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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.7</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00107</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Residuos de plaguicidas en miel y cera de colonias de abejas de La Comarca Lagunera</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3384-6240</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vargas-Valero</surname>
						<given-names>Azucena</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6696-6981</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Reyes-Carrillo</surname>
						<given-names>José</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8858-0190</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moreno-Reséndez</surname>
						<given-names>Alejandro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5105-1508</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Véliz-Deras</surname>
						<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8140-4984</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gaspar-Ramírez</surname>
						<given-names>Octavio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2692-0393</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rodríguez-Martínez</surname>
						<given-names>Rafael</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones, Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias. México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones, Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro-Unidad Laguna. México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C.</institution>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"> *Autor responsable y de correspondencia: Rodríguez-Martínez Rafael. Carretera a Sta. Fe y Periférico Raúl López Sánchez s/n C.P. 27054, Torreón, Coahuila, México. <email>azvalero@yahoo.com.mx</email>, <email>jlreyes54@gmail.com</email>, <email>alejamorsa@hotmail.com</email>,<email>velizderas@gmail.com</email>, <email>ogramirez@ciatej.mx</email>, <email>rafael.rdz.mtz@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>
			<issue>00</issue>
			<elocation-id>e7</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>21</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>Las abejas melíferas son importantes para la seguridad alimentaria y el mantenimiento de la biodiversidad. Se ha presentado un colapso de las colonias ocasionado por la exposición a plaguicidas. El objetivo fue determinar y cuantificar la presencia de plaguicidas en miel y cera de colonias de abejas bajo colapso (BC), con (CA) y sin antecedentes de colapso (SA). Se analizaron cinco muestras de miel y cinco de cera de colonias CA y SA, así como dos de miel y de cera BC; las muestras fueron analizadas por LC-QTOF y GC- MS/MS. Se detectaron en total 24 plaguicidas en miel y cera. El acetamiprid se encontró en el 100% de las muestras. En las colonias BC, presentaron en promedio altos niveles de acetamiprid en cera y miel (0.402 y 0.633 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> respectivamente). Para las colonias CA, los promedios de acetamiprid fueron 0.686 y 0.266 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> para cera y miel respectivamente, en las colonias SA, los promedios del acetamiprid en cera y miel fueron 0.234 y 0.404 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> respectivamente. En conclusión, las colonias CA presentaron la mayor diversidad de plaguicidas seguidas por SA y BC. Estos resultados podrían sugerir la participación de los plaguicidas como causa del colapso de las colonias.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Apis mellifera</kwd>
				<kwd>Desorden del Colapso de las Colonias</kwd>
				<kwd>México</kwd>
				<kwd>QuEChERS</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<award-group award-type="contract">
					<funding-source>Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</funding-source>
					<award-id>2834</award-id>
					<award-id>2835</award-id>
				</award-group>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="40"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Las abejas melíferas son importantes polinizadores de una gran diversidad de cultivos y plantas nativas, la polinización llevada a cabo por estos insectos es necesaria para el 35 % de los cultivos destinados a la alimentación humana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Ollerton, 2017</xref>); sin embargo, a nivel mundial han sufrido una disminución en sus poblaciones, fenómeno llamado el Desorden del Colapso de las Colonias (DCC) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Brutscher <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Las características de las colonias colapsadas, son: la muerte parcial o total de la colonia con presencia de abejas muertas dentro o cerca de la colmena, la desaparición parcial o total de la colonia, con el abandono de las reservas de alimento y las crías y el debilitamiento de la colonia mediante un lento desarrollo durante la primavera, bajo condiciones óptimas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Simon- Delso <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>Aunque se han reportado diversos factores como las probables causas del colapso de las colonias, uno de los más importantes es la exposición a plaguicidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Calatayud- Vernich <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sánchez-Bayo <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Traynor <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Las abejas se exponen a los plaguicidas cuando buscan los recursos néctar-poliníferos, sobre todo si las colonias están ubicadas cerca de áreas agrícolas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">O’Neal <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Se ha demostrado que la exposición a dosis subletales de plaguicidas puede afectar el comportamiento de la abeja (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Balbuena <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>), el pecoreo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Cresswell y Thompson, 2012</xref>), su longevidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Wu <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>), la termorregulación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Tosi <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>); así como su aprendizaje olfativo y memoria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Lu <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>Los residuos de plaguicidas pueden acumularse en el pan de abeja, miel y cera (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Johnson <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lozano <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>); presentándose en esta última la capacidad de almacenamiento residual de plaguicidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Benuszak <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Por tanto, de un panal contaminado, los residuos pueden transferirse a la miel almacenada, presentando un riesgo para los consumidores; también, el consumo de “miel en panal”, como aditivo de alimentos en el tratamiento de frutas, suplemento alimenticio o como saborizante, representan un riesgo para la salud (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Wilmart <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>En el semidesierto del norte de México, se ha encontrado la presencia de plaguicidas en bajas concentraciones en muestras de miel y cera (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alcántar-Rosales <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), y se ha reportado para el periodo de 2010 al 2017 una disminución de hasta el 35% de las colonias de abejas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">SIAP, 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar y cuantificar la presencia de plaguicidas en muestras de miel y cera de colonias de abejas, con y sin antecedentes de colapso.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>Muestreo de las matrices de las colmenas. El muestreo se realizó en el semidesierto del norte de México (25º 05’ y 26º 54’ LN y 101º 40’ y 104º 45’ LO), entre los meses de junio a septiembre de 2017, con base en el padrón de apicultores registrados en el Comité Sistema Producto Apícola de la Región Lagunera A.C., bajo el criterio de contar con al menos de 10 colonias; siendo seleccionados 43 apicultores, de los cuales, mediante un muestreo aleatorio del 20% de las colonias de cada apiario y bajo condiciones naturales. Se obtuvieron un total de 132 muestras de panal con miel y cera de aproximadamente 12 cm<sup>2</sup>; de éstas, para su análisis de plaguicidas, se seleccionaron al azar 12 muestras, de las cuales cinco se clasificaron como provenientes de colonias con antecedentes de colapso (CA); cinco como asintomáticas o provenientes de colonias sin antecedentes de colapso (SA), y dos muestras de apiarios que al momento del muestreo sufrieron el colapso (BC). La clasificación se realizó de acuerdo a los datos obtenidos del apicultor y con base en los criterios definidos por Simon-Delso <italic>et al</italic>. (2014).</p>
			<p>Con un cúter desechable se cortó un pedazo de panal con miel y cera de aproximadamente 12 cm<sup>2</sup>, se colocó en una bolsa de plástico con su respectiva identificación y posteriormente fueron transportadas al laboratorio de Biología de la Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Unidad Laguna en Torreón, Coahuila, para almacenarlas a -20 °C, hasta su análisis en el laboratorio del Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A. C. (CIATEJ), Apodaca, Nuevo León. A cada una de las muestras (miel y cera) se les determinó165 plaguicidas.</p>
			<p><bold>Productos químicos y soluciones</bold>. Los estándares analíticos de los plaguicidas se
				obtuvieron de ChemService, Inc. (West Chester, PA, USA): Sigma-Aldrich-Fluka (St.
				Louis, MO, USA), Sigma-Aldrich-Supelco (Bellefonte, PA, USA), Accustandard (New
				Haven, CT, USA), y ULTRA Scientific (N. Kingstown, RI, USA). El ácido fórmico (grado
				MS) y formiato de amonio (base metal traza) se adquirieron en Sigma-Aldrich. El
				Acetonitrilo grado HPLC y el agua grado HPLC fueron adquiridos en Tedia High Purity
				Solvents (Fairfield, OH). Las sales de extracción “Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective,
				Rugged, and Safe” (QuEChERS) (Método AOAC) y los kits SPE de dispersión (Bond Elut),
				fueron adquiridos en Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA, USA).</p>
			<p><bold>Preparación y extracción de muestras</bold>. De cada muestra se tomaron 7 g de miel y 3
				g de cera, las cuales previamente fueron descongeladas a temperatura ambiente. Se
				realizó la extracción de residuos de plaguicidas de acuerdo con una modificación del
				método analítico “QuEChERS” (Valdovinos-Flores <italic>et al</italic>., 2017),
				previamente validado en el Laboratorio de Servicios Analíticos de la Sede Noreste
				del CIATEJ. Este método consta de dos pasos: (1) la separación de plaguicidas de la
				matriz con acetonitrilo, y (2) el extracto de limpieza. Se utilizaron curvas de
				calibración en matriz (matrix-matched calibration), los analitos y el estándar
				interno se agregaron después de pesar las muestras, antes de agregar disolventes. Se
				transfirieron 300 μL de extracto a viales de 2 mL. Una muestra fue inyectada en un
				sistema de Cromatografía de líquidos, acoplado a un espectrómetro de masas en tiempo
				de vuelo (LC-QTOF); y otra en un Cromatógrafo de gases acoplado a un espectrómetro
				de masas triple cuadrupolo (GC-MS/MS).</p>
			<p><bold>Extracción en miel</bold>. De acuerdo al método analítico “QuEChERS” modificado por
				Valdovinos-Flores <italic>et al</italic>. (2017), en un tubo de plástico para
				centrífuga de 50 mL, se pesaron 7 g de miel, a los cuales se agregaron 10 mL de agua
				desionizada; se agitaron manualmente las muestras durante un minuto, se agregaron 15
				mL de acetonitrilo acidificado al 1% con ácido acético (v/v) y se agitó nuevamente
				durante 1 min. Posteriormente se usaron 6 g de MgSO4 y 1.5 g de acetato de sodio.
				Todas las muestras fueron agitadas durante 1 min. y se centrifugaron a 4000 rpm por
				5 min.</p>
			<p>Para hacer la limpieza del extracto se utilizaron 8 mL del sobrenadante, y se transfirieron a un tubo de 15 mL, con 400 mL de amina primaria-secundaria (PSA), 1200 mg de MgSO4 y 400 mg de EC-C18; se agitaron durante 1 min. y se centrifugaron a 4000 rpm por 5 min.</p>
			<p><bold>Extracción en cera</bold>. Para la extracción de esta matriz fue utilizado el método de
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><italic>Niell et al</italic>. (2014)</xref>. En
				un tubo de plástico para centrífuga de 50 mL se pesaron 3 g de cera, se agregaron 15
				mL de acetonitrilo acidificado al 1% con ácido acético (v/v). Los tubos se colocaron
				en un baño de agua a 80 °C hasta la fundición de la cera. Una vez fundida la cera,
				se agitaron durante 20 seg. y se colocaron nuevamente en el baño para que se funda;
				se repitió el proceso de fundición y agitación tres veces más. Las muestras se
				colocaron a temperatura ambiente y luego se llevaron a un congelador a -20 °C
				durante dos horas.</p>
			<p>Para hacer la limpieza del extracto, se extrajeron 8 mL del sobrenadante y se transfirieron a un tubo de 15 mL, con 400 mL de amina primaria-secundaria (PSA), 1200 mg de MgSO4 y 400 mg de EC-C18. Se agitaron durante 1 min. y se centrifugaron a 4000 rpm por 5 min.</p>
			<p><bold>Cromatografía de líquidos acoplado a un espectrómetro de masas en tiempo de vuelo
					(LC-QTOF)</bold>. Para el análisis de LC, se utilizó un sistema HPLC de la serie
				1200 de Agilent (Agilent Technologies), con una bomba binaria acoplada a un
				espectrómetro de masas G6530A Q-TOF (Agilent Technologies). La separación
				cromatográfica se logró utilizando una columna Eclipse Plus C18 (100 mm x 2.1 mm x
				1.8 μm, Agilent Technologies). Las fases móviles consistían en agua con 0.01% de
				ácido fórmico + 10 mM de formato de amonio (Disolvente A) y metanol con 0.01% de
				ácido fórmico + 10 mM formato de amonio (Disolvente B).</p>
			<p>La inyección se realizó utilizando una disolución de automuestrador, en la que se mezclaron 3 μL de extracto con 15 μL de disolvente A. El gradiente de elución fue el siguiente: 20-50% B a 0-3.5 min, 50-90% B a 3.25-8.81 min, 90-100% B a 8.81-10 min, 100% B a 10-12.8 min y re-equilibración a condiciones iniciales de 12.9 min a 18 min. Para el análisis de espectrometría de masas, se utilizó una fuente de ionización por electropulverización Agilent Jet-Stream, que operaba en modo iónico positivo, con los siguientes parámetros de operación: modo de adquisición TOF MS, rango de adquisición de 50-950 m/z, N2 a 180 ˚C y 13 L/min como gas de secado, presión del nebulizador a 40 psi, tensión de la boquilla a 0 V, gas de vaina a 300 ˚C y 10 L/min, tensión capilar a 4000 V, voltaje skimmer a 65 V, voltaje fragmentador a 150 V, octapole RF at 750 V. Agilent Mass Hunter, Workstation se utilizó para la adquisición y análisis de datos.</p>
			<p><bold>Cromatografía de gases acoplado a un espectrómetro de masas triple cuadrupolo
					(GC-MS/MS)</bold>. Para la cromatografía de gases, se usó un cromatógrafo de
				gases 7890A, acoplado a un espectrómetro de masas cuadrúpedo triple 7000B, con
				ionización de impacto de electrones (EI), equipado con un automuestreador 7693A
				(Agilent Technologies). La separación cromatográfica se realizó utilizando dos
				columnas capilares DB-5 MS ultra interés (15 m × 0.250 mm × 0.25 μm de espesor de
				película; Agilent Technologies). Se utilizó una unión final purgada para conectar
				las dos columnas, y se realizó un lavado después de cada ejecución. Se inyectaron 2
				μL del extracto en modo sin divisiones (5 min a 21.1 psi), con un flujo constante de
				1.0 mL/min (columna 1) y 1.2 mL/min (columna 2).</p>
			<p>El helio de alta pureza se utilizó como gas portador. La configuración del inyector fue de 65 ˚C (contener 0.2 min) a 310 ˚C a 600 ˚C/min; la temperatura del horno se programó de 60 ˚C (1 min) a 170 ˚C a 40 ˚C/min a 310 ˚C (4 min). El espectrómetro de masas fue operado en el modo de ionización de impacto de electrones (energía de ionización 70 eV); mientras que la línea de trasferencia y las temperaturas de la fuente de iones se fijaron a 300 ˚C.</p>
			<p>Para la selección y cuantificación de análisis se utilizó el modo de monitoreo de iones (SIM), seleccionado con un mínimo de tres iones para cada análisis. La velocidad de escaneo para cada segmento se estableció aproximadamente en dos escaneos, con el fin de obtener un mínimo de 10 puntos de datos por pico.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>Plaguicidas detectados en cera y miel de colonias BC, CA y SA. En la cera se encontró una mayor diversidad de plaguicidas (insecticidas, fungicidas, acaricidas y herbicidas), con respecto a las muestras de miel (insecticidas y fungicidas). Por otra parte, el mayor número de plaguicidas por grupos se encontró en las colonias con antecedentes de colapso (20), seguido por las colonias sin antecedentes (19) y finalmente con aquellas bajo colapso (7). Este mismo comportamiento se observó al separar los plaguicidas por categoría, encontrándose en todos los casos, una mayor diversidad en CA, seguido por SA y finalmente por BC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">cuadro 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Plaguicidas encontrados en muestras de cera y miel en colonias de abejas melíferas bajo colapso (BC), con antecedentes de colapso (CA) y sin antecedentes de colapso (SA), por LC- QTOF y GC-MS/MS</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify">Grupo</th>
								<th align="justify">Tipo de muestra</th>
								<th align="justify">Insecticidas</th>
								<th align="justify">Fungicidas</th>
								<th align="justify">Acaricidas</th>
								<th align="justify">Herbicidas</th>
								<th align="justify">Total</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">BC</td>
								<td align="center">Cera</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="center">Miel</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">CA</td>
								<td align="center">Cera</td>
								<td align="center">13</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">19</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="center">Miel</td>
								<td align="center">5</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">7</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">SA</td>
								<td align="center">Cera</td>
								<td align="center">11</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">17</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="center">Miel</td>
								<td align="center">5</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="center">BC</td>
								<td align="center">6</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">8</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="center">CA</td>
								<td align="center">18</td>
								<td align="center">6</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">26</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="center">SA</td>
								<td align="center">16</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">22</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Con respecto a la cantidad de plaguicidas, el insecticida acetamiprid fue el único detectado en todas las muestras de cera analizadas y estuvo presente en una mayor cantidad en las colonias CA (0.686 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>), seguido por BC (0.402 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>), y finalmente por SA (0.234 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">cuadro 2</xref>). Este mismo insecticida se presentó en todas las muestras de miel, pero en mayor cantidad en las colonias BC (0.633 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>), seguido por las SA (0.404 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>), y finalmente las CA (0.266 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">cuadro 3</xref>).</p>
			
			
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Promedio de plaguicidas (mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) en cera de colonias de abejas melíferas bajo (BC), con (CA) y sin (SA) antecedentes de colapso, detectados por LC-QTOF y GC-MS/MS</title>
					</caption> 
					<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr> 
			<td><bold>Plaguicida</bold></td> 
			<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>BC</bold></td> 		
			<td align="center" colspan="5"><bold>CA</bold></td> 			
			<td align="center" colspan="5"><bold>SA</bold></td> 
			<td align="center"><bold> Positiva</bold></td> 
			<td align="center"><bold> BC</bold></td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CA </bold></td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>SA </bold></td> 
			 
			
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td><bold>Muestra </bold></td> 
			<td align="center"><bold> 1</bold></td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>2 </bold></td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>1 </bold></td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>2 </bold></td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>3 </bold></td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>4 </bold></td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>5 </bold></td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>1 </bold></td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>2 </bold></td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>3 </bold></td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>4 </bold></td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>5 </bold></td>
			<td align="center"><bold> s</bold></td>
			<td align="center"><bold>(<mml:math>
											<mml:mover accent="true">
												<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
											</mml:mover>
										</mml:math>)</bold></td>
			<td><bold>(<mml:math>
											<mml:mover accent="true">
												<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
											</mml:mover>
										</mml:math>)</bold></td>
			<td><bold>(<mml:math>
											<mml:mover accent="true">
												<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
											</mml:mover>
										</mml:math>)</bold></td>
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td align="center"><bold>A</bold>
								</td> 
			<td align="center">0.569 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.235 </td> 
			<td align="center">1.716 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.062 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.64 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.735 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.28</td> 
			<td align="center">0.198 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.072 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.311 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.35 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.237 </td> 
			<td align="center">12 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.402 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.686 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.234 </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td align="center">  </td> 
			<td align="center">  </td> 
			<td align="center">  </td> 
			<td align="center">  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td align="center"><bold>B</bold>
								</td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.009 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.032 </td> 
			<td align="center">T  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.008 </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">4  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td><bold>C</bold>
								</td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.006 </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">1 </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- CG </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td><bold>D</bold>
								</td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.025 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.024 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.023 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.025 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.025 </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.024 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.021 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.023 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.023 </td> 
			<td align="center">9  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.025 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.023 </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td align="center"><bold>E</bold></td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">T  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">1  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td align="center"><bold>F</bold></td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.018 </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.009 </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.008 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.006 </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.008 </td> 
			<td align="center">5  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.012 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.007 </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td align="center"><bold>G</bold>
								</td> 
			<td align="center">0.004 </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.004 </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.007 </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.006 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.01 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.022 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.025 </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">7  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.006 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.019 </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CG  </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td align="center"><bold>H</bold>
								</td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">T  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">T  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">2  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
								</td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
								</td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td><bold>I</bold>
								</td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.011 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.013 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.059 </td> 
			<td align="center">T  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.02  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.004 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.01  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.008 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.003 </td> 
			<td align="center">9  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.026 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.006 </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG  </td> 
			<td align="center">CG  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG  </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td align="center"><bold>J</bold>
								</td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.116 </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.052 </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">2  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td align="center"><bold>K</bold>
								</td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">T  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">T  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">2  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td><bold>L</bold>
								</td> 
			<td align="center">T  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.005 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.034 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.019 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.008 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.041 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.006 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.008 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.008 </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.009 </td> 
			<td align="center">T  </td> 
			<td align="center">11 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.005 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.022 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.008 </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG  </td> 
			<td align="center">CG  </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td align="center"><bold>M</bold>
								</td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.015 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.018 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.007 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.013 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.014 </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.028 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.015 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.01 </td> 
			<td align="center">8  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.013 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.018 </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
								</td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
								</td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td align="center"><bold>N</bold>
								</td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.007 </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.007 </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">2 </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
								</td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
								</td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td align="center"><bold>Ñ</bold>
								</td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">T  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">T  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">2  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
								</td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td align="center"><bold>O</bold>
								</td> 
			<td align="center">0.006 </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">T </td> 
			<td align="center">0.004 </td> 
			<td align="center">T </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">T </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">T  </td> 
			<td align="center">T  </td> 
			<td align="center">T  </td> 
			<td align="center">T  </td> 
			<td align="center">9  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CG  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG  </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td align="center"><bold>P</bold></td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.323 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.012 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.002 </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.01  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.001 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.003 </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">6  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.087 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.002 </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CG  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td align="center"><bold>Q</bold>
								</td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.206 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.007 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.001 </td> 
			<td align="center">T  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.003 </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.001 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.001 </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">7  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.054 </td> 
			<td align="center">0.001 </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG  </td> 
			<td align="center">CG  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CG </td> 
			<td align="center">CG  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td align="center"><bold>R</bold>
								</td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">T  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">T  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">2  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td align="center"><bold>S</bold></td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.005 </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">1  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
								</td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td align="center"><bold>T</bold></td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">T  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">T  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">2  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold> </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td align="center"><bold>U</bold></td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">0.009 </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">1  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr> 
		<tr> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td align="center">CL- CG </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
			<td>  </td> 
		</tr>
	</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p><bold>A</bold>: Acetamiprid, <bold>B</bold>: Carbendazim, <bold>C</bold>: Carfentrazona
								etil, <bold>D</bold>: Clorpirifos, <bold>E</bold>:
								Clorantraniliprole, <bold>F</bold>: Coumafós, <bold>G</bold>:
								Deltametrina, <bold>H</bold>: Dimetoato, <bold>I</bold>:
								Difenilamina, <bold>J</bold>: Fluoxastrobina, <bold>K</bold>:
								Imidacloprid, <bold>L</bold>: Malatión, <bold>M</bold>: Malaoxon,
									<bold>N</bold>: Metoxyfenozide, <bold>Ñ</bold>: Propargita,
									<bold>O</bold>: Pentaclorofenol, <bold>P:</bold> Permetrina,
								cis-, <bold>Q</bold>: Permetrina, trans-, <bold>R</bold>:
								Pyraclostrobin, <bold>S</bold>: Tebutiuron, <bold>T</bold>:
								Tiofanato, <bold>U</bold>: Trifloxistrobina <bold>T</bold>: Trazas,
								CL: Cromatografía de líquidos CG: Cromatografía de gases </p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
	</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Cuadro 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Promedio de plaguicidas (mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) en miel de colonias de abejas melíferas bajo (BC), con (CA) y sin (SA) antecedentes de colapso, detectados por LC-QTOF</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col span="4"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center" colspan="10"> Plagicidas en miel </th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify"> </th>
								<th align="justify">Muestra</th>
								<th align="justify"> A</th>
								<th align="justify"> B</th>
								<th align="justify"> C</th>
								<th align="justify">D </th>
								<th align="justify">E</th>
								<th align="justify"> F</th>
								<th align="justify"> G</th>
								<th align="justify"> H</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">BC</td>
								<td align="justify">2</td>
								<td align="justify">0.687</td>
								<td align="justify">trazas</td>
								<td align="justify">  </td>
								<td align="justify">  </td>
								<td align="justify">  </td>
								<td align="justify">  </td>
								<td align="justify">  </td>
								<td align="justify">  </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">1</td>
								<td align="justify"> 0.255</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> trazas</td>
								<td align="justify"> 0.006</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">2</td>
								<td align="justify">0.141</td>
								<td align="justify">0.008</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">trazas</td>
								<td align="justify">trazas</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">CA</td>
								<td align="justify">3</td>
								<td align="justify">0.105</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">0.002</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">4</td>
								<td align="justify">0.600</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">0.004</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">5</td>
								<td align="justify">0.231</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">0.008</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">0.003</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">1</td>
								<td align="justify"> 0.787</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> trazas</td>
								<td align="justify"> 0.007</td>
								<td align="justify"> 0.005</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">2</td>
								<td align="justify">0.101</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">0.014</td>
								<td align="justify">trazas</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">SA</td>
								<td align="justify">3</td>
								<td align="justify">0.290</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">trazas</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">4</td>
								<td align="justify">0.487</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">0.009</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">5</td>
								<td align="justify">0.353</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"><bold>Positivas</bold></td>
								<td align="justify"> 12</td>
								<td align="justify"> 3</td>
								<td align="justify"> 1</td>
								<td align="justify"> 1</td>
								<td align="justify"> 4</td>
								<td align="justify"> 4</td>
								<td align="justify"> 5</td>
								<td align="justify"> 1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"><bold>Promedio BC</bold></td>
								<td align="justify">0.633</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"><bold>Promedio CA</bold></td>
								<td align="justify">0.266</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">0.003</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"><bold>Promedio SA</bold></td>
								<td align="justify">0.404</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">0.010</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p><bold>A</bold>: Acetamiprid, <bold>B</bold>: Carbendazim, <bold>C</bold>: Imidacloprid,
									<bold>D</bold>: Fluoxastrobina, <bold>E:</bold> Dimetoato,
									<bold>F</bold>: Malaoxon, <bold>G</bold>: Metamidofos,
									<bold>H</bold>: Ometoato.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Por otro lado, el insecticida malatión se encontró en 11 muestras de cera de las colonias CB, CA y SA; sin embargo, las cantidades fueron bajas. Cabe agregar que la permetrina cis se encontró únicamente en seis muestras de cera CA (0.087 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) y SA (0.002 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) (cuadro 2).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p><bold>Diversidad de plaguicidas en cera y miel</bold>. Las muestras de cera presentaron una
				mayor diversidad de plaguicidas (insecticidas, fungicidas, acaricidas y herbicidas),
				con respecto a las de miel. De la misma manera <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"
					>Johnson <italic>et al</italic>. (2010)</xref>, reportan la presencia ocasional
				de residuos de plaguicidas en la miel, debido a que la mayoría de los plaguicidas
				son hidrofóbicos y pueden transferirse con mayor facilidad a través de interacciones
				de las abejas melíferas hacia la cera de éstas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"
					>Calatayud-Vernich <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Por lo tanto, los
				plaguicidas se pueden encontrar con mayor frecuencia en la cera que en la miel; o
				bien, aunque los niveles de plaguicidas en la miel son bajos, éstos tienden a
				contaminar la cera por su naturaleza lipofílica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"
					>Valdovinos-Flores <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>); así como un bajo
				reemplazo de cera en la colmena y el reciclar para volver a introducir. Por tanto,
				los plaguicidas de alta hidrofobicidad y estabilidad, son los principales factores
				para el almacenamiento de plaguicidas en la cera (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"
					>Calatayud-Vernich <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Del total de los plaguicidas, los insecticidas fueron los principales encontrados en las muestras de cera, con el 59.1%, lo que corresponden principalmente a organofosforados (clorpirifos, malatión, coumafós, dimetoato y malaoxon), piretroides (deltametrina, permetrina cis y trans), neonicotinoides (acetamiprid e imidacloprid), y organoclorados (pentaclorofenol). Asimismo, en la miel se encontró organofosforados (dimetoato malaoxon, metamidofos y ometoato), y neonicotinoides (acetamiprid e imidacloprid); representando el 75.0% de las muestras. La presencia de insecticidas en la miel y cera de abejas representa el mayor riesgo para los insectos polinizadores (Botías y Sánchez- <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bayo, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Ostiguy <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>); por tanto, la detección y cuantificación de éstos en las muestras analizadas, reflejan su alta exposición de las abejas, ocasionando daños irreversibles en algunas colonias.</p>
			<p>Los fungicidas en la cera (27.3%) y miel (25.0%), fueron la segunda clase de plaguicidas encontrados con mayor presencia. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Botías y Sánchez-Bayo (2018)</xref> señalan que algunos fungicidas pueden aumentar la toxicidad de los insecticidas al reducir la capacidad de desintoxicación de las abejas. También se ha encontrado que los residuos de fungicidas en las colonias están relacionados con la prevalencia de enfermedades en las abejas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Simon-Delso <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). Además, se sugiere que el efecto de los fungicidas en los polinizadores no es por toxicidad directa, sino por la alteración del microbioma presente en el polen y néctar de las plantas tratadas y/o contaminadas de las que se alimentan las abejas y de su propia flora bacteriana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">VanEngelsdorp <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>); lo que tiene importantes consecuencias en la nutrición y estado de salud de las abejas.</p>
			<p>Finalmente, los herbicidas (9.1%) y acaricidas (4.5%), son los plaguicidas con menor presencia en las muestras de cera analizadas. Los herbicidas no representan toxicidad aguda para los insectos polinizadores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Botías y Sánchez-Bayo, 2018</xref>); sin embargo, su uso afecta de manera indirecta a las abejas, porque eliminan gran cantidad de plantas silvestres y reducen la diversidad floral, que es la fuente principal de alimento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bohnenblust <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>); a esto puede atribuirse la baja presencia de herbicidas en las muestras analizadas.</p>
			<p>Para el caso de los acaricidas, los cuales son utilizados para el control de <italic>Varroa destructor</italic>, pueden actuar de manera aditiva o sinérgica con los residuos de insecticidas en las colonias de abejas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Johnson <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>); sin embargo, en nuestro caso, los acaricidas encontrados en las muestras fue del 4.5% del total de plaguicidas, por lo que posiblemente éstos ocasionan efectos adversos menores en las colonias de abejas.</p>
			<p><bold>Diversidad de plaguicidas en cera y miel de colonias BC, CA y SA</bold>. Las colonias
				Con Antecedentes de Colapso tuvieron mayor diversidad de plaguicidas (20), respecto
				a las colonias Sin Antecedentes (19), y las colonias Bajo Colapso (7); lo cual se
				refleja también al desagregar a los plaguicidas en insecticidas, fungicidas,
				acaricidas y herbicidas; excepto para el caso de estos dos últimos, en los que no
				hubo presencia en BC, y la diversidad fue similar en las colonias CA y SA.</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alcántar-Rosales <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref>, reportan en miel y cera datos similares en relación a la reducida diversidad de plaguicidas para las colonias que colapsaron, encontrando dos plaguicidas (neonicotinoides y organofosforados) en las muestras de miel, y cuatro (organofosforados, benzimidazol, piretroides y derivado de la piridina) en la cera; sin embargo, éstos se encuentran en bajas concentraciones. En relación a esto, la cera contaminada con plaguicidas, al estar en contacto con el huevo en desarrollo hasta que emerge la abeja, pueden llegar a provocar efectos sub-letales en las abejas obreras, afectando principalmente el desarrollo larvario y la longevidad de las abejas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Wu <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>); pudiendo provocar efectos indirectos en la colonia, tales como cambios prematuros en el rol de las abejas y en la actividad de pecoreo. Para el presente caso, las colonias que colapsaron presentaron la menor diversidad de plaguicidas, pero en altas cantidades; lo que posiblemente demuestra que la presencia de insecticidas y fungicidas afectaron a las abejas, provocando el colapso.</p>
			<p>Es importante resaltar además, que la presencia de plaguicidas se debe al manejo de las colmenas (estacionarias y migratorias), así como a la ubicación del apiario, entre otros factores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Ostiguy <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Para nuestro caso, en los tres grupos (CA, SA y BC), la mayoría de las colmenas son movilizadas, y se ha reportado que la movilización de colmenas destinadas para la polinización provoca una mayor exposición a plaguicidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Traynor <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). En nuestro caso, los apicultores las movilizan, debido a dos razones: la búsqueda de floración, y cuando son arrendadas para la polinización de cultivos; este manejo puede ocasionar estrés a las abejas, volviéndolas más susceptibles a la intoxicación por plaguicidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sánchez-Bayo <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>La ubicación de los apiarios también es un factor importante, debido al efecto que tendrá en las colmenas la vegetación circundante. Se ha demostrado que la intensificación de la agricultura provoca la pérdida de hábitats naturales; por tanto, los cultivos intensivos y en general la falta de biodiversidad vegetal limitan la cantidad de alimento, lo que provoca una disminución en abundancia y riqueza de polinizadores; así como un impacto en la salud de las abejas melíferas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kovács-Hostyánszki <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>En nuestro caso, la vegetación circundante al momento del muestreo y los cultivos que mayormente se siembran, son los siguientes: para el grupo BC, la vegetación predominante fue de pinabete (<italic>Tamarix</italic> spp.); y los cultivos cercanos a los apiarios, fueron maíz (<italic>Zea mays)</italic>, alfalfa (<italic>Medicago sativa</italic>) y algodón (<italic>Gossypium</italic> spp.). Para el grupo CA, la vegetación predominante fue pinabete (<italic>Tamarix</italic> spp.) y mezquite (<italic>Prosopis laevigata)</italic>, con cultivos de maíz (<italic>Z. mays)</italic>, sorgo (<italic>Sorghum vulgare</italic>), algodón (<italic>Gossypium</italic> spp.), alfalfa (<italic>M. sativa</italic>), sandía (<italic>Citrullus lannatus</italic>), melón (<italic>Cucumis melo</italic>), chile (<italic>Capsicum annuum</italic>), y calabaza (<italic>Cucurbita pepo</italic>). Finalmente, para el grupo SA, la principal vegetación predominante fue mezquite (<italic>P. laevigata)</italic> y pinabete (<italic>Tamarix</italic> spp.), con cultivos de alfalfa (<italic>M. sativa</italic>), maíz (<italic>Z. mays</italic>), sorgo (<italic>S. vulgare</italic>) y algodón (<italic>Gossypium</italic> spp.). Esto da evidencia que las colmenas de la región están ampliamente expuestas a plaguicidas, lo que significa que las zonas agrícolas contribuyen a la alta presencia de plaguicidas en los productos de la colmena (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Traynor <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Se encontró la mayor diversidad de residuos de plaguicidas en la miel y cera en las colonias CA, pudiera estar relacionada con la cantidad de cultivos cerca de las colonias donde fueron tomadas las muestras; sin embargo, la cantidad de plaguicidas fue menor comparado a las colonias en colapso con presencia de altas cantidades de plaguicidas en miel y cera. Lo anterior, posiblemente se debió a que estas colonias presentaron mayor exposición a los cultivos tratados, o bien, debido a una aplicación reciente de plaguicidas durante la permanencia de las colonias con respecto a CA y SA; ya que presentaron menores niveles de plaguicidas, aun estando en la misma región.</p>
			<p>Una exposición crónica de las abejas a los plaguicidas a dosis subletales pueden afectar las funciones neurológicas, como la memoria y el comportamiento; síntomas que pueden presentarse antes del colapso de la colmena (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Lu <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>); aunado a esto, la exposición a plagas, enfermedades, una mala nutrición, o la interacción entre plaguicidas y patógenos, contribuyen a la mortalidad de las colonias de abejas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Broadrup <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), lo que posiblemente ocurrió en las colonias BC.</p>
			<p><bold>Cantidad de plaguicidas en muestras de miel y cera</bold>. El insecticida encontrado en
				la totalidad de las muestras de miel y cera fue acetamiprid, mismo que además fue el
				que en promedio tuvo la mayor cantidad, tanto en miel (0.385 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>),
				como en cera (0.316 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>); rebasando los Límites Máximos de Residuos
				(LMR) de la Unión Europea (UE) (0.05 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>). Datos reportados por <xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Gaweł <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref> en miel
				difieren a los nuestros, cuyas concentraciones son bajas y van de 0.001 a 0.13 mg
					kg<sup>-1</sup>. También, Da Silva <italic>et al</italic>. (2015), reportan un
				promedio de 0.0025 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>.</p>
			<p>Estudios realizados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">El Hassani <italic>et al</italic>., (2008)</xref> indican que el consumo de este plaguicida a dosis subletales de 0.1 µg/abeja afecta su comportamiento y aprendizaje olfativo, debido a su efecto inmunosupresor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Di Prisco <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>), provocando una mayor susceptibilidad a la infección del microsporidio <italic>Nosema</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Broadrup <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Además, el debilitamiento inmunológico favorece a la propagación del ácaro Varroa en las colonias de abejas melíferas, el cual es fuente de trasmisión de virus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Di Prisco <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>); como el Virus de las Alas Deformes (DWV), el Virus de la Parálisis Aguda Israelí (IAPV), el Virus de la Parálisis Aguda (ABPV) y el Virus de Kashmir (KBV) (Belsky y Joshi, 2019; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Brutscher <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). La combinación de estas enfermedades con los insecticidas neonicotinoides, contribuyen al colapso de las colmenas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sánchez-Bayo <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Además, el acetamiprid puede presentar efectos sinérgicos cuando es combinado con otros plaguicidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Wang <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), lo que posiblemente explica el colapso de las colonias en esta región; aunado a que éstas probablemente tenían mayor tiempo de exposición a los plaguicidas.</p>
			<p>El segundo plaguicida en frecuencia fue el malatión, que se encontró en 11 muestras de cera con niveles desde 0.005 hasta 0.041, y un promedio de 0.015 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>; cifra que no rebasa los LMR de la UE de 0.05 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>. Para el norte de México <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Valdovinos-Flores <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref>, reportan la presencia de malatión en el 100% de las muestras de cera, con niveles que van de 0.006 a 1.532 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>, con un promedio de 0.018 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>. El malatión, utilizado en la agricultura como insecticida y acaricida y para el control de plagas urbanas, presenta baja persistencia y alta toxicidad en insectos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Toxnet, 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>Los resultados de este estudio demuestran una alta incidencia del organofosforado malatión en el norte de México, y aunque presenta baja persistencia, es de alta incidencia en las muestras analizadas. Lo anterior probablemente se explique por la aplicación del organofosforado cerca de las colmenas antes de que fueran recolectadas las muestras, y a que como anteriormente se mencionó, que la mayoría de las colmenas se movilizan en busca de floración y se ubican principalmente cerca de los cultivos agrícolas.</p>
			<p>Finalmente, la permetrina cis se encontró en menor frecuencia (seis muestras de cera), pero en mayor cantidad (0.087 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>); sin embargo, la UE no especifica su LMR. Datos similares son reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Johnson <italic>et al</italic>. (2010</xref>), con valores de 0.133 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>. No obstante, este insecticida es altamente tóxico para las abejas, con una DL50 tópica de 0.024 µg/abeja (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Piccolomini <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). La exposición prolongada de los piretroides pueden afectar la inmunidad celular y humoral; así como la disminución en la inmunidad en las abejas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Qi <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). La permetrina se utiliza principalmente como insecticida y acaricida para el tratamiento de semillas de uso forestal, y para el control de vectores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Toxnet, 2019</xref>); y su amplio uso puede ser la razón de su mayor cantidad y presencia en las muestras analizadas, ya que algunas muestras provenían de la cercanía de zonas agrícolas.</p>
			<p>Es importante señalar que La Comarca Lagunera ha sido referente en cuanto a la siembra de algodón, cultivo de forrajes para el ganado bovino, y además la producción hortícola se encuentra en aumento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">SIAP, 2019</xref>); por lo que es una región donde se han utilizado una gran diversidad de plaguicidas, muchos de los cuales presentan efecto residual (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Vargas-González <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Por lo tanto las prácticas agrícolas inadecuadas y el uso y manejo ineficiente de los plaguicidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Esquivel-Valenzuela <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>) han creado un serio problema de salud pública, debido a intoxicaciones por agroquímicos, así como para el medio ambiente; destacándose el daño ocasionado a la apicultura por su efecto en el colapso de las colmenas.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>La mayor cantidad de plaguicidas se encontraron en la cera de las colonias con antecedentes de colapso; así también presentan la mayor diversidad (insecticidas, fungicidas, acaricidas y herbicidas). La presencia de plaguicidas en la miel y cera de las colonias bajo, con, y sin antecedentes de colapso pueden ser la consecuencia de los tratamientos fitosanitarios utilizados en la agricultura, por lo que su presencia puede verse influida por el origen de la muestra, ya que el radio de acción de las abejas es de hasta diez kilómetros. Sin embargo, nuestros datos no nos permiten afirmar que la presencia de plaguicidas sea la principal o única causa del colapso de las colonias; y por lo tanto, se requiere continuar con este tipo de investigaciones para determinar los factores que afectan la salud de las abejas melíferas, como lo es la presencia de plaguicidas, parásitos y enfermedades en la región.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMIENTOS</title>
			<p>Al Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias por la oportunidad de realizar el doctorado; a la UAAAN por el financiamiento de los proyectos No. 2834 y 2835; al CIATEJ A.C Sede Noreste y al QFB Víctor Alcántar Rosales por el apoyo en el proceso y análisis de las muestras; a los apicultores por las facilidades para la toma de las muestras y aplicación del cuestionario.</p>
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					<subject>Original Article</subject>
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				<article-title>Pesticides residues in honey and wax from bee colonies in La Comarca Lagunera</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>Honeybees are important for food security and biodiversity preservation. There has been a collapse of the colonies caused by exposure to pesticides. The aim was to determine and quantify the presence of pesticides in honey and wax from bee colonies, under collapse (BC) and with (CA) and without antecedent of collapse (SA). Five honey samples and five colony wax samples were analyzed from colonies CA y SA, as well as two of honey and two wax from colonies CB; samples were analyzed by LC-QTOF and GC- MS/MS. 24 pesticides were detected in honey and wax analyzed. Acetamiprid was found in all samples. In colonies, CB the wax and honey had high averages levels of acetamiprid (0.402 and 0.633 mg kg-1 respectively). For wax and honey from colonies CA, the averages of acetamiprid were 0.686 and 0.266 mg kg-1 respectively. In wax and honey from colonies SA the averages of acetamiprid were 0.234 and 0.404 mg kg-1 respectively. In conclusion, the colonies CA had the greatest diversity of pesticides, followed by the group SA and finally BC. Our results suggest the participation of pesticides as a cause of colony collapse.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Apis mellifera</kwd>
				<kwd>Colony Collapse Disorder</kwd>
				<kwd>México</kwd>
				<kwd>QuEChERS</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Honeybees are important pollinators of a wide diversity of native crops and plants, the pollination carried out by these insects is necessary for 35% of crops intended for human consumption (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Ollerton, 2017</xref>). However, worldwide they have suffered a decrease in their populations, a phenomenon called Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Brutscher <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). The characteristics of the collapsed colonies are: the partial or total death of the colony with the presence of dead bees in or near the hive, the partial or total disappearance of the colony, with the abandonment of food reserves and the young and weakening of the colony through slow development during spring, under optimal conditions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Simon-Delso <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>Although various factors have been reported such as the probable causes of colony collapse, one of the most important is exposure to pesticides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Calatayud-Vernich <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sánchez-Bayo <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Traynor <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Bees are exposed to pesticides when they search for nectar-polliniferous resources, especially if the colonies are located near agricultural areas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">O’Neal <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Exposure to sub-lethal doses of pesticides has been shown to affect bee behavior (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Balbuena <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>), foraging (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Cresswell y Thompson, 2012</xref>), its longevity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Wu <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>), thermoregulation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Tosi <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>); as well as their olfactory learning and memory (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Lu <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>Pesticide residues can accumulate on bee bread, honey, and wax (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Johnson <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lozano <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>); presenting in the latter the residual storage capacity of pesticides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Benuszak <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Therefore, from a contaminated honeycomb, the residues can be transferred to the stored honey, presenting a risk to consumers. Also, the consumption of &quot;honey in honeycomb&quot;, as a food additive in fruit treatment, food supplement or as a flavoring, represents a health risk (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Wilmart <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>In the semi-desert of northern Mexico, the presence of pesticides in low concentrations has been found in honey and wax samples (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alcántar-Rosales <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), and a decrease of up to 2010 has been reported for the period from 2010 to 2017. 35% of bee colonies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">SIAP, 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine and quantify the presence of pesticides in honey and wax samples from bee colonies, with and without a history of collapse.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Sampling of the hives´ matrices.</title>
					<p>The sampling was carried out in the semi-desert of northern Mexico (25º 05 'and 26º 54' LN and 101º 40 'and 104º 45' LO), between the months of June to September 2017, based on the pattern of beekeepers registered in the Beekeeping Product System Committee of the Lagunera Region A.C, under the criterion of having at least 10 colonies; 43 beekeepers were selected, of which, by means of a random sampling of 20% of the colonies of each apiary and under natural conditions. A total of 132 honeycomb samples with honey and wax of approximately 12 cm<sup>2</sup> were obtained; Of these, 12 samples were randomly selected for analysis of pesticides, of which five were classified as coming from colonies with a history of collapse (CA); five as asymptomatic or from colonies with no history of collapse (SA), and two samples of apiaries that at the time of sampling suffered collapse (BC). The classification was made according to the data obtained from the beekeeper and based on the criteria defined by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Simon-Delso <italic>et al</italic>. (2014)</xref>.</p>
					<p>With a disposable cutter, a piece of honeycomb with honey and wax of approximately 12 cm<sup>2</sup> was cut, placed in a plastic bag with their respective identification and later they were transported to the Biology laboratory of the Autonomous Agrarian University Antonio Narro, Laguna Unit in Torreón, Coahuila, to store them at -20 °C, until their analysis in the laboratory of the Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the Jalisco State, A.C (CIATEJ), Apodaca, Nuevo León. 165 pesticides were determined for each of the samples (honey and wax).</p>
					<p><bold>Chemical products and solutions</bold>. Pesticide analytical standards were obtained
						from ChemService, Inc. (West Chester, PA, USA): Sigma-Aldrich-Fluka (St.
						Louis, MO, USA), Sigma-Aldrich-Supelco (Bellefonte, PA, USA), Accustandard
						(New Haven, CT, USA), and ULTRA Scientific (N. Kingstown, RI, USA). Formic
						acid (MS grade) and ammonium formate (trace metal base) were purchased from
						Sigma-Aldrich. HPLC grade Acetonitrile and HPLC grade water were purchased
						from Tedia High Purity Solvents (Fairfield, OH). The extraction salts
						&quot;Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe&quot; (QuEChERS) (AOAC
						Method) and the dispersion SPE kits (Bond Elut), were purchased from Agilent
						Technologies (Santa Clara, CA, USA).</p>
					<p><bold>Preparation and extraction of samples</bold>. 7 g of honey and 3 g of wax were taken
						from each sample, which were previously thawed at room temperature. The
						extraction of pesticide residues was carried out according to a modification
						of the analytical method “QuEChERS” (Valdovinos-Flores <italic>et
							al</italic>., 2017), previously validated in the Analytical Services
						Laboratory of the Northeast Headquarters of CIATEJ. This method consists of
						two steps: (1) the separation of pesticides from the matrix with
						acetonitrile, and (2) the cleaning extract. Matrix-matched calibration
						curves were used, the analytes and the internal standard were added after
						weighing the samples, before adding solvents. 300 µL of extract was
						transferred to 2 mL vials. A sample was injected into a Liquid
						Chromatography system, coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer
						(LC-QTOF); and another on a Gas Chromatograph coupled to a Triple Quadrupole
						Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS/MS).</p>
					<p><bold>Extraction in honey</bold>. According to the “QuEChERS” analytical method modified by
						Valdovinos-Flores <italic>et al</italic>. (2017), in a 50 mL plastic
						centrifuge tube, 7 g of honey were weighed, to which 10 mL of deionized
						water were added; Samples were shaken manually for one minute, 15 mL of 1%
						acetonitrile acidified with acetic acid (v/v) was added and stirred again
						for 1 min. Subsequently, 6 g of MgSO4 and 1.5 g of sodium acetate were used.
						All samples were shaken for 1 min and centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 5 min.</p>
					<p>To clean the extract, 8 mL of the supernatant were used, and transferred to a 15 mL tube, with 400 mL of primary-secondary amine (PSA), 1200 mg of MgSO4 and 400 mg of EC- C18; they were stirred for 1 min and centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 5 min.</p>
					<p><bold>Wax extraction</bold>. For the extraction of this matrix, the method of de <xref
							ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Niell <italic>et al</italic>. (2014)</xref>. 3
						g of wax were weighed into a 50 mL plastic centrifuge tube, 15 mL of
						acetonitrile acidified 1% with acetic acid (v/v) were added. The tubes were
						placed in a water bath at 80 °C until the wax melted. Once the wax was
						melted, they were stirred for 20 sec. and they were placed again in the
						bathroom so that it melts. The casting and stirring process was repeated
						three more times. The samples were placed at room temperature and then kept
						in a freezer at -20 °C for two hours.</p>
					<p>To clean the extract, 8 mL of the supernatant was extracted and transferred to a 15 mL tube, with 400 mL of primary-secondary amine (PSA), 1200 mg of MgSO4 and 400 mg of EC-C18. They were stirred for 1 min. and centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 5 min.</p>
					<p><bold>Liquid chromatography coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LC-QTOF)</bold>.
						For LC analysis, an Agilent 1200 series HPLC system (Agilent Technologies)
						was used, with a binary pump coupled to a G6530A Q-TOF mass spectrometer
						(Agilent Technologies). Chromatographic separation was achieved using an
						Eclipse Plus C18 column (100 mm x 2.1 mm x 1.8 μm, Agilent Technologies).
						The mobile phases consisted of water with 0.01% formic acid+10 mM ammonium
						format (Solvent A) and methanol with 0.01% formic acid+10 mM ammonium format
						(Solvent B).</p>
					<p>Injection was performed using an autosampler solution, in which 3 µL of extract were mixed with 15 µL of solvent A. The elution gradient was as follows: 20-50% B at 0-3.5 min, 50-90% B at 3.25-8.81 min, 90-100% B at 8.81-10 min, 100% B at 10-12.8 min and rebalancing at initial conditions from 12.9 min to 18 min. For the mass spectrometry analysis, an Agilent Jet-Stream electrospray ionization source was used, operating in positive ionic mode, with the following operating parameters: TOF MS acquisition mode, acquisition range of 50-950 m/z, N2 at 180 ˚C and 13 L/min as drying gas, nebulizer pressure at 40 psi, nozzle voltage at 0 V, sheath gas at 300 ˚C and 10 L/min, capillary voltage at 4000 V , skimmer voltage at 65 V, fragmentation voltage at 150 V, octapole RF at 750 V. Agilent Mass Hunter, Workstation was used for data acquisition and analysis.</p>
					<p><bold>Gas chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC-
						MS/MS)</bold>. For gas chromatography, a 7890A gas chromatograph was used,
						coupled to a 7000B triple quadruped mass spectrometer, with electron impact
						ionization (EI), equipped with a 7693A auto-sampler (Agilent Technologies).
						Chromatographic separation was performed using two ultra-interesting DB-5 MS
						capillary columns (15m × 0.250mm × 0.25 µm film thickness; Agilent
						Technologies). A purged final joint was used to connect the two columns, and
						a wash was performed after each run. 2 µL of the extract was injected in an
						undivided mode (5 min at 21.1 psi), with a constant flow of 1.0 mL/min
						(column 1) and 1.2 mL/ min (column 2).</p>
					<p>High purity helium was used as a carrier gas. The injector configuration was 65 ˚C (contain 0.2 min) at 310 ˚C at 600 ˚C/min. The oven temperature was programmed from 60 ˚C (1 min) to 170 ˚C at 40 ˚C/min at 310 ˚C (4 min). The mass spectrometer was operated in the electron impact ionization mode (70 eV ionization energy); while the transfer line and the ion source temperatures were set at 300 ˚C.</p>
					<p>Ion monitoring mode (SIM) was used for the selection and quantification of analyzes, selected with a minimum of three ions for each analysis. The scanning speed for each segment was established in approximately two scans, in order to obtain a minimum of 10 data points per peak.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p><bold>Pesticides detected in wax and honey from colonies BC, CA and SA</bold>. In wax, a
					greater diversity of pesticides (insecticides, fungicides, acaricides and
					herbicides) was found, compared to the honey samples (insecticides and
					fungicides). On the other hand, the greatest number of pesticides by groups was
					found in colonies with a history of collapse (20), followed by colonies without
					a history (19) and finally with those under collapse (7). This same behavior was
					observed when separating pesticides by category, finding in all cases a greater
					diversity in CA, followed by SA and finally by BC (<xref ref-type="table"
						rid="t4">Table 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Pesticides found in wax and honey samples in colonies of honey bees under collapse
								(BC), with a history of collapse (CA) and without a history of collapse (SA), by LC-QTOF and GCMS/
								MS</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">Group</th>
									<th align="justify">Type of simple</th>
									<th align="justify">Insecticides</th>
									<th align="justify">Fungicides</th>
									<th align="justify">Acaricides</th>
									<th align="justify">Herbicides</th>
									<th align="justify">Total</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">BC</td>
									<td align="center">Wax</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center">Honey</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CA</td>
									<td align="center">Wax</td>
									<td align="center">13</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">19</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center">Honey</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">SA</td>
									<td align="center">Wax</td>
									<td align="center">11</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">17</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center">Honey</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center">BC</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center">CA</td>
									<td align="center">18</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">26</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center">SA</td>
									<td align="center">16</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">22</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Regarding the amount of pesticides, the insecticide acetamiprid was the only one detected in
					all the wax samples analyzed and was present in a greater amount in the colonies
					CA (0.686 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>), followed by BC (0.402 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> ), and
					finally by SA (0.234 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table
						2</xref>). This same insecticide was present in all the honey samples, but
					in greater quantity in the BC colonies (0.633 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>), followed by
					the SA (0.404 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>), and finally the CA (0.266 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>)
						(<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">table 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
				<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Average of pesticides (mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) in wax from colonies of honey bees under (BC), with (CA)
								and without (SA) history of collapse, detected by LC-QTOF and GC-MS/MS</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Plaguicide</bold></td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2"><bold>BC</bold></td>
									<td align="center" colspan="5"><bold>CA</bold></td>
									<td align="center" colspan="5"><bold>SA</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold> Positive</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold> BC</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CA </bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>SA </bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Sample </bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold> 1</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>2 </bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>1 </bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>2 </bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>3 </bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>4 </bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>5 </bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>1 </bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>2 </bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>3 </bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>4 </bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>5 </bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold> s</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>(<mml:math>
												<mml:mover accent="true">
												<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
												</mml:mover>
											</mml:math>)</bold></td>
									<td><bold>(<mml:math>
												<mml:mover accent="true">
												<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
												</mml:mover>
											</mml:math>)</bold></td>
									<td><bold>(<mml:math>
												<mml:mover accent="true">
												<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
												<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
												</mml:mover>
											</mml:math>)</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>A</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">0.569 </td>
									<td align="center">0.235 </td>
									<td align="center">1.716 </td>
									<td align="center">0.062 </td>
									<td align="center">0.64 </td>
									<td align="center">0.735 </td>
									<td align="center">0.28</td>
									<td align="center">0.198 </td>
									<td align="center">0.072 </td>
									<td align="center">0.311 </td>
									<td align="center">0.35 </td>
									<td align="center">0.237 </td>
									<td align="center">12 </td>
									<td align="center">0.402 </td>
									<td align="center">0.686 </td>
									<td align="center">0.234 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>B</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.009 </td>
									<td align="center">0.032 </td>
									<td align="center">T </td>
									<td align="center">0.008 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">4 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>C</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.006 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">1 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CL- CG </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>D</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.025 </td>
									<td align="center">0.024 </td>
									<td align="center">0.023 </td>
									<td align="center">0.025 </td>
									<td align="center">0.025 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.024 </td>
									<td align="center">0.021 </td>
									<td align="center">0.023 </td>
									<td align="center">0.023 </td>
									<td align="center">9 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.025 </td>
									<td align="center">0.023 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>E</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">T </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">1 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>F</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.018 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.009 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.008 </td>
									<td align="center">0.006 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.008 </td>
									<td align="center">5 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.012 </td>
									<td align="center">0.007 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>G</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">0.004 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.004 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.007 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.006 </td>
									<td align="center">0.01 </td>
									<td align="center">0.022 </td>
									<td align="center">0.025 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">7 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.006 </td>
									<td align="center">0.019 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>H</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">T </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">T </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">2 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>I</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.011 </td>
									<td align="center">0.013 </td>
									<td align="center">0.059 </td>
									<td align="center">T </td>
									<td align="center">0.02 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.004 </td>
									<td align="center">0.01 </td>
									<td align="center">0.008 </td>
									<td align="center">0.003 </td>
									<td align="center">9 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.026 </td>
									<td align="center">0.006 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>J</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.116 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.052 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">2 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>K</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">T </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">T </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">2 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>L</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">T </td>
									<td align="center">0.005 </td>
									<td align="center">0.034 </td>
									<td align="center">0.019 </td>
									<td align="center">0.008 </td>
									<td align="center">0.041 </td>
									<td align="center">0.006 </td>
									<td align="center">0.008 </td>
									<td align="center">0.008 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.009 </td>
									<td align="center">T </td>
									<td align="center">11 </td>
									<td align="center">0.005 </td>
									<td align="center">0.022 </td>
									<td align="center">0.008 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>M</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.015 </td>
									<td align="center">0.018 </td>
									<td align="center">0.007 </td>
									<td align="center">0.013 </td>
									<td align="center">0.014 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.028 </td>
									<td align="center">0.015 </td>
									<td align="center">0.01 </td>
									<td align="center">8 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.013 </td>
									<td align="center">0.018 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>N</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.007 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.007 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">2 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>Ñ</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">T </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">T </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">2 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>O</bold>
									</td>
									<td align="center">0.006 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">T </td>
									<td align="center">0.004 </td>
									<td align="center">T </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">T </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">T </td>
									<td align="center">T </td>
									<td align="center">T </td>
									<td align="center">T </td>
									<td align="center">9 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>P</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.323 </td>
									<td align="center">0.012 </td>
									<td align="center">0.002 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.01 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.001 </td>
									<td align="center">0.003 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">6 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.087 </td>
									<td align="center">0.002 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>Q</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.206 </td>
									<td align="center">0.007 </td>
									<td align="center">0.001 </td>
									<td align="center">T </td>
									<td align="center">0.003 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.001 </td>
									<td align="center">0.001 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">7 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.054 </td>
									<td align="center">0.001 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td align="center">CL- </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td align="center">CG </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>R</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">T </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">T </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">2 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>S</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.005 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">1 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>T</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">T </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">T </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">2 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>CL</bold>
									</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>U</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.009 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">1 </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">CL- CG </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p><bold>A</bold>: Acetamiprid, <bold>B</bold>: Carbendazim, <bold>C</bold>: Carfentrazone
									ethyl, <bold>D</bold>: Chlorpyrifos, <bold>E</bold>:
									Chlorantraniliprole, <bold>F</bold>: Coumaphos, <bold>G</bold>:
									Deltamethrin, <bold>H</bold>: Dimethoate, <bold>I</bold>:
									Diphenylamine, <bold>J</bold>: Fluoxastrobin, <bold>K</bold>:
									Imidacloprid, <bold>L</bold>: Malathion, <bold>M</bold>:
									Malaoxon, <bold>N</bold>: Methoxyfenozide, <bold>Ñ</bold>:
									Propargite, <bold>O</bold>: Pentachlorophenol, <bold>P</bold>:
									Permethrin, cis-, <bold>Q</bold>: Permethrin, trans-,
										<bold>R</bold>: Pyraclostrobin, <bold>S</bold>: Tebutiuron,
										<bold>U</bold>: Trifloxystrobin. <bold>T</bold>: Traces, CL:
									Liquid Chromatography CG: Gas Chromatography</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Average of pesticides (mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) en miel de colonias
								in honey from honey bee colonies under (BC), with (CA)
								and without (SA) history of collapse, detected by LC-QTOF</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col span="4"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" colspan="10"> Plagicides in honey </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify"> </th>
									<th align="justify">Sample</th>
									<th align="justify"> A</th>
									<th align="justify"> B</th>
									<th align="justify"> C</th>
									<th align="justify">D </th>
									<th align="justify">E</th>
									<th align="justify"> F</th>
									<th align="justify"> G</th>
									<th align="justify"> H</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">BC</td>
									<td align="justify">2</td>
									<td align="justify">0.687</td>
									<td align="justify">traces</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">1</td>
									<td align="justify"> 0.255</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> traces</td>
									<td align="justify"> 0.006</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">2</td>
									<td align="justify">0.141</td>
									<td align="justify">0.008</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">traces</td>
									<td align="justify">traces</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CA</td>
									<td align="justify">3</td>
									<td align="justify">0.105</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.002</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">4</td>
									<td align="justify">0.600</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.004</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">5</td>
									<td align="justify">0.231</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.008</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.003</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">1</td>
									<td align="justify"> 0.787</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> traces</td>
									<td align="justify"> 0.007</td>
									<td align="justify"> 0.005</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">2</td>
									<td align="justify">0.101</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.014</td>
									<td align="justify">traces</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">SA</td>
									<td align="justify">3</td>
									<td align="justify">0.290</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">traces</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">4</td>
									<td align="justify">0.487</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.009</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">5</td>
									<td align="justify">0.353</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"><bold>Positives</bold></td>
									<td align="justify"> 12</td>
									<td align="justify"> 3</td>
									<td align="justify"> 1</td>
									<td align="justify"> 1</td>
									<td align="justify"> 4</td>
									<td align="justify"> 4</td>
									<td align="justify"> 5</td>
									<td align="justify"> 1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"><bold>Average BC</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">0.633</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"><bold>Average CA</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">0.266</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.003</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"><bold>Average SA</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">0.404</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.010</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>A: Acetamiprid, B: Carbendazim, C: Imidacloprid, D: Fluoxastrobin, E: Dimethoate, F: Malaoxon, G: Methamidophos, H: Ometoate.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
			</p>
				<p>On the other hand, the insecticide malathion was found in 11 wax samples from the colonies CB, CA and SA; however, the amounts were low. It should be added that cis permethrin was found only in six wax samples CA (0.087 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) and SA (0.002 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>Diversity of pesticides in wax and honey. The wax samples presented a greater diversity of pesticides (insecticides, fungicides, acaricides and herbicides), compared to those of honey. In the same way <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Johnson <italic>et al</italic>. (2010)</xref>, report the occasional presence of pesticide residues in honey, since most pesticides are hydrophobic and can be transferred more easily through interactions of honey bees towards their wax (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Calatayud-Vernich <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Therefore, pesticides can be found more frequently in wax than in honey; or, although the levels of pesticides in honey are low, they tend to contaminate the wax due to their lipophilic nature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Valdovinos-Flores <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>); as well as a low wax replacement in the hive and recycle to reintroduce. Therefore, highly hydrophobic and stable pesticides are the main factors for the storage of pesticides in wax (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Calatayud-Vernich <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>From the total pesticides, insecticides were the main ones found in the wax samples, with 59.1%, which correspond mainly to organophosphates (chlorpyrifos, malathion, coumaphos, dimethoate and malaoxon), pyrethroids (deltamethrin, cis and trans permethrin) , neonicotinoids (acetamiprid and imidacloprid), and organochlorines (pentachlorophenol). Likewise, organophosphates (malaoxon dimethoate, methamidophos and omethoate), and neonicotinoids (acetamiprid and imidacloprid) were found in honey; representing 75.0% of the samples. The presence of insecticides in honey and beeswax represents the greatest risk for pollinating insects (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Botías y Sánchez-Bayo, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Ostiguy <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>); therefore, the detection and quantification of these in the samples analyzed reflect their high exposure to bees, causing irreversible damage in some colonies.</p>
				<p>Fungicides in wax (27.3%) and honey (25.0%), were the second class of pesticides found with the highest presence. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Botías y Sánchez-Bayo (2018)</xref> point out that some fungicides can increase the toxicity of insecticides by reducing the detoxification capacity of bees. Colony fungicide residues have also been found to be related to the prevalence of disease in bees (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Simon-Delso <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). Furthermore, it is suggested that the effect of fungicides on pollinators is not due to direct toxicity, but due to the alteration of the microbiome present in the pollen and nectar of the treated and / or contaminated plants that the bees feed on and their own bacterial flora (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">VanEngelsdorp <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>); which has important consequences on the nutrition and health status of bees.</p>
				<p>Finally, herbicides (9.1%) and acaricides (4.5%) are the pesticides with the lowest presence in the wax samples analyzed. Herbicides do not represent acute toxicity to pollinating insects (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Botías y Sánchez-Bayo, 2018</xref>); however, its use indirectly affects bees, because they eliminate large numbers of wild plants and reduce floral diversity, which is the main source of food (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bohnenblust <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>); the low presence of herbicides in the samples analyzed can be attributed to this.</p>
				<p>In the case of acaricides, which are used to control Varroa destructor, they can act additively or synergistically with insecticide residues in bee colonies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Johnson <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>); however, in our case, the acaricides found in the samples was 4.5% of the total pesticides, which is why these possibly cause minor adverse effects in the bee colonies.</p>
				<p><bold>Diversity of pesticides in wax and honey from colonies BC, CA and SA</bold>. Colonies
					with a history of collapse had a greater diversity of pesticides (20), compared
					to colonies without a history (19), and colonies with a collapse (7); This is
					also reflected by disaggregating pesticides into insecticides, fungicides,
					acaricides and herbicides; except for the latter two cases, where there was no
					presence in BC, and the diversity was similar in the CA and SA colonies.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alcántar-Rosales <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref>, report similar data in honey and wax regarding the reduced diversity of pesticides for the colonies that collapsed, finding two pesticides (neonicotinoids and organophosphates) in the honey samples, and four (organophosphates, benzimidazole, pyrethroids and derivatives of pyridine) in the wax; however, these are in low concentrations. In relation to this, the wax contaminated with pesticides, being in contact with the developing egg until the bee emerges, can cause sub-lethal effects in worker bees, mainly affecting larval development and longevity of bees. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Wu <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>); being able to cause indirect effects in the colony, such as premature changes in the role of bees and in foraging activity. For the present case, the colonies that collapsed presented the least diversity of pesticides, but in high quantities; possibly showing that the presence of insecticides and fungicides affected bees, causing their collapse.</p>
				<p>It is also important to highlight that the presence of pesticides is due to the management of the hives (stationary and migratory), as well as the location of the apiary, among other factors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Ostiguy <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). For our case, in the three groups (CA, SA and BC), the majority of hives are mobilized, and it has been reported that the mobilization of hives intended for pollination causes greater exposure to pesticides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Traynor <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). In our case, beekeepers mobilize them, for two reasons: the search for flowering, and when they are leased for crop pollination; this management can cause stress to bees, making them more susceptible to pesticide poisoning (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sánchez-Bayo <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>The location of the apiaries is also an important factor, due to the effect that the surrounding vegetation will have on the hives. Intensified agriculture has been shown to cause loss of natural habitats; therefore, intensive cultivation and, in general, the lack of plant biodiversity limit the quantity of food, which causes a decrease in abundance and richness of pollinators; as well as an impact on the health of honey bees (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kovács-Hostyánszki <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>In our case, the surrounding vegetation at the time of sampling and the crops that are mostly planted are as follows: for the BC group, the predominant vegetation was pinabete (<italic>Tamarix</italic> spp.); and the crops close to the apiaries were corn (<italic>Zea mays</italic>), alfalfa (<italic>Medicago sativa</italic>) and cotton (<italic>Gossypium</italic> spp.). For the CA group, the predominant vegetation was pinabete (<italic>Tamarix</italic> spp.) and mesquite (<italic>Prosopis laevigata</italic>), with crops of maize (<italic>Z. mays</italic>), sorghum (<italic>Sorghum vulgare</italic>), cotton (<italic>Gossypium</italic> spp.), Alfalfa (<italic>M. sativa</italic>), watermelon (<italic>Citrullus lannatus</italic>), melon (<italic>Cucumis melo</italic>), chili (<italic>Capsicum annuum</italic>), and squash (<italic>Cucurbita pepo</italic>). Finally, for the SA group, the main predominant vegetation was mesquite (<italic>P. laevigata</italic>) and pinabete (<italic>Tamarix</italic> spp.), with crops of alfalfa (<italic>M. sativa</italic>), corn (<italic>Z. mays</italic>), sorghum (<italic>S. vulgare</italic>) and cotton (<italic>Gossypium</italic> spp.). This gives evidence that the hives in the region are widely exposed to pesticides, which means that agricultural areas contribute to the high presence of pesticides in the hive products (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Traynor <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>The greatest diversity of pesticide residues was found in honey and wax in the CA colonies, it could be related to the amount of crops near the colonies where the samples were taken; however, the amount of pesticides was less compared to collapsed colonies with the presence of high amounts of pesticides in honey and wax. This was possibly due to the fact that these colonies presented greater exposure to the treated crops, or due to a recent application of pesticides during the colonies' stay with respect to CA and SA; since they presented lower levels of pesticides, even being in the same region.</p>
				<p>Chronic exposure of bees to pesticides at sublethal doses can affect neurological functions, such as memory and behavior; symptoms that may occur before the collapse of the hive (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Lu <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>); In addition to this, exposure to pests, diseases, poor nutrition, or the interaction between pesticides and pathogens, contribute to the mortality of bee colonies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Broadrup <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), which possibly occurred in BC colonies.</p>
				<p><bold>Amount of pesticides in honey and wax samples</bold>. The insecticide found in all the
					honey and wax samples was acetamiprid, which was also the one that had the
					highest amount on average, both in honey (0.385 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) and in wax
					(0.316 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) ; exceeding the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) of the
					European Union (EU) (0.05 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>). Data reported by <xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Gaweł <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref> in
					honey differ from ours, whose concentrations are low and range from 0.001 to
					0.13 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>. Also, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Da Silva
							<italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref>, report an average of 0.0025 mg
						kg<sup>-1</sup>.</p>
				<p>Studies carried out by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">El Hassani <italic>et al</italic>., (2008)</xref> indicate that the consumption of this pesticide at sublethal doses of 0.1 µg/bee affects its behavior and olfactory learning, due to its immunosuppressive effect (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Di Prisco <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>), causing a greater susceptibility to infection by the microsporidium <italic>Nosema</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Broadrup <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Furthermore, the immune weakening favors the spread of the Varroa mite in the honey bee colonies, which is a source of virus transmission (Di Prisco <italic>et al</italic>., 2016); such as the Deformed Wings Virus (DWV), the Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV), the Acute Paralysis Virus (ABPV) and the Kashmir Virus (KBV) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Belsky y Joshi, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Brutscher <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). The combination of these diseases with neonicotinoid insecticides, contribute to the collapse of the hives (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sánchez-Bayo <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Furthermore, acetamiprid can present synergistic effects when combined with other pesticides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Wang <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), which possibly explains the collapse of the colonies in this region; in addition, they probably had a longer time of exposure to pesticides.</p>
				<p>The second pesticide in frequency was Malathion, which was found in 11 wax samples with levels from 0.005 to 0.041, and an average of 0.015 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>; figure not exceeding the EU MRLs of 0.05 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>. For the north of Mexico <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Valdovinos-Flores <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref>, report the presence of Malathion in 100% of the wax samples, with levels ranging from 0.006 to 1,532 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>, with an average of 0.018 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>. Malathion, used in agriculture as an insecticide and acaricide and for the control of urban pests, has low persistence and high toxicity in insects (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Toxnet, 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>The results of this study demonstrate a high incidence of organophosphate Malathion in northern Mexico, and although it has low persistence, it is of high incidence in the samples analyzed. This is probably explained by the application of organophosphate near the hives before the samples were collected, since, as previously mentioned, most of the hives move around in search of flowering and are located mainly near agricultural crops. .</p>
				<p>Finally, cis- permethrin was found less frequently (six wax samples), but in greater quantity (0.087 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>); however, the EU does not specify its MRL. Similar data are reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Johnson <italic>et al</italic>. (2010)</xref>, with values of 0.133 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>. However, this insecticide is highly toxic to bees, with a topical LD50 of 0.024 µg/bee <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">(Piccolomini <italic>et al</italic>., 2018)</xref>. Prolonged exposure of pyrethroids can affect cellular and humoral immunity; as well as the decrease in immunity in bees (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Qi <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Permethrin is mainly used as an insecticide and acaricide for the treatment of forest use seeds, and for vector control (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Toxnet, 2019</xref>); and its wide use may be the reason for its greater quantity and presence in the samples analyzed, since some samples came from the proximity of agricultural areas.</p>
				<p>It is important to note that La Comarca Lagunera has been a benchmark in terms of cotton planting, forage cultivation for cattle, and also horticultural production is on the rise (SIAP, 2019); making it a region where a great diversity of pesticides have been used, many of which have a residual effect (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Vargas-González <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Therefore, inadequate agricultural practices and the inefficient use and management of pesticides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Esquivel-Valenzuela <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>) have created a serious public health problem, due to poisoning by agrochemicals, as well as for the environment; highlighting the damage caused to beekeeping by its effect on the collapse of hives<bold>.</bold></p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>The greatest amount of pesticides were found in the wax of the colonies with a history of collapse; thus they also present the greatest diversity (insecticides, fungicides, acaricides and herbicides). The presence of pesticides in honey and wax from the colonies under, with, and without a history of collapse may be the consequence of the phytosanitary treatments used in agriculture, so that their presence may be influenced by the origin of the sample, since that the radius of bees’ action is up to ten kilometers. However, our data does not allow us to affirm that the presence of pesticides is the main or only cause of colony collapse; and therefore, it is required to continue with this type of research to determine the factors that affect the health of honey bees, such as the presence of pesticides, parasites and diseases in the region.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</title>
				<p>To the National Institute of Forest, Agricultural and Livestock Research for the opportunity to do a doctorate; to the UAAAN for the financing of projects No. 2834 and 2835; CIATEJ A.C Northeast Headquarters and QFB Víctor Alcántar Rosales for their support in the process and analysis of the samples; to the beekeepers for the facilities for taking the samples and applying the questionnaire.</p>
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