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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.9</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00105</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Lesiones ruminales en bovinos sacrificados en rastro</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Luna-Méndez</surname>
						<given-names>Alejandra</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Gutiérrez-Chávez</surname>
						<given-names>Abner</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Valencia-Posadas</surname>
						<given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ruíz-Ramírez</surname>
						<given-names>Johnatan</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Pérez-Guiot</surname>
						<given-names>Alfredo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>García-Márquez</surname>
						<given-names>Luis</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Maestría Interinstitucional en Producción Pecuaria. Universidad de Guanajuato. México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Veterinaria y Zootecnia, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Guanajuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">División de Ciencias de la Vida</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Irapuato</city>
					<state>Guanajuato</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Colima, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Colima</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Colima</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Producción Animal en Altiplano, Tequisquiapan, Querétaro. México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Producción Animal en Altiplano</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Tequisquiapan</city>
					<state>Querétaro</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Autor responsable y de correspondencia: García-Márquez Luis. Centro Universitario de Investigación y Desarrollo Agropecuario, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Colima-Manzanillo Km 40. Colonia. La Estación. CP. 28100 Tecomán, Colima, México. <email>ale.luna.m@live.com.mx</email>, <email>guca731023@hotmail.com</email>, <email>mauvp001@yahoo.com.mx</email>, <email>ja_ruizr29@hotmail.com</email>, <email>mvzaperezguiot@gmail.com</email>, <email>ljgm_cmv@hotmail.com</email>.</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>31</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>
			<fpage>00</fpage>
			<lpage>00</lpage>
			
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<p>El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir los hallazgos macroscópicos y microscópicos encontrados en el rumen de bovinos sacrificados en la Procesadora Municipal de Carne de Colima, Colima, México. Las lesiones encontradas durante la faena se describieron macroscópicamente, posteriormente se fijaron en formalina amortiguada al 10% con pH 7.2, se procesaron con la técnica histológica de rutina y se tiñeron con hematoxilina-eosina (H-E). Se colectaron 100 rúmenes, así como datos de la procedencia, edad, sexo y especie de los animales. La información fue analizada con la prueba de independencia de Chi cuadrada y un análisis de regresión logística. El 98% de los bovinos presentaron al menos una de las siguientes lesiones: hemorragias, erosiones, úlceras, cicatrices, hiperqueratosis, degeneración hidrópica, rumenitis, linfangiectasia, una muestra presentó un papiloma y se encontró la presencia del protozoario <italic>Balantidium coli</italic> en el 30% de las muestras. Se encontró dependencia entre <italic>B. coli</italic> con la procedencia (<italic>P</italic>=0.046) y el sexo (<italic>P</italic>=0.041) de los animales. Las variables que fueron significativas (<italic>P=</italic>&lt;0.05) en el análisis de regresión logística fueron las cicatrices, rumenitis, linfangiectasia y <italic>B. coli</italic>. Las lesiones encontradas interfieren con la absorción de nutrientes, pérdida de producción y productividad, así como la presencia de patógenos oportunistas que pueden representar un riesgo sanitario para animales y humanos.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>hiperqueratosis</kwd>
				<kwd>rumenitis</kwd>
				<kwd><italic>Balantidium coli</italic> y acidosis ruminal</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="41"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Existen diversas enfermedades o alteraciones del aparato digestivo en los bovinos que son de importancia económica en las unidades de producción, ya que provocan una disminución de la producción, alta morbilidad y mortalidad; reducen el bienestar de los animales, así como un impacto en la salud pública (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Plaizier <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>). El rumen lleva a cabo una serie de adaptaciones a las diferentes fases de la alimentación, a las cuales son sometidos los bovinos, en el cual se digieren forrajes y grandes cantidades de granos; lo que puede ocasionar la aparición de trastornos digestivos, como la acidosis, consecuente de la rápida fermentación del grano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Meyer y Bryant, 2017</xref>). Los problemas de acidosis ruminal (AR) son comunes; sin embargo, es un trastorno difícil de reconocer y prevenir, ya que la fisiopatología es compleja y variable (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Oetzel, 2017</xref>). Esta enfermedad es causada por la alimentación con dietas altas en concentrados; se define como una disminución del pH (&lt;5.6), durante periodos prolongados de hasta al menos tres horas por día (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Kleen <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Gozho <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Krause y Oetzel, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Steele <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>).</p>
			<p>El pH bajo induce la lisis de bacterias Gram negativas, y aumentan el lipopolisacárido libre (LPS) en el rumen, el cual es un potente inductor de inflamación y del desarrollo de rumenitis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Zhao <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). La producción de inmunógenos en el rumen como el LPS o histamina, provocan la reducción de la barrera de protección del rumen y se ven implicados en el desarrollo de esta enfermedad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Plaizier <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>).</p>
			<p>El pH ruminal es un factor clave para el correcto funcionamiento del rumen, ya que impacta en las poblaciones microbianas, productos de la fermentación y las funciones fisiológicas del mismo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Nagaraja y Titgemeyer, 2007</xref>). Se puede observar una disminución de: grasa en la leche, digestión de fibra reducida, pérdida de la condición corporal, diarrea, laminitis, inflamación y timpanismo; además de afectar el consumo voluntario de alimento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Panciera <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Rezac <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>a; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Zhao <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Estas alteraciones pueden ocasionar un desequilibrio en el microbiota ruminal, donde agentes etiológicos, como <italic>Fusobacterium necrophorum, Trueperella pyogenes y Arcanobacterium</italic> spp, entre otros, se comporten como oportunistas, y viajen a través de la circulación portal hacia el hígado, donde pueden generar abscesos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Tadepalli <italic>et al</italic>.</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Xu y Ding, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Trigo, 2015</xref>). La alteración del epitelio ruminal permite que los microorganismos y sus toxinas migren hacia la circulación portal, lo que puede predisponer a una variedad de infecciones o de endotoxinas en el torrente sanguíneo, ya que alteran la capacidad de absorción de nutrientes; lo cual puede generar un cúmulo de ácidos grasos volátiles (AGV) o de ácido láctico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Kleen <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>). Las papilas ruminales no suelen estar recubiertas por moco en comparación con las abomasales, por lo que pueden ser más susceptibles a una rumenitis que puede avanzar hasta la erosión y ulceración (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Snyder y Credille, 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>La paraqueratosis, es el engrosamiento del estrato córneo del epitelio ruminal, y es resultado de una rumenitis crónica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Jubb <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), siendo una patología importante; ya que disminuye la capacidad de absorción de AGV y predispone a los animales afectados a nuevos episodios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Oetzel, 2017</xref>). En México, el impacto económico producido por la acidosis ruminal, ha sido difícil de cuantificar, pero se considera de importancia por las lesiones que ocasiona en los bovinos de engorda (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Malafaia <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Son escasos los estudios en México que describan las lesiones observadas en rumen al momento del faenado de los animales, la inspección del rumen es una herramienta que permite evaluar la salud nutricional del ganado en los corrales. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue describir las lesiones ruminales presentes en los bovinos que llegan a la procesadora municipal de carne de la ciudad de Colima, Colima, México.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Área de estudio</title>
				<p>El trabajo se realizó en el estado de Colima, en la procesadora municipal de carne, ubicada en el km. 3.5 de la carretera Colima-Coquimatlán. El clima predominante en el 78.52% del territorio es cálido subhúmedo con lluvias en verano, en el 12.42% se presenta clima semiseco cálido, en el 7.58% semicálido subhúmedo con lluvias en verano y en el 1.48% del territorio, clima templado subhúmedo con lluvias en verano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">INEGI, 2017</xref>). La temperatura anual promedio es de 25 °C y la precipitación total anual es de aproximadamente 1728.9 mm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">CONAGUA, 2017</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Toma de muestras</title>
				<p>Se recolectaron 100 muestras de tejido ruminal, de 1 cm2 del lado derecho del saco cráneo-ventral y del lado izquierdo del saco cráneo ventral, debido a que en esta porción ruminal el epitelio se encuentra en contacto por más tiempo con el líquido ruminal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Castro y Elizondo, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Jonsson <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>); así como de áreas representativas, donde se haya observado algún tipo de lesión macroscópica; los cuales se fijaron por inmersión en formalina amortiguada al 10% durante 24 h. Los tejidos se cortaron, se incluyeron en casetes de plástico y se trasladaron al Laboratorio de Patología de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad de Colima, ubicado en el municipio de Tecomán, Colima, México en el km. 40, autopista Colima-Manzanillo, dentro de las coordenadas geográficas 18° 55’ de Latitud Norte y 103° 52’ de Longitud Oeste, y una altitud de 20 msnm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">INEGI, 2017</xref>). Posteriormente se procesaron con la técnica histológica de rutina, que consiste en una deshidratación, aclaramiento e infiltración de parafina; se cortaron a 5 µm de espesor y se tiñeron con la tinción de Hematoxilina-Eosina (H-E) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Prophet <italic>et al.,</italic>1995</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis de muestras</title>
				<p>Las lesiones macroscópicas y microscópicas se describieron y se caracterizaron mediante conceptos anatomopatológicos, los resultados se expresaron en porcentajes y grados de severidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Rezac <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>b). Asimismo, se utilizó la prueba de Chi cuadrada para evaluar la dependencia entre las lesiones con el lugar de procedencia de los animales, edad, especie y sexo. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística con la finalidad de encontrar factores de riesgo asociados con la presencia de lesiones. Ambos análisis se realizaron con el programa Statgraphics Centurion ver.15.2 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Statgraphics, 2007</xref>).</p>
				<p>Para el análisis estadístico se establecieron dos rangos de edad menores o iguales a 36 meses, y mayores o iguales de 37 meses; tratando de mantener un adecuado número de registros en cada nivel de clasificación<bold>.</bold> Para la especie, los genotipos raciales Angus, Beefmaster, Pardo Suizo y Simmental se clasificaron en <italic>Bos Taurus,</italic> y los cebuinos se clasificaron en <italic>Bos indicus</italic>
 <bold>.</bold> Los lugares de procedencia se agruparon en cuatro regiones, de acuerdo con el tipo de clima: región 1: templado subhúmedo, región 2: semicálido subhúmedo, región 3: cálido subhúmedo y región 4: cálido.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>Del total de muestras, 33 fueron hembras y 67 machos. De los animales sacrificados, 56 pertenecieron a la especie <italic>Bos taurus y</italic> 44 a <italic>Bos indicus.</italic> El 98% de las muestras presentaron al menos una lesión. Los hallazgos macroscópicos fueron (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>): hemorragias, erosión, úlceras, hiperqueratosis (engrosamiento de las papilas ruminales), atrofia de las papilas y cicatrices; una muestra presentó un papiloma. Los hallazgos microscópicos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2</xref>), fueron: engrosamiento de la capa córnea de las papilas ruminales, así como la presencia de fibras de colágeno, degeneración hidrópica, inflamación (rumenitis) y linfangiectasia. Además, se registró la presencia del protozoario <italic>Balantidium coli</italic> en el 30% de las muestras. Estas lesiones se agruparon en grados de severidad, las cuales fueron de leves a severos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">cuadro 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Descripción macroscópica de lesiones ruminales. A/ mucosa ruminal normal. B/ engrosamiento y atrofia de las papilas ruminales. <bold>C</bold>/ hemorragias ruminales. D/E erosiones, úlceras y cicatrices ruminales. F/ presencia de verruga o papiloma de 1X2 cm donde se observa una masa parecida a una coliflor, de color blanca, con crecimiento por encima del epitelio de la superficie de la mucosa ruminal y cubierta con escamas.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e105-gf1.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Descripción microscópica de lesiones ruminales. A<bold>/</bold> Engrosamiento de la capa córnea de las papilas ruminales, así como la presencia de degeneración hidrópica epitelial. Tinción hematoxilina-eosina 40X. B-C/ Erosión, úlcera y paraqueratosis de la papila ruminal. Tinción hematoxilina-eosina 40X. D/ Infiltrado inflamatorio mononuclear sobre la submucosa de la papila ruminal (rumenitis), recuadro con acercamiento. Tinción hematoxilina-eosina 40X. E/ Presencia de abundantes protozoarios <italic>Balantidium coli</italic> sobre la mucosa y el epitelio ruminal ocasionando hemorragias e inflamación (recuadro). Tinción hematoxilina-eosina 10-40X. F/ Hiperplasia epitelial de las papilas ruminales con vacuolización citoplásmica e hiperqueratosis, además de proliferación de colágeno, formando proyecciones digitales hacia la submucosa (papiloma). Tinción hematoxilina-eosina 40X.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e105-gf2.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Número de casos por lesiones en rumen y su clasificación en grados de severidad</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Grados de severidad</th>
								<th align="center">Hiperqueratosis</th>
								<th align="center">Degeneración hidrópica</th>
								<th align="center">Rumenitis</th>
								<th align="center">Linfangiectasia</th>
								<th align="center">Balatidium coli</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Leve</td>
								<td align="center">33</td>
								<td align="center">53</td>
								<td align="center">23</td>
								<td align="center">21</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Moderado</td>
								<td align="center">42</td>
								<td align="center">30</td>
								<td align="center">18</td>
								<td align="center">6</td>
								<td align="center">6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Severo</td>
								<td align="center">18</td>
								<td align="center">9</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Caso Total</td>
								<td align="center">93</td>
								<td align="center">92</td>
								<td align="center">42</td>
								<td align="center">28</td>
								<td align="center">30</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Sin lesión Aparente</td>
								<td align="center">7</td>
								<td align="center">8</td>
								<td align="center">58</td>
								<td align="center">72</td>
								<td align="center">70</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>De acuerdo con las frecuencias encontradas, los bovinos procedentes de climas semicálidos subhúmedos, cuya especie fue <italic>Bos indicus</italic>, mayores o iguales a 37 meses y machos, presentaron mayor cantidad de lesiones. La presencia del protozoario <italic>B. coli</italic>, resultó significativa en la prueba de Chi cuadrada, mostrando dependencia con la procedencia (<italic>P</italic>=0.046) y el sexo (<italic>P</italic>=0.041) de los animales. En el análisis de regresión logística las variables: procedencia, edad, especie y sexo de los animales, fueron significativas (<italic>P</italic>=0.000) para la presencia de cicatrices, rumenitis, linfangiectasia y <italic>B. coli</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">cuadro 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Factores de riesgo para la presencia de lesiones ruminales en los bovinos sacrificados en la Procesadora Municipal de Carne en Colima, Colima, México</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="right"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="center"> </th>
								<th align="right">IC(OR)95%</th>
								<th align="center"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Variables</th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="right">Estimado</th>
								<th align="left">Error estándar </th>
								<th align="center">Odd Ratio</th>
								<th align="right">Límite superior (Ll)</th>
								<th align="center">Limite inferior (LS)</th>
								<th align="left">Valor P</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" colspan="8">Cicatriz </td>
								
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Región 1</td>
								<td align="right">-0.230 </td>
								<td align="left">0.067 </td>
								<td align="center">0.793 </td>
								<td align="right">0.694 </td>
								<td align="center">0.907 </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><bold>Procedencia</bold></td>
								<td align="left">Región 2</td>
								<td align="right">-0.685 </td>
								<td align="left"> 0.05</td>
								<td align="center">0.503 </td>
								<td align="right">0.455 </td>
								<td align="center">0.556 </td>
								<td align="left">0.000 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Región 3</td>
								<td align="right">0.402</td>
								<td align="left">0.089</td>
								<td align="center">1.495</td>
								<td align="right">1.250</td>
								<td align="center">1.787</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><bold>Edad</bold></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="right">-0.142</td>
								<td align="left">0.045</td>
								<td align="center">0.866</td>
								<td align="right">0.791</td>
								<td align="center">0.949</td>
								<td align="left">0.000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><bold>Especie</bold></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="right">-0.515</td>
								<td align="left">0.046</td>
								<td align="center">0.597</td>
								<td align="right">0.545</td>
								<td align="center">0.654</td>
								<td align="left">0.000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><bold>Sexo</bold></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="right">-0.299</td>
								<td align="left">0.049</td>
								<td align="center">0.741</td>
								<td align="right">0.672</td>
								<td align="center">0.817</td>
								<td align="left">0.000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" colspan="8">Rumenitis </td>
								
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left" >Región 1 </td>
								<td align="right">0.949</td>
								<td align="left" >0.0711 </td>
								<td align="center" >2.583 </td>
								<td align="right">2.243</td>
								<td align="center">2.975</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><bold>Procedencia </bold></td>
								<td align="left" >Región 2 </td>
								<td align="right">0.176</td>
								<td align="left" >0.049 </td>
								<td align="center" >1.192 </td>
								<td align="right">1.080</td>
								<td align="center">1.317</td>
								<td align="left">0.000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><bold> </bold></td>
								<td align="left" >Región 3 </td>
								<td align="right">-1.001</td>
								<td align="left" >0.080 </td>
								<td align="center" >0.367 </td>
								<td align="right">0.313</td>
								<td align="center">0.430</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><bold>Edad </bold></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="right">0.310</td>
								<td align="left" >0.045 </td>
								<td align="center" >1.364 </td>
								<td align="right">1.246</td>
								<td align="center">1.494</td>
								<td align="left">0.000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><bold>Especie </bold></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="right">0.725</td>
								<td align="left" >0.044 </td>
								<td align="center" >2.066 </td>
								<td align="right">1.891</td>
								<td align="center">2.258</td>
								<td align="left">0.000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><bold>Sexo </bold></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="right">-0.092</td>
								<td align="left" >0.048 </td>
								<td align="center" >0.911 </td>
								<td align="right">0.828</td>
								<td align="center">1.003</td>
								<td align="left">0.000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" colspan="8">Linfangiectasia </td>
								
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left" >Región 1 </td>
								<td align="right">-1.177</td>
								<td align="left" >0.067 </td>
								<td align="center" >0.308 </td>
								<td align="right">0.269</td>
								<td align="center">0.352</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><bold>Procedencia</bold></td>
								<td align="left" >Región 2</td>
								<td align="right">-0.066</td>
								<td align="left" >0.056 </td>
								<td align="center" >0.935 </td>
								<td align="right">0.836</td>
								<td align="center">1.046</td>
								<td align="left">0.000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><bold> </bold></td>
								<td align="left" >Región 3 </td>
								<td align="right">-0.431</td>
								<td align="left" >0.083 </td>
								<td align="center" >0.649 </td>
								<td align="right">0.55</td>
								<td align="center">0.765</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="center"><bold>Edad </bold></td>
								<td align="left" > </td>
								<td align="right">-0.448</td>
								<td align="left" >0.049 </td>
								<td align="center" >0.638 </td>
								<td align="right">0.578</td>
								<td align="center">0.704</td>
								<td align="left">0.000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><bold>Especie </bold></td>
								<td align="left" > </td>
								<td align="right">-0.266</td>
								<td align="left" >0.05 </td>
								<td align="center" >0.766 </td>
								<td align="right">0.693</td>
								<td align="center">0.846</td>
								<td align="left">0.000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><bold>Sexo </bold></td>
								<td align="left" > </td>
								<td align="right">0.453</td>
								<td align="left" >0.056 </td>
								<td align="center">1.573 </td>
								<td align="right">1.406</td>
								<td align="center">1.759</td>
								<td align="left">0.000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" colspan="8"><italic>Balantidium coli</italic></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left" >Región 1 </td>
								<td align="right">-1.211</td>
								<td align="left" >0.074 </td>
								<td align="center" >0.297 </td>
								<td align="right">0.256</td>
								<td align="center">0.344</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><bold>Procedencia</bold></td>
								<td align="left">Región 2 </td> 
								<td align="right">-1.229</td>
								<td align="left" >0.06 </td>
								<td align="center" >0.292 </td>
								<td align="right">0.259</td>
								<td align="center">0.329</td>
								<td align="left">0.000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><bold> </bold></td>
								<td align="left" >Región 3 </td>
								<td align="right">-1.657</td>
								<td align="left" >0.085 </td>
								<td align="center" >0.19 </td>
								<td align="right">0.16</td>
								<td align="center">0.225</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><bold>Edad </bold></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="right">-0.477</td>
								<td align="left" >0.05 </td>
								<td align="center" >0.62 </td>
								<td align="right">0.56</td>
								<td align="center">0.686</td>
								<td align="left">0.000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><bold>Especie </bold></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="right">0.501</td>
								<td align="left" >0.048 </td>
								<td align="center" >1.65 </td>
								<td align="right">1.499</td>
								<td align="center">1.816</td>
								<td align="left">0.000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><bold>Sexo </bold></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="right">-0.779</td>
								<td align="left" >0.052 </td>
								<td align="center">0.458</td>
								
								<td align="right">0.413</td>
								<td align="center">0.5</td>
								<td align="left">0.000</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>(<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05)</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>Para la variable de procedencia se tomó como comparación la región 4: clima cálido; para la edad los bovinos menores a 36 meses, para el sexo las hembras y para la especie <italic>Bos taurus.</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Los bovinos de los climas semi cálidos subhúmedos, fueron 1.49 veces más probables de presentar cicatrices en rumen; en comparación con los animales procedentes de climas cálidos. Los bovinos procedentes de climas templados subhúmedos, fueron 2.5 veces más probables de presentar rumenitis, que los procedentes de climas cálidos. Los bovinos mayores de 37 meses, fueron 1.3 veces más probables de presentar rumenitis, con respecto a los bovinos menores o iguales a 36 meses. La especie <italic>Bos taurus</italic> fue 2.06 veces más probable que presentara rumenitis, en comparación con la <italic>Bos indicus.</italic> De forma similar <italic>Bos taurus</italic> fue 1.65 veces más probable de presentar <italic>B. coli</italic> que la especie <italic>Bos indicus.</italic> Los bovinos machos fueron 1.57 veces más probables de presentar linfangiectasia, en comparación con las hembras. La especie <italic>Bos indicus</italic> fue 1.65 veces más probable de presentar <italic>B. coli</italic> que la especie <italic>Bos taurus.</italic></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Los bovinos utilizados para la producción de carne en el estado de Colima, provienen de sistemas de engorda en pradera o mixtos. En los sistemas mixtos la etapa de iniciación comienza en la pradera y finaliza en los corrales, con el reto de una engorda de 100-120 días aproximadamente, con las conocidas “dietas calientes” que consisten en la administración de grandes cantidades de concentrado y la consecuente disminución del pH ruminal, lo que provoca la aparición de lesiones en el rumen; cifra que en el presente estudio fue mayor a las encontradas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Rezac <italic>et al.</italic> (2014a)</xref>. En un estudio realizado en Estados Unidos sobre condiciones patológicas graves en bovinos al sacrificio, las lesiones ruminales tuvieron una mayor frecuencia (35%) en 1461 bovinos, los cuadros de rumenitis con una disminución de las papilas fue la lesión más común. La presencia de cicatrices y de áreas sin presencia de papilas indica una exposición a largo plazo del epitelio a un ambiente poco favorable, lo que puede explicar el grado de severidad de las lesiones y la frecuencia de éstas en animales adultos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Steele <italic>et al</italic>. (2009)</xref> observaron un desprendimiento del estrato córneo de las papilas ruminales, después de someter a un bovino a una dieta alta en grano, lesión no observada en el presente estudio; pero la cual coincide con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Sasikala <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref>, en donde se observó por endoscopía el contenido ruminal <italic>in vivo</italic> en 110 bovinos; un epitelio cornificado con cambios de coloración y necrosis, el cual se desprendía con facilidad mostrando una superficie hemorrágica. La biopsia reveló una degeneración vacuolar con cambios nucleares del epitelio escamoso. La dieta es el factor principal en la estructura bacteriana y función ruminal, ya que las bacterias epiteliales del rumen se unen al tejido epitelial, por lo que la alteración en su composición puede afectar la función y generar lesiones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Zhang <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>Estudios sugieren que hay un aumento en la presencia de bacterias con genes de alta virulencia, los cuales pueden aprovechar estas condiciones ruminales para desencadenar una respuesta inflamatoria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Khafipour <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>) o modificar genes implicados en el crecimiento y estructura de los epitelios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Steele <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). La evaluación de la microbiota ruminal no se consideró en el presente estudio, pero se cree que la diversidad bacteriana del rumen y su respuesta a la dieta varía considerablemente, aún entre los animales alimentados con la misma dieta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Penner <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; ., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Chen <italic>et al</italic>2011</xref>).</p>
			<p>En el presente estudio, se observó que la especie <italic>Bos taurus</italic> mostraba una mayor tendencia a presentar lesiones en rumen, en comparación con la especie <italic>Bos indicus</italic>; lo anterior, de acuerdo con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lees <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref> quienes mencionan que el proceso de adaptación del rumen es diferente entre animales de la especie <italic>Bos taurus</italic> y <italic>Bos indicus</italic>, particularmente en climas tropicales y subtropicales, en donde los cebuinos tienen una mejor capacidad de adaptación a climas tropicales con condiciones de temperatura y humedad altas, en comparación con los <italic>Bos taurus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Reis <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Panciera <italic>et al</italic>. (2007)</xref> registraron daños severos, a causa de la acidosis, como: timpanismo abomasal, edema marcado, hemorragia y enfisema en las paredes ruminales; donde se sugiere que parte de los daños fue debido a la presencia de especies clostridiales, o un conjunto de agentes que se involucran en estos daños. La presencia de objetos extraños en rumen como bolsas de plástico, pueden ocasionar daños en el epitelio, como atrofia, pérdida de papilas ruminales, erosión, úlceras y formación nodular en la mucosa ruminal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Otsyina <italic>et al., 2017</italic></xref>). La presencia de protozoarios ciliados se asocia con la estructura y patogenicidad de diferentes comunidades bacterianas y alteraciones en la fermentación ruminal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">García <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Además de ser un patógeno oportunista, <italic>B. coli,</italic> es zoonótico, y es causante de problemas gastroentéricos y pulmonares en el hombre (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Sharma y Harding, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Pérez <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Koopowitz <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>).</p>
			<p>Las condiciones de temperatura y humedad del estado de Colima permiten la viabilidad de este protozoario en el ambiente, y la infección se da por el consumo de agua o alimentos contaminados con ooquistes, excretados por animales, o incluso humanos infectados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ahmed <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>).</p>
			<p>En un estudio realizado en Bangladesh por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Paul <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref>, identificaron la presencia del parásito protozoario <italic>B. coli</italic> en 103/200 muestras fecales. La prevalencia más alta se registró en el ganado bovino (54.7%), en comparación con el ganado porcino (42%), resultado mayor al encontrado en el presente estudio. En China, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref>, realizaron un análisis en 468 muestras fecales para identificar los principales agentes infecciosos encontrados en macacos, <italic>B. coli</italic>, fue el segundo protozoario de importancia con el 70% de prevalencia, resultado mayor al de otras especies. En Brasil un estudio realizado en aves en cautiverio, mostró una prevalencia del 1.4% para este mismo parásito mediante la técnica coproparasitoscópica, el cual se encontró en palomas, lo que sugiere que pueden ser reservorios para otros hospederos susceptibles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lyra <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>). La acidosis es un problema de manejo de la alimentación, se presenta cuando el ganado que estaba consumiendo pasto, se cambia rápidamente a una dieta alta en carbohidratos, como en la mayoría de las engordas; en las cuales se puede considerar la adición de algún <italic>buffer</italic> a la ración como el bicarbonato de sodio o carbonato de calcio en no más del 5% de la ración, realizar cambios graduales en las transiciones de la etapa de engorda, así como hacer inspecciones rutinarias del sistema digestivo al momento del sacrificio.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>La realización de este estudio permitió identificar los principales tipos de lesiones ruminales en bovinos que llegan a sacrificio a la procesadora municipal de carne de Colima. Casi la totalidad de bovinos muestreados cursaron con algún cuadro de acidosis durante su vida, las cuales ocasionaron lesiones en la pared ruminal, lo que provoca pérdidas económicas; debido a los bajos rendimientos en los corrales de engorda. La inspección <italic>post mortem</italic> en bovinos es una herramienta que permite evaluar la salud ruminal, así como impulsar medidas preventivas para el control de la acidosis ruminal subclínica. La presencia de agentes no comunes en el rumen sugiere una alteración en la microbiota del epitelio ruminal. Este es el primer estudio donde se documenta la presencia de <italic>Balantidium coli</italic> en tejidos ruminales.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>LITERATURA CITADA</title>
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					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ahmed</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ljaz</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ayyub</surname>
							<given-names>RM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ghaffar</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ghauri</surname>
							<given-names>HN</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aziz</surname>
							<given-names>MU</given-names>
						</name>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Ruminal lesions in cattle slaughtered in slaughterhouses</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<p>The objective of the present study was to describe macroscopic and microscopic lesion in the rumen of bovine slaughtered in the Municipal Meat Processor of Colima, Mexico. The lesions found during the slaughter were macroscopically and subsequently fixed in 10% buffered formalin with pH 7.2 described. It was with the routine histological technique, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) processed. 100 rumen were collected, as well as data on the origin, age, sex, and species of the animals. Data were, with the Chi- square independence test and logistic regression analysis analyzed. The 98% of the bovines presented at least one of the following lesions: hemorrhages, erosions, ulcers, scars, hyperkeratosis, hydropic degeneration, rumenitis, lymphangiectasia, a sample had a papilloma and the presence of the protozoan <italic>Balantidium coli</italic> was in 30% of the samples found. Dependence was found between <italic>B</italic>. <italic>coli</italic> to the origin (P= 0.046) and the sex (P= 0.041) of the animals. The variables that were significant (P= &lt;0.05) in the logistic regression analysis were scars, rumenitis, lymphangiectasia, and <italic>B</italic>. <italic>coli.</italic> The injuries found to interfere with the absorption of nutrients, loss of production, and productivity, as well as the presence of opportunistic pathogens that can represent a health risk for animals and humans.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>hyperkeratosis</kwd>
				<kwd>rumenitis</kwd>
				<kwd>Balantidium coli</kwd>
				<kwd>ruminal acidosis</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>There are many diseases or digestive system disorders in cattle. They are of economic importance in the production units, since they cause a decrease in production, high morbidity and mortality; they reduce animal welfare, as well as an impact on public health (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Plaizier <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>). The rumen carries out a series of adaptations to the different feeding phases, to which the bovines are subjected, in which forages and large quantities of grains are digested; which can cause the appearance of digestive disorders, such as acidosis, resulting from the rapid fermentation of the grain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Meyer y Bryant, 2017</xref>). Ruminal acidosis (RA) problems are common. However, it is a difficult disorder to recognize and prevent, since the pathophysiology is complex and variable (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Oetzel, 2017</xref>). This disease is caused by eating high concentrate diets; it is defined as a decrease in pH (&lt;5.6), for prolonged periods of up to at least three hours per day (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Kleen <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Gozho <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Krause y Oetzel, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Steele <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>).</p>
				<p>Low pH induces lysis of Gram-negative bacteria, and increases free lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the rumen, which is a powerful inducer of inflammation and the development of rumenitis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Zhao <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). The production of immunogens in the rumen, such as LPS or histamine, cause the rumen protection barrier to be reduced and they are implicated in the development of this disease (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Plaizier <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>).</p>
				<p>Ruminal pH is a key factor for the correct functioning of the rumen, since it affects microbial populations, products of fermentation and its physiological functions (Nagaraja y Titgemeyer, 2007). A decrease in: fat in milk, reduced fiber digestion, loss of body condition, diarrhea, laminitis, inflammation and tympanism can be observed; in addition to affecting the voluntary consumption of food (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Panciera <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Rezac <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>a; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Zhao <italic>et al</italic>., 2018).</xref>
				</p>
				<p>These alterations can cause an imbalance in the ruminal microbiota, where etiological agents, such as <italic>Fusobacterium necrophorum</italic>, <italic>Trueperella pyogenes</italic> and <italic>Arcanobacterium</italic> spp, among others, behave like opportunists, and travel through the portal circulation to the liver, where they can generate abscesses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Tadepalli <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Xu y Ding, 2011;</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Trigo, 2015</xref>). Alteration of the ruminal epithelium allows microorganisms and their toxins to migrate into the portal circulation, which can predispose to a variety of infections or endotoxins in the bloodstream, as they alter the ability of nutrient absorption; which can generate an accumulation of volatile fatty acids (AGV) or lactic acid (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Kleen <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>). The ruminal papillae are usually by mucus compared to the abomasal papillae not covered, so they may be more susceptible to rumenitis that can progress to erosion and ulceration (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Snyder y Credille, 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>Parakeratosis is the thickening of the stratum corneum of the ruminal epithelium, and it is the result of chronic rumenitis <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">(Jubb <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), being an important pathology; since it decreases the absorption capacity of AGV and predisposes affected animals to new episodes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Oetzel, 2017</xref>). In Mexico, the economic impact produced by ruminal acidosis has been difficult to quantify, but it is important due to the injuries it causes in fattening cattle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Malafaia <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>There are few studies in Mexico that describe the injuries observed in the rumen at the time of the slaughter of the animals, the rumen inspection is a tool that allows evaluating the nutritional health of livestock in the pens. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to describe the ruminal lesions present in cattle that arrive at the municipal meat processor in Colima city, Mexico.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Study area</title>
					<p>The work was in Colima state carried out, at the municipal meat processor, located at km.3.5 of the Colima-Coquimatlán highway. The predominant climate in 78.52% of the territory is warm sub-humid with rains in summer, in 12.42% there is a semi-dry warm climate, in 7.58% semi-warm sub-humid with rains in summer and in 1.48% of the territory, a temperate sub-humid climate with rains in summer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">INEGI, 2017</xref>). The average annual temperature is 25 °C and the total annual precipitation is approximately 1728.9 mm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">CONAGUA, 2017</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Sampling</title>
					<p>100 samples of ruminal tissue were collected, 1 cm2 from the right side of the cranio- ventral sac and from the left side of the cranial ventral sac, because in this ruminal portion the epithelium is in longer contact with ruminal fluid (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Castro y Elizondo, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Jonsson <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Some representative areas, where some type of macroscopic injury has been observed; which were fixed by immersion in 10% buffered formalin for 24 h. The tissues were in plastic cassettes, cut and included. They were transferred to the Pathology Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry of the University of Colima, located in Tecomán municipality, Colima, Mexico at km. 40, Colima-Manzanillo highway, within the geographic coordinates 18° 55’ of North Latitude and 103° 52’ of West Longitude, and an altitude of 20 m a.s.l (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">INEGI, 2017</xref>). Subsequently, they were processed with the routine histological technique, which consists of dehydration, clearance and paraffin infiltration; they were cut at 5 µm thick and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (H-E) staining (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Prophet <italic>et al</italic>., 1995</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Sample analysis</title>
					<p>Macroscopic and microscopic lesions were using pathological concepts described and characterized; the results were expressed in percentages and degrees of severity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Rezac <italic>et al</italic>., 2014b</xref>) Likewise, the Chi square test was used to assess the dependency between the lesions with the place of origin of the animals, age, species and sex. A logistic regression analysis was performed in order to find risk factors associated with the presence of injuries. Both analyzes were performed with the Statgraphics Centurion ver.15.2 program (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Statgraphics, 2007</xref>).</p>
					<p>For the statistical analysis, two age ranges were established, less than or equal to 36 months, and greater than or equal to 37 months; trying to maintain an adequate number of records at each level of classification. For the species, the Angus, Beefmaster, Brown Swiss and Simmental racial genotypes were classified in <italic>Bos Taurus</italic> and zebu were classified in <italic>Bos indicus</italic>. The places of origin were into four regions grouped, according to the type of climate: region 1: temperate sub-humid, region 2: semi-warm sub-humid, region 3: warm sub-humid and region 4: warm.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>From the total samples, 33 were females and 67 males. Of the slaughtered animals, 56 belonged to the <italic>Bos taurus</italic> species and 44 to <italic>Bos indicus</italic>. The 98% of the samples presented at least one lesion. The macroscopic findings were (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figure 1</xref>): hemorrhages, erosion, ulcers, hyperkeratosis (thickening of the rumen papillae), atrophy of the papillae and scars; one sample had a papilloma. The microscopic findings (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">figure 2</xref>) were thickening of the horny layer of the ruminal papillae, as well as the presence of collagen fibers, hydropic degeneration, inflammation (rumenitis) and lymphangiectasia. In addition, the presence of the protozoan <italic>Balantidium coli</italic> was recorded in 30% of the samples.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f3">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Macroscopic description of ruminal lesions. A/ normal rumen mucosa. B/ thickening and atrophy of the rumen papillae. C/ ruminal hemorrhages. D/E erosions, ulcers and ruminal scars. F/ presence of 1X2 cm wart or papilloma showing a cauliflower-like mass, white in color, growing above the epithelium on the surface of the ruminal mucosa and covered with scales.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e105-gf3.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Microscopic description of ruminal lesions. A/ Thickening of the horny layer of the ruminal papillae, as well as the presence of epithelial hydropic degeneration. Hematoxylin-eosin 40X staining. B-C/ Erosion, ulcer and parakeratosis of the ruminal papilla. Hematoxylin-eosin 40X staining. D/ Mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate over the submucosa of the ruminal papilla (rumenitis), inset with zoom. Hematoxylin- eosin 40X staining. E/Presence of abundant protozoa <italic>Balantidium coli</italic> on the mucosa and ruminal epithelium causing hemorrhages and inflammation (box). Hematoxylin-eosin staining 10-40X. F/Epithelial hyperplasia of the ruminal papillae with cytoplasmic vacuolization and hyperkeratosis, in addition to proliferation of collagen, forming digital projections towards the submucosa (papilloma). Hematoxylin-eosin 40X staining.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e105-gf4.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>These injuries were grouped into degrees of severity, which ranged from mild to severe (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Number of cases for rumen injuries and their classification in degrees severity</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Degree of severity</th>
									<th align="center">Hyperkeratosis</th>
									<th align="center">Hydropic degeneration</th>
									<th align="left">Rumenitis</th>
									<th align="center">Lymphagiectasia</th>
									<th align="left"><italic>Balantidiumcoli</italic></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Slight</td>
									<td align="right">33</td>
									<td align="center">53</td>
									<td align="left">23</td>
									<td align="center">21</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Moderate</td>
									<td align="right">42</td>
									<td align="center">30</td>
									<td align="left">18</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Severe</td>
									<td align="right">18</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td align="left">1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Total case</td>
									<td align="right">93</td>
									<td align="center">92</td>
									<td align="left">42</td>
									<td align="center">28</td>
									<td align="center">30</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">No apparent injury</td>
									<td align="right">7</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="left">58</td>
									<td align="center">72</td>
									<td align="center">70</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>According to the frequencies found, bovines from sub-humid semi-warm climates, whose species was <italic>Bos indicus</italic>, older than or equal to 37 months and males, presented more injuries. The presence of the protozoan <italic>B</italic>. <italic>coli</italic> was significant in the Chi square test, showing dependence with the origin (P=0.046) and sex (P=0.041) of the animals. In the logistic regression analysis the variables: origin, age, species and sex of the animals, were significant (P=0.000) for the presence of scars, rumenitis, lymphangiectasia and <italic>B</italic>. <italic>coli</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Risk factors for the presence of ruminal lesions in cattle slaughtered at the Municipal Meat Processor in Colima. Mexico</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								
							
							<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="right"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="right">IC(OR)95%</th>
									<th align="center"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Variables</th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="right">Estimate</th>
									<th align="left">Stándar error</th>
									<th align="left">Odd Ratio</th>
									<th align="right">Superir limit (LI)</th>
									<th align="center">Inferior limit (LS)</th>
									<th align="center">Value P</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr><td align="center" colspan="8">Cicatriz </td></tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold> </bold></td>
									<td align="left">Region 1</td>
									<td align="center">-0.230</td>
									<td align="center">0.067</td>
									<td align="center">0.793</td>
									<td align="center">0.694</td>
									<td align="center">0.907</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>Provenance</bold></td>
									<td align="left">Region 2</td>
									<td align="center">-0.685</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
									<td align="center">0.503</td>
									<td align="center">0.455</td>
									<td align="center">0.556</td>
									<td align="center">0.000</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold> </bold></td>
									<td align="left">Region 3</td>
									<td align="center">0.402</td>
									<td align="center">0.089</td>
									<td align="center">1.495</td>
									<td align="center">1.250</td>
									<td align="center">1.787</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>Age</bold></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">-0.142</td>
									<td align="center">0.045</td>
									<td align="center">0.866</td>
									<td align="center">0.791</td>
									<td align="center">0.949</td>
									<td align="center">0.000</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>Species</bold></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">-0.515</td>
									<td align="center">0.046</td>
									<td align="center">0.597</td>
									<td align="center">0.545</td>
									<td align="center">0.654</td>
									<td align="center">0.000</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>Sex</bold></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">-0.299</td>
									<td align="center">0.049</td>
									<td align="center">0.741</td>
									<td align="center">0.672</td>
									<td align="center">0.817</td>
									<td align="center">0.000</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center" colspan="8">Rumenitis</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left" >Region 1 </td>
									<td align="center">0.949</td>
									<td align="center" >0.0711 </td>
									<td align="center">2.583</td>
									<td align="center" >2.243 </td>
									<td align="center">2.975</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>Provenance</bold></td>
										<td align="left">Region 2 </td> 
									<td align="center">0.176</td>
									<td align="center" >0.049 </td>
									<td align="center">1.192</td>
									<td align="center" >1.080 </td>
									<td align="center">1.317</td>
									<td align="center">0.000</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold> </bold></td>
									<td align="left" >Region 3 </td>
									<td align="center">-1.001</td>
									<td align="center" >0.080 </td>
									<td align="center">0.367</td>
									<td align="center" >0.313 </td>
									<td align="center">0.430</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>Age </bold></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">0.310</td>
									<td align="center" >0.045 </td>
									<td align="center">1.364</td>
									<td align="center" >1.246 </td>
									<td align="center">1.494</td>
									<td align="center">0.000</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>Species </bold></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">0.725</td>
									<td align="center" >0.044 </td>
									<td align="center">2.066</td>
									<td align="center" >1.891 </td>
									<td align="center">2.258</td>
									<td align="center">0.000</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>Sex </bold></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">-0.092</td>
									<td align="center" >0.048 </td>
									<td align="center">0.911</td>
									<td align="center" >0.828 </td>
									<td align="center">1.003</td>
									<td align="center">0.000</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center" colspan="8">Lymphagiectasia </td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold> </bold></td>
									<td align="left" >Region 1 </td>
									<td align="center">-1.177</td>
									<td align="center" >0.067 </td>
									<td align="center">0.308</td>
									<td align="center" >0.269 </td>
									<td align="center">0.352</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>Provenance</bold></td>
										<td align="left">Region 2</td>
									<td align="center">-0.066</td>
									<td align="center" >0.056 </td>
									<td align="center">0.935</td>
									<td align="center" >0.836 </td>
									<td align="center">1.046</td>
									<td align="center">0.000</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold> </bold></td>
									<td align="left">Region 3 </td>
									<td align="center">-0.431</td>
									<td align="center" >0.083 </td>
									<td align="center">0.649</td>
									<td align="center" >0.55 </td>
									<td align="center">0.765</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>Age </bold></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">-0.448</td>
									<td align="center" >0.049 </td>
									<td align="center">0.638</td>
									<td align="center" >0.578 </td>
									<td align="center">0.704</td>
									<td align="center">0.000</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>Species </bold></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="right">-0.266</td>
									<td align="center" >0.05 </td>
									<td align="left">0.766</td>
									<td align="right" >0.693 </td>
									<td align="center">0.846</td>
									<td align="center">0.000</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>Sex </bold></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">0.453</td>
									<td align="center" >0.056 </td>
									<td align="center">1.573</td>
									<td align="center" >1.406 </td>
									<td align="center">1.759</td>
									<td align="center">0.000</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center" colspan="8"><italic>Balantidium coli</italic></td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left" >Region 1 </td>
									<td align="center">-1.211</td>
									<td align="center" >0.074 </td>
									<td align="center">0.297</td>
									<td align="center" >0.256 </td>
									<td align="center">0.344</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>Provenance</bold></td>
										<td align="left">Region 2 </td> 
									<td align="center">-1.229</td>
									<td align="center" >0.06 </td>
									<td align="center">0.292</td>
									<td align="center" >0.259 </td>
									<td align="center">0.329</td>
									<td align="center">0.000</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold> </bold></td>
									<td align="left" >Region 3 </td>
								
									<td align="right">-1.657</td>
									<td align="center" >0.085 </td>
									<td align="center">0.19</td>
									<td align="center" >0.16 </td>
									<td align="center">0.225</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>Age </bold></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">-0.477</td>
									<td align="center" >0.05 </td>
									<td align="center">0.62</td>
									<td align="center" >0.56 </td>
									<td align="center">0.686</td>
									<td align="center">0.000</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>Species </bold></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">0.501</td>
									<td align="center" >0.048 </td>
									<td align="center">1.65</td>
									<td align="center" >1.499 </td>
									<td align="center">1.816</td>
									<td align="center">0.000</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>Sex </bold></td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">-0.779</td>
									<td align="center" >0.052 </td>
									<td align="center">0.458</td>
									<td align="center">0.413</td>
									
									<td align="center">0.5</td>
									<td align="center">0.000</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>(<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05)</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>4 was, as a comparison for the provenance variable taken: warm climate; for the age the bovines smaller than 36 months for the sex the females and for the <italic>Bos taurus</italic> species<italic>.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Cattle from semi-humid sub-humid climates were 1.49 times more likely to present rumen scars; compared to animals from warm climates. Cattle from subhumid temperate climates were 2.5 times more likely to present rumenitis than the ones from warm climates. Cattle older than 37 months were 1.3 times more likely to present rumenitis, compared to cattle less than or equal to 36 months. The <italic>Bos taurus</italic> species was 2.06 times more likely to have rumenitis, compared to <italic>Bos indicus</italic>. Similarly, <italic>Bos taurus</italic> was 1.65 times more likely to present B. coli than the <italic>Bos indicus</italic> species. Male cattle were 1.57 times more likely to have lymphangiectasia, compared to females. The Bos indicus species was 1.65 times more likely to present <italic>B</italic>. <italic>coli</italic> than the <italic>Bos taurus</italic> species.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The bovines used for meat production in Colima state, come from prairie or mixed fattening systems. In mixed systems, the initiation stage begins in the meadow and ends in the pens, with the challenge of fattening for approximately 100-120 days, with the known “hot diets” consisting of the administration of large amounts of concentrate and the consequent decrease in rumen pH. It causes the appearance of rumen lesions; figure that in the present study was higher than those found by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Rezac <italic>et al.</italic> (2014a)</xref>.</p>
				<p>In a study carried out in the United States on serious pathological conditions in cattle at slaughter, ruminal lesions had a higher frequency (35%) in 1461 cattle, the rumenitis symptoms with a decrease in the papillae was the most common lesion. The presence of scars and areas without papillae indicates a long-term exposure of the epithelium to an unfavorable environment, which may explain the degree of severity of the lesions and their frequency in adult animals. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Steele <italic>et al</italic>. (2009)</xref> observed a detachment of the stratum corneum from the ruminal papillae, after submitting a bovine to a high grain diet, an injury not observed in the present study. It coincides with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Sasikala <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref>, where the <italic>in vivo</italic> rumen content was observed a cornified epithelium with changes of coloration and necrosis by endoscopy in 110 cattle, which detached easily showing a hemorrhagic surface. Biopsy revealed vacuolar degeneration with nuclear changes of the squamous epithelium. Diet is the main factor in bacterial structure and ruminal function, since the epithelial bacteria of the rumen bind to the epithelial tissue, so the alteration in its composition can affect function and generate lesions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Zhang <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>Studies suggest that there is an increase in the presence of bacteria with high virulence genes, which can take advantage of these ruminal conditions to trigger an inflammatory response (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Khafipour <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>) or modify genes involved in the growth and structure of epithelia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Steele <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). The evaluation of the ruminal microbiota in the present study was not considered, but it is believed that the bacterial diversity of the rumen and its response to diet varies considerably; even among animals fed the same diet (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Penner <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Chen <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>).</p>
				<p>In the present study, it was observed that the <italic>Bos taurus</italic> species showed a greater tendency to present rumen lesions, compared to the <italic>Bos indicus</italic> species; the above, according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lees <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref> it was mentioned that the rumen adaptation process is different between animals of the <italic>Bos taurus</italic> and <italic>Bos indicus</italic> species, particularly in tropical and subtropical climates, where zebuines have a better ability to adapt to tropical climates with temperature and high humidity, compared to <italic>Bos taurus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Reis <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Panciera <italic>et al</italic>. (2007)</xref> registered severe damages, due to acidosis, such as: abomasal tympanism, marked edema, hemorrhage and emphysema in the rumen walls; where it is suggested that part of the damage was due to the presence of clostridial species, or a group of agents that are involved in these damages. The presence of foreign objects in the rumen, such as plastic bags, can cause damage to the epithelium, such as atrophy, loss of rumen papillae, erosion, ulcers and nodular formation in the rumen mucosa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Otsyina <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). The presence of ciliated protozoa is associated with the structure and pathogenicity of different bacterial communities and alterations in ruminal fermentation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">García <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). In addition of being an opportunistic pathogen, <italic>B</italic>. <italic>coli</italic> is zoonotic, and it causes gastroenteric and lung problems in man (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Sharma y Harding, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Pérez <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Koopowitz <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p>The temperature and humidity conditions of Colima state allow the viability of this protozoan in the environment, and the infection occurs through the consumption of water or food contaminated with oocytes, excreted by animals, or even infected humans (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ahmed <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>In a study conducted in Bangladesh by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Paul <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref>, identified the presence of the protozoan parasite <italic>B</italic>. <italic>coli</italic> in 103/200 fecal samples. The highest prevalence was recorded in cattle (54.7%), compared to pigs (42%), a result higher than that found in the present study. In China, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref>, carried out an analysis in 468 fecal samples to identify the main infectious agents found in macaques, <italic>B</italic>. <italic>coli</italic>, was the second most important protozoan with 70% prevalence, a result higher than that of other species. In Brazil, a study in birds in captivity showed a prevalence of 1.4% for this same parasite using the coproparasitoscopic technique, which was found in pigeons, suggesting that they may be reservoirs for other susceptible hosts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lyra <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>). Acidosis is a feeding management problem. It occurs when cattle that were consuming grass, quickly change to a high carbohydrate diet, as in most fattening; in which the addition of some buffer to the ration such as sodium bicarbonate or calcium carbonate in no more than 5% of the ration. It makes gradual changes in the transitions of the fattening stage, as well as make routine inspections of the digestive system at the time of slaughter.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>Carrying out this study allowed us to identify the main types of ruminal lesions in cattle that come to slaughter to the Colima municipal meat processor. Almost the totality of bovine animals sampled suffered some type of acidosis during their life, which caused lesions in the rumen wall, causing economic losses; due to the low yields in the fattening pens. Post mortem inspection in bovines is a tool that allows evaluating ruminal health, as well as promoting preventive measures for the control of subclinical ruminal acidosis. The presence of unusual agents in the rumen suggests an alteration in the microbiota of the ruminal epithelium. This is the first study where the presence of <italic>Balantidium coli</italic> in ruminal tissues is documented.</p>
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