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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.3</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00104</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Prevalencia de <italic>Fasciola hepatica</italic> en ganado bovino de Lidia</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0112-8543</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fernández-Novo</surname>
						<given-names>Aitor</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1114-4395</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lomillos-Pérez</surname>
						<given-names>Juan</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4439-0031</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>García-García</surname>
						<given-names>Juan</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos. Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU. Tirant lo Blanc, 7. CP 46115. Alfara del Patriarca - Valencia. España. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Cardenal Herrera</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Cardenal Herrera</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Valencia</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="ES">Spain</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">La Tejera Sociedad Limitada Profesional. De la cruz, 15. CP 28710. El Molar - Madrid. España. Autor responsable: Fernández-Novo, Aitor. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">La Tejera Sociedad Limitada Profesional</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Madrid</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="ES">España</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">Autor de correspondencia: Fernández-Novo, Aitor. Cuerda larga 13. CP 28413. El Boalo, Madrid, España. <email>aitor.fernandeznovo@uchceu.es</email>, <email>juan.lomillos@uchceu.es</email>, <email>veterinariogarciagarcia@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>
			<issue>00</issue>
			<elocation-id>e4</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>09</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>La fasciolosis sigue siendo una parasitosis frecuente dentro del bovino en extensivo, a pesar de la gran implantación y eficacia de fármacos fasciolicidas. En el presente trabajo se ha estudiado durante cinco años la prevalencia de <italic>Fasciola hepatica</italic> analizando 251 bovinos de lidia, evaluando la presencia de lesiones macroscópicas hepáticas. A su vez, su relación con la temperatura y pluviometría media del año, y describir sus consecuencias fisiopatológicas durante el festejo taurino. Metodología: se llevó a cabo en Madrid (julio-septiembre 2013-2017). Resultados: n=251 animales en los cinco años, 50.20±2.68 evaluados al año, de los cuales, 14 presentaron lesiones, de media 2.80±1.64 al año. Asimismo, se reseñaron en el reconocimiento un total de 4 animales compatibles con lesiones en los cinco años, de media 0.80±0.84 animales al año. La temperatura media anual fue de 15.78±0.48°C y la pluviometría media anual de 570.20±102.21mm. Se observa correlación estadística entre las canales con lesiones y la pluviometría media anual (P&lt;0.01) y con la temperatura media anual (P&lt;0.05). Se obtienen prevalencias medias (5.61±2.82) inferiores a las descritas por diferentes autores, junto con condiciones climatológicas compatibles con el crecimiento del parásito y de todos sus hospedadores intermediarios. El estudio revela que un buen uso de los antiparasitarios no es del todo efectivo en este tipo de explotaciones. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>fasciolosis</kwd>
				<kwd>temperatura</kwd>
				<kwd>pluvimetría</kwd>
				<kwd>parásito</kwd>
				<kwd>toro</kwd>
				<kwd>lidia y bovino</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="32"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La primera referencia que se conoce de <italic>Fasciola hepatica,</italic> corresponde a una explotación de ganado ovino sita en Francia, propiedad de Jean de Brie; que describe en 1379, una enfermedad de las ovejas en las que el hígado se pudre por el consumo de ranunculáceas y cría gusanos grandes y planos. En 1774 Weinland descubre que el hospedador intermediario era el molusco <italic>Lymnae trunculata.</italic> Pero no sería hasta 1892 cuando se descubrió que los rumiantes se infectaban al ingerir larvas enquistadas en la hierba (metacercarias). En 1883 A.P. Thomas y R. Leuckart descubrieron el ciclo biológico completo, morfología y la biología del parásito. <italic>F. hepatica</italic> (reino: <italic>animalia,</italic> filo: <italic>platyhelminthes,</italic> clase: <italic>trematoda,</italic> subclase: <italic>digenea,</italic> orden: echinostomida, familia: fasciolidae, género: fasciola, especie: <italic>F. hepatica</italic>. Linnaeus, 1758) es un parásito eurixeno, tiene un amplio espectro de hospedadores definitivos; los principales son los rumiantes, pero también puede parasitar a otros vertebrados mamíferos, como: équidos, suidos, roedores, lagomorfos; incluso carnívoros y marsupiales. También primates, y por lo tanto el propio el hombre. Se trata de una zoonosis, aunque no muy prevalente en España y Europa; en otras partes del planeta es relativamente frecuente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Cordero, 1990</xref>).</p>
			<p>Respecto al hospedador intermediario, es estenoxeno; únicamente en las zonas templadas del planeta se ubica; actúa como hospedador intermediario, un caracol acuático: <italic>Lymnaea (Galba) truncatula. L. truncatula,</italic> determina la existencia de este proceso en zonas húmedas. En las heces de los rumiantes infectados con <italic>F. hepatica</italic> se liberan huevos al medio, que son no embrionados; sufren un proceso de embrionación en el ambiente, cuando las condiciones de temperatura y humedad son adecuadas, en un periodo de tiempo que oscila de 2 a 4 semanas; necesitan humedad y temperaturas superiores a los 10°C. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Cordero, 1990</xref>).</p>
			<p>Las formas larvarias, una vez maduras, eclosionan del huevo, y se denominan miracidios. Estos nadan activamente en el agua y se dirigen al hospedador intermediario, penetran a través de la musculatura del pie en el caracol, y en el interior tienen lugar las siguientes fases del ciclo biológico, que son fases de multiplicación asexual: esporocisto, redia y cercaria. Estas fases, en condiciones óptimas tardan en desarrollarse en torno a los 40 días. Las cercarias salen del hospedador intermediario, vuelven a nadar dirigiéndose a la vegetación que se encuentra en los márgenes de zonas encharcadas, donde se enquistan; dando lugar a una forma de resistencia llamada metacercaria. Las metacercarias serán ingeridas de nuevo por el hospedador definitivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Claridge <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>El ciclo biológico endógeno comienza por la ingestión de las metacercarias. Por la acción de la temperatura corporal, del ambiente anaerobio del tracto digestivo y de las enzimas biliares, se produce el desenquistamiento de las fases juveniles de <italic>F. hepatica;</italic> y comienza la migración desde duodeno, hasta la localización definitiva, los conductos biliares (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rojo-Vázquez, 2012</xref>). La migración se produce pasando del duodeno a cavidad abdominal, y a partir de los 4-6 días post-infección llegan al hígado. Desde la cavidad abdominal atraviesan la cápsula de Glisson, acceden al parénquima hepático y por último llegan a los conductos biliares; llevando a cabo una migración centrípeta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Albuquerque <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>). El periodo de prepatencia es de 8-9 semanas.</p>
			<p>La principal presentación de fasciolosis en ganado bovino de lidia, es en un cuadro clínico crónico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Clery <italic>et al.,</italic> 1996</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Forbes <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). Además, debemos recordar que la principal aptitud del ganado de lidia se fundamenta en los festejos taurinos; por lo tanto, en este momento de ejercicio máximo, intenso y prolongado, el desempeño del animal debe ser máximo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mulone 1986</xref><italic>;</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Escribano<italic>, et al</italic> 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Escalera-Valente <italic>et al</italic> 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>El ejercicio intenso al que se somete al bovino durante el festejo, requiere una gran respuesta orgánica: aumento de capacidad pulmonar, aumento de frecuencia cardiaca y respiratoria, aumento de la disponibilidad de glucosa en torrente sanguíneo; por lo tanto, aumento de gluconeogénesis y reducción de glucogenogénesis, aumento de transformación de ácidos pirúvico, butírico y láctico; así como activación de mecanismos compensadores de acidosis metabólica por aumento de hidrogeniones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hiney, <italic>et al</italic> 2004</xref>). En varios estudios, se demuestra la capacidad adaptativa que tiene el bovino de raza de lidia para enfrentarse a estas situaciones extremas; no obstante, determinadas circunstancias patológicas, como puede ser la fasciolosis, que mermen sus capacidades de adaptación, repercuten muy negativamente sobre su desempeño en el festejo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">García-Sacristán <italic>et al.,</italic> 1996</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cunningham, 2003</xref>). En primer lugar, el cuadro clínico producido en los casos agudos, puede cursar con defectos en el trapío del animal, pérdida de peso y aparición de edemas; lo cual repercutirá muy negativamente en el reconocimiento del animal previo al festejo, pues pone en compromiso su aptitud para la lidia, por no reunir las características morfométricas pertinentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Real Decreto 60/2001, Boletín Oficial del Estado, 2001</xref>).</p>
			<p>Las presentaciones crónicas reducirán la funcionalidad hepática de manera directamente proporcional al grado de infestación del animal; de tal forma, que una reducción en la actividad hepática repercutirá en un descenso de la síntesis de proteínas plasmáticas, produciendo generalmente hipoalbuminemia, la cual se manifiesta externamente con la presencia de edemas en zonas declives, por la extravasación de fluidos del torrente sanguíneo. Además, se reduce la síntesis y liberación de enzimas hepáticas y el valor hematocrito (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Da Silva <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Dicho valor, durante el desempeño de la lidia, es fundamental, pues en el ejercicio extenuante que realiza el animal, necesita gran cantidad de oxígeno para responder positivamente a las necesidades metabólicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Kaneko <italic>et al.,</italic> 1997</xref>).</p>
			<p>Además, la fasciolosis lleva consigo un desequilibrio metabólico que hace aumentar el consumo de reservas de glucógeno, con una consiguiente disminución de la disponibilidad de glucógeno hepático y muscular; así como de depósitos grasos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pérez <italic>et al</italic>., 1992</xref>). Todos ellos importantes en el fenómeno de gluconeogénesis, tan necesario para el animal durante el espectáculo taurino.</p>
			<p>Por otro lado, lesiones crónicas de <italic>F. hepatica,</italic> pueden producir peritonitis, que puede ser manifiesta durante la lidia con episodios de dolor por parte del animal; así como con reticencia a determinados movimientos por aflicciones en cavidad abdominal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Clery <italic>et al.,</italic> 1996</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Forbes <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). También pueden aparecer adherencias a nivel craneal del hígado, junto con el diafragma; las cuales son inversamente proporcionales a la movilidad del diafragma, y por lo tanto, influirán negativamente en la respiración del animal y en consecuencia disminuirán la respuesta al ejercicio intenso al que se somete al bovino durante el espectáculo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Marcos <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lomillos <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>En relación al tratamiento de la fasciolosis, numerosos estudios han revelado el efecto de diferentes grupos farmacológicos, que tienen efecto sobre los diferentes estadíos del parásito; los más empleados, son: nitroxinil, clorsulón, albendazol, triclabendazol y closantel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Graig y Jhuey, 1984</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Mooney <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>).</p>
			<p>El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de <italic>Fasciola hepatica</italic> en el ganado bravo lidiado durante cinco años, mediante la presencia de lesiones macroscópicas en hígados vistos en desolladeros, su relación con la temperatura y pluviometría media del año, y sus consecuencias fisiopatológicas que merman la aptitud del animal durante el festejo taurino.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>El trabajo se llevó a cabo en la comunidad de Madrid, en los festejos taurinos que tuvieron lugar durante los meses de julio, agosto y septiembre, de los años 2013 al 2017. Se analizaron un total de 251 canales, en diferentes municipios de la comunidad autónoma, todos ellos en lugares y salas autorizadas para el desollado de los animales tras el festejo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Real Decreto 260/2002, de 8 de marzo</xref>). Los animales lidiados fueron vacas de suelta (hembras entre dos y doce años de edad), novillos para capea (tres años), toros para corrida de toros (machos entre cuatro y cinco años de edad) y novillos para novilladas picadas (machos tres años) y no picadas (machos de dos años).</p>
			<p>En el reconocimiento se señalan aquellos animales que poseen bajos niveles de condición corporal, con pelo hirsuto, sin brillo y despigmentado, signos compatibles con enfermedades crónicas, entre ellas la fasciolosis. Concluido el festejo, en el desolladero, se analizan los ganglios periportales, la superficie hepática, parénquima hepático, conductos biliares y vesícula biliar. Todos aquellos que presentaron parasitosis <italic>in situ</italic> o signología compatible con fasciolosis, como: trayectos migratorios larvarios en el hígado, de carácter hemorrágico y con necrosis coagulativa, colangiohepatitis, colengiectasia, engrosamiento y fibrosis de los conductos biliares, se consideran como hígados parasitados con <italic>F. hepatica</italic>, ver <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>. En la imagen A, se observan trayectos de tejido conjuntivo en parénquima hepático compatibles con migración antigua de <italic>Fasciola hepatica,</italic> y en la B y C se observan trayectos de tejido conjuntivo en superficie y parénquima hepático compatibles con migración reciente de <italic>Fasciola hepatica,</italic> así como visualización del parásito. En la imagen B, también se observa ligera perihepatitis fibrinosa. Se hace un recuento de la prevalencia de afectaciones hepáticas compatibles con fasciolosis en todas sus formas clínicas, frente a los que no presentan alteraciones macroscópicas compatibles con el parásito. </p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Trayectos de tejido conjuntivo en parénquima hepático compatibles con migración de <italic>Fasciola hepatica</italic>, así como visualización del parásito</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e4-gf1.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Se recogen todos los datos informáticamente, así como se obtienen datos de la Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMET) sobre temperaturas y pluviometría medias anual. Posteriormente se realiza análisis estadístico con IBM SPSS Statistics Base 22.0. La distribución de las variables numéricas fue realizada a través del análisis t-Student; mientras que la correlación se analizó con el método de correlación de Pearson. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>El número total de animales muestreados fue de 251 en los cinco años, distribuyéndose en 50.20±2.68 evaluados al año, dentro de los cuales aparecieron lesiones en un total de 14 canales, de media 2.80±1.64 al año. Asimismo, se reseñaron en el reconocimiento un total de 4 animales compatibles con lesiones en total, de media 0.80±0.84 animales al año. La temperatura media anual fue de 15.78±0.48°C y la pluviometría media anual de 570.20±102.21mm, ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Resultados obtenidos del muestreo de las canales de festejos taurinos de la zona norte de la Comunidad de Madrid durante los años 2013 al 2017</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Año</td>
								<td align="justify">nº animales </td>
								<td align="justify">nº animales con lesiones en desolladero</td>
								<td align="justify">prevalencia</td>
								<td align="justify">nº animales con sintomatología compatible</td>
								<td align="justify">Temperatura media anual (°C)</td>
								<td align="justify">Pluviometría media anual (mm)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">2013</td>
								<td align="center">50</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">4.00% (2/50)</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">14.97</td>
								<td align="center">515</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">2014</td>
								<td align="center">46</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
								<td align="center">8.69% (4/46)</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">15.96</td>
								<td align="center">680</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">2015</td>
								<td align="center">53</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">3.77% (2/53)</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">16.00</td>
								<td align="center">500</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">2016</td>
								<td align="center">52</td>
								<td align="center">5</td>
								<td align="center">9.61% (5/52)</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">15.80</td>
								<td align="center">682</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">2017</td>
								<td align="center">50</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">2.00% (1/50)</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">16.20</td>
								<td align="center">474</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Media</td>
								<td align="center">50.20</td>
								<td align="center">2.80</td>
								<td align="center">5.61%</td>
								<td align="center">0.80</td>
								<td align="center">15.78</td>
								<td align="center">570.20</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Desviación estándar</td>
								<td align="center">2.68</td>
								<td align="center">1.64</td>
								<td align="center">2.82</td>
								<td align="center">0.84</td>
								<td align="center">0.48</td>
								<td align="center">102.21</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>El número de animales con lesiones en desolladero compatibles hallados, no guarda relación estadísticamente significativa con el número total de animales evaluados al año (P=0.159), ni con los animales que presentaron sintomatología compatible en el reconocimiento (P=0.327). En cambio, sí existe significancia estadística entre el número de animales con lesiones en desolladero compatibles hallados y la pluviometría media anual (P&lt;0.01) y con la temperatura media anual (P&lt;0.05).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La prevalencia de fasciolosis en vacuno lechero en un estudio realizado en 275 rebaños en Galicia durante el año 2007, reveló unos datos de prevalencia de 61.1%, sin encontrar diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre rebaños tratados y no tratados con diferentes fármacos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Piñeiro P, 2013</xref>). </p>
			<p>En el presente estudio se ha obtenido una prevalencia de 5.61±2.82 animales con lesiones compatibles al año, cifra significativamente muy inferior al estudio publicado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Orjales <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>. Cabe reseñar la importancia del empleo de fármacos fasciolicidas, previos a la predominante temporada de espectáculos taurinos: junio a septiembre, en comparación con los fármacos usados en el estudio anterior que se aplicaron de manera continuada durante todo el año, en el periodo seco del vacuno lechero. No obstante, la eficacia de los tratamientos antiparasitarios es dependiente en función de la estrategia de aplicación; así como deben considerarse las posibles resistencias antiparasitarias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Kelley <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Beesley <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Los datos que existen sobre fasciolosis en ganado bovino extensivo, reflejan una alta prevalencia del parásito (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Orjales <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>; González-Lanza <italic>et al.</italic> 1989), describen en León una prevalencia del 29.5% de animales infectados, así como una relación íntima entre prevalencia y edad de los animales. Dicha relación tiene significación en ganado de lidia, pues Castilla-León presenta un elevado de porcentaje de ganaderías de vacuno de lidia; y además, un amplio porcentaje de animales se lidian con cuatro, cinco y seis años de edad. </p>
			<p>No obstante, también cabe destacar la diferencia climatológica de la cornisa cantábrica española, donde hay menor representación de ganaderías de vacuno de lidia, en relación a la climatología del centro y sur peninsular, donde se encuentran la amplia mayoría de explotaciones de ganado bovino (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Lomillos <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Painceira, 2012</xref>). Los datos medios obtenidos tanto de temperatura como de pluviometría fueron 15.78±0.48°C y 570.20±102.21mm respectivamente, los cuales se encuentran dentro de los rangos y estándares compatibles con el crecimiento de las fases larvarias, juveniles y adultas de <italic>F. hepatica,</italic> así como de todos sus hospedadores intermediarios, pues se establece un rango de temperatura favorable: las comprendidas entre 10 y 30°C, con una temperatura óptima de 27°C. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Rowcliffe, <italic>et al.,</italic> 1960</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">García-Rodríguez <italic>et al.,</italic> 1985</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Astiz-Blanco <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>). Sin embargo, otro estudio obtiene los mejores resultados en temperatura de 25°C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Diez y Rojo-Vázquez, 1976</xref>), dicha temperatura se consigue, en la zona predominante de explotaciones de vacuno de lidia, en las estaciones de primavera y verano. Dichos valores están refrendados por estudios más recientes, que evalúan la carga larvaria en pastos a lo largo del año, siendo máximas en los meses de primavera y verano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Nogareda <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>). Los resultados podrían estar justificados por una mayor pluviometría en esos años y las altas temperaturas. No obstante, también se podría pensar que los métodos de control no fueron adecuados: zonas encharcadas sin drenar en las fincas con acceso a los animales, escasa aplicación de molusquicidas y fasciolicidas; o bien la existencia de resistencias de los mismos.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La prevalencia (5.61±2.82) de lesiones compatibles con fasciolosis, sigue estando presente en ganado vacuno. Los años en los que se encontraron mayor número de lesiones fueron 2014 y 2016. Es pertinente una inspección exhaustiva por parte del veterinario de las vísceras del ganado de lidia postmortem en el desolladero, para valorar la eficacia de los tratamientos antiparasitarios y a la vez estudiar el posible efecto negativo de este parásito en el rendimiento físico del toro en el ruedo. </p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMIENTOS</title>
			<p>Gracias a todos los ganaderos, compañeros veterinarios y empresarios taurinos por las facilidades en la toma de datos durante todos estos años.</p>
		</ack>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Prevalence of <italic>Fasciola hepatica</italic> in fighting bulls breed</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>Fasciolosis remains a frequent parasitosis within the bovine in extensive, despite the great implantation and efficacy of fasciolicides drugs. In the present work, the prevalence of <italic>Fasciola hepatica</italic> has been studied for five years, analyzing 251 cattle in the fight, evaluating the presence of hepatic macroscopic lesions. In turn, its relationship with the average temperature and rainfall of the year, and describe its pathophysiological consequences during the bullfighting celebration. Methodology: it was carried out in Madrid (July-September 2013-2017). Results: n = 251 animals in the five years, 50.20 ± 2.68 evaluated per year, of which 14 had lesions, on average 2.80 ± 1.64 per year. Likewise, a total of 4 animals compatible with lesions in the five years, on average 0.80 ± 0.84 animals per year, were reviewed. The average annual temperature was 15.78 ± 0.48 °C and the average annual rainfall was 570.20 ± 102.21mm. Statistical correlation is observed between the channels with lesions and the average annual rainfall (P &lt;0.01) and with the average annual temperature (P &lt;0.05). Average prevalences (5.61 ± 2.82) are lower than those described by different authors, together with weather conditions compatible with the growth of the parasite and all its intermediate hosts. The study reveals that a good use of antiparasitic agents is not entirely effective in this type of farms.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>fasciolosis</kwd>
				<kwd>temperature</kwd>
				<kwd>pluviometry</kwd>
				<kwd>parasite</kwd>
				<kwd>fighting bulls and bovine</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>The first reference known to <italic>Fasciola hepatica</italic>, corresponds to an exploitation of sheep located in France, owned by Jean de Brie; which describes in 1379, a disease of sheep in which the liver rots by the consumption of ranunculaceae and breeds large flat worms. In 1774 Weinland discovers that the intermediate host was the mollusk. But it was not until 1892 when it was discovered that ruminants became infected by ingesting cystic larvae in the grass (metacercariae). In 1883 A.P. Thomas and R. Leuckart discovered the complete biological cycle, morphology and parasite biology. F. hepatica (kingdom: animalia, phylum: platyhelminthes, class: trematoda, subclass: digenea, order: echinostomide, family: fasciolidae, genus: <italic>fasciola</italic>, species: <italic>F. hepatica</italic>. Linnaeus, 1758) is a eurixene parasite, has a broad spectrum of definitive hosts; the main ones are ruminants, but it can also parasitize other mammalian vertebrates, such as: equidae, suidae, rodents, lagomorphs; even carnivores and marsupials. Also primates, and therefore man himself. It is a zoonosis, although not very prevalent in Spain and Europe; in other parts of the planet it is relatively frequent (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Cordero, 1990</xref>). </p>
				<p>Regarding the intermediate host, it is stenoxen; only in the temperate zones of the planet is it located; it acts as an intermediate host, an aquatic snail: <italic>Lymnaea</italic> (<italic>Galba</italic>) <italic>truncatula</italic>. <italic>L. truncatula</italic>, determines the existence of this process in humid areas. In the feces of ruminants infected with <italic>F. hepatica</italic> eggs are released into the medium, which are not embryonated; they undergo an embryo process in the environment, when the temperature and humidity conditions are adequate, in a period of time ranging from 2 to 4 weeks; they need humidity and temperatures above 10 °C. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Cordero, 1990</xref>).</p>
				<p>The larval forms, once mature, hatch from the egg, and are called miracidia. These swim actively in the water and go to the intermediate host, penetrate through the foot muscles in the snail, and inside the following phases of the biological cycle take place, which are asexual multiplication phases: sporocysm, redia and cercaria. These phases, under optimal conditions, take about 40 days to develop. The cercariae leave the intermediate host, they swim again, heading for the vegetation that is found on the banks of flooded areas, where they are encycled; giving rise to a form of resistance called metacercaria. The metacercariae will be ingested again by the definitive host (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Claridge <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>The endogenous biological cycle begins with the ingestion of metacercariae. Due to the action of body temperature, the anaerobic environment of the digestive tract and bile enzymes, the detachment of the juvenile phases of <italic>F. hepatica</italic> occurs; and migration begins from the duodenum, to the definitive location, the bile ducts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rojo-Vázquez, 2012</xref>). Migration occurs from the duodenum to the abdominal cavity, and after 4-6 days after infection they reach the liver. From the abdominal cavity they cross the Glisson capsule, access the hepatic parenchyma and finally reach the bile ducts; carrying out a centripetal migration (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Albuquerque <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>). The preparation period is 8-9 weeks.</p>
				<p>The main presentation of fasciolosis in fighting bulls, is in a chronic clinical picture (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Clery <italic>et al.,</italic> 1996</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Forbes <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). In addition, we must remember that the main aptitude of fighting cattle is based on bullfighting festivities; therefore, at this time of maximum, intense and prolonged exercise, the animal's performance should be maximum (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mulone 1986</xref><italic>;</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Escribano<italic>, et al</italic> 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Escalera-Valente <italic>et al</italic> 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>The intense exercise to which the cattle are subjected during the celebration requires a great organic response: increased lung capacity, increased heart and respiratory rate, increased glucose availability in the bloodstream; therefore, increase of gluconeogenesis and reduction of glycogenogenesis, increase of pyruvic, butyric and lactic acid transformation; as well as activation of compensatory mechanisms of metabolic acidosis due to increased hydrogenation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hiney, <italic>et al</italic> 2004</xref>). In several studies, the adaptive capacity of the fighting breed bovine to face these extreme situations is demonstrated; nevertheless, certain pathological circumstances, such as fasciolosis, which diminish their adaptive capacities, have a very negative impact on their performance at the celebration (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">García-Sacristán <italic>et al.,</italic> 1996</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cunningham, 2003</xref>). In the first place, the clinical picture produced in acute cases, can lead to defects in animal trapping, weight loss and the appearance of edema; This will have a very negative impact on the recognition of the animal prior to the celebration, since it compromises its aptitude for the fight, for not meeting the relevant morphometric characteristics (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Real Decreto 60/2001, Boletín Oficial del Estado, 2001</xref>).</p>
				<p>Chronic presentations will reduce liver functionality directly proportional to the degree of infestation of the animal; in such a way, that a reduction in hepatic activity will affect a decrease in the synthesis of plasma proteins, generally producing hypoalbuminemia, which manifests externally with the presence of edemas in declining areas, due to the extravasation of fluids from the bloodstream. In addition, the synthesis and release of liver enzymes and the hematocrit value are reduced (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Da Silva <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). This value, during the performance of the fight, is essential, because in the strenuous exercise performed by the animal, it needs a lot of oxygen to respond positively to metabolic needs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Kaneko <italic>et al.,</italic> 1997</xref>).</p>
				<p>In addition, fasciolosis carries with it a metabolic imbalance that increases the consumption of glycogen stores, with a consequent decrease in the availability of liver and muscle glycogen; as well as fatty deposits (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pérez <italic>et al</italic>., 1992</xref>). All of them important in the phenomenon of gluconeogenesis, so necessary for the animal during the bullfighting show.</p>
				<p>On the other hand, chronic lesions of <italic>F. hepatica</italic>, can produce peritonitis, which can be manifested during the fight with episodes of pain by the animal; as well as with reluctance to certain movements due to afflictions in the abdominal cavity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Clery <italic>et al.,</italic> 1996</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Forbes <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). Adhesions may also appear at the cranial level of the liver, along with the diaphragm; which are inversely proportional to the mobility of the diaphragm, and therefore, will negatively influence the animal's breathing and consequently decrease the response to the intense exercise to which the cattle are subjected during the show (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Marcos <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lomillos <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>In relation to the treatment of fasciolosis, numerous studies have revealed the effect of different pharmacological groups, which have an effect on the different stages of the parasite; the most used are: nitroxynil, clorsulon, albendazole, triclabendazole and closantel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Graig y Jhuey, 1984</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Mooney <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>).</p>
				<p>The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of <italic>Fasciola hepatica</italic> in brave cattle dealt with for five years, through the presence of macroscopic lesions in livers seen in slaughterhouses, its relationship with the average temperature and rainfall of the year, and its pathophysiological consequences that reduce the fitness of the animal during the bullfighting celebration.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p>The work was carried out in the community of Madrid, in the bullfighting celebrations that took place during the months of July, August and September, from 2013 to 2017. A total of 251 channels were analyzed, in different municipalities of the community autonomous, all of them in authorized places and rooms for the skinning of the animals after the celebration (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Real Decreto 260/2002, de 8 de marzo</xref>). The animals dealt with were loose cows (females between two and twelve years of age), bulls for capea (three years), bulls for bullfighting (males between four and five years of age) and steers for chopped heifers (males three years ) and not chopped (two year old males).</p>
				<p>The recognition indicates those animals that have low levels of body condition, with hirsute, dull and depigmented hair, signs compatible with chronic diseases, including fasciolosis. After the celebration, the periportal ganglia, the hepatic surface, hepatic parenchyma, bile ducts and gallbladder are analyzed in the skin. All those who presented parasitosis in situ or signs compatible with fasciolosis, such as: larval migratory pathways in the liver, hemorrhagic and with coagulative necrosis, cholangiohepatitis, cholengiectasis, thickening and fibrosis of the bile ducts, are considered as parasitized livers with F. Hepatica, see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figure 1</xref>. In image A, connective tissue pathways are observed in hepatic parenchyma compatible with ancient migration of <italic>Fasciola hepatica</italic>, and in B and C, connective tissue pathways are observed in liver surface and parenchyma compatible with recent migration of <italic>Fasciola hepatica</italic>, as well as visualization of the parasite. In image B, slight fibrinous perihepatitis is also observed. The prevalence of liver disorders compatible with fasciolosis in all its clinical forms is counted, compared to those that do not present macroscopic alterations compatible with the parasite.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Connective tissue pathways in hepatic parenchyma compatible with <italic>Fasciola hepatica</italic> migration, as well as visualization of the parasite</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-10-e4-gf2.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>All data is collected in a computerized manner, as well as data from the State Meteorological Agency (AEMET) on annual average temperatures and rainfall. Subsequently, statistical analysis is performed with IBM SPSS Statistics Base 22.0. The distribution of the numerical variables was carried out through the t-Student analysis; while the correlation was analyzed with the Pearson correlation method.</p>
				<p>Se recogen todos los datos informáticamente, así como se obtienen datos de la Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMET) sobre temperaturas y pluviometría medias anual. Posteriormente se realiza análisis estadístico con IBM SPSS Statistics Base 22.0. La distribución de las variables numéricas fue realizada a través del análisis t-Student; mientras que la correlación se analizó con el método de correlación de Pearson. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>The total number of animals sampled was 251 in the five years, distributed in 50.20 ± 2.68 evaluated per year, within which lesions appeared in a total of 14 channels, on average 2.80 ± 1.64 per year. Likewise, a total of 4 animals compatible with lesions in total, on average 0.80 ± 0.84 animals per year, were reviewed. The average annual temperature was 15.78 ± 0.48 °C and the average annual rainfall was 570.20 ± 102.21 mm, see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 1</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Results obtained from the sampling of bullfighting channels in the north of the Community of Madrid during the years 2013 to 2017</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Year</td>
									<td align="justify">nº animals </td>
									<td align="justify">nº animals with injuries in the slaughterhouse</td>
									<td align="justify">prevalence</td>
									<td align="justify">nº animals with compatible symptomatology</td>
									<td align="justify">Average annual temperature (°C)</td>
									<td align="justify">Average annual rainfall (mm)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">2013</td>
									<td align="center">50</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">4.00% (2/50)</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">14.97</td>
									<td align="center">515</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">2014</td>
									<td align="center">46</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">8.69% (4/46)</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">15.96</td>
									<td align="center">680</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">2015</td>
									<td align="center">53</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">3.77% (2/53)</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">16.00</td>
									<td align="center">500</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">2016</td>
									<td align="center">52</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">9.61% (5/52)</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">15.80</td>
									<td align="center">682</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">2017</td>
									<td align="center">50</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">2.00% (1/50)</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">16.20</td>
									<td align="center">474</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Mean</td>
									<td align="center">50.20</td>
									<td align="center">2.80</td>
									<td align="center">5.61%</td>
									<td align="center">0.80</td>
									<td align="center">15.78</td>
									<td align="center">570.20</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Standard deviation</td>
									<td align="center">2.68</td>
									<td align="center">1.64</td>
									<td align="center">2.82</td>
									<td align="center">0.84</td>
									<td align="center">0.48</td>
									<td align="center">102.21</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The number of animals with compatible skinny lesions found does not have a statistically significant relationship with the total number of animals evaluated per year (P=0.159), nor with the animals that presented compatible symptomatology in recognition (P=0.327). On the other hand, there is statistical significance between the number of animals with compatible skinny lesions found and the average annual rainfall (P &lt;0.01) and with the average annual temperature (P &lt;0.05).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The prevalence of fasciolosis in dairy cattle in a study conducted in 275 herds in Galicia during 2007, revealed a prevalence data of 61.1%, without finding statistically significant differences between herds treated and not treated with different drugs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Piñeiro P, 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>In the present study, a prevalence of 5.61±2.82 animals with compatible lesions per year has been obtained, a figure significantly lower than the study published by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Orjales <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>. It is worth noting the importance of the use of fasciolicidal drugs, prior to the predominant season bullfighting shows: June to September, compared to the drugs used in the previous study that were applied continuously throughout the year, in the dry period of dairy cattle. However, the effectiveness of antiparasitic treatments is dependent on the application strategy; as well as possible antiparasitic resistance should be considered (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Kelley <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Beesley <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). </p>
				<p>The data that exist on fasciolosis in extensive cattle, reflect a high prevalence of the parasite (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Orjales <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>; González-Lanza <italic>et al.</italic> 1989), describe in Leon a prevalence of 29.5% of infected animals, as well as a intimate relationship between prevalence and age of the animals. This relationship has significance in cattle, as Castilla-León has a high percentage of livestock cattle, and in addition, a large percentage of animals are dealt with four, five and six years old</p>
				<p>However, it is also worth noting the climatic difference of the Spanish Cantabrian cornice, where there is less representation of cattle of fighting bulls, in relation to the climatology of the center and south peninsular, where the vast majority of cattle farms are found (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Lomillos <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Painceira, 2012</xref>). The average data obtained from both temperature and rainfall were 15.78±0.48 °C and 570.20±102.21 mm respectively, which are within the ranges and standards compatible with the growth of larval, juvenile and adult phases of <italic>F. hepatica</italic>, as well as of all its intermediate hosts, since a favorable temperature range is established: those between 10 and 30 °C, with an optimum temperature of 27 °C. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Rowcliffe, <italic>et al.,</italic> 1960</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">García-Rodríguez <italic>et al.,</italic> 1985</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Astiz-Blanco <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>). However, another study obtains the best results at a temperature of 25 °C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Diez y Rojo-Vázquez, 1976</xref>), this temperature is achieved, in the predominant area of beef cattle farms, in the spring and summer seasons. These values are endorsed by more recent studies, which evaluate the larval load in pastures throughout the year, being maximum in the spring and summer months (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Nogareda <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>). </p>
				<p>The results could be justified by greater rainfall in those years and high temperatures. However, one might also think that the control methods were not adequate: uncharged areas flooded on farms with access to animals, poor application of molluscicides and fasciolicides; or the existence of resistance of the same.</p>
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			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The prevalence (5.61±2.82) of lesions compatible with fasciolosis is still present in cattle. The years in which the highest number of injuries were found were 2014 and 2016. A thorough inspection by the veterinarian of the viscera of the postmortem cattle in the skin is pertinent, to assess the effectiveness of the antiparasitic treatments and at the same time study the possible negative effect of this parasite on the physical performance of the bull in the bullring.</p>
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				<title>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</title>
				<p>Thanks to all farmers, fellow veterinarians and bullfighting entrepreneurs for the facilities in data collection during all these years.</p>
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