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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.4</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00102</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Efecto de los antioxidantes Trolox y Crocina sobre la criopreservación del semen de ovino Pelibuey</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9283-1519</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rodríguez-Gutiérrez</surname>
						<given-names>Itzel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1444-3844</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Domínguez-Rebolledo</surname>
						<given-names>Álvaro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7686-5113</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Loeza-Concha</surname>
						<given-names>Henry</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7148-811X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Castellanos-Zacarías</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6945-337X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Tun-Moo</surname>
						<given-names>Maximiliano</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9312-8438</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ramón-Ugalde</surname>
						<given-names>Julio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Mocochá. Km. 25 Antigua carretera Mérida-Motul. C.P. 97454. Mocochá, Yucatán. México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>97454</postal-code>
					<city>Mocochá</city>
					<state>Yucatán</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Tecnológico Nacional de México. Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal. Antigua Carretera Mérida-Motul. km 16.3, C.P. 97345, Conkal, Yucatán. México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Conkal</city>
					<state>Yucatán</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Campeche. Carretera Haltunchén-Edzná. km 17.5, C.P. 24450; Sihochac, Champotón, Campeche. México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Champotón</city>
					<state>Campeche</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">*Autor para correspondencia: Álvaro Domínguez Rebolledo. <email>Itzel.rgutierrez@outlook.com</email>, <email>dominguez.alvaro@inifap.gob.mx</email>, <email>henryloeza_21@yahoo.com</email>, <email>carlos.castellanos@itconkal.edu.mx</email>, <email>maxtun_14@hotmail.com</email>, <email>julio.ramon9@gmail.com</email>.</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>
			<issue>00</issue>
			<elocation-id>e2</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de los antioxidantes Trolox y Crocina en el diluyente de congelación sobre la criopreservación del semen de ovino Pelibuey. Los eyaculados obtenidos se mezclaron, dividieron y congelaron en 3 tratamientos: T1: Trolox 1mM; T2: Crocina 1mM; TT: Testigo (sin antioxidante). Se analizó a las 0 horas (descongelación) y 6 horas a 37 °C, la motilidad total (MT) y progresiva (MP), la viabilidad espermática, la actividad mitocondrial, la integridad de los acrosomas y de la membrana de la cola (Host). Los datos se analizaron con un ANOVA para un diseño completamente al azar y una prueba de Tukey para la comparación de medias. En ninguna de las dos horas se encontraron diferencias significativas en los tratamientos (P&gt;0.05). Sin embargo, de 0 a 6h, la MT se comportó de forma similar en el T1 y T2, pero no así en el TT (P&lt;0.01), por el contrario, la integridad de los acrosomas en los tres tratamientos fue similar (P&gt;0.05). La MP, viabilidad, actividad mitocondrial y Host disminuyeron con el tiempo de forma similar en los tres tratamientos. Los antioxidantes Trolox y Crocina a 1mM en el diluyente de congelación, permiten mantener la MT y la integridad de los acrosomas durante 6 h de incubación a 37 °C.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Radicales libres</kwd>
				<kwd>diluyente</kwd>
				<kwd>esperma y congelación</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<award-group award-type="contract">
					<funding-source>Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología</funding-source>
					<award-id>1513272874</award-id>
				</award-group>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="22"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La criopreservación de los espermatozoides es una herramienta importante para conservar el material genético y mantener la diversidad genética en especies silvestres y domésticas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Lermen <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). Sin embargo, se sabe que los procesos de congelación-descongelación de semen empleados en la mayoría de las especies de mamífero ocasionan la muerte de un gran número de células (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Watson, 2000</xref>).</p>
			<p>En el ovino, a pesar de que un porcentaje relativamente alto (40-60 %) de espermatozoides conservan su motilidad después de la descongelación, sólo alrededor del 20-30 % permanecen biológicamente intactos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Salamon y Maxwell, 2000</xref>). Esto es debido que durante el proceso de refrigeración y criopreservación se presenta un incremento en los niveles de las especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS), los cuales producen cambios biofísicos y bioquímicos en la membrana de los espermatozoides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Chatterjee <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Kankofer <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>) e incluso daño en su ADN (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aitken, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Agarwal <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>), afectando la viabilidad y su capacidad fecundante. En los últimos años los protocolos de criopreservación han sido mejorados sustancialmente con la adición de compuestos con propiedades antioxidantes, repercutiendo positivamente en la mejora de la calidad del semen descongelado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Peña <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Thuwanut <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Domínguez-Rebolledo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Mata-Campuzano <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). </p>
			<p>Los antioxidantes juegan un papel importante en la protección de las células espermáticas, frente a los efectos dañinos que producen las ROS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Halliwell, 1997</xref>). La función de un antioxidante se basa en donar electrones a otras moléculas que tiene uno o más electrones perdidos (ROS), y así evitar que se produzcan alteraciones en las moléculas de los lípidos, proteínas y del ADN espermático (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Tremellen <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>). </p>
			<p>El antioxidante Trolox es un análogo de la vitamina E, soluble en agua, y se ha utilizado en una gran variedad de sistemas celulares para evitar los efectos de las ROS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Halliwel, 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Michiels<italic>et al</italic>., 1994</xref>). Se ha observado que la adición de este antioxidante en el medio de congelación, mejora la calidad de los espermatozoides descongelados de cerdo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Peña <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>); así como la viabilidad espermática de semen descongelado en ovinos de la raza Churra (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Mata-Campuzano <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). En muestras espermáticas procedentes del epidídimo (postmortem) de ciervo Ibérico, se demostró que este antioxidante es capaz de disminuir las cantidades de ROS y de la lipoperoxidación; además de proteger los acrosomas y el ADN espermático (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Domínguez-Rebolledo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Thuwanut <italic>et al.</italic> (2008</xref>) observaron que la adición del Trolox al diluyente de congelación, mejoraba la motilidad y la viabilidad en los espermatozoides de epidídimo de gato en la descongelación. </p>
			<p>El antioxidante Crocina (glucosil éster de crocetina), es un carotenoide poco soluble en agua, que se encuentra en el pigmento amarillo del azafrán (<italic>Crocussativus</italic>). Se ha demostrado que la adición de este antioxidante en el medio de incubación de semen, mejora la calidad de los espermatozoides descongelados del ciervo Ibérico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Domínguez-Rebolledo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>) y toro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Sapanidou <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>). En semen de gallos, mejora la viabilidad, motilidad, actividad mitocondrial y reduce la lipoperoxicación a la descongelación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Mehdipour <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). </p>
			<p>Por lo anterior, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la adición de los antioxidantes Trolox y Crocina al medio de congelación, sobre las características espermáticas post-criopreservación en ovinos de la raza Pelibuey.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Ubicación</title>
				<p>El estudio se realizó en el Banco de Germoplasma Ovino Pelibuey y Blackbelly, del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Campo Experimental Mocochá. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Animales</title>
				<p>Se utilizaron 4 ovinos adultos (2.5 años), de la raza Pelibuey, de 40 a 45 kg de peso vivo, con una condición corporal de 3 a 3.5; a los cuales previamente se evaluó su estado de salud y calidad espermática.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Obtención de muestras espermáticas</title>
				<p>Se obtuvieron 36 eyaculados de los 4 sementales, mediante una vagina artificial, y con la ayuda de una oveja que sirvió como maniquí.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Dilución espermática</title>
				<p>Los eyaculados obtenidos fueron mezclados (pool) y diluidos en Triladyl® + 20% yema de huevo, a una concentración final de 400 x 10<sup>6</sup> espermatozoides/ml. Posteriormente, las muestras fueron divididas en 3 tratamientos: T1: Trolox 1mM; T2: Crocina 1mM; TT: Testigo (sin antioxidante), para luego ser envasadas en pajillas de 0.25 ml.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Congelación de semen</title>
				<p>La congelación de las muestras se realizó colocando las pajillas a 4 cm sobre la superficie del nitrógeno líquido (LN2), durante 10 minutos. Inmediatamente después las pajillas se sumergieron en LN2 y se almacenaron hasta su evaluación.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Descongelación de semen</title>
				<p>El procedimiento de descongelación se realizó mediante la inmersión de las pajillas en un baño maría a 37°C durante 30 segundos; posteriormente las muestras fueron evaluadas a la 0 h (descongelación), a las 6 horas de incubación a 37 °C. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Concentración espermática</title>
				<p>Se diluyó una pequeña fracción de la muestra de semen (5 µL), en 995 µL agua destilada; después se tomó 9 µL de la muestra diluida en agua y se colocó en cada uno de los dos lados de la cámara bücker, para estimar su concentración, con el módulo de concentración del sistema CASA (ISAS®v1 (Proiser R + D, Valencia, España). Se capturaron 4 campos de cada lado de la cámara y se obtuvo la concentración espermática.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Motilidad espermática</title>
				<p>La motilidad se analizó con el sistema CASA, colocando 5 µL de semen descongelado y diluido a ~30 x10<sup>6</sup>/ml de espermatozoides, sobre una cámara de recuento Makler® (Sefi Medical Instruments, Haifa, Israel), precalentada a 37ºC; y se procedió a la captura de al menos cinco campos con un mínimo de 300 espermatozoides/muestra. Los parámetros de motilidad evaluados fueron: Motilidad Total (MT%) y Motilidad Progresiva (MP%).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Viabilidad espermática</title>
				<p>Se evaluó mediante la tinción de SYBR14-IP (Live/Dead® kit L-7011, Invitrogen<sup>TM</sup>), añadiendo 1µL de SYBR14 (10 µM) y de IP (12 µM) de la solución stock en 100 µL de muestra espermática, diluida en solución salina (PBS); y se dejó incubar durante 10 minutos a 37ºC. Posteriormente se colocaron 5µL de la muestra entre un portaobjeto y cubreobjeto precalentado a 37ºC, y se procedió a su evaluación por medio de un microscopio de epifluorescencia (LWScientific i40-ADN); contabilizando 200 espermatozoides, los cuales presentaban fluorescencia roja (muertos), y de color verde los que estaban vivos.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Integridad del acrosoma</title>
				<p>Se evaluó mediante la tinción de FITC-PSA (100µg/ml, L-0770, Sigma-Aldrich<sup>TM</sup>), añadiendo 5µL de la solución stock en 100 µL de muestra espermática diluida en PBS y se dejó incubar en la oscuridad durante 30 minutos a 37ºC. Inmediatamente después se colocaron 5µL de la muestra entre un portaobjeto y cubreobjeto. Finalmente se contabilizaron 200 espermatozoides con un microscopio de epifluorescencia, los cuales presentaban fluorescencia de color verde (acrosomas dañados), y sin fluorescencia de los acrosomas intactos. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Actividad mitocondrial</title>
				<p>Se analizó con la tinción JC-1 (153 µM, Molecular Probes® T-3168, Invitrogen<sup>TM</sup>), añadiendo 1µL de la solución stock en 100 µL de muestra espermática diluida en PBS y se dejó incubar en la oscuridad durante 10 minutos a 37ºC. Después, se colocaron 5µL de la muestra sobre un portaobjeto y cubreobjeto, y se contabilizaron 200 espermatozoides mediante un microscopio de epifluorescencia, los cuales presentaban en la parte intermedia del flagelo una fluorescencia de color naranja (mitocondrias activas), y de color verde las mitocondrias inactivas.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Integridad de la membrana plasmática de la cola (HOST)</title>
				<p>Se realizó diluyendo 5µL la muestra espermática en 50µL de solución de endósmosis (0.735 g de citrato de sodio dihidratado y 1.351 g de fructosa en 100 ml de agua destilada) a 100 mOsm/L y se dejó incubar durante 37 °C. Posteriormente se colocaron 5µL de la muestra sobre un portaobjeto y cubreobjeto y se contabilizaron 200 espermatozoides con un microscopio de contraste de fases, los cuales presentaban colas enrolladas (endósmosis positiva), y no enrolladas (endósmosis negativa).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>Las variables expresadas como porcentajes (motilidad total, motilidad progresiva, viabilidad, actividad mitocondrial, acrosomas intactos y Host), fueron transformadas al arcoceno√(variable)/100 antes de su análisis. Posteriormente se analizó con un modelo lineal general (GLM) con procedimiento PROC GLM; y para encontrar las diferencias estadísticas entre tratamientos se utilizó la prueba de Tukey a P ≤0.05, a través del paquete estadístico del Statistical Analysis System (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">SAS Inst. Inc., 2003</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>A las 0 y 6 h de incubación, ninguno de los parámetros evaluados presentó diferencias (P&gt;0.05) entre los tratamientos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">cuadro 1</xref>). Estos resultados difieren a los obtenidos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Thuwanut <italic>et al</italic>. (2008)</xref> con espermatozoides epididimarios de gato suplementados con el antioxidante Trolox a 1mM; ya que la MT, MP y la viabilidad espermática mejoraron a la descongelación. Si bien son especies distintas, la diferencia en resultados podría atribuirse a que los espermatozoides provenientes del epidídimo de gato por castración, nunca han estado en contacto con las secreciones de las glándulas que forman el plasma seminal, que es donde se encuentra la mayor defensa antioxidante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Chen <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>); por lo que existen diferencias en la congelación entre espermatozoides procedentes de eyaculados y epididimarios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Gilmore <italic>et al.,</italic> 1998</xref>), que afectan la sensibilidad al enfriamiento, como la resistencia a la congelación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Schmehl <italic>et al.,</italic> 1986</xref>). En este sentido, el Trolox pudo haber actuado directamente y sin competencia alguna sobre los espermatozoides del epidídimo, similar a lo observado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Domínguez-Rebolledo <italic>et al</italic>. (2007)</xref>, con plasma seminal ovino sobre el semen descongelado. </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1.</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Porcentajes (%) de los parámetros espermáticos evaluados a la 0 h y a la 6 (media ± error estándar).</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Hora</td>
								<td align="center">Tratamiento</td>
								<td align="center">Motilidad Total</td>
								<td align="center">Motilidad Progresiva</td>
								<td align="center">Viabilidad</td>
								<td align="center">Actividad mitocondrial</td>
								<td align="center">Acrosomas intactos</td>
								<td align="center">Host</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"> 0</td>
								<td align="center">
									<p>T1</p>
									<p>T2</p> 
									<p>TT</p>
								</td>
								<td align="center">
									<p>57.5±5.3<sup>aA</sup></p> 
									<p>49.9±5.6<sup>aA</sup></p>
									<p>58.6±3.9<sup>aA</sup></p>
								</td>
								<td align="center">
									<p>17.1±1.6<sup>aA</sup></p> 
									<p>15.8±2.2 <sup>aA</sup></p> 
									<p>15.3±2.2 <sup>aA</sup></p>
								</td>
								<td align="center">
									<p>39.5 ± 3.9 <sup>aA</sup></p>
									<p>45.2 ± 5.2 <sup>aA</sup></p>
									<p>41.4 ± 5.2 <sup>aA</sup></p>
								</td>
								<td align="center">
									<p>50.7 ± 6.2 <sup>aA</sup></p>
									<p>42.3 ± 5.4 <sup>aA</sup></p> 
									<p>40.5 ± 6.0 <sup>aA</sup></p>
								</td>
								<td align="center">
									<p>49.6 ± 6.4 <sup>aA</sup></p> 
									<p>44.6 ± 6.1 <sup>aA</sup></p> 
									<p>47.7 ± 6.1 <sup>aA</sup></p>
								</td>
								<td align="center">
									<p>23.6 ± 3.1 <sup>aA</sup></p>
									<p>23.4 ± 3.1 <sup>aA</sup></p> 
									<p>19.3 ± 2.1 <sup>aA</sup></p>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"> 6</td>
								<td align="center">
									<p>T1</p>
									<p>T2</p> 
									<p>TT</p>
								</td>
								<td align="center">
									<p>36.6±7.0<sup>aA</sup></p> 
									<p>39.2±5.8<sup>aA</sup></p> 
									<p>26.7±4.3<sup>aB **</sup></p>
								</td>
								<td align="center">
									<p>8.6±7.0<sup>aB</sup></p> 
									<p>8.9±5.8 <sup>aB</sup></p> 
									<p>8.2±4.3 <sup>aB</sup></p>
								</td>
								<td align="center">
									<p>24.6 ± 4.0 <sup>aB</sup></p> 
									<p>22.8 ± 2.7 <sup>aB</sup></p> 
									<p>27.2 ± 4.0 <sup>aB</sup></p>
								</td>
								<td align="center">
									<p>15.7 ± 1.9 <sup>aB</sup></p> 
									<p>17.1 ± 1.5 <sup>aB</sup></p> 
									<p>20.0 ± 2.2 <sup>aB</sup></p>
								</td>
								<td align="center">
									<p>46. 0 ±2.7 <sup>aA</sup></p> 
									<p>43.7 ± 4.0 <sup>aA</sup></p>
									<p>41.7 ± 3.5 <sup>aA</sup></p>
								</td>
								<td align="center">
									<p>10.2 ± 1.0 <sup>aB</sup></p>
									<p>13.1 ± 1.1 <sup>aB</sup></p> 
									<p>12.4 ± 1.2 <sup>aB</sup></p>
								</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>T1: Trolox 1mM; T2: Crocina 1mM; TT: Testigo (sin antioxidante). (ab) Literales diferentes dentro de la misma columna indican diferencias significativas entre tratamientos dentro de cada hora (P&lt;0.05). (AB) Literales diferentes dentro de la misma columna indican diferencias significativas (P&lt;0.01**) entre el mismo tratamiento a través del tiempo.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Por otra parte, en sinergia con los antioxidantes presentes en el plasma seminal, las muestras seminales utilizadas en este estudio, pudieron verse alteradas, ocasionando que su efecto disminuya. Asimismo, se ha reportado que la suplementación del diluyente con Trolox a 1mM, dependiendo del tipo de aditivo utilizado en el diluyente, puede mejorar o no la viabilidad del semen congelado de ovinos de la raza Churra (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Mata-Campuzano <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>); es decir, cuando el diluyente era elaborado a base de lecitina de soya, el antioxidante Trolox presentaba una mayor viabilidad en las muestras descongeladas; mientras que cuando se utilizaba un diluyente a base de tris, como el que se utilizó en este estudio (Triladyl®), la viabilidad en los espermatozoides no mejoraba. La soya contiene isoflavonas, que actúan como antioxidantes; los cuales pudieron haber ejercido algún tipo de protección sobre los espermatozoides durante el proceso de la congelación-descongelación o en combinación con el Trolox, produciendo una sinergia que coadyuvo a potenciar los efectos benéficos en los espermatozoides. Con la adición del antioxidante Crocina, se ha reportado una mayor viabilidad, motilidad, actividad mitocondrial y reducción de la lipoperoxidación, en muestras espermáticas de gallo a la descongelación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Mehdipour <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>A través del tiempo de incubación (0 a 6 horas), la MT se comportó de forma similar en el T1 y T2, pero no así en el TT (P&lt;0.01); por el contrario, la integridad de los acrosomas en los tres tratamientos resultó similar (P&gt;0.05). La MP, viabilidad, actividad mitocondrial y Host disminuyeron a través del tiempo de forma similar en los tres tratamientos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>). Los resultados son similares a los reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Domínguez-Rebolledo <italic>et al</italic>. (2010)</xref> en muestras espermáticas de epidídimo descongeladas del ciervo Ibérico, donde la MT y la integridad de los acrosomas se mantenían durante la incubación a 37 ºC con el antioxidante Trolox y Crocina a un 1mM. Asimismo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Sapanidou <italic>et al</italic>. (2014</xref>) observó que la motilidad, viabilidad y la integridad de los acrosomas en espermatozoides de bovinos se mantenía durante la incubación a 37 ºC con 1mM de Crocina. A la vista, de los resultados tras 6 h de incubación donde el T1 y T2 mantuvieron la MT y la integridad de los acrosomas, se puede decir que los antioxidantes probados son eficientes y recomendables para su incorporación al diluyente previo a la congelación; de tal modo, que la dosis seminal estará vigente en el tracto genital, tras la inseminación hasta el momento cercano a la ovulación.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La adición de los antioxidantes Trolox y Crocina a 1mM en el diluyente de congelación, permiten mantener la motilidad total y la integridad de los acrosomas durante 6 h de incubación a 37 °C.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMIENTO</title>
			<p>Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), por el financiamiento otorgado esta investigación por medio del proyecto de Ciencia Básica 164592 y por el proyecto Fiscal No. 1513272874 del INIFAP.</p>
		</ack>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
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				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
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				<article-title>Antioxidant effect of Trolox and Crocina on the cryopreservation of Pelibuey ovine semen</article-title>
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			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of the antioxidants Trolox and Crocina in the freezing diluent on the cryopreservation of Pelibuey ovine semen. The ejaculates obtained were mixed, divided and frozen in 3 treatments: T1: 1mM Trolox; T2: 1mM Crocina; TT: Control (without antioxidant). At 0 hours (defrosting) and 6 hours at 37 °C, total (MT) and progressive (MP) motility, sperm viability, mitochondrial activity, integrity of acrosomes and tail membrane were analyzed (Host) The data was analyzed with an ANOVA for a completely randomized design and a Tukey test for the comparison of means. In neither of the two hours were significant differences found in the treatments (P&gt; 0.05). However, from 0 to 6h, MT behaved similarly in T1 and T2, but not in TT (P &lt;0.01), on the contrary, the integrity of acrosomes in all three treatments was similar (P&gt; 0.05). MP, viability, mitochondrial activity and Host decreased over time in a similar way in all three treatments. The antioxidants Trolox and Crocina at 1mM in the freezing diluent, allow to maintain the MT and the integrity of the acrosomes for 6 h of incubation at 37 °C.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Free radicals</kwd>
				<kwd>diluent</kwd>
				<kwd>sperm and freezing</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Cryopreservation of sperm is an important tool to conserve genetic material and maintain genetic diversity in wild and domestic species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Lermen <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). However, it is known that the freeze-thaw processes of semen used in most mammalian species cause the death of a large number of cells (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Watson, 2000</xref>).</p>
				<p>In sheep, although a relatively high percentage (40-60%) of sperm retain their motility after thawing, only about 20-30% remain biologically intact (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Salamon y Maxwell, 2000</xref>). This is because during the refrigeration and cryopreservation process there is an increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which produce biophysical and biochemical changes in the sperm membrane (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Chatterjee <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Kankofer <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>) and even damage to its DNA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aitken, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Agarwal <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>), affecting viability and its fertilizing capacity. In recent years, cryopreservation protocols have been substantially improved with the addition of compounds with antioxidant properties, positively impacting the improvement of the quality of thawed semen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Peña <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Thuwanut <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Domínguez-Rebolledo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Mata-Campuzano <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>Antioxidants play an important role in the protection of sperm cells, against the harmful effects produced by ROS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Halliwell, 1997</xref>). The function of an antioxidant is based on donating electrons to other molecules that have one or more lost electrons (ROS), and thus preventing alterations in the molecules of lipids, proteins and sperm DNA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Tremellen <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>).</p>
				<p>The antioxidant Trolox is a water-soluble vitamin E analogue and has been used in a wide variety of cellular systems to avoid the effects of ROS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Halliwel, 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Michiels<italic>et al</italic>., 1994</xref>). It has been observed that the addition of this antioxidant in the freezing medium improves the quality of the thawed pork sperm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Peña <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>); as well as the sperm viability of thawed semen in sheep of the Churra breed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Mata-Campuzano <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). In sperm samples from the Iberian deer epididymis (<italic>postmortem</italic>), it was shown that this antioxidant is capable of decreasing the amounts of ROS and lipoperoxidation. In addition to protecting acrosomes and sperm DNA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Domínguez-Rebolledo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Thuwanut <italic>et al.</italic> (2008</xref>) observed that the addition of Trolox to the freezing diluent improved motility and viability in cat epididymis sperm in defrosting.</p>
				<p>The antioxidant Crocina (glycosyl ester of crocetin), is a water-soluble carotenoid, found in the yellow pigment of saffron (<italic>Crocussativus</italic>). It has been shown that the addition of this antioxidant in the semen incubation medium improves the quality of the thawed sperm of the Iberian deer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Domínguez-Rebolledo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>) and bull (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Sapanidou <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>). In semen of roosters, it improves viability, motility, mitochondrial activity and reduces lipoperoxication to defrosting (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Mehdipour <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of the antioxidants Trolox and Crocina to the freezing medium, on the post-cryopreservation sperm characteristics in sheep of the Pelibuey breed.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Location</title>
					<p>The study was carried out at the Pelibuey and Blackbelly Sheep Germplasm Bank, of the National Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Livestock Research (INIFAP), Mocochá Experimental Field.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Animals</title>
					<p>4 adult sheep (2.5 years), of the Pelibuey breed, 40 to 45 kg of live weight, were used with a body condition of 3 to 3.5; to which their health status and sperm quality were previously evaluated.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Obtaining sperm samples</title>
					<p>36 ejaculates were obtained from the 4 stallions, using an artificial vagina, and with the help of a sheep that served as a dummy.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Sperm dilution</title>
					<p>The ejaculates obtained were mixed (pool) and diluted in Triladyl<sup>®</sup> + 20% egg yolk, at a final concentration of 400 x 106 sperm/ml. Subsequently, the samples were divided into 3 treatments: T1: 1mM Trolox; T2: 1mM Crocina; TT: Control (without antioxidant), then be packaged in 0.25 ml straws.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Semen freezing</title>
					<p>Freezing of the samples was done by placing the straws 4 cm above the surface of the liquid nitrogen (LN2), for 10 minutes. Immediately afterwards the straws were immersed in LN2 and stored until evaluation.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Defrosting semen</title>
					<p>The defrosting procedure was performed by immersing the straws in a water bath at 37 °C for 30 seconds; subsequently the samples were evaluated at 0 h (defrosting), at 6 hours of incubation at 37 °C.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Sperm concentration</title>
					<p>A small fraction of the semen sample (5 µL) was diluted in 995 µL distilled water; then 9 µL of the sample diluted in water was taken and placed on each of the two sides of the bücker chamber, to estimate its concentration, with the concentration module of the CASA system (ISAS<sup>®</sup>v1 (Proiser R + D, Valencia, Spain) 4 fields were captured on each side of the chamber and sperm concentration was obtained.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Sperm motility</title>
					<p>Motility was analyzed with the CASA system, placing 5 µL of semen thawed and diluted to~30 x10<sup>6</sup>/ml sperm, on a Makler<sup>®</sup> counting chamber (Sefi Medical Instruments, Haifa, Israel), preheated to 37 °C; and at least five fields were captured with a minimum of 300 sperm/sample. The motility parameters evaluated were: Total Motility (MT %) and Progressive Motility (MP %).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Sperm viability</title>
					<p>It was evaluated by staining SYBR14-IP (Live/Dead® kit L-7011, InvitrogenTM), adding 1 µL of SYBR14 (10 µM) and IP (12 µM) of the stock solution in 100 µL of sperm sample, diluted in saline solution (PBS); and allowed to incubate for 10 minutes at 37 °C. Subsequently, 5µL of the sample was placed between a slide and a preheated cover slip at 37 °C, and its evaluation was carried out by means of an epifluorescence microscope (LWScientific i40-ADN); counting 200 sperm, which had red (dead) fluorescence, and those that were alive were green.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Acrosome Integrity</title>
					<p>It was evaluated by staining FITC-PSA (100 µg/ml, L-0770, Sigma-AldrichTM), adding 5 µL of the stock solution in 100 µL of sperm sample diluted in PBS and allowed to incubate in the dark for 30 minutes at 37 °C . Immediately afterwards 5µL of the sample was placed between a slide and coverslip. Finally, 200 sperm cells were counted with an epifluorescence microscope, which had green fluorescence (damaged acrosomes), and no fluorescence of the intact acrosomes.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Mitochondrial activity</title>
					<p>It was analyzed with JC-1 staining (153 µM, Molecular Probes<sup>®</sup> T-3168, InvitrogenTM), adding 1 µL of the stock solution in 100 µL of sperm sample diluted in PBS and allowed to incubate in the dark for 10 minutes at 37 °C. Then, 5 µL of the sample was placed on a slide and coverslip, and 200 sperm were counted by an epifluorescence microscope, which had an orange fluorescence (active mitochondria) in the middle of the flagellum, and the mitochondria green in color inactive</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Integrity of the plasma membrane of the tail (HOST)</title>
					<p>It was performed by diluting the 5 µL sperm sample in 50 µL of endosmosis solution (0.735 g of sodium citrate dihydrate and 1,351 g of fructose in 100 ml of distilled water) at 100 mOsm/L and allowed to incubate for 37 °C. Subsequently, 5µL of the sample was placed on a slide and coverslip and 200 sperm were counted with a phase contrast microscope, which had coiled tails (positive endosmosis), and not coiled (negative endosmosis).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>The variables expressed as percentages (total motility, progressive motility, viability, mitochondrial activity, intact acrosomes and Host), were transformed to the arc √(variable)/100 before analysis. It was subsequently analyzed with a general linear model (GLM) with PROC GLM procedure; and to find the statistical differences between treatments was Tuckey´s test used through the statistical package of Statistical Analysis System (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">SAS Inst. Inc., 2003</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>At 0 and 6 h of incubation, none of the parameters evaluated showed differences (P&gt; 0.05) between treatments (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>). These results differ from those obtained by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Thuwanut <italic>et al</italic>. (2008</xref>) with cat epididymal sperm supplemented with the antioxidant Trolox at 1mM; since MT, MP and sperm viability improved defrosting. Although they are different species, the difference in results could be attributed to the fact that sperm from cat epididymis by castration, have never been in contact with the secretions of the glands that form the seminal plasma, which is where the greatest antioxidant defense is found (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Chen <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>). Therefore, there are differences in freezing between sperm from ejaculates and epididymis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Gilmore <italic>et al.,</italic> 1998</xref>), which affect sensitivity to cooling, such as resistance to freezing (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Schmehl <italic>et al.,</italic> 1986</xref>). In this sense, Trolox could have acted directly and without any competition on the sperm of the epididymis, similar to that observed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Domínguez-Rebolledo <italic>et al</italic>. (2007)</xref>, with seminal sheep plasma on thawed semen.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Percentages (%) of sperm parameters evaluated at 0 h and 6 (mean ± standard error).</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hour</td>
									<td align="center">Treatment</td>
									<td align="center">Total motility</td>
									<td align="center">Progressive motility</td>
									<td align="center">Viability</td>
									<td align="center">Mitochondrial activity</td>
									<td align="center">Intact acrosomes</td>
									<td align="center">Host</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"> 0</td>
									<td align="center">
										<p>T1</p>
										<p>T2</p>
										<p>TT</p>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<p>57.5±5.3<sup>aA</sup></p> 
										<p>49.9±5.6<sup>aA</sup></p> 
										<p>58.6±3.9<sup>aA</sup></p>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<p>17.1±1.6<sup>aA</sup></p> 
										<p>15.8±2.2 <sup>aA</sup></p> 
										<p>15.3±2.2 <sup>aA</sup></p>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<p>39.5 ± 3.9 <sup>aA</sup></p>
										<p>45.2 ± 5.2 <sup>aA</sup></p> 
										<p>41.4 ± 5.2 <sup>aA</sup></p>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<p>50.7 ± 6.2 <sup>aA</sup></p> 
										<p>42.3 ± 5.4 <sup>aA</sup></p> 
										<p>40.5 ± 6.0 <sup>aA</sup></p>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<p>49.6 ± 6.4 <sup>aA</sup></p> 
										<p>44.6 ± 6.1 <sup>aA</sup></p> 
										<p>47.7 ± 6.1 <sup>aA</sup></p>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<p>23.6 ± 3.1 <sup>aA</sup></p> 
										<p>23.4 ± 3.1 <sup>aA</sup></p> 
										<p>19.3 ± 2.1 <sup>aA</sup></p>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"> 6</td>
									<td align="center">
										<p>T1</p> 
										<p>T2</p> 
										<p>TT</p>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<p>36.6±7.0<sup>aA</sup></p>
										<p>39.2±5.8<sup>aA</sup></p> 
										<p>26.7±4.3<sup>aB **</sup></p>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<p>8.6±7.0<sup>aB</sup></p> 
										<p>8.9±5.8 <sup>aB</sup></p> 
										<p>8.2±4.3 <sup>aB</sup></p>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<p>24.6 ± 4.0 <sup>aB</sup></p> 
										<p>22.8 ± 2.7 <sup>aB</sup></p> 
										<p>27.2 ± 4.0 <sup>aB</sup></p>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<p>15.7 ± 1.9 <sup>aB</sup></p>
										<p>17.1 ± 1.5 <sup>aB</sup></p> 
										<p>20.0 ± 2.2 <sup>aB</sup></p>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<p>46. 0 ±2.7 <sup>aA</sup></p> 
										<p>43.7 ± 4.0 <sup>aA</sup></p> 
										<p>41.7 ± 3.5 <sup>aA</sup></p>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<p>10.2 ± 1.0 <sup>aB</sup></p> 
										<p>13.1 ± 1.1 <sup>aB</sup></p> 
										<p>12.4 ± 1.2 <sup>aB</sup></p>
									</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>T1: 1mM Trolox; T2: 1mM Crocina; TT: Control (without antioxidant). (ab) Different literals within the same column indicate significant differences between treatments within each hour (P&lt;0.05). (AB) Different literals within the same column indicate significant differences (P &lt;0.01 **) between the same treatment over time.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>On the other hand, in synergy with the antioxidants present in the seminal plasma, the seminal samples used in this study could be altered, causing their effect to diminish. Likewise, it has been reported that supplementation of the diluent with Trolox at 1mM, depending on the type of additive used in the diluent, may or may not improve the viability of the frozen semen of sheep of the Churra breed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Mata-Campuzano <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>); that is, when the diluent was made from soy lecithin, the antioxidant Trolox had a greater viability in the thawed samples; while when a tris-based diluent was used, such as the one used in this study (Triladyl<sup>®</sup>), the viability in the sperm did not improve. Soy contains isoflavones, which act as antioxidants; which could have exerted some protection on the sperm during the freeze-thaw process or in combination with Trolox, producing a synergy that helped to enhance the beneficial effects on the sperm. With the addition of the antioxidant Crocina, greater viability, motility, mitochondrial activity and reduction of lipoperoxidation have been reported, in rooster sperm samples to defrost (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Mehdipour <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>Through the incubation time (0 to 6 hours), the MT behaved similarly in T1 and T2, but not in the TT (P &lt;0.01); on the contrary, the integrity of acrosomes in all three treatments was similar (P&gt;0.05). MP, viability, mitochondrial activity and Host decreased over time in a similar way in the three treatments (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 1</xref>). The results are similar to those reported by Domínguez-Rebolledo <italic>et al</italic>. (2010) in sperm samples of epididymis thawed from the Iberian deer, where MT and acrosome integrity were maintained during incubation at 37 °C with the antioxidant Trolox and Crocina at 1mM. Also, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Sapanidou <italic>et al</italic>. (2014</xref>) observed that the motility, viability and integrity of acrosomes in bovine sperm were maintained during incubation at 37 ° C with 1mM Crocina. In view, of the results after 6 h of incubation where the T1 and T2 maintained the MT and the integrity of the acrosomes, it can be said that the antioxidants tested are efficient and recommended for incorporation into the diluent prior to freezing; in such a way, that the seminal dose will be in force in the genital tract, after insemination until the moment close to ovulation.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The addition of the antioxidants Trolox and Crocina to 1mM in the freezing diluent, allows to maintain the total motility and integrity of the acrosomes during 6 h of incubation at 37 °C.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>ACKNOWLEDGEMENT</title>
				<p>To the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT), for the funding granted for this research through the Basic Science project 164592 and through Fiscal Project Number. 1513272874 of INIFAP.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>