionalmente, se utilizó información sobre el origen de las cerdas o sementales, para reducir cualquier parentesco entre las muestras. Además, ocho cerdas Duroc fueron muestreadas como población de referencia y utilizadas para evaluar la introgresión en los cerdos de Yucatán.</p>
				<p>Este estudio tiene registro SIP18-076 de la Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit y convenio con el Parque Científico y tecnológico de Yucatán. Para la toma de muestras de sangre, se siguieron las recomendaciones de las Normas Oficiales <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">NOM-051-ZOO-1995</xref> sobre el tratamiento humanitario de animales, y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">NOM-062-ZOO-1999</xref> de las especificaciones técnicas para la producción, el cuidado y el uso de animales de laboratorio. La extracción y genotipado de ADN genómico de las muestras de sangre, se realizó en la empresa NEOGEN (www.neogen.com). Para el genotipado de SNP, se utilizó el porcine-GGP-50K que identifica un total de 50.967 SNP (GeneSeek Genomic Profiler Porcine).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Control de calidad de los genotipos SNP (Polimorfismo de nucleótido simple)</title>
				<p>El control de calidad de datos de los SNP se realizó utilizando PLINK v1.9 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Purcell <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>). Los SNP con polimorfismos &lt; 0.10 y MAF (Frecuencia de alelo menor) &lt;0.01, se excluyeron. Fueron retenidos 42840 SNP para su posterior análisis de la estructura de la población y la diversidad genética.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Análisis de estructura poblacional</title>
					<p>En primer lugar, se realizó un análisis de la estructura de la población para identificar las subpoblaciones en cerdos NLY con el software Admixture 1.3 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alexander <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). El Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP) se obtuvo con PLINK v2.1 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Chang <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>) y se construyó un gráfico utilizando el software Minitab v15 para visualizar las distancias genéticas entre las subpoblaciones de NLY y la raza Duroc.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Diversidad Genética</title>
					<p>Para cada subpoblación del cerdo NLY y Duroc se calculó la frecuencia de alelo menor (MAF), la Heterocigosidad observada (Ho), la consanguinidad (F) y el índice de fijación de individuos dentro de las subpoblaciones (Fis) con el programa PLINK v1.9 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Pursell <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>). La t (tasa de cruce o índice de alogamia) se calculó según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Weir (1990)</xref>. Para comparar las subpoblaciones de cerdos NLY y Duroc se usaron Análisis de Varianza de un solo criterio de clasificación (SPSS v20, 2011).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Regiones SNP candidatas</title>
					<p>Con PLINK v1.9 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Pursell <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>) para toda la población del cerdo NLY vs Duroc se calculó la asociación para identificar SNP con diferencias. Las anotaciones genéticas dentro de las regiones candidatas se obtuvieron utilizando la anotación preliminar del ensamblaje 10.2, proporcionada por <italic>e</italic>-ensembl (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Groenen <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). La sobre representación de las categorías de Gene Ontology (GO) se determinó con la base de datos Gene Ontology (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Ashburner <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Estructura poblacional</title>
				<p>La primera estructura de la población se realizó a una validación cruzada de 10 veces, para elegir el mejor valor de K; el valor de K=4 mostró el error de validación cruzada más bajo (0.584). Según el análisis Admixture, la población de NLY se estructura en tres subpoblaciones (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Composición de clúster predicha mediante ADMIXTURE (K4).</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="3"/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center" colspan="5">
										<inline-graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e106-i001.gif"/>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">DUR</td>
									<td align="center">YUC1</td>
									<td align="center">YUC2</td>
									<td align="right">YUC3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">DUR</td>
									<td align="center">0.99997</td>
									<td align="center">0.03532</td>
									<td align="center">0.00363</td>
									<td align="right">0.02726</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">YUC1</td>
									<td align="center">0.00001</td>
									<td align="center">0.69764</td>
									<td align="center">0.18677</td>
									<td align="right">0.18429</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">YUC2</td>
									<td align="center">0.00001</td>
									<td align="center">0.08993</td>
									<td align="center">0.64234</td>
									<td align="right">0.07703</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">YUC3</td>
									<td align="center">0.00001</td>
									<td align="center">0.17711</td>
									<td align="center">0.16726</td>
									<td align="right">0.71142</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>YUC1, YUC2 y YUC3 subpoblaciones de cerdo negro lampiño de Yucatán. DUR población de raza Duroc. Los valores por columna de cada raza indican la proporción de otras razas.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Con el ACP se observa que la subpoblación YUC2 es la más alejada de la raza Duroc, siendo más cercanas YUC1 y YUC3 al compartir más componente genético de Duroc (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">gráfica 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Gráfica 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Análisis de componentes principales entre subpoblaciones de cerdo lampiño y de raza Duroc</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e106-gf1.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Diversidad genética</title>
				<p>Valores positivos de Fis indican consanguinidad, es mayor si se aproxima a 1; corresponde a la reducción global de heterocigosidad observada respecto a lo esperado en su población; en la subpoblación YUC3 es menor el valor Fis, F y mayor la Ho, indicando mayor diversidad genética (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabla 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Diversidad genética del cerdo negro lampiño de Yucatán y de raza Duroc</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left">YUC1</th>
									<th align="left">YUC2</th>
									<th align="left">YUC3</th>
									<th align="left">Duroc</th>
									<th align="left">eem</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Muestras</td>
									<td align="center">70</td>
									<td align="center">14</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Media MAF</td>
									<td align="center">0.260<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.216<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.247<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.202<sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.025</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Consanguinidad (F)</td>
									<td align="center">0.039ª</td>
									<td align="center">0.067ª</td>
									<td align="center">-0.006<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.079ª</td>
									<td align="center">0.011</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Ho</td>
									<td align="center">0.328<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.305<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.359ª</td>
									<td align="center">0.301<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.011</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Fis</td>
									<td align="center">0.079ª</td>
									<td align="center">0.142ª</td>
									<td align="center">-0.007<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.158ª</td>
									<td align="center">0.021</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Índice de alogamia (t)</td>
									<td align="center">0.870<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.782<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.0278<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.729<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.027</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>MAF, frecuencia de alelo menor. Ho, Heterocigosidad observada. Fis, índice de fijación subpoblacional. eem, error estándar medio. Diferentes letras en las filas indican diferencias estadísticas entre las poblaciones (ANOVA, p&lt;0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Una población se aproxima a apareamiento aleatorio si el valor de t se acerca a 1, cuando es mayor a 1 hay exceso de heterocigotos y cuando el valor es cero todos los individuos son homocigotos; en la subpoblación YUC3 se aproxima a 1, siendo menor en las demás subpoblaciones YUC1, YUC2 y Duroc.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Regiones SNP candidatas</title>
				<p>En el análisis de asociación entre toda la población de NLY vs Duroc para identificar diferencias, se identificaron 226 SNP con valores de p&lt;1.21E-50 a p&lt; 6.4E-20, de los cuales solo 93 SNP se identificaron asociados a genes y procesos biológicos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Tabla 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Procesos biológicos, genes e información de los SNPs que presentaron mayor diferenciación entre NLY vs Duroc</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Proceso biologico</th>
									<th align="center">Cromosoma</th>
									<th align="center">Variantes</th>
									<th align="center">Genes identificados</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3">Diferenciación de células epiteliales, la morfogénesis y el desarrollo del epitelio</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="left">rs81223208</td>
									<td align="left">EHF</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="left"> rs80830437, rs331746636, rs81222725, rs81398056, rs325625775</td>
									<td align="left">DST, PDEA8A, FOXA1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">14</td>
									<td align="left">rs80785304, rs345768654</td>
									<td align="left">VCL</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="8">Metabolismo de nutrientes</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="left">rs713429023</td>
									<td align="left">PDHX</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="left">rs81317284</td>
									<td align="left">ST6GAL2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="left">rs81390019, rs81390069, rs81390070, rs81390137, rs81285728, rs81317489, rs81226716, rs81318326, rs81475823</td>
									<td align="left">PABPC4, HPCAL4, MFSD2A, MC2R,
										MPPE1, IMPA2, PTPN2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="left">rs80793059, rs342597254, rs80868794, rs80837023, rs80951652, rs80986501, rs80845345, rs80850402</td>
									<td align="left">GCLC, ADAMTSL3, HOMER2,
										UNC45A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">13</td>
									<td align="left">rs81448371</td>
									<td align="left">PDIA5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">14</td>
									<td align="left">rs339061874, rs328957349, rs345309524, rs80889570, rs80895748, rs80897302</td>
									<td align="left">CFAP70, CHCHD1, ADK, DUSP13</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">15</td>
									<td align="left">rs81241812</td>
									<td align="left">ACSL1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">X</td>
									<td align="left">rs327444342, rs322147119, rs81474003</td>
									<td align="left">FAM58A, BRCC3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="7">Transportes de nutrientes</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="left">rs328115005</td>
									<td align="left"><italic>VPS39</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="left">rs81389915, rs329679425, rs81389921, rs81251860, rs81389936, rs81389948, rs81389955 , rs81389959, rs81262099, rs81211910, rs81390112</td>
									<td align="left"><italic>MACF1,TRIT1</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center" >12</td>
									<td align="left" >rs81261131</td>
									<td align="left" ><italic>PITPNC1</italic></td>
								</tr>
								
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">14</td>
									<td align="left">rs81451083, rs81451108</td>
									<td align="left"><italic>MICU1, CAMK2G</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">15</td>
									<td align="left">rs343808632</td>
									<td align="left"><italic>TRAK2</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">18</td>
									<td align="left">rs81471732</td>
									<td align="left"><italic>SLC13A4</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">x</td>
									<td align="left">rs326399484, rs337683495, rs81473903,</td>
									<td align="left"><italic>VMA21, PASD1, ZNF185 rs81473906, rs80784223, rs80910586</italic></td>
								</tr>
								
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="4">Inmunidad</td>
									<td align="center" >6 </td>
									<td align="right">rs341367004, rs81306790 </td>
									<td align="right"><italic>RNMT</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center" >7 </td>
									<td align="left" >rs81398013, rs80837723, rs80805016, rs80976160, s80849899 </td>
									<td align="left"><italic>IL6</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center" >15 </td>
									<td align="left" > 
									</td>
									<td align="left"><italic>CTLA4</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center" >X </td>
									<td align="left" >rs328334089, rs327024720, rs336767148 </td>
									<td align="left"><italic>IL1RAPL2</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="8">Desarrollo muscular, esquelético y embrionario.</td>
									<td align="center" >4 </td>
									<td align="left" >rs326729657 </td>
									<td align="left"><italic>ARNT</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center" >6 </td>
									<td align="left" >rs81389986, rs339432830 </td>
									<td align="left"><italic>BMP8B, MYOM1</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center" >7 </td>
									<td align="left" >rs80816179, rs81398046 </td>
									<td align="left"><italic>TM6SF1, CPEB1</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center" >8 </td>
									<td align="left" >rs81476832 </td>
									<td align="left"><italic>TSPAN5</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center" >9 </td>
									<td align="left" >rs81305287 </td>
									<td align="left"><italic>PRRC2C</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center" >14 </td>
									<td align="left" >rs327184000 </td>
									<td align="left"><italic>P4HA1</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center" >15 </td>
									<td align="left" >rs80949190 </td>
									<td align="left"><italic>SATB2</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center" >x </td>
									<td align="left" >rs81474001 </td>
									<td align="left"><italic>VBP1</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">Sinapsis y receptores</td>
									<td align="right" >3 </td>
									<td align="left" >rs81370102 </td>
									<td align="left"><italic>SLC5A7</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center" >6 </td>
									<td align="left" >rs81337627 </td>
									<td align="left"><italic>GRIK3</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center" >18 </td>
									<td align="left" >rs322407819 </td>
									<td align="left"><italic>GRM8</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center" >x </td>
									<td align="left">rs330548482, rs322056532, rs325753884, rs80918182</td>
									
									<td align="left"><italic>GABRA3, GABRQ</italic></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>			
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Considerando el número de SNP diferentes entre NLY vs Duroc, en los cromosomas 6, 7, X y 14 es en donde mayor número se identificaron (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 4</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Tabla 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Número de SNP identificados en cada cromosoma asociado a procesos biológicos</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Cromosoma</td>
									<td align="right">1</td>
									<td align="left">2</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="left">7</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
									<td align="left">13</td>
									<td align="left">14</td>
									<td align="left">15</td>
									<td align="right">18</td>
									<td align="left">X</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">nSNP</td>
									<td align="right">1</td>
									<td align="left">2</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">27</td>
									<td align="left">20</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="left">1</td>
									<td align="left">11</td>
									<td align="left">5</td>
									<td align="right">2</td>
									<td align="left">17</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La muestra de 104 NLY elegida para el estudio, fueron sin pelo, de piel negra, sin manchas, pezuña negra y hocicos rectos para evitar variación fenotípica. El análisis ADMIXTURE los subdivide en tres subpoblaciones. La introgresión de la raza Duroc es muy baja en las tres subpoblación de NLY identificadas (YUC1, YUC2 y YUC3) de 0.00363 a 0.03532, similar a la del cerdo Pampa Rocha de Uruguay (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Montenegro <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015</xref>), menor que la de otros cerdos criollos de América, en los que el componente Duroc tiene un promedio de 0.15, y va de 0.00 (US Yucatán) a 0.45 (Moura Brasil) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Burgos-Paz <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). El cerdo lampiño del pacífico mexicano tiene 0.20 de componente Duroc (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Lemus <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>).</p>
			<p>La separación de tres subpoblaciones en NYL y la baja introgresión de Duroc, coincide con lo observado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Burgos-Paz <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref>, donde los cerdos modernos de las Américas son el resultado de muchos eventos independientes de colonización, pero también a desafíos del medio ambiente; ya que estos cerdos NLY están aislados geográficamente, distantes de cerdos comerciales y de cerdos lampiños, ubicados en costas del Pacífico y del Golfo de México. No existe evidencia de un programa de selección artificial o cruzamiento con razas comerciales en la península de Yucatán.</p>
			<p>Existe diferencia en la diversidad genética entre las subpoblaciones de NLY; en YUC3 es mayor, acercándose a apareamiento aleatorio. Es probable que individuos de YUC1, YUC2 y Duroc presenten apareamientos de individuos con mayor cercanía genética en cada subpoblación, lo que ocasionó el aumento de F y Fis. Con la información generada, es posible realizar una programación de los apareamientos en las subpoblaciones, para generar más diversidad genética y evitar la pedida de variabilidad como sucede en poblaciones Ibéricas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Esteve <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). Es importante considerar la afirmación de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Yang <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref>, indicando que poblaciones con alto Fis, normalmente tienen una baja diversidad de haplotipos.</p>
			<p>Al identificar 93 SNP que son diferentes entre poblaciones de NLY vs Duroc, de acuerdo a sus frecuencias alélicas extremas, mayor frecuencia en Duroc y menor en NLY, podemos emplearlos como marcadores. Según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Yan <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref>, la domesticación y la selección artificial, han dado lugar a una amplia gama de fenotipos entre razas de cerdos domésticos, que difieren de sus parientes silvestres; y que estos están relacionados con el comportamiento, tamaño del cuerpo, fertilidad, capacidad de locomoción y adaptación a la alimentación proporcionada por los seres humanos. Por lo tanto, es importante detectar loci genéticos, que podrían estar involucrados en la transición de salvaje a doméstico.</p>
			<p>Considerando que los cerdos americanos son en parte de origen ibérico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Burgos-Paz <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>), entonces el NLY es fenotipicamente similar al lampiño Ibérico, por lo que su pelaje es predominantemente negro y no hay cerdos blancos; sin embargo, al igual que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Ramírez <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref>, no había SNP relacionados con el gen MC1R, lo que habría permitido considerar el color rojo o negro de la capa. Se identificaron ocho SNP asociados a diferenciación de células epiteliales, morfogénesis y desarrollo del epitelio; con cinco genes que podrían ser estudiados como candidatos para el fenotipo lampiño.</p>
			<p>En este estudio no se coincide con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Su <italic>et al</italic>. (2014)</xref>, que proponen al gen <italic>BAMB1</italic> como fuerte candidato de lampiño; este gen no fue diferente entre poblaciones de NLY y Duroc (p&lt;0.35), con frecuencias alélicas muy similares. Con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Burgos-Paz <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref> se coincide con genes de la familia PDE, ellos reportan que en cerdos criollos de América se identifican los genes <italic>PDE10A</italic> y <italic>PDE11A</italic>; aquí se reporta el gen <italic>PDE8A</italic>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><italic>Esteve et al.</italic> (2013) </xref>en cerdos lampiños ibéricos reporta al gen <italic>FOXP1</italic> como gen candidato implicado en la diferenciación de células epiteliales, queratinización y formación de folículos pilosos. En este estudio se identificó al gen <italic>FOXA1,</italic> que es de la misma familia, identificado también por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Yang <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref>, que lo asocia a cerdos Europeos y lo relaciona con metabolismo de proteínas, glucosa o ácidos grasos. Para metabolismo de lípidos <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Esteve <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> reportan ocho genes candidatos, no se encuentran en su reporte <italic>PDHX, MFSD2A y ACSL1</italic> que en este estudio se identificaron; pero para respuesta inmune se coincide con estos investigadores en el gen <italic>IL1RAPL2,</italic> ubicado en el cromosoma X y IL6 del cromosoma 7. En el cromosoma 6 se identificaron la mayor cantidad de SNP (27), que se involucran en la mayoría de las funciones biológicas. En este cromosoma, para transporte de nutrientes se identificaron diez SNP, para el gen <italic>MACF1 (</italic>microtubule-actin crosslinking factor 1)<italic>,</italic> identificado en humanos y ratones como esencial para el desarrollo embrionario, para mantener el sistema neuronal y la integridad de la piel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Kang, <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>).</p>
			<p>Para el desarrollo muscular y esquelético, el SNP <italic>BMP8B</italic> se han reportado como gen importante para características de crecimiento y desarrollo embrionario (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Xiu-Kai <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Ying <italic>et al</italic>., 2000)</xref>. Para sinapsis y receptores, se identificaron cuatro genes que se relacionan con trastornos cerebrales y nerviosas en humanos; lo que es una oportunidad de este cerdo para usarlo como modelo biomédico. El gen <italic>GRM8</italic> también fue reportado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Kwonm <italic>et al</italic>. (2019</xref>) en cerdo miniatura Yucatán, asociado a enfermedades nerviosas en humanos; de igual forma el gen <italic>GABRA3</italic> se le asocia a enfermedades epilépticas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Niturad <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>), al gen <italic>SCL5A7</italic> se asocia con el síndrome congenital miasténico tipo 20 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Pardal-Fernández <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>) y al <italic>GRIK3</italic> en procesos neurofisiológicos<italic>.</italic></p>
			<p>El alto número de SNP identificados como diferentes entre NLY y Duroc, puede atribuirse a la ausencia de selección y de cruzamiento con raza Duroc. Si bien se necesitan más estudios para validar el papel de los genes que se identificaron, estos hallazgos confirman que la domesticación y la evolución es diferente entre cerdos Duroc y NLY.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>En este primer estudio con SNP50K en cerdos NLY se identifica la diferencia genética de este cerdo, en comparación con el cerdo Duroc, proporcionando información genética útil para la conservación de este recurso genético local. NLY está distante de Duroc, con diferente estructura poblacional, diversidad genética y diferentes genes que implican procesos biológicos importantes, que pueden ser útiles en la selección racial y programa de diferenciación.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Información suplementaria</title>
				<p>Tabla A. Lista de los 93 SNPs de genes asociados con procesos biológicos.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMIENTOS</title>
			<p>La presente investigación ha sido financiada por la Secretaría de Investigación, Innovación y Educación Superior. Mérida, Yucatán, México.</p>
		</ack>
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				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ying</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liu X</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Marble</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lawson K</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhao G</surname>
							<given-names>Q.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2000</year>
					<article-title>Requirement of Bmp8 for the Generation of Primordial Germ Cells in the Mouse</article-title>
					<source>Molecular Endocrinology</source>
					<volume>14</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>1053</fpage>
					<lpage>1063</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1210/mend.14.7.0479</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Article original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Genetic diversity and population structure of Yucatan black hairless pig using SNP50K chip</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<p>In the present study, the Population structure and genetic diversity of 104 Yucatan black hairless pigs (YBH) and 8 Duroc breeds were by using an SNP50K chip characterized. The population structure was obtained, as well as the calculation of Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Minor Allele Frequency (MAF), observed heterozygosity (oH), consanguinity (F), Fixation index of individuals within subpopulations (Fis), the t (outcrossing rate or alogamia index) was made, also the association analysis to identify SNP with population differences. The genetic component of Duroc in YBH subpopulations is low, from 0.00363 to 0.03532, THUS, IT WAS OBSERVED (appreciating) a subpopulation with greater genetic diversity and lower values of F and Fis, as well as higher oH and t. SNPs were identified (p&lt;1.213E-50 to p&lt; 6.4E-20), associated with genes and biological processes. Genes <italic>EHF</italic>, <italic>DST</italic>, <italic>PDE8A</italic>, <italic>FOXA1</italic> and <italic>VCL</italic> are related to epithelial cell differentiation, morphogenesis, and development of epithelium. Other 30 SNPs are to nutrient metabolism related, 23 SNPs to nutrient transport, 11 SNPs to immunity, 10 SNPs to muscle, skeletal and embryonic, and 7 SNPs to synapses and receptors. YBH is distant from Duroc with different population structure and genetic diversity with different genes that involve important biological processes.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>genetic resources</kwd>
				<kwd>SNP</kwd>
				<kwd>genetic diversity</kwd>
				<kwd>population structure</kwd>
				<kwd>creole pig</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Since the arrival of pigs in America in the 16th century and their distribution throughout the new world, whether in natural or artificial selection, it has shaped the diversity of today’s populations. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Burgos-Paz <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref> described how the environment influenced the phenotypic differences between pigs in the highlands of Peru, in relation to those that inhabit lowland or tropical. Taking into account the wide range of climates in America, and particularly in the coasts, some pig populations are growing in size and relevance to human communities. This is the case of Yucatan hairless black pigs (YBH); this breed of pig has phenotypic peculiarities: black, hairless, flawless skin, black hoof and straight snout with an important participation in the food security of rural human populations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Lemus y Alonso, 2005</xref>).</p>
				<p>The FAO Animal Diversity Information System (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">DAD-IS, 2020</xref>), considered that this breed was in danger of extinction, without a conservation program, and it is a valuable animal genetic resource that can contribute to food security in rural communities; as well as a reservoir of genetic diversity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Lemus-Flores <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Scarpa <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>). In addition, the status of 38% of pig breeds worldwide is unknown (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">FAO, 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>This hairless biotype comes from Iberian pigs (<italic>Sus mediterraneus</italic>), of African origin, introduced in all southern European regions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Benítez y Sánchez, 2001</xref>). They were later introduced to America on Christopher Columbus’ second voyage in 1493 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ogata, 2019</xref>). YBH pigs are a genetic variation of Creole pigs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Su <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>) and are divided into two genetic lines; one located in populations in the Gulf of Mexico and the other population is present on the Mexican Pacific coast (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Lemus-Flores <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>); it is called hairless Mexican, hairless or tropical hairless. They were at risk of extinction due to unplanned crossings with commercial lines of lean genotypes. Despite the fact that YBH is widely distributed on the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico, with low to medium-sized technical management. Currently, some pig farmers have found a valuable way to raise it, but the available information is limited in the population structure or lineage.</p>
				<p>To obtain a breeding program in order, a large population of YBH was using a commercial SNP50K chip evaluated, to estimate the diversity and the actual population structure, as well as their genetic relationships for the future selection of feet of distant commercial breeds.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Animals and genotype análisis</title>
					<p>From a total population of 560 hairless black pigs from Yucatan (YBH) from 49 farms, located from Mérida to Tizimín in Yucatan state, Mexico; 104 breeding adults from 2 to 3 years old (17 boars and 87 sows) were selected, considering phenotypically characteristics of hairlessness (hairless), black skin, without spots, black hoof and straight snout. In addition, information about the origin of the sows or boars was used to reduce any relationship between the samples. In addition, eight Duroc sows were sampled as a reference population and they were used to assess introgression in Yucatan pigs.</p>
					<p>This study has registration SIP18-076 from the Autonomous University of Nayarit and an agreement with the Yucatan Science and Technology Park. For the collection of blood samples, the recommendations of Official Standards <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">NOM-051-ZOO-1995</xref>, on human treatment of animals, and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">NOM-062-ZOO-1999</xref>, of the technical specifications for production, care and testing were followed use of laboratory animals. The extraction and genotyping of genomic DNA from blood samples was carried out at NEOGEN (www.neogen.com). For SNP genotyping, porcine GGP-50K was used, which identifies 50,967 SNPs (GeneSeek Genomic Profiler Porcine).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Quality control of SNP genotypes (Simple nucleotide polymorphism)</title>
					<p>SNP data quality control was performed using PLINK v1.9 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Purcell <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>). The SNP with polymorphisms &lt;0.10 and MAF (Frequency of minor allele) &lt;0.01, if excluded. The 42840 SNP were retained for further analysis of the structure of the population and genetic diversity.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical análisis</title>
					<sec>
						<title>Analysis of the population structure</title>
						<p>First, an analysis of the population structure was to identify the subpopulations in YBH pigs performed with the Admixture 1.3 software (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alexander <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was obtained with PLINK v2.1 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Chang <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>) and a graph was constructed using Minitab v15 software to visualize the genetic distances between the YBH subpopulations and the Duroc breed.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Genetical diversity</title>
						<p>For each subpopulation of pig YBH and Duroc, the minor allelic frequency (MAF), the observed heterozygosity (oH), consanguinity (F) and the index of fixation of individuals in the subpopulations (Fis) were calculated using the PLINK v1.9 program (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Pursell <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>). The t (crossing rate or allogamy index) was according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Weir (1990)</xref>calculated. To compare the YBH and Duroc pig sub-populations, the analysis of variance of a single classification criterion was used (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">SPSS v20, 2011</xref>).</p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Candidate SNP regions</title>
					<p>With PLINK v1.9 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Pursell <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>) for the entire population of pig YBH vs Duroc, the association was calculated to identify SNPs with differences. The genetic annotations in the candidate regions were using the preliminary annotation of assembly 10.2 obtained, provided by <italic>e-ensembl</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Groenen <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). The over representation of Gene Ontology (GO) categories was determined using the Gene Ontology database (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Ashburner <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Population structure</title>
					<p>The first population structure was performed with a 10-fold cross-validation, to choose the best K value; the K=4 value presented the smallest cross-validation error (0.584). According to the mixture analysis, the YBH population is in three subpopulations structured (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Composition of the cluster predicted by ADMIXTURE (K4)</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left"> </th>
										<th align="center">DUR</th>
										<th align="center">YUC1</th>
										<th align="center">YUC2</th>
										<th align="right">YUC3</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">DUR</td>
										<td align="center">0.99997</td>
										<td align="center">0.03532</td>
										<td align="center">0.00363</td>
										<td align="right">0.02726</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">YUC1</td>
										<td align="center">0.00001</td>
										<td align="center">0.69764</td>
										<td align="center">0.18677</td>
										<td align="right">0.18429</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">YUC2</td>
										<td align="center">0.00001</td>
										<td align="center">0.08993</td>
										<td align="center">0.64234</td>
										<td align="right">0.07703</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">YUC3</td>
										<td align="center">0.00001</td>
										<td align="center">0.17711</td>
										<td align="center">0.16726</td>
										<td align="right">0.71142</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN3">
									<p>YUC1, YUC2 and YUC3 sub-populations of the hairless black pig of Yucatan. DUR Duroc breed population. The values per column of each breed indicate the proportions of other breeds.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>With the ACP, YUC2 subpopulation is the most distant from the Duroc breed, with YUC1 and YUC3 closer because they share more Duroc genetic component (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">graph 1</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f2">
							<label>Graph 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Analysis of the main components between subpopulations of hairless pigs and Duroc breed</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e106-gf1.gif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Genetical diversity</title>
					<p>Positive values of Fis indicate consanguinity; is greater if it approaches 1; corresponds to the general reduction in heterozygosity observed in relation to that expected in its population; in the YUC3 subpopulation, the Fis value is lower, F and oH are higher, indicating greater genetic diversity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Genetic diversity of black hairless pigs of Yucatan and Duroc breed</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col span="2"/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									
								
								<tr>
										<th align="right" colspan="2">YUC1 </th>
										<th align="left">YUC2</th>
										<th align="left">YUC3</th>
										<th align="left">Duroc</th>
										<th align="left">eem</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Samples</td>
										<td align="center">70</td>
										<td align="left">14</td>
										<td align="left">20</td>
										<td align="left">8</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">MAF Mean</td>
										<td align="center">0.260ª</td>
										<td align="right">0.216<sup>c</sup></td>
										<td align="right">0.247<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="right">0.202<sup>d</sup></td>
										<td align="right">0.025</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Consanguinity (F)</td>
										<td align="center">0.039ª</td>
										<td align="right">0.067<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="right">-0.006 <sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="right">0.079<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="right">0.011</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">oH</td>
										<td align="center">0.328b</td>
										<td align="right">0.305<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="right">0.359 a</td>
										<td align="right">0.301<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="right">0.011</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Fis</td>
										<td align="center">0.079ª</td>
										<td align="right">0.142 <sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="right">-0.007 <sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="right">0.158<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="right">0.021</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Allogamy index (t)</td>
										<td align="center">0.870b</td>
										<td align="right">0.782 <sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="right">1.0278 <sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="right">0.729<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="right">0.027</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN4">
									<p>MAF, minor allele’s frequency. oH, observed heterozygosity. Fis, sub-population fixation index. eem, mean standard error. Different letters in the rows indicate statistical different between populations (ANOVA, p&lt;0.05).</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>A population approaches random mating if the value of t approaches 1, when it is greater than 1, there is an excess of heterozygotes and when the value is zero, all individuals are homozygous; in the YUC3 subpopulation, it approaches 1, being lower in the other YUC1, YUC2 and Duroc subpopulations.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Candidate SNP regions</title>
					<p>In the analysis of association between the entire population of YBN vs Duroc to identify differences, 226 SNPs were identified with values of p &lt;1.21E-50 ap &lt;6.4E-20, of which only 93 SNPs were associated with genes and biological processes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t7">
							<label>Table 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Biological processes, genes and information from SNPs that showed the greatest differentiation between YBH vs Duroc</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">Biological process</th>
										<th align="center">Chromosome</th>
										<th align="center">Variants</th>
										<th align="center">Identified genes</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" rowspan="3">Epithelial cell differentiation, morphogenesis and epithelial development</td>
										<td align="center">2</td>
										<td align="left">rs81223208</td>
										<td align="left">EHF</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">7</td>
										<td align="left"> rs80830437, rs331746636, rs81222725, rs81398056, rs325625775</td>
										<td align="left">DST, PDEA8A, FOXA1</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">14</td>
										<td align="left">rs80785304, rs345768654</td>
										<td align="left">VCL</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" rowspan="8">Nutrient metabolism</td>
										<td align="center">2</td>
										<td align="left">rs713429023</td>
										<td align="left">PDHX</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">3</td>
										<td align="left">rs81317284</td>
										<td align="left">ST6GAL2</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">6</td>
										<td align="left">rs81390019, rs81390069, rs81390070, rs81390137, rs81285728, rs81317489, rs81226716, rs81318326, rs81475823</td>
										<td align="left">PABPC4, HPCAL4, MFSD2A, MC2R,
											MPPE1, IMPA2, PTPN2</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">7</td>
										<td align="left">rs80793059, rs342597254, rs80868794, rs80837023, rs80951652, rs80986501, rs80845345, rs80850402</td>
										<td align="left">GCLC, ADAMTSL3, HOMER2,
											UNC45A</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">13</td>
										<td align="left">rs81448371</td>
										<td align="left">PDIA5</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">14</td>
										<td align="left">rs339061874, rs328957349, rs345309524, rs80889570, rs80895748, rs80897302</td>
										<td align="left">CFAP70, CHCHD1, ADK, DUSP13</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">15</td>
										<td align="left">rs81241812</td>
										<td align="left">ACSL1</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">X</td>
										<td align="left">rs327444342, rs322147119, rs81474003</td>
										<td align="left">FAM58A, BRCC3 </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" rowspan="7">Nutrient transport</td>
										<td align="center">1</td>
										<td align="left">rs328115005</td>
										<td align="left"><italic>VPS39</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">6</td>
										<td align="left">rs81389915, rs329679425, rs81389921, rs81251860, rs81389936, rs81389948, rs81389955 , rs81389959, rs81262099, rs81211910, rs81390112</td>
										<td align="left"><italic>MACF1,TRIT1</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center" >12</td>
										<td align="left" >rs81261131</td>
										<td align="left" ><italic>PITPNC1</italic></td>
									</tr>
									
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">14</td>
										<td align="left">rs81451083, rs81451108</td>
										<td align="left"><italic>MICU1, CAMK2G</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">15</td>
										<td align="left">rs343808632</td>
										<td align="left"><italic>TRAK2</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">18</td>
										<td align="left">rs81471732</td>
										<td align="left"><italic>SLC13A4</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">x</td>
										<td align="left">rs326399484, rs337683495, rs81473903,</td>
										<td align="left"><italic>VMA21, PASD1, ZNF185, rs81473906, rs80784223, rs80910586 </italic></td>
									</tr>
									
									<tr>
										<td align="left" rowspan="4">Immunity</td>
										<td align="center" >6 </td>
										<td align="left" >rs341367004, rs81306790 </td>
										<td align="left"><italic>RNMT</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center" >7 </td>
										<td align="left" >rs81398013, rs80837723, rs80805016, rs80976160, s80849899 </td>
										<td align="left"><italic>IL6</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center" >15 </td>
										<td align="left" > 
 </td>
										<td align="left"><italic>CTLA4</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="right" >X </td>
										<td align="left" >rs328334089, rs327024720, rs336767148 </td>
										<td align="left"><italic>IL1RAPL2</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" rowspan="8">Muscle, skeletal and embryonic development.</td>
										<td align="center" >4 </td>
										<td align="left" >rs326729657 </td>
										<td align="left"><italic>ARNT</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center" >6 </td>
										<td align="left" >rs81389986, rs339432830 </td>
										<td align="left"><italic>BMP8B, MYOM1</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center" >7 </td>
										<td align="left" >rs80816179, rs81398046 </td>
										<td align="left"><italic>TM6SF1, CPEB1</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center" >8</td>
										<td align="left" >rs81476832 </td>
										<td align="left"><italic>TSPAN5</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center" >9 </td>
										<td align="left" >rs81305287 </td>
										<td align="left"><italic>PRRC2C</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center" >14 </td>
										<td align="left" >rs327184000 </td>
										<td align="left"><italic>P4HA1</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center" >15 </td>
										<td align="left" >rs80949190 </td>
										<td align="left"><italic>SATB2</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center" >x </td>
										<td align="left" >rs81474001 </td>
										<td align="left"><italic>VBP1</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left" rowspan="4">Synapses and receptors</td>
										<td align="center" >3 </td>
										<td align="left" >rs81370102 </td>
										<td align="left"><italic>SLC5A7</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center" >6 </td>
										<td align="left" >rs81337627 </td>
										<td align="left"><italic>GRIK3</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center" >18 </td>
										<td align="left" >rs322407819 </td>
										<td align="left"><italic>GRM8</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center" >x </td>
										<td align="left">rs330548482, rs322056532, rs325753884, rs80918182</td>
										
										<td align="left"><italic>GABRA3, GABRQ</italic></td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Considering the number of different SNPs between YBH and Duroc, on chromosomes 6, 7, X and 14, this is where the highest number was identified (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t8">
							<label>Table 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Number of SNPs identified on each chromosome associated with biological processes</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Chromosome</td>
										<td align="right">1</td>
										<td align="center">2</td>
										<td align="center">3</td>
										<td align="right">4</td>
										<td align="center">6</td>
										<td align="left">7</td>
										<td align="center">89</td>
										<td align="center">12</td>
										<td align="left">13</td>
										<td align="left">14</td>
										<td align="left">15</td>
										<td align="center">18</td>
										<td align="left">X</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">SNPn</td>
										<td align="right">1</td>
										<td align="center">2</td>
										<td align="center">3</td>
										<td align="right">1</td>
										<td align="center">27</td>
										<td align="left">20</td>
										<td align="center">11</td>
										<td align="center">1</td>
										<td align="left">1</td>
										<td align="left">11</td>
										<td align="left">5</td>
										<td align="center">2</td>
										<td align="left">17</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The 104 YBH samples chosen for the study were hairless muzzles, flawless black skin, black hull and straight foci to avoid phenotypic variations. The ADMIXTURE analysis subdivides them into three subpopulations. The introgression of the Duroc breed is very low in the three identified YBH subpopulations (YUC1, YUC2 and YUC3) from 0.00363 to 0.03532. It is similar to that of the Pampa Rocha pig from Uruguay (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Montenegro <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015</xref>), inferior to the others Creole pigs in America, in which the Duroc component has an average of 0.15 and ranges from 0.00 (US Yucatan) to 0.45 (Moura Brasil) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Burgos-Paz <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). The hairless pig in the Mexican Pacific has 0.20 of the Duroc component (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Lemus <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>).</p>
				<p>The separation of three subpopulations in the YBH and the low introgression of Duroc coincide with that observed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Burgos-Paz <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref>. Modern pigs in the Americas are the result of many independent colonization events, but also to environmental challenges; as these YBH pigs are geographically isolated, far from commercial and hairless pigs, located on the Pacific and Gulf coasts. There is no evidence of an artificial breeding or breeding program with commercial breeds on the Yucatan peninsula.</p>
				<p>There is a difference in genetic diversity between YBH subpopulations; in YUC3 it is taller, approaching random mating. It is likely that individuals from YUC1, YUC2 and Duroc show matings from individuals with greater genetic proximity in each subpopulation, which caused an increase in F and Fis. With the information generated, it is possible to program the mating in the subpopulations, generate more genetic diversity and avoid the request for variability, as occurs in Iberian populations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Esteve <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). It is important to consider the statement by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Yang <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref>), indicating that populations with high Fis, normally present low diversity of haplotypes.</p>
				<p>By identifying 93 SNPs that are different between populations of YBH vs Duroc, according to their extreme allele frequencies, higher frequency in Duroc and lower in YBN, we can use them as markers. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Yan <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref>, domestication and artificial selection, gave rise to a wide range of phenotypes among domestic pig breeds, which differ from their wild relatives; and that these are to behavior, body size, fertility, ability to move and adapt to food provided by humans related. Therefore, it is important to detect genetic loci, which may be involved in the transition from wild to domestic.</p>
				<p>Considering that the American pigs are part of Iberian origin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Burgos-Paz <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>), YBH is phenotypically similar to the Iberian hairless, so that their coat is predominantly black and there are no white pigs. However, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Ramírez <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref>, there were no SNPs related to the <italic>MC1R</italic> gene, which would allow considering the red or black color of the layer. Eight SNPs associated with epithelial cell differentiation, morphogenesis and epithelial development were identified; with five genes that could be studied as candidates for the hairless phenotype.</p>
				<p>This study does not coincide with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Su <italic>et al</italic>. (2014)</xref>, which proposes the <italic>BAMB1</italic> gene as a strong hairless candidate; this gene was not different between the YBH and Duroc populations (p &lt;0.35), with very similar allele frequencies. With <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Burgos-Paz <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref> coincides with the PDE family genes, they report that in American Creole pigs the <italic>PDE10A</italic> and <italic>PDE11A</italic> genes are identified; the <italic>PDE8A</italic> gene is reported here. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Esteve <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> in hairless Iberian pigs reports the <italic>FOXP1</italic> gene as a candidate gene involved in the differentiation of epithelial cells, keratinization and the formation of hair follicles. In this study, the <italic>FOXA1</italic> gene was identified, which is from the same family, also identified by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Yang <italic>et al.</italic> (2017</xref>), which associates it with European pigs and relates it to the metabolism of proteins, glucose or fatty acids. For lipid metabolism <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Esteve <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref>report eight candidate genes, not found in the <italic>PDHX</italic>, <italic>MFSD2A</italic> and <italic>ACSL1</italic> report that were in this study identified; but for an immune response, these researchers coincide on the <italic>IL1RAPL2</italic> gene, located on the X chromosome and IL6 on chromosome 7. On chromosome 6, the largest number of SNPs (27), involved in most biological functions, was identified. In this chromosome, for the transport of nutrients, ten SNPs were identified, for the <italic>MACF1</italic> gene (cross-linking factor 1 of the microtubule-actin), identified in humans and mice as essential for embryonic development, to maintain the neuronal system and the integrity of the skin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Kang, <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>For muscle and skeletal development, the SNP <italic>BMP8B</italic> has been reported as an important gene for embryonic growth and development characteristics (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Xiu-Kai <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><italic>Ying et al</italic>., 2000</xref>). For synapses and receptors, four genes related to brain and nervous disorders in humans have been identified what an opportunity for this pig to use it as a biomedical model. The GRM8 gene has also been reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Kwonm <italic>et al</italic>. (2019)</xref> in Yucatan miniature pig, associated with nervous diseases in humans; similarly, the GABRA3 gene is associated with epileptic diseases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Niturad <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>), the <italic>SCL5A7</italic> gene is associated with myasthenic congenital syndrome type 20 (Pardal-Fernández <italic>et al</italic>., 2018) and <italic>GRIK3</italic> in neurophysiological processes.</p>
				<p>The high number of SNPs identified as different between YBH and Duroc can be attributed to the lack of selection and crossing with the Duroc breed. Although further studies are needed to validate the role of the identified genes, these findings confirm that domestication and evolution are different between Duroc and YBH pigs.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>In this first study with SNP50K in YBH pigs, the genetic difference of this pig is in comparison to the Duroc pig identified, providing useful genetic information for the conservation of this local genetic resource. YBH is far from Duroc, with a different population structure, genetic diversity and different genes involving important biological processes, which can be useful in the racial selection and differentiation program.</p>
				<p>Suplementary information</p>
				<p>Tabla A. List of 93 SNPs and genes associated with biological processes.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</title>
				<p>This research was funded by the Secretariat for Research, Innovation and Higher Education, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>