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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.5</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00105</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Evaluación del bienestar animal de gallinas ponedoras Bovans White alojadas en piso</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5335-0109</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Villanueva-Sánchez</surname>
						<given-names>Octavio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9342-1952</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carrillo-Domínguez</surname>
						<given-names>Silvia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4974-8346</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Chavira-Ramírez</surname>
						<given-names>Roberto</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3808-6412</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Martínez-Marcial</surname>
						<given-names>Mónica</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6848-1010</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Miranda-de-la-Lama</surname>
						<given-names>Genaro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6036-1321</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ávila- González</surname>
						<given-names>Ernesto</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán</institution>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Biomédicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Metropolitana de México (UAM), Lerma. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Metropolitana de México</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, UNAM. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">*Autor para la correspondencia: Octavio Villanueva Sánchez. Calzada de Tlalpan 4888 Departamento 402, Colonia Barrio del Niño Jesús. Alcaldía de Tlalpan. C.P 14080. Ciudad de México, México. Correo electrónico<italic>:</italic><email>octaviovillanuevasanchez@gmail.com</email>, <email>silvicarrillo@hotmail.com</email>, <email>robertochavira2002@yahoo.com.mx</email>, <email>pantheraleonmx@yahoo.com.mx</email>, g.miranda@correo.ler.uam.mx, <email>avilaernesto@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>
			<issue>00</issue>
			<elocation-id>e5</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>13</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>13</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>El interés por el bienestar de las gallinas ponedoras ha ido en aumento y algunos estudios consideran que el sistema de alojamiento en jaulas proporciona un bienestar deficiente en las gallinas. Este tipo de estudios son de gran interés en México debido a que es el principal consumidor mundial de huevos (22.8 Kg <italic>per cápita</italic> anual) y cuarto productor a nivel internacional. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de la investigación fue realizar un estudio sobre el bienestar de gallinas ponedoras en piso. Para este propósito, 50 gallinas Bovans White fueron alojadas en piso, con espacio de 1,200 cm<sup>2</sup> por ave. Fueron evaluadas a las 22, 30 y 62 semanas de edad su comportamiento, estado de salud, las variables de producción y la calidad física del huevo. Durante el estudio se observaron de manera general diferencias (P&lt;0.05) en tiempo y frecuencia de las siguientes conductas: baño de tierra, echarse, explorar y forrajear. Por otra parte, la calidad física del huevo cumplió las normativas al respecto. Al final del estudio las gallinas mostraron un buen estado de salud y un amplio repertorio de conductas.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>bienestar</kwd>
				<kwd>conducta</kwd>
				<kwd>salud</kwd>
				<kwd>huevo y sistema de alojamiento</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="30"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>En los últimos años el interés por el bienestar de las gallinas ha ido en aumento. Gran parte de la legislación europea actual sobre el bienestar de las gallinas ponedoras ha sido influenciada más por el público y grupos activistas, que por la evidencia científica. Dichos grupos propusieron que la Unión Europea aboliera el sistema de alojamiento en jaulas por el de jaulas enriquecidas (750 cm<sup>2</sup> de superficie por ave); donde además las gallinas cuentan con perchas y material para anidación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bulmer y Gil, 2008</xref>). A este respecto, en los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica se espera que para el año 2025 más del 90% de la producción de huevo para plato se lleve a cabo en sistemas libres de jaulas <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Regmi <italic>et al., 2018</italic></xref>). Sin embargo, las jaulas convencionales siguen siendo el principal sistema de alojamiento para las gallinas ponedoras en el mundo, si bien este sistema ha sido criticado por limitar la capacidad de las gallinas para expresar ciertas conductas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Khumput <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Por otra parte, los avicultores creen que la productividad de gallinas alojadas en piso tiene mayor rendimiento productivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Itza-Otiz <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). A este respecto <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Camphell <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>, reportaron que gallinas alojadas en piso presentan una mayor expresión de conductas.</p>
			<p>En México, primer consumidor per cápita y cuarto productor mundial de huevo para plato (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">UNA, 2019</xref>), el principal sistema de producción de alojamiento es de jaulas convencionales, pero por situaciones sociales y culturales también coexisten otros sistemas, por lo que es de particular interés llevar a cabo estudios al respecto.</p>
			<p>Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las variables de producción, comportamiento, estado de salud y calidad física del huevo; como indicadores para determinar el bienestar animal en gallinas ponedoras Bovans White alojadas en piso.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Ubicación del experimento</title>
				<p>El estudio se llevó a cabo en el Centro Experimental de Investigación y Extensión Avícolas (CEIEPAv), de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, ubicado en la Ciudad de México, a una altura de 2,250 metros sobre el nivel del mar, y con temperatura media anual de 18 ºC (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">FMVZ, 2019</xref>). Un lote de 50 gallinas ponedoras Bovans White de 22 semanas de edad fueron alojadas en piso; una gallina por cada 1,200 cm<sup>2</sup>, y como un accesorio adicional en su alojamiento se colocaron cajas para nido; no tuvieron perchas. Se les proporcionó una dieta que cubriera las recomendaciones para gallinas ponedoras del National Research Council,1994. Durante las 40 semanas del estudio, se les proporcionó alimento y agua <italic>ad libitum</italic>, y tuvieron un programa de fotoperiodo de 16:8 horas (luz: obscuridad). La temperatura y la humedad de la caseta permanecieron en 20 ± 3<sup>0</sup>C y 65 a 70% de humedad relativa, respectivamente. Las gallinas fueron evaluadas a las 22, 30 y 62 semanas de edad. Este protocolo de estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética (número DC-2017/1-5) de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Tamaño de muestra</title>
				<p>Se utilizó la ecuación descrita por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Dell <italic>et
							al.,</italic> 2002</xref>, para comparar grupos de variables continuas,
					n = 1 + 2C (s/d)<sup>2</sup>, donde C es una constante que depende del valor de
					α y β seleccionados, donde α =0.05 y 1- β =0.9; donde s es la desviación
					estándar de la variable para estudiar, y d es la magnitud de la diferencia, que
					dependen de la variable respuesta; en nuestra investigación fueron las conductas
					a evaluar. Para determinar el tamaño de muestra con resultados significativos se
					debe considerar el número de sujetos al finalizar el estudio. Para este fin se
					realizó el siguiente cálculo: n (1 /1 − R), donde: n representa el número de
					sujetos sin pérdidas y R es la proporción de pérdidas esperadas (<xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">García <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Variables productivas</title>
				<p>Se obtuvieron los promedios de los datos productivos de la parvada de las siguientes variables: alimento por ave/día, índice de conversión, porcentaje de postura o producción de huevo, mortalidad, porcentaje de huevo sucio y porcentaje de huevo quebrado.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Comportamiento</title>
				<p>Se colocaron cámaras de video (Samsung HMX-F800 y Cannon VIXIA HF R70) frente a las gallinas para acostumbrarlas a su presencia y grabar sus conductas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Martin y Bateson, 1993</xref>). Se seleccionó un rango final de observación focal de 400 segundos por gallina entre las 10:00 a 11:00 horas como intervalo de tiempo designado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mishra <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>). Se elaboró un etograma para asignar el porcentaje, frecuencia y tiempo total de conductas observadas, usando el programa de computación CowLog (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Haninnen y Pastell, 2009</xref>) con sistema operativo Ubuntu Linux 8.04 para crear bases de datos para las conductas a observar.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Estado de salud</title>
				<p>Para conocer el estado de salud de las gallinas se evaluaron sus plumas, patas y crestas, con un sistema de calificación modificado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Welfare Quality, 2009</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Calidad física del huevo</title>
				<p>Se realizó el pesaje de todos los huevos obtenidos de un solo día, a las 22, 30 y 62 semanas de edad de las gallinas (Balanza digital Ohaus Navigator Modelo N1D110, (capacidad 4,100 g y precisión de 0.1 g); se midió el largo y ancho del huevo (Vernier digital), el grosor del cascarón, diámetro y altura de la yema. Se midió la altura de la albúmina (unidades Haugh) y el color de la yema (Eggware VI.06, Technical Services and Supplies Inc).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>La calidad física del huevo fue analizada con la prueba T de Student y los datos de comportamiento con la prueba de Wilcoxon (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">IBM. SPSS Versión 21, 2012</xref>). El valor P &lt; 0.05 indicó la significancia estadística. Por otra parte, el porcentaje acumulado se utilizó para evaluar el estado de salud y se obtuvieron los promedios (datos tabulados) de las variables productivas de la parvada.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Variables de producción</title>
				<p>Se evaluaron las siguientes variables productivas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">cuadro 1</xref>) en la parvada, para detectar cualquier deficiencia o problema sanitario durante el periodo de estudio. Se observó un mayor incremento en el índice de conversión, consumo de alimento, y porcentaje de huevo sucio en la semana 62.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Cuadro 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Variables de producción de gallinas ponedoras Bovans White alojada en piso</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>Variable productiva</bold></td>
									<td align="justify"><bold>22 semanas</bold></td>
									<td align="justify"><bold>30 semanas</bold></td>
									<td align="justify"><bold>62 semanas</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Mortalidad acumulada %</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Producción de huevo %</td>
									<td align="center">90</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">90</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Índice de Conversión</td>
									<td align="center">1.92</td>
									<td align="center">1.86</td>
									<td align="center">2.03</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Consumo de alimento g/ave/día</td>
									<td align="center">98</td>
									<td align="center">110</td>
									<td align="center">122</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Huevo sucio (%)</td>
									<td align="center">5.55</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Huevo roto (%)</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><bold>Comportamiento en gallinas</bold></p>
				<p>Las diferencias más relevantes entre las conductas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">cuadro 2</xref>), fueron en primera instancia en <bold>Frecuencia</bold>. Se observaron diferencias (P &lt; 0.05) en las conductas Echarse, Explorar, Forrajear y Baño de tierra; la semana que más diferencias presenta es la 62 versus 22 y 30. Por otra parte, Baño de tierra, Echarse y Pararse es mayor en la semana 62, con menores frecuencias en las conductas Acicalar, Explorar y Forrajear. Asimismo, en <bold>Tiempo,</bold> en la conducta Acicalar se observaron diferencias (P &lt; 0.05), entre la semana 30 versus 62. Además, en las conductas Alimentarse, Baño de tierra, Echarse, Explorar, Forrajear, Pararse y Picar el alojamiento, la semana que más diferencias presenta es la 62 versus 22 y 30. Alimentarse y Picar el alojamiento fue mayor en la semana 30. Baño de tierra, Echarse y Pararse ocuparon un mayor tiempo en la semana 62, con menor tiempo en las conductas Acicalar, Explorar y Forrajear.</p>
				<p>Con respecto a las correlaciones evaluadas, solamente en la conducta Alimentarse se observó una correlación positiva (0.91) de interés entre la semana 30 y 62.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Cuadro 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Frecuencia (%) y Tiempo (%) de las conductas expresadas en gallinas ponedoras Bovans White alojada en piso</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>Conducta</bold></td>
									<td align="justify"><bold>22 semanas</bold></td>
									<td align="justify"><bold>30 semanas</bold></td>
									<td align="justify"><bold>62 semanas</bold></td>
									<td align="justify"><bold>22-30</bold></td>
									<td align="justify"><bold>22-62</bold></td>
									<td align="justify"><bold>30-62</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Frecuencia</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Acicalarse</td>
									<td align="justify">3.17</td>
									<td align="justify">3.42</td>
									<td align="justify">2.38</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Aletear</td>
									<td align="justify">1.29</td>
									<td align="justify">1.00</td>
									<td align="justify">1.25</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Alimentarse</td>
									<td align="justify">2.00</td>
									<td align="justify">1.53</td>
									<td align="justify">1.69</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Baño de tierra</td>
									<td align="justify">1.00</td>
									<td align="justify">1.33</td>
									<td align="justify">7.43</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">*</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Beber</td>
									<td align="justify">2.00</td>
									<td align="justify">1.55</td>
									<td align="justify">1.71</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Buscar alimento</td>
									<td align="justify">2.96</td>
									<td align="justify">1.00</td>
									<td align="justify">1.33</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Caminar</td>
									<td align="justify">4.78</td>
									<td align="justify">5.16</td>
									<td align="justify">3.80</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Conducta agresiva</td>
									<td align="justify">1.00</td>
									<td align="justify">0.12</td>
									<td align="justify">1.00</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Echarse</td>
									<td align="justify">1.91</td>
									<td align="justify">1.42</td>
									<td align="justify">4.45</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">*</td>
									<td align="justify">*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Estirarse</td>
									<td align="justify">1.22</td>
									<td align="justify">1.50</td>
									<td align="justify">1.00</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Explorar</td>
									<td align="justify">4.03</td>
									<td align="justify">4.35</td>
									<td align="justify">2.17</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">*</td>
									<td align="justify">*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Forrajear</td>
									<td align="justify">2.26</td>
									<td align="justify">4.74</td>
									<td align="justify">1.50</td>
									<td align="justify">*</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Pararse</td>
									<td align="justify">1.31</td>
									<td align="justify">1.13</td>
									<td align="justify">1.69</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Picar el alojamiento</td>
									<td align="justify">1.00</td>
									<td align="justify">3.00</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Picoteo suave de la pluma</td>
									<td align="justify">1.67</td>
									<td align="justify">2.33</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Rascar</td>
									<td align="justify">1.83</td>
									<td align="justify">2.00</td>
									<td align="justify">1.00</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Volar</td>
									<td align="justify">2.38</td>
									<td align="justify">3.60</td>
									<td align="justify">1.25</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Tiempo</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Acicalarse</td>
									<td align="justify">106.56</td>
									<td align="justify">137.93</td>
									<td align="justify">69.44</td>
									<td align="justify"/>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Aletear</td>
									<td align="justify">7.75</td>
									<td align="justify">6.75</td>
									<td align="justify">4.75</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Alimentarse</td>
									<td align="justify">234.97</td>
									<td align="justify">408.07</td>
									<td align="justify">364.62</td>
									<td align="justify">* </td>
									<td align="justify"> *</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Baño de tierra</td>
									<td align="justify">13.13</td>
									<td align="justify">20.25</td>
									<td align="justify">70.80</td>
									<td align="justify"/>
									<td align="justify">* </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Beber</td>
									<td align="justify">35.17</td>
									<td align="justify">28.67</td>
									<td align="justify">63.17</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Buscar alimento</td>
									<td align="justify">29.79</td>
									<td align="justify">26.00</td>
									<td align="justify">18.14</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Caminar</td>
									<td align="justify">51.54</td>
									<td align="justify">58.13</td>
									<td align="justify">36.76</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Conducta agresiva</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">2.50</td>
									<td align="justify">6.50</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Echarse</td>
									<td align="justify">119.96</td>
									<td align="justify">215.93</td>
									<td align="justify">241.69</td>
									<td align="justify">* </td>
									<td align="justify">* </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Estirarse</td>
									<td align="justify">10.33</td>
									<td align="justify">3.33</td>
									<td align="justify">6.00</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Explorar</td>
									<td align="justify">69.25</td>
									<td align="justify">44.57</td>
									<td align="justify">25.50</td>
									<td align="justify">* </td>
									<td align="justify">* </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Forrajear</td>
									<td align="justify">29.93</td>
									<td align="justify">60.68</td>
									<td align="justify">20.83</td>
									<td align="justify">* </td>
									<td align="justify"/>
									<td align="justify"> *</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Pararse</td>
									<td align="justify">7.07</td>
									<td align="justify">3.47</td>
									<td align="justify">9.21</td>
									<td align="justify">* </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> *</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Picar el alojamiento</td>
									<td align="justify">21.75</td>
									<td align="justify">108.00</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">* </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Picoteo suave de la pluma</td>
									<td align="justify">12.43</td>
									<td align="justify">13.00</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Rascar</td>
									<td align="justify">5.67</td>
									<td align="justify">4.00</td>
									<td align="justify">3.50</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Volar</td>
									<td align="justify">18.83</td>
									<td align="justify">14.80</td>
									<td align="justify">6.00</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>Hora de observación: 10:00 a 11:00 a.m. 400 segundos de observación por gallina. *comparaciones pareadas, difieren significativamente entre sí (P &lt; 0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><bold>Estado de salud</bold>. En el sistema de alojamiento se mantuvo la calificación de 1
					para ambos indicadores en patas y plumas. Por otra parte, en la semana 62 se
					observó el indicador cresta con la calificación de 2 en el 100% de las gallinas
						(<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">cuadro 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Cuadro 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Estado de salud (porcentaje acumulado) en gallinas ponedoras Bovans White alojada en piso</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>Estado de Salud</bold></td>
									<td align="justify"><bold>22 semanas</bold></td>
									<td align="justify"><bold>30 semanas</bold></td>
									<td align="justify"><bold>62 semanas</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Pluma (1)</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Pluma (2)</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Pluma (3)</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Patas (1)</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Patas (2)</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Cresta (1)</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Cresta (2)</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><bold>Calidad física del huevo</bold>. Las diferencias entre comparaciones de las semanas
						(<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">cuadro 4</xref>), muestran que solo en Peso
					del cascarón y Altura de la yema no hay diferencias entre semanas. La semana 22
					es en la que más se encontraron diferencias con las otras semanas, teniendo
					menores valores promedios en Peso del huevo, Color de la yema y Diámetro de la
					yema; esta misma semana tiene los mayores valores en las restantes
					variables.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Cuadro 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Calidad física de huevo en gallinas ponedoras Bovans White alojada en piso</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>Variables</bold></td>
									<td align="justify" colspan="2"><bold>22 semanas</bold></td>
									<td align="justify" colspan="2"><bold>30 semanas</bold></td>
									<td align="justify" colspan="2"><bold>62 semanas</bold></td>
									<td align="justify"><bold>22-30</bold></td>
									<td align="justify"><bold>22-62</bold></td>
									<td align="justify"><bold>30-62</bold></td>
								</tr>
								
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Peso del huevo g </td>
									<td align="center">51.25 ±</td>
									<td align="center">3.08</td>
									<td align="center">59.43 ±</td>
									<td align="center">6.00</td>
									<td align="center">60.19 ± </td>
									<td align="center">3.72</td>
									<td align="center"> *</td>
									<td align="center"> *</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Altura de albúmina cm </td>
									<td align="center">8.63 ± </td>
									<td align="center">0.91</td>
									<td align="center">7.49 ±</td>
									<td align="center">1.16</td>
									<td align="center">6.88 ±</td>
									<td align="center">1.23</td>
									<td align="center">*</td>
									<td align="center">* </td>
									<td align="center">* </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Unidades Haugh   </td>
									<td align="center">94.90 ±</td>
									<td align="center"> 5.20</td>
									<td align="center">86.27 ± </td>
									<td align="center"> 7.38</td>
									<td align="center">81.72 ± </td>
									<td align="center">9.39</td>
									<td align="center">*</td>
									<td align="center">*</td>
									<td align="center">*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Color de la Yema DMS  </td>
									<td align="center">8.34 ± </td>
									<td align="center"> 0.94</td>
									<td align="center">10.64 ±</td>
									<td align="center"> 0.90</td>
									<td align="center"> 10.08 ± </td>
									<td align="center"> 0.92</td>
									<td align="center"> *</td>
									<td align="center"> *</td>
									<td align="center">*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Peso del cascarón g   </td>
									<td align="center">5.85 ±</td>
									<td align="center">  0.53</td>
									<td align="center"> 5.90 ±</td>
									<td align="center"> 0.58</td>
									<td align="center"> 8.03 ±</td>
									<td align="center"> 8.69</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Grosor del cascarón mm </td>
									<td align="center">0.39 ±  </td>
									<td align="center">0.02</td>
									<td align="center">0.37 ±</td>
									<td align="center"> 0.03</td>
									<td align="center">0.36 ±</td>
									<td align="center">0.04</td>
									<td align="center">*</td>
									<td align="center">* </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Diámetro de la yema cm  </td>
									<td align="center">3.39 ± </td>
									<td align="center">0.15</td>
									<td align="center">3.93 ±</td>
									<td align="center">0.16</td>
									<td align="center">4.01 ±</td>
									<td align="center">0.11</td>
									<td align="center">*</td>
									<td align="center">*</td>
									<td align="center">*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Altura de la yema cm   </td>
									<td align="center">1.64 ±</td>
									<td align="center">0.15</td>
									<td align="center">1.60 ±</td>
									<td align="center">0.06</td>
									<td align="center">1.64 ±</td>
									<td align="center">0.08</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Índice de Yema   </td>
									<td align="center"> 0.48 ±</td>
									<td align="center">  0.04</td>
									<td align="center"> 0.40 ±</td>
									<td align="center"> 0.06</td>
									<td align="center"> 0.41 ±</td>
									<td align="center"> 0.03</td>
									<td align="center"> *</td>
									<td align="center">* </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Largo del huevo cm </td>
									<td align="center"> 6.05 ± </td>
									<td align="center">0.18 </td>
									<td align="center"> 5.63 ±</td>
									<td align="center"> 0.22</td>
									<td align="center"> 5.72 ±</td>
									<td align="center">0.20 </td>
									<td align="center"> *</td>
									<td align="center">* </td>
									<td align="center">* </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Ancho del huevo cm  </td>
									<td align="center">4.78 ± </td>
									<td align="center"> 0.14</td>
									<td align="center"> 4.34 ± </td>
									<td align="center"> 0.13</td>
									<td align="center"> 4.41 ±</td>
									<td align="center"> 0.12</td>
									<td align="center"> *</td>
									<td align="center">* </td>
									<td align="center"> *</td>									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Índice de Forma % </td>
									<td align="center">79.10±</td>
									<td align="center">2.76 </td>
									<td align="center">77.12 ± </td>
									<td align="center">1.98 </td>
									<td align="center">77.17± </td>
									<td align="center">3.22 </td>
									<td align="center"> *</td>
									<td align="center">* </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>*comparaciones pareadas, difieren significativamente entre sí (P &lt; 0.05). n=50. Todos los datos son presentados por media ± DE.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Variables productivas. Los resultados cumplieron de manera general con lo establecido en la guía de producto de la línea Bovans White por la casa matriz <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Hendrix Isa, 2019</xref>; sin embargo, en la semana 62 se incrementó el consumo de alimento, índice de conversión, y porcentaje de huevo sucio, lo que coincide con lo reportado por otros autores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ahammed <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Golden y Anderson, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Holt <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>). Es importante resaltar el concepto de inocuidad alimentaria, ya que el porcentaje de huevo sucio es una característica muy castigada para la comercialización del huevo, sumado a la posible alteración en la inocuidad del alimento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">FAO, 2007</xref>).</p>
			<p><bold>Comportamiento de las gallinas</bold>. La definición, priorización y medición de las
				necesidades de la expresión del comportamiento son cruciales en un estudio con
				gallinas. Los animales tienen necesidades de comportamiento que son evidentes para
				el mantenimiento individual, como son las conductas alimentarse y beber (<xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Downing, 2012</xref>). Durante el presente trabajo se
				observó un gran repertorio de conductas, donde resaltaron Buscar Alimento, que se
				sugiere es una conducta redirigida de Forrajear, como lo es Picar pluma descrito por
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Johannson <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>;
				ambas conductas y forrajear fueron disminuyendo en tiempo hacia el final del
				estudio. Por otra parte, en las gallinas se incrementó notablemente al final del
				estudio la frecuencia y tiempo de la conducta Baño de tierra; dicha conducta es muy
				importante para mantener en buenas condiciones el plumaje de la gallina (<xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Campbell <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>En relación a la conducta Echarse, ésta se incrementó notablemente hasta la semana 30, lo que va de acuerdo con lo reportado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Singh <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>), ya que en esta semana las gallinas requirieron más alimento y descanso, debido a su alta tasa de producción de huevo. Además, se observó que las conductas aparentemente ligadas en su momento como Caminar y Explorar, declinaron durante el estudio a partir de la semana 30. A este respecto las gallinas probablemente caminan una distancia corta para alcanzar otro espacio dentro del alojamiento, cambian de un lado a otro para escapar de otras gallinas, o bien tienen una caminata más larga por confort como lo describe <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mishra <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>. En el presente estudio las gallinas no tuvieron perchas en las instalaciones; sin embargo, la motivación de volar existió.</p>
			<p><bold>Estado de salud</bold>. Las gallinas se mantuvieron con muy buena condición física hasta
				el final del estudio, con un relativo deterioro en la cresta, y que va de acuerdo
				con lo reportado por otros autores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Weitzenbuger
						<italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>). Por otra parte, la buena condición de
				salud de las patas en las gallinas fue evidente, lo que se constata con lo descrito
				por algunos autores en relación con los bajos niveles de hiperqueratosis en gallinas
				que no tiene acceso a perchas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Navarra y Pinson,
					2010</xref>).</p>
			<p><bold>Calidad física del huevo</bold>. Las unidades Haugh que son indicadores de la frescura
				del huevo, variaron durante el estudio; sin embargo se encontraron dentro de los
				parámetros establecidos (NMX-FF-127-SCFI-2016), lo que concuerda también con lo
				descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Farhad y Fariba, 2011</xref> para
				gallinas en piso. Por otra parte, el color de la yema fue diferente entre las
				semanas, lo que sin duda fue influenciado por la variación de los niveles de
				inclusión de pigmento, carotenoides o xantofilas en la dieta. En general, las
				diferencias observadas en las restantes variables van de acuerdo a lo reportado por
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Roberts <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>,
				que lo atribuye a la edad de la gallina. Aunado a la discusión, sin duda uno de los
				factores más importantes en la producción del huevo para plato son los cambios de
				densidad poblacional, que pueden afectar los patrones de las diversas conductas en
				la gallina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Botreau <italic>et al.,</italic>
					2007</xref>).</p>
			<p>La densidad de población descrita en este trabajo fue similar a lo reportado para el sistema barn o cobertizo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">AVMA, 2012</xref>), con cajas para nido y sin perchas.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>La evaluación del bienestar animal de gallinas en piso demostró una buena calidad física del huevo, expresión de un amplio repertorio de conductas y un buen estado de salud. Sin embargo, hay que considerar que al final del estudio se incrementó el consumo de alimento, índice de conversión y porcentaje de huevo sucio. Los resultados encontrados proporcionan un referente de bienestar animal en la gallina Bovans White alojada en piso.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Reconocimiento</title>
			<p>Agradecemos su valiosa ayuda al personal de CEIEPAv de la UNAM, y también queremos agradecer su invaluable apoyo al personal de los Departamentos de Nutrición Animal y Biología de la Reproducción del INCMNSZ. Agradecimiento especial por su colaboración en este trabajo al Dr. Antonio Villa Romero.</p>
		</ack>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Animal welfare evaluation in Bovans White laying hens on floor housing</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>Laying hen welfare has been studied increasingly, some works concluded that the cage housing system provides poor welfare for laying hens. These have a great interest in Mexico because it is the world's leading egg consumer (22.8 kg per capita by year) and the fourth leading producer. The aim of this work was to evaluate laying hen welfare. Fifty 22-weeks-old Bovans White laying hens were housed in the floor, assigning 1200 cm<sup>2</sup> per hen. Behavior, health, production parameters, and egg physical quality were evaluated at 22, 30 and 62 weeks. There was a difference (P&lt;0.05) throughout the study in frequency and time of the following behaviors: dust bath, lie down, exploring and foraging. On the other hand, egg physical quality was according to the national regulations. At the end of the study, hens had good physical health and a wide behavior repertory.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>welfare</kwd>
				<kwd>behavior</kwd>
				<kwd>health</kwd>
				<kwd>egg</kwd>
				<kwd>housing system</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>In recent years, interest in the welfare of hens has been increasing. The public and activist
					groups than by scientific evidence have influenced much of current European
					legislation on the welfare of laying hens more. These groups proposed that the
					European Union abolish the cage housing system by the enriched cage system (750
						cm<sup>2</sup> of surface per bird); where the hens also have perches and
					nesting material (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bulmer y Gil, 2008</xref>). In
					this regard, in the United States of America it is expected that by the year
					2025 more than 90 % of the production of egg for plate will be carried out in
					cage-free systems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Regmi <italic>et
						al</italic>., 2018</xref>). However, conventional cages are still the main
					housing system for laying hens in the world, although this system has been for
					limiting the hens' ability criticized. to express certain behaviors (<xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Khumput <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). On
					the other hand, poultry farmers believe that the productivity of hens housed on
					the floor has a higher productive performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"
						>Itza- Otiz <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). In this regard, <xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Camphell <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>,
					reported that hens housed on the floor have a higher expression of behavior.</p>
				<p>In Mexico, the world's first consumer per capita and fourth largest producer of egg for dishes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">UNA, 2019</xref>), the main housing production system is conventional cages, but due to social and cultural situations, other systems also coexist, making it particularly interest to carry out studies in this regard.</p>
				<p>Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the variables of egg production, behavior, health status and physical quality; as indicators to determine animal welfare in Bovans White laying hens housed on the floor.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Experiment location</title>
					<p>The study was carried out at the Experimental Center for Poultry Research and Extension (CEIEPAv), of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, located in Mexico City, at an altitude of 2,250 meters above the level of the sea, and with an annual average temperature of 18 ºC (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">FMVZ, 2019</xref>). A batch of 50, 22- week-old Bovans White laying hens were housed on the floor; one hen for each 1,200 cm<sup>2</sup>, and as an additional accessory in its housing nest boxes were placed; they had no hangers. They were provided with a diet that covered recommendations for laying hens of the National Research Council,1994. During the 40 weeks of the study, they were provided with food and water ad libitum, and they had a photoperiod program of 16: 8 hours (light: dark). The temperature and humidity of the house remained at 20 ± 3 ºC and 65 to 70 % relative humidity, respectively. The hens were evaluated at 22, 30 and 62 weeks of age. The Ethics Committee (number DC-2017/1-5) of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) approved this study protocol.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Sample size</title>
					<p>The equation described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Dell <italic>et al.,</italic>
							2002</xref>, was used to compare groups of continuous variables: n = 1 +
						2C (s/d)2. Here C is a constant that depends on the value of selected α and
						β, where α = 0.05 and 1- β = 0.9; where s is the standard deviation of the
						variable to study, and d is the magnitude of the difference, which depend on
						the response variable; in our research, they were the behaviors to be
						evaluated. To determine the sample size with significant results, the number
						of subjects at the end of the study must be considered. For this purpose,
						the following calculation was performed: n (1/1-R), where: n represents the
						number of subjects without losses and R is the proportion of expected losses
							(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">García <italic>et al.,</italic>
							2013</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Productive variables</title>
					<p>The averages of the productive data of the flock of the following variables were obtained: feed per bird/day, conversion rate, percentage of laying or egg production, mortality, percentage of dirty egg and percentage of broken egg.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Behavior</title>
					<p>Video cameras (Samsung HMX-F800 and Cannon VIXIA HF R70) were placed in front of the hens to accustom them to their presence and record their behavior (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Martin y Bateson, 1993</xref>). A final focal observation range of 400 seconds per hen was selected between 10:00 a.m. and 11:00 a.m. as the designated time interval (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mishra <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>). An ethogram was to assign the percentage, frequency and total time of observed behaviors developed, using the CowLog computer program (Haninnen y Pastell, 2009) with the Ubuntu Linux 8.04 operating system to create databases for the behaviors to be observed. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Health condition</title>
					<p>To know the health status of the hens, their feathers, legs and combs were evaluated with a modified rating system (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Welfare Quality, 2009</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Physical quality of the egg</title>
					<p>Weighing of all the eggs obtained from a single day, at 22, 30 and 62 weeks of age of the hens (Ohaus Navigator Digital Scale Model N1D110, (capacity 4,100 g and precision of 0.1 g) was performed; the length and Egg width (digital Vernier), shell thickness, diameter and yolk height. Albumin height (Haugh units) and yolk color were measured (Eggware VI.06, Technical Services and Supplies Inc).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>The physical quality of the egg was analyzed with the Student's t-test and the behavioral data with the Wilcoxon test (IBM. SPSS Versión 21, 2012). The P value &lt;0.05 indicated the statistical significance. On the other hand, the accumulated percentage was used to assess the state of health and the averages (tabulated data) of the productive variables of the flock were obtained.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Production variables</title>
					<p>The following productive variables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">table 1</xref>) in the flock were evaluated to detect any deficiency or sanitary problem during the study period. A greater increase in the conversion rate, feed consumption, and percentage of dirty egg was observed at week 62.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Production variables of Bovans White laying hens housed on the floor</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center"><bold>Productive variable</bold></td>
										<td align="center"><bold>22 weeks</bold></td>
										<td align="center"><bold>30 weeks</bold></td>
										<td align="center"><bold>62 weeks</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Accumulated Mortality %</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Egg production %</td>
										<td align="center">90</td>
										<td align="center">100</td>
										<td align="center">90</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Conversion rate</td>
										<td align="center">1.92</td>
										<td align="center">1.86</td>
										<td align="center">2.03</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Food consumption g/bird/day</td>
										<td align="center">98</td>
										<td align="center">110</td>
										<td align="center">122</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Dirty egg (%)</td>
										<td align="center">5.55</td>
										<td align="center">6</td>
										<td align="center">8</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Cracked egg (%)</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
									</tr>
									
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p><bold>Hens’ behavior</bold></p>
					<p>The most relevant differences between the behaviors were in the first instance in <bold>Frequency</bold> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>). Differences (P &lt;0.05) were observed in the behaviors as Lie, Explore, Forage and Ground bath; the week with the most differences is 62 versus 22 and 30. On the other hand, Ground bath, lie down and stand is greater in week 62, with fewer frequencies in grooming, exploring and foraging behaviors. Likewise, in Time, in the Grooming behavior, differences were observed (P &lt;0.05), between week 30 versus 62. In addition, in the behaviors Feeding, ground bath, Lying, Exploring, Foraging, Standing and pecking the housing, the week that the most differences presented are 62 versus 22 and 30. Feeding and pecking the housing was greater in week 30. Ground bath, lying down and standing occupied a longer time in week 62, with less time in the grooming, exploring and Forage.</p>
					<p>With respect to the correlations evaluated, only in the behavior Feeding was a positive correlation (0.91) of interest was observed between week 30 and 62.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Frequency (%) and Time (%) of the behaviors expressed in Bovans White laying hens housed on the floor</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><bold>Behavior</bold></td>
										<td align="center"><bold>22 weeks</bold></td>
										<td align="center"><bold>30 weeks</bold></td>
										<td align="center"><bold>weeks</bold></td>
										<td align="center"><bold>22-30</bold></td>
										<td align="center"><bold>22-62</bold></td>
										<td align="center"><bold>30-62</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left">Frequency</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Grooming</td>
										<td align="center">3.17</td>
										<td align="right">3.42</td>
										<td align="right">2.38</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Flap</td>
										<td align="right">1.29</td>
										<td align="right">1.00</td>
										<td align="right">1.25</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Feed</td>
										<td align="right">2.00</td>
										<td align="right">1.53</td>
										<td align="right">1.69</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Ground bath</td>
										<td align="right">1.00</td>
										<td align="right">1.33</td>
										<td align="right">7.43</td>
										<td align="center"/>
										<td align="left"> *</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">To drink</td>
										<td align="right">2.00</td>
										<td align="right">1.55</td>
										<td align="right">1.71</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Search for food</td>
										<td align="right">2.96</td>
										<td align="right">1.00</td>
										<td align="right">1.33</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Walk</td>
										<td align="right">4.78</td>
										<td align="right">5.16</td>
										<td align="right">3.80</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Aggressive behavior</td>
										<td align="right">1.00</td>
										<td align="right">0.12</td>
										<td align="right">1.00</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Lay down</td>
										<td align="right">1.91</td>
										<td align="right">1.42</td>
										<td align="right">4.45</td>
										<td align="left"/>
										<td align="left">*</td>
										<td align="left">* </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Stretch</td>
										<td align="right">1.22</td>
										<td align="right">1.50</td>
										<td align="right">1.00</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">To explore</td>
										<td align="right">4.03</td>
										<td align="right">4.35</td>
										<td align="right">2.17</td>
										<td align="left"/>
										<td align="left"> *</td>
										<td align="left">* </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Forage</td>
										<td align="right">2.26</td>
										<td align="right">4.74</td>
										<td align="right">1.50</td>
										<td align="left">* </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> *</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Stop</td>
										<td align="right">1.31</td>
										<td align="right">1.13</td>
										<td align="right">1.69</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Pecking the housing</td>
										<td align="right">1.00</td>
										<td align="right">3.00</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Soft feather pecking</td>
										<td align="right">1.67</td>
										<td align="right">2.33</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Scratch</td>
										<td align="right">1.83</td>
										<td align="right">2.00</td>
										<td align="right">1.00</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Fly</td>
										<td align="right">2.38</td>
										<td align="right">3.60</td>
										<td align="right">1.25</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left">Time</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Grooming</td>
										<td align="right">106.56</td>
										<td align="right">137.93</td>
										<td align="right">69.44</td>
										<td align="right"/>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> *</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Flap</td>
										<td align="right">7.75</td>
										<td align="right">6.75</td>
										<td align="right">4.75</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Feed</td>
										<td align="right">234.97</td>
										<td align="right">408.07</td>
										<td align="right">364.62</td>
										<td align="left">* </td>
										<td align="left"> *</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Ground bath</td>
										<td align="right">13.13</td>
										<td align="right">20.25</td>
										<td align="right">70.80</td>
										<td align="center"/>
										<td align="left"> *</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">To drink</td>
										<td align="right">35.17</td>
										<td align="right">28.67</td>
										<td align="right">63.17</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Search for food</td>
										<td align="right">29.79</td>
										<td align="right">26.00</td>
										<td align="right">18.14</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Walk</td>
										<td align="right">51.54</td>
										<td align="right">58.13</td>
										<td align="right">36.76</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Aggressive behavior</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="right">2.50</td>
										<td align="right">6.50</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">To lean</td>
										<td align="right">119.96</td>
										<td align="right">215.93</td>
										<td align="right">241.69</td>
										<td align="left">* </td>
										<td align="left"> *</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Stretch</td>
										<td align="right">10.33</td>
										<td align="right">3.33</td>
										<td align="right">6.00</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">To explore</td>
										<td align="right">69.25</td>
										<td align="right">44.57</td>
										<td align="right">25.50</td>
										<td align="left">* </td>
										<td align="left"> *</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Forage</td>
										<td align="right">29.93</td>
										<td align="right">60.68</td>
										<td align="right">20.83</td>
										<td align="left">* </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> *</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Stop</td>
										<td align="right">7.07</td>
										<td align="right">3.47</td>
										<td align="right">9.21</td>
										<td align="right"/>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> *</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Pecking the accommodation</td>
										<td align="right">21.75</td>
										<td align="right">108.00</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left">*</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Soft feather pecking</td>
										<td align="right">12.43</td>
										<td align="right">13.00</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Scratch</td>
										<td align="right">5.67</td>
										<td align="right">4.00</td>
										<td align="right">3.50</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Fly</td>
										<td align="right">18.83</td>
										<td align="right">14.80</td>
										<td align="right">6.00</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN3">
									<p>Observation time: 10:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. 400 seconds of observation per hen. * Paired comparisons, differ significantly from each other (P &lt;0.05).</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p><bold>Health condition</bold>. In the housing system, the rating of 1 was maintained for
						both indicators in legs and feathers. On the other hand, in week 62 the comb
						indicator was with a rating of 2 in 100 % of the hens observed (<xref
							ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t7">
							<label>Table 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Health status (percentage accumulated) in Bovans White laying hens housed on the floor.</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center"><bold>Health condition</bold></td>
										<td align="center"><bold>22 weeks</bold></td>
										<td align="center"><bold>30 weeks</bold></td>
										<td align="center"><bold>62 weeks</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Feather (1)</td>
										<td align="center">100</td>
										<td align="center">100</td>
										<td align="center">100</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Feather (2)</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Feather (3)</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Legs (1)</td>
										<td align="center">100</td>
										<td align="center">100</td>
										<td align="center">100</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Legs (2)</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">comb (1)</td>
										<td align="center">100</td>
										<td align="center">100</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">comb (2)</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
										<td align="center">100</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p><bold>Physical quality of the egg</bold>. The differences between comparisons of the weeks
							(<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>) show that only in Shell
						weight and Yolk height there are no differences between weeks. Week 22 was
						the one in which the most differences were found with the other weeks,
						having lower average values in Egg weight, Yolk color and Yolk diameter;
						this same week it has the highest values in the other variables.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t8">
							<label>Table 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Physical quality of egg in Bovans White laying hens housed on the floor</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><bold>Variables</bold></td>
										<td align="justify" colspan="2"><bold>22 weeks</bold></td>
										<td align="justify" colspan="2"><bold>30 weeks</bold></td>
										<td align="justify" colspan="2"><bold>62 weeks</bold></td>
										<td align="justify"><bold>22-30</bold></td>
										<td align="justify"><bold>22-62</bold></td>
										<td align="justify"><bold>30-62</bold></td>
									</tr>
									
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Egg weight g </td>
										<td align="center">51.25 ±</td>
										<td align="center">3.08</td>
										<td align="center">59.43 ±</td>
										<td align="center">6.00</td>
										<td align="center">60.19 ± </td>
										<td align="center">3.72</td>
										<td align="center"> *</td>
										<td align="center"> *</td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Albumin Height cm </td>
										<td align="center">8.63 ± </td>
										<td align="center">0.91</td>
										<td align="center">7.49 ±</td>
										<td align="center">1.16</td>
										<td align="center">6.88 ±</td>
										<td align="center">1.23</td>
										<td align="center">*</td>
										<td align="center">* </td>
										<td align="center">* </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Haugh  Units</td>
										<td align="center">94.90 ±</td>
										<td align="center"> 5.20</td>
										<td align="center">86.27 ± </td>
										<td align="center"> 7.38</td>
										<td align="center">81.72 ± </td>
										<td align="center">9.39</td>
										<td align="center">*</td>
										<td align="center">*</td>
										<td align="center">*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Yolk Color DMS</td>
										<td align="center">8.34 ± </td>
										<td align="center"> 0.94</td>
										<td align="center">10.64 ±</td>
										<td align="center"> 0.90</td>
										<td align="center"> 10.08 ± </td>
										<td align="center"> 0.92</td>
										<td align="center"> *</td>
										<td align="center"> *</td>
										<td align="center">*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Shell weight g </td>
										<td align="center">5.85 ±</td>
										<td align="center">  0.53</td>
										<td align="center"> 5.90 ±</td>
										<td align="center"> 0.58</td>
										<td align="center"> 8.03 ±</td>
										<td align="center"> 8.69</td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Shell thickness mm </td>
										<td align="center">0.39 ±  </td>
										<td align="center">0.02</td>
										<td align="center">0.37 ±</td>
										<td align="center"> 0.03</td>
										<td align="center">0.36 ±</td>
										<td align="center">0.04</td>
										<td align="center">*</td>
										<td align="center">* </td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Yolk diameter cm </td>
										<td align="center">3.39 ± </td>
										<td align="center">0.15</td>
										<td align="center">3.93 ±</td>
										<td align="center">0.16</td>
										<td align="center">4.01 ±</td>
										<td align="center">0.11</td>
										<td align="center">*</td>
										<td align="center">*</td>
										<td align="center">*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Yolk height cm </td>
										<td align="center">1.64 ±</td>
										<td align="center">0.15</td>
										<td align="center">1.60 ±</td>
										<td align="center">0.06</td>
										<td align="center">1.64 ±</td>
										<td align="center">0.08</td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Yolk Index </td>
										<td align="center"> 0.48 ±</td>
										<td align="center">  0.04</td>
										<td align="center"> 0.40 ±</td>
										<td align="center"> 0.06</td>
										<td align="center"> 0.41 ±</td>
										<td align="center"> 0.03</td>
										<td align="center"> *</td>
										<td align="center">* </td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Egg lenght cm </td>
										<td align="center"> 6.05 ± </td>
										<td align="center">0.18 </td>
										<td align="center"> 5.63 ±</td>
										<td align="center"> 0.22</td>
										<td align="center"> 5.72 ±</td>
										<td align="center">0.20 </td>
										<td align="center"> *</td>
										<td align="center">* </td>
										<td align="center">* </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Egg width cm </td>
										<td align="center">4.78 ± </td>
										<td align="center"> 0.14</td>
										<td align="center"> 4.34 ± </td>
										<td align="center"> 0.13</td>
										<td align="center"> 4.41 ±</td>
										<td align="center"> 0.12</td>
										<td align="center"> *</td>
										<td align="center">* </td>
										<td align="center"> *</td>									
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Shape Index % </td>
										<td align="center">79.10±</td>
										<td align="center">2.76 </td>
										<td align="center">77.12 ± </td>
										<td align="center">1.98 </td>
										<td align="center">77.17± </td>
										<td align="center">3.22 </td>
										<td align="center"> *</td>
										<td align="center">* </td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN4">
									<p>*Paired comparisons differ significantly from each other (P &lt;0.05). n = 50. All data are presented by mean ± SD.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p><bold>Productive variables</bold>. The results generally complied with the provisions of the
					Bovans White line product guide by parent company <xref ref-type="bibr"
						rid="B14">Hendrix Isa, 2019</xref>; however, at week 62 feed consumption,
					conversion rate, and percentage of dirty eggs increased, which coincides with
					that reported by other authors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ahammed
							<italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"
						>Golden y Anderson, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Holt
							<italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>). It is important to highlight the
					concept of food safety, since the percentage of dirty eggs is a much-punished
					characteristic for the commercialization of eggs, added to the possible
					alteration in food safety (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">FAO,
					2007</xref>).</p>
				<p><bold>Hens’ behavior</bold>. Defining, prioritizing, and measuring the needs for behavioral
					expression are crucial in a study with hens. Animals have behavioral needs that
					are evident for individual maintenance, such as feeding and drinking behaviors
						(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Downing, 2012</xref>). During the present
					work, a large repertoire of behaviors was observed, where they highlighted
					Searching for Food, which is suggested to be a redirected behavior of Foraging,
					such as Pecking feather described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Johannson
							<italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; both behaviors and foraging
					decreased in time towards the end of the study. On the other hand, at the end of
					the study, the frequency and duration of the ground bath behavior increased
					significantly in hens; this behavior is very important to keep the hen's plumage
					in good condition (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Campbell <italic>et
							al.</italic>, 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>In relation to the behavior Lying down, this increased remarkably until week 30, which is in accordance with what was reported (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Singh <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>), since in this week the hens required more food and rest, due to their high egg production rate. Furthermore, it was observed that the behaviors apparently linked at the time, such as Walking and Exploring, declined during the study from week 30. In this regard, the hens probably walk a short distance to reach another space inside the accommodation they change sides to another to escape other hens, or they have a longer walk for comfort as described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mishra <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>. In the present study, the hens did not have perches in the facilities; however, the motivation to fly did exist.</p>
				<p><bold>Health condition</bold>. The hens remained in very good physical condition until the
					end of the study, with a relative deterioration in the comb, and which is in
					accordance with what was reported by other authors (<xref ref-type="bibr"
						rid="B29">Weitzenbuger <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>). On the other
					hand, the good health condition of the legs in the chickens was evident, which
					is confirmed by what has been described by some authors in relation to the low
					levels of hyperkeratosis in chickens that do not have access to perches (<xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Navarra y Pinson, 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p><bold>Physical quality of the egg</bold>. The Haugh units that are indicators of the
					freshness of the egg varied during the study; however, they were found within
					the established parameters (NMX-FF-127-SCFI-2016), which also agrees with what
					was described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Farhad y Fariba, 2011</xref> for
					hens on the floor. On the other hand, the color of the yolk was different
					between the weeks, which was undoubtedly influenced by the variation of the
					inclusion levels of pigment, carotenoids or xanthophylls in the diet. In
					general, the differences observed in the other variables are in accordance with
					that reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Roberts <italic>et
						al</italic>., 2013</xref>, which attributes this to the age of the hen. In
					addition to the discussion, undoubtedly one of the most important factors in the
					production of egg for plate are the changes in population density, which can
					affect the patterns of various behaviors in the hen (<xref ref-type="bibr"
						rid="B3">Botreau <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>).</p>
				<p>The population density described in this work was similar to that reported for the barn or shed system (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">AVMA, 2012</xref>), with nest boxes and no hangers.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>The evaluation of the animal welfare of hens on the floor showed a good physical quality of the egg, an expression of a wide repertoire of behaviors and a good state of health. However, it must be considered that at the end of the study, feed consumption, conversion rate and percentage of dirty eggs increased. The results found provide a benchmark for animal welfare in the Bovans White hen housed on the floor</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Acknowledgment</title>
				<p>We appreciate the valuable help of the CEIEPAv staff of UNAM, and we also want to thank the invaluable support to the staff of the Departments of Animal Nutrition and Biology of Reproduction of INCMNSZ. Special thanks to Dr. Antonio Villa Romero for your collaboration in this work.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>