<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.1</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00103</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Efecto antibacteriano del extracto metanólico de <italic>Salix babylonica</italic> sobre bacterias de importancia en salud pública</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7140-6698</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>González-Alamilla</surname>
						<given-names>Eddy</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3356-1499</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rivas-Jacobo</surname>
						<given-names>Marco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5109-4671</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sosa-Gutiérrez</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6640-2753</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Delgadillo-Ruiz</surname>
						<given-names>Lucía</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0306-3560</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Valladares-Carranza</surname>
						<given-names>Benjamín</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6120-2819</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rosenfeld-Miranda</surname>
						<given-names>Carla</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8537-5025</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Zaragoza-Bastida</surname>
						<given-names>Adrián</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6154-9983</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rivero-Pérez</surname>
						<given-names>Nallely</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de San Luís Potosí</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas. Zacatecas, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Zacatecas</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Isla Teja s/n, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Austral de Chile</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Austral de Chile</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Valdivia</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CL">Chile</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">*Autor responsable y de correspondencia: Adrián Zaragoza-Bastida, Nallely Rivero-Perez. Rancho universitario Av. Universidad km. 1, Ex Hacienda de Aquetzalpa, Apartado Postal No. 32, Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo, México. <email>eddynglez24@gmail.com</email>, <email>marco.rivas@uaslp.mx</email>, <email>carolina_sosa@uaeh.edu.mx</email>, <email>delgadillolucia@gmail.com</email>, <email>crosenfe@uach.cl</email>, <email>adrian_zaragoza@uaeh.edu.mx</email>, <email>nallely_rivero@uaeh.edu.mx</email>.</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>
			<issue>00</issue>
			<elocation-id>e3</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>El uso excesivo de antimicrobianos ha generado resistencia de los microorganismos a estos, se han buscado alternativas que sean eficaces para el tratamiento de enfermedades producidas por microorganismos resistentes o multirresistentes a antibióticos, dentro de estas alternativas están las plantas, las cuales por su contenido de compuesto secundarios presentan actividad antibacteriana. El objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar y determinar la actividad antibacteriana del extracto metanólico de <italic>Salix babylonica</italic> (SB) sobre bacterias de importancia en salud pública. Para la obtención del extracto se utilizó la técnica de maceración, se realizó una caracterización química cualitativa y cuantitativa por cromatografía de gases. Para determinar la actividad antibacteriana, se determinó la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI) y la Concentración Mínima Bactericida (CMB) y la caracterización del extracto permitió identificar compuestos fenólicos, cumarinas, lactonas, flavonoles, quinonas, saponinas, triterpenos y compuestos esteroidales, además de Timol (0.5319 mg/mL) y Carvacrol (0.4158 mg/ml). Con respecto a la actividad antibacteriana la mejor actividad se presentó contra <italic>Bacillus. subtillis (</italic>CMI: 12.5 mg/mL y CMB: 25 mg/mL)<italic>, Listeria. monocytogenes</italic> y <italic>Staphylococcus. aureus (</italic>CMI: 25 mg/mL y CMB: 50 mg/mL)<italic>.</italic> Se concluye que el extracto metanólico de SB puede ser una alternativa para el tratamiento de enfermedades producidas por bacterias resistentes o multirresistentes a antibióticos<italic>.</italic></p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Salix babylonica</kwd>
				<kwd>caracterización</kwd>
				<kwd>efecto antibacteriano</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="10"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="21"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Las enfermedades infecciosas provocadas por microorganismos, han sido unas de las causas más importantes de muerte en la humanidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Lozano <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). Los agentes bacterianos incluyendo <italic>Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudonomas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis</italic> y <italic>Proteus vulgaris</italic> han provocado enfermedades infecciosas importantes dentro de la salud pública (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Khan <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013</xref>). </p>
			<p>La introducción de agentes antimicrobianos en la medicina, ha sido una de las intervenciones más importantes para controlar y disminuir la prevalencia de las enfermedades infecciosas (Alós, 2015); sin embargo, una amenaza creciente en los últimos años que ha disminuido la eficacia de estos fármacos, es la resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos; generada debido a que los microorganismos han adquirido la capacidad para evitar que un antimicrobiano actúe contra él. Como resultado, los tratamientos de elección se vuelven ineficaces, las infecciones persisten y pueden extenderse a otros individuos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">WHO, 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>En la mayoría de las poblaciones de diferentes países en desarrollo, la humanidad ha usado plantas para tratar enfermedades infecciosas comunes, que podrían ser una alternativa potencial para producir nuevos fármacos de gran beneficio a la salud (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Renisheya <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Khan <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>Una de las plantas considerada importantes para el estudio de sus propiedades fotoquímicas es <italic>Salix babylonica,</italic> conocido comúnmente como Sauce llorón. Esta especie pertenece al género <italic>Salix</italic> de la familia Salicáceas, <italic>Salix babylonica</italic> es una de las especies más conocidas dentro de los sauces, distribuido en algunas zonas de Asia, Europa y América; utilizada comúnmente como planta ornamental y medicinal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Wahab <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Existen reportes en los que se evidencian las propiedades farmacológicas asociadas a la evaluación de extractos de hojas, corteza y tallos; obtenidos a partir de <italic>Salix babylonica</italic>. Dentro de las propiedades fitoquímicas atribuibles a <italic>Salix babylonica,</italic> se encuentran: actividad antihelmíntica, antiséptica, antiartrítica, astringente, analgésica, anticancerígena, antipirética, antimalaria, antioxidante, antimicótica, antihelmíntica y antibacteriana; estas propiedades su asocian a su contenido de compuestos secundarios como fenólicos totales, flavonoides, terpenos y lignanos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Sulaiman <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Wahab <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Con base en los planteamientos anteriormente mencionados, el objetivo del presente trabajo de investigación fue caracterizar y determinar la actividad antibacteriana del extracto metanólico de <italic>Salix babylonica,</italic> sobre bacterias de importancia en salud pública.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Obtención del extracto</title>
				<p>Para la obtención del extracto se recolectó aproximadamente 1 kg de material vegetal de <italic>Salix babylonica</italic> en diferentes etapas fenológicas, éstas fueron colectadas en el municipio de Tulancingo, Hidalgo. La parte aérea recolectada de <italic>Salix babylonica</italic> se llevó a secado a sombra a temperatura ambiente, posteriormente al secado se trituró y se realizó la técnica de maceración. Se maceraron 250 g del material seco en 1000 ml de metanol durante 48 horas a temperatura ambiente y en ausencia de luz. Se obtuvo el extracto líquido de la maceración mediante una filtración con papel filtro (Whatman ® 42) y algodón. El extracto líquido obtenido fue concentrado a presión reducida en un evaporador rotatorio, con el fin de eliminar los solventes y concentrar los metabolitos secundarios, de acuerdo con la metodología descrita por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Rivero <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>Caracterización química del extracto metanólico de <italic>Salix babylonica</italic>
</bold></title>
				<p>Perfil químico cualitativo: Al extracto se le realizó el perfil químico de acuerdo con el procedimiento descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bañuelos-Valenzuela <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>, para la de determinación de instauraciones, fenolicos, esteroles, triterpenos, cumarinas, sesquiterpenlactonas, flavonoides, alcaloides, tanidos, fluorataninos, esteroides y saponinas.</p>
				<p>Cromatografía de gases: La composición química se determinó mediante una cromatografía de gases (CG; Agilent Tecnologías serie 6890N fabricado en U.S.A), con una columna polar DB_WAXetr, a 250 °C y 12.13 psi con un flujo de He 36.5 ml min-1 después de la inyección. Las condiciones para la columna fueron: temperatura inicial 50 °C de cero a dos min, aumentando de 10 en 10 °C hasta llegar a 250 °C, manteniendo la temperatura constante por 5 min para luego descender a 50 °C por dos min con un flujo de He de 1.6 ml min-1 a una presión de 12.13 psi y una velocidad promedio de 25 cm s-1, utilizando un detector de flama ionizante (FID), a una temperatura de 210 °C con un flujo de H<sub>2</sub> de 40 ml min-1 y un flujo de aire de 450 ml min-1. Los estándares (Sigma-Aldrich), se utilizaron en concentraciones diferentes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">cuadro1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Cuadro 1. </label>
						<caption>
							<title>Concentraciones de estándares empleados para la determinación química del extracto metanólico de <italic>Salix babylonica</italic> mediante cromatografía de gases.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="5"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2"> Estándar</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="5">Compuesto mg/mL<sup>-1</sup></th>
								</tr>														
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Timol</th>
									<th align="center">Carvacrol</th>
									<th align="center">Linalol</th>
									<th align="center">Terpineno</th>
									<th align="center">Limoneno</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
									<td align="justify">1</td>
									<td align="center">10.373</td>
									<td align="center">8.284</td>
									<td align="center">7.744</td>
									<td align="center">7.154</td>
									<td align="center">8.496</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">2</td>
									<td align="center">5.186</td>
									<td align="center">4.142</td>
									<td align="center">3.872</td>
									<td align="center">3.577</td>
									<td align="center">4.248</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">3</td>
									<td align="center">2.593</td>
									<td align="center">2.071</td>
									<td align="center">1.936</td>
									<td align="center">1.789</td>
									<td align="center">2.124</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">4</td>
									<td align="center">1.297</td>
									<td align="center">1.035</td>
									<td align="center">0.968</td>
									<td align="center">0.894</td>
									<td align="center">1.062</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">5</td>
									<td align="center">0.648</td>
									<td align="center">0.518</td>
									<td align="center">0.484</td>
									<td align="center">0.447</td>
									<td align="center">0.531</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">6</td>
									<td align="center">0.324</td>
									<td align="center">0.259</td>
									<td align="center">0.242</td>
									<td align="center">0.224</td>
									<td align="center">0.265</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Actividad antibacteriana</title>
				<p>Para determinar la actividad antibacteriana del extracto metanólico de <italic>Salíx babylonica,</italic> se utilizaron los siguientes métodos: Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI) y la concentración Mínima Bactericida (CMB), siguiendo las especificaciones del CLSI (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">CLSI, 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>La prueba de actividad antimicrobiana se llevó a cabo con las cepas ATCC 6538 de <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, 6633 de <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic>, 35218 de <italic>Escherichia coli,</italic> 9027 de <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa,</italic> 14028 de <italic>Salmonella typhi,</italic> 10708 de <italic>Salmonella cholerasuis</italic> y 19113 de <italic>Listeria monocytogenes.</italic> Se inoculó una colonia de cada bacteria en caldo nutritivo (BD Bioxon), el cual fue incubado en agitación constante (70 rpm) por 24 horas a 37ºC. Trascurrido el tiempo de incubación, el inóculo se ajustó con caldo nutritivo al 0.5 del patrón de turbidez de Mc Farland, el cual corresponde a 150 x 10<sup>6</sup> cel/ml.</p>
				<p>Para la determinación de la CMI se utilizó el método de microdilución en placa, utilizando concentraciones de 400, 200 100, 50, 25, 12.50, 6.25, 3.12 mg/ml, del extracto metanólico de <italic>Salix babylonica.</italic> Cada concentración fue preparada con caldo nutritivo (BD Bioxon). El procedimiento se realizó por triplicado en placas de 96 pozos, colocando 100 μl de cada una de las diluciones del extracto más 10 μl de la suspensión bacteriana, previamente ajustada a 0.5 de McFarland. Una vez realizada la inoculación la placa se incubó a 37°C durante 24 horas a 70 rpm en agitación constante, el control positivo fue Kanamicina (AppliChem 4K10421) a concentraciones de 64, 32, 16, 8.0, 4.0, 2.0, 1.0 y 0.5 µg/ml y el control negativo fue caldo nutritivo.</p>
				<p>Para determinar la CMI se empleó un método colorimétrico, basado en el uso de sales de tetrazolium (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Balouiri <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Una vez transcurrido el tiempo de incubación se agregaron 20 μl de una solución al 0.04% (w/v) de p-iodonitrotetrazolium en cada pozo; se incubó por 30 minutos a 37°C y se procedió a hacer la lectura, determinándose como la concentración mínima inhibitoria, la concentración a la cual la solución vira a rosa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Kaewpiboon <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Mothana <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>).</p>
				<p>Para determinar la CMB, previa adición del p-iodonitrotetrazolium, se inocularon 5 μl de cada pozo en agar Mueller Hinton, para posteriormente incubar a 37°C durante 24 horas. Trascurrido el tiempo de incubación se procedió a hacer la lectura para determinar la concentración mínima bactericida del extracto, es decir la concentración a la cual no se observó crecimiento bacteriano en la placa.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>La caracterización cualitativa realizada al extracto metanólico de <italic>Salix babylonica,</italic> indican la presencia de insaturaciones, oxidrilos fenólicos, cumarinas, lactonas, flavonoles, quinonas, saponinas, aromaticidad y polifenoles; además de ser positivo a la prueba de Lieberman-Buchard, la cual indica la presencia de triterpenos y compuestos esteroidales. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>). </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Pruebas cualitativas de perfil químico del extracto metanólico de <italic>Salix babylonica.</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify">Prueba</th>
								<th align="justify">Resultado</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Insaturación</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Oxidrilos Fenolicos</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Cumarinas</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Lactonas</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Salkowski</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Flavonoles</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Flavonas</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Chalconas</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Quinonas</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Shinoda</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Sesquiterpenlactonas</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Agitación</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Bicarbonato</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Saponinas</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Aromaticidad</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Triterpenos</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Taninos</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Florataninos</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Esteroides</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Composición química</title>
				<p>El análisis en el cromatógrafo de gases fue de 20 min con un tiempo de retención para terpineno de 6.40 min, limoneno 6.66 min, linalol 11.28 min, timol 18.04 min y carvacrol 18.37 min. Para calcular la concentración de las muestras se trabajó con cinco estándares con seis concentraciones cada uno (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">cuadro 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>Una vez realizadas las curvas de calibración y teniendo las ecuaciones, se determinó que el extracto metanólico de <italic>Salix babylonica</italic> contiene Timol y Carvacrol en concentraciones de 0.5319 mg/ml, 0.4158 mg/ml respectivamente. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Cuadro 3</xref>. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Cuadro 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Composición química del extracto metanólico de <italic>Salix babylonica</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="5"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify" rowspan="2"><italic>Estándar/ Extracto</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="5">Compuesto mg/mL </th>
								</tr>					
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">Terpineno</th>
									<th align="justify">Limoneno</th>
									<th align="justify">Linalol</th>
									<th align="justify">Timol</th>
									<th align="justify">Carvacrol</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>	
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>1</italic></td>
									<td align="center">10.373</td>
									<td align="center">8.284</td>
									<td align="center">7.744</td>
									<td align="center">7.154</td>
									<td align="center">8.496</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>2</italic></td>
									<td align="center">5.186</td>
									<td align="center">4.142</td>
									<td align="center">3.872</td>
									<td align="center">3.577</td>
									<td align="center">4.248</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>3</italic></td>
									<td align="center">2.593</td>
									<td align="center">2.071</td>
									<td align="center">1.936</td>
									<td align="center">1.789</td>
									<td align="center">2.124</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>4</italic></td>
									<td align="center">1.297</td>
									<td align="center">1.035</td>
									<td align="center">0.968</td>
									<td align="center">0.894</td>
									<td align="center">1.062</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>5</italic></td>
									<td align="center">0.648</td>
									<td align="center">0.518</td>
									<td align="center">0.484</td>
									<td align="center">0.447</td>
									<td align="center">0.531</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>6</italic></td>
									<td align="center">0.324</td>
									<td align="center">0.259</td>
									<td align="center">0.242</td>
									<td align="center">0.224</td>
									<td align="center">0.265</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>Salix babylonica</italic></td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0.5319</td>
									<td align="center">0.4158</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Actividad antibacteriana</title>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Concentración mínima inhibitoria</title>
				<p>La concentración mínima inhibitoria del extracto metanólico de <italic>Sálix babylonica,</italic> fue de 100 mg/ml para <italic>Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella cholerasuis y Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>; 25 mg/ml para <italic>Listeria</italic> monocytogenes y <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>. La concentración más baja a la que el extracto tuvo actividad fue de 12.5 mg/ml, frente a <italic>Bacillus subtillis</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">cuadro 4</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Cuadro 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria del extracto metanólico de <italic>Salix babylonica</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="8"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify" rowspan="2"><italic>Bacteria</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="8">Concentraciones (mg/mL) </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">400</th>
									<th align="center">200</th>
									<th align="center">100</th>
									<th align="center">50</th>
									<th align="center">25</th>
									<th align="center">12.5</th>
									<th align="center">6.25</th>
									<th align="center">3.12</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>Escherichia coli</italic></td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">CMI</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>Salmonella typhi</italic></td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">CMI</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>Salmonella cholerasuis</italic></td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">CMI</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic></td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">CMI</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic></td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">CMI</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>Listeria monocytogenes</italic></td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">CMI</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>Bacillus subtillis</italic></td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">CMI</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>								
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p><italic>(-) Sin cambio de color, (+) Cambio de color</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Concentración mínima bactericida</title>
				<p>Se determinó que la concentración mínima bactericida del extracto metanólico de <italic>Sálix babylonica</italic> fue 200 mg/ml; para <italic>Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella cholerasuis y Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>, 50 mg/ml; y para <italic>Listeria monocytogenes</italic> y <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> y de 25 mg/ml para <italic>Bacillus subtillis</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">cuadro 5</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Cuadro 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Concentración Mínima Bactericida del extracto metanólico de <italic>Salix babylonica</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="8"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify" rowspan="2"><italic>Bacteria</italic></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="8">Concentraciones (mg/mL) </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">400</th>
									<th align="center">200</th>
									<th align="center">100</th>
									<th align="center">50</th>
									<th align="center">25</th>
									<th align="center">12.5</th>
									<th align="center">6.25</th>
									<th align="center">3.12</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>Escherichia coli</italic></td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">CMB</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>Salmonella typhi</italic></td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">CMB</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>Salmonella cholerasuis</italic></td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">CMB</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic></td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">CMB</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic></td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">CMB</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>Listeria monocytogenes</italic></td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">CMB</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>Bacillus subtillis</italic></td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">CMB</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>								
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p><italic>(-) Sin cambio de color, (+) Cambio de color</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Por medio de las pruebas cualitativas se determinó la presencia de insaturaciones, oxidrilos fenólicos, cumarinas, lactonas, flavonoles, quinonas, fluorataninos, esteroides triterpenos y saponinas en el extracto metonólico de <italic>Salix babylonica</italic>. En estudios previos se han identificado compuestos como tritetracontano, 1,2,3-propanetriol éster ácido octadecanoico, éster metílico del ácido hexadecanoico y 1,3-dioxano-4-(hexadecil oxi)-2-pentadecilo; la mayoría de ellos clasificados como compuestos fenólicos, además de 7-O-β-D-glucopiranosido de luteolina, luteolina y crisoeriol; compuestos clasificados como flavonoides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Salem <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>).</p>
			<p>Se han reportado actividades biológicas como anticancerígena, antiulcerosa, antimalaria, antidiarreica, antimicótica, antitusígena, antinflamatoria, antihelmíntica y antibacteriana; en estudios realizados con compuestos fenólicos, alcaloides, glicósidos y terpenos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Hernández-Alvarado <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). </p>
			<p>Por otro lado, la cromatografía de gases permitió identificar Timol y Carvacrol a concentraciones de 0.5319 mg/ml, 0.4158 mg/ml respectivamente. Estos compuestos están clasificados como aceites esenciales de naturaleza volátil, con algunas actividades biológicas reportadas como: expectorantes, antifúngicas, antiinflamatorias, analgésicas, antisépticas, antioxidantes, antirreumáticas, antiespasmódico, anti-hepatotoxicas y antibacterianas; tanto frente a bacterias Gram positivas como Gram negativas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><italic>Magi et al.</italic>, 2015</xref>). </p>
			<p>Al realizar la evaluación antibacteriana del extracto metanólico de <italic>Salix babylonica,</italic> se determinó que el extracto presenta mejor actividad frente a bacterias Gram positivas (<italic>Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes y Bacillus subtilis</italic>); que contra bacterias Gram negativas (<italic>Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella cholerasuis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa)</italic>. Este efecto se fundamenta en la estructura propia de las bacterias Gram negativas, que al contar con una membrana fosfolipídica que impide que la pared celular sea penetrada por solutos lipofílicos; mientras las porinas constituyen una barrera selectiva para los solutos hidrofílicos, por lo que la bacteria está protegida de ser penetrada por compuestos como antibióticos o algunos metabolitos secundarios derivados de las plantas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Kaye <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ndhlala <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). </p>
			<p>Para la determinacion de la actividad antibacteriana, es importante determinar Concentracion Minima Inhibitoria (CMI) y la Concentracion Minima Bactericida (CMB); definiéndose como CMI a la concentración más baja de agente antimicrobiano que inhibe el crecimiento del microorganismo, detectados de forma visual (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">CLSI, 2012</xref>). En el presente experimento para determinar el punto final de la CMI, se empleó un método colorimétrico, basado en el uso de sales de tetrazolium (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Balouiri <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>); el cual permite observar un cambio de color de amarillo a rosa, provocado por la entrada de esta sal en la célula, la cual se reduce por las oxidorreductasas dependientes de NAD(P)H y las deshidrogenasas de las células metabólicamente activas, produciendo el cambio de color a rosa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Berridge <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Sulaiman <italic>et al</italic>., en 2013</xref>, realizaron un estudio en el cual evaluaron la actividad antimicrobiana del extracto etanólico de corteza de <italic>Sálix alba,</italic> perteneciente al género sálix y familia salicaeae; igual que <italic>Sálix babylonica.</italic> En dicho estudio determinaron que <italic>Sálix alba</italic> tiene mejor actividad antibacteriana contra <italic>Staphylococcus aureus;</italic> mediana actividad contra <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic> y no presentó efecto contra <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> y <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic>. Las concentraciones evaluadas fueron 10, 20, 40, 60 y 80 mg/ml, utilizando la técnica de difusión en agar; observándose los mayores halos de inhibición a 80 mg/ml. Los resultados de dicho estudio correponden con los observados en el presente experimento, ya que el extracto tuvo mejor efecto contra las bacterias Gram positivas <italic>(Staphylococcus aureus,</italic> 25 mg/ml; <italic>Listeria monocytogenes,</italic> 25 mg/ml y <italic>Bacillus subtilis,</italic> 12.5 mg/ml), que contra las bacterias Gram negativas (<italic>Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella cholerasuis y Pseudomonas aeruginosa,</italic> 100mg/ml, para cada una); sin embargo, el extracto se obtuvo de la corteza de <italic>Sálix alba</italic>. Las concentraciones cambian y la técnica también, por lo que los resultados no son 100% comparables, aunque las arbóreas pertenecen al mismo género y familia.</p>
			<p>Por otro lado, en un estudio realizado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Wahab y colaboradores en 2018</xref>, quienes evaluaron los extractos metanólicos de las hojas y la corteza de <italic>Sálix babylonica;</italic> además de sus fracciones de éter de petróleo, cloruro de metileno y acetato de etilo (diluidos en dimetilsulfóxido), para determinar su actividad antimicrobiana frente a bacterias Gram positivas (<italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>) y Gram negativas (<italic>Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae y Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>), utilizando la técnica de difusión en agar y el extracto a una concentracion de 100 µg. Los resultados mostraron que tanto el extracto metanólico de las hojas y de la corteza tienen actividad antimicrobiana de moderada o débil, contra los microorganismos desafiados; observándose los mayores halos de inhibición (10 mm) con <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa,</italic> seguida de <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> (9 mm), finalmente <italic>Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (8 mm).</p>
			<p>Debido a que en los estudios mencionados únicamente se aplican técnicas para determinar la sensibilidad del microorganismo a determinado compuesto por el método de difusión en agar; no es posible comparar los resultados con los obtenidos en el presente experimento, ya que en el presente se determinó la concentración mínima inhibitoria por el método de microdilución en placa; además de que en el estudio de Wahab y colaboradores, se utilizó dimetil sulfóxido, para diluir los extractos y fracciones; compuesto que se utiliza para incrementar la permeabilidad de la membrana bacteriana, incrementando la actividad de los compuestos y reduciendo las concentraciones de uso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Borges <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Sulaiman <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Wahab <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>La Concentracion Minima Inhibitoria, se define como la concentración más baja de agente antimicrobiano-necesaria para matar el 99,9% del inóculo final, después de la incubación durante 24 h bajo un conjunto estandarizado de condiciones descrito por el CLSI (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Balouiri <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). La determinacion de la CMI no es una opción viable para conocer al 100% la eficacia de un fármaco o compuesto, ya que dentro de cada pozo todavía puede haber células viables si el fármaco evaluado solo tuvo un efecto bacteriostático sobre las especies bacterianas en estudio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Wiegand <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>). </p>
			<p>En el presente experimento se determiaron las CMB del extracto metanólico, frente a <italic>Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella cholerasuis y Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic> (200 mg/ml); <italic>Listeria monocytogenes</italic> y <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (50 mg/ml) y <italic>Bacillus subtillis (</italic>25 mg/ml); sin embargo, no existen estudios reportados con <italic>Sálix babylonica</italic> u otra especie del género Sálix, con el cual se haya reportado dicha actividad.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>En el presente estudio se demostró que el extracto metanólico de <italic>Sálix babylonica</italic> tiene actividad antibacteriana potencial sobre algunos patógenos bacterianos de importancia en salud pública; siendo una alternativa para el tratamiento de enfermedades producidas por bacterias resistentes o multirresistentes a antibióticos.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>LITERATURA CITADA</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<mixed-citation>ALÓS JI. 2014. Resistencia bacteriana a los antibóticos: una crisis global. <italic>Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologias Clinica</italic>. 33(10):692-699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eimc.2014.10.004 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>ALÓS</surname>
							<given-names>JI</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Resistencia bacteriana a los antibóticos: una crisis global</article-title>
					<source>Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologias Clinica</source>
					<volume>33</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>692</fpage>
					<lpage>699</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.eimc.2014.10.004</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<mixed-citation>BALOUIRI M, Sadiki M, Ibnsouda SK. 2016. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. <italic>Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis</italic>. 6(2):71-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>BALOUIRI</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sadiki</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ibnsouda</surname>
							<given-names>SK.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis</source>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>71</fpage>
					<lpage>79</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<mixed-citation>BAÑUELOS-VALENZUELA R, Delgadillo L, Chairez F, Delgadillo O, Meza-López C. 2018. Composición química y FTIR de extractos etanólicos de <italic>Larrea tridentata, Origanum vulgare, Artemisa ludoviciana y Ruta graveolens</italic> Agrociencia. 52(3): 309-321. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6423180">https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6423180</ext-link>. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>BAÑUELOS-VALENZUELA</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Delgadillo</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chairez</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Delgadillo</surname>
							<given-names>O</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Meza-López</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Composición química y FTIR de extractos etanólicos de Larrea tridentata, Origanum vulgare, Artemisa ludoviciana y Ruta graveolens</article-title>
					<source>Agrociencia</source>
					<volume>52</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>309</fpage>
					<lpage>321</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6423180">https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6423180</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<mixed-citation>BERRIDGE MV, Herst PM, Tan AS. 2005. Tetrazolium dyes as tools in cell biology: new insights into their cellular reduction. <italic>Biotechnology Annual Review</italic>. 11:127-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1387-2656(05)11004-7. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>BERRIDGE</surname>
							<given-names>MV</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Herst</surname>
							<given-names>PM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tan</surname>
							<given-names>AS.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2005</year>
					<article-title>Tetrazolium dyes as tools in cell biology: new insights into their cellular reduction</article-title>
					<source>Biotechnology Annual Review</source>
					<volume>11</volume>
					<fpage>127</fpage>
					<lpage>152</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s1387-2656(05)11004-7</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<mixed-citation>BORGES A, Ferreira C, Saavedra MJ, Simoes, M. 2013. Antibacterial activity and mode of action of ferulic and gallic acids against pathogenic bacteria. <italic>Microbial Drug Resistance</italic>. 19(4): 256-265. https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2012.0244. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>BORGES</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ferreira</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Saavedra</surname>
							<given-names>MJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Simoes</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Antibacterial activity and mode of action of ferulic and gallic acids against pathogenic bacteria</article-title>
					<source>Microbial Drug Resistance</source>
					<volume>19</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>256</fpage>
					<lpage>265</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1089/mdr.2012.0244</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<mixed-citation>CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute). 2012. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard-Ninth Edition. Pp. 88. USA.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute)</collab>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<source>Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically</source>
					<publisher-name>Approved Standard</publisher-name>
					<edition>Ninth</edition>
					<fpage>88</fpage>
					<lpage>88</lpage>
					<publisher-loc>USA</publisher-loc>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<mixed-citation>HERNÁNDEZ-ALVARADO J, Zaragoza-Bastida A, López-Rodríguez G, Peláez-Acero A, Olmedo-Juárez A, Rivero-Perez N. 2018. Actividad antibacteriana y sobre nematodos gastrointestinales de metabolitos secundarios vegetales: enfoque en Medicina Veterinaria. <italic>Abanico Veterinario</italic>. 8(1):14-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21929/abavet2018.81.1. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>HERNÁNDEZ-ALVARADO</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zaragoza-Bastida</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>López-Rodríguez</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Peláez-Acero</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Olmedo-Juárez</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rivero-Perez</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Actividad antibacteriana y sobre nematodos gastrointestinales de metabolitos secundarios vegetales: enfoque en Medicina Veterinaria</article-title>
					<source>Abanico Veterinario</source>
					<volume>8</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>14</fpage>
					<lpage>27</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2018.81.1</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<mixed-citation>KAEWPIBOON C, Lirdprapamongkol K, Srisomsap C, Winayanuwattikun P, Yongvanich T, Puwaprisirisan P, Svasti J, Assavalapsakul W. 2012. Studies of the in vitro cytotoxic, antioxidant, lipase inhibitory and antimicrobial activities of selected Thai medicinal plants. <italic>BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine</italic>. 12(1):217. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-217. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>KAEWPIBOON</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lirdprapamongkol</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Srisomsap</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Winayanuwattikun</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yongvanich</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Puwaprisirisan</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Svasti</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Assavalapsakul</surname>
							<given-names>W.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Studies of the in vitro cytotoxic, antioxidant, lipase inhibitory and antimicrobial activities of selected Thai medicinal plants</article-title>
					<source>BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine</source>
					<volume>12</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>217</fpage>
					<lpage>217</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1472-6882-12-217</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<mixed-citation>KAYE KS, Engemann JJ, Fraimow HS, Abrutyn E. 2004. Pathogens resistant to antimicrobial agents: epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, and clinical management. <italic>Infectious disease clinics of North America</italic>. 18(3):467-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2004.04.003. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>KAYE</surname>
							<given-names>KS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Engemann</surname>
							<given-names>JJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fraimow</surname>
							<given-names>HS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Abrutyn</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2004</year>
					<article-title>Pathogens resistant to antimicrobial agents: epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, and clinical management</article-title>
					<source>Infectious disease clinics of North America</source>
					<volume>18</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>467</fpage>
					<lpage>511</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.idc.2004.04.003</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<mixed-citation>KHAN UA, Rahman H, Niaz Z, Qasim M, Khan J, Tayyaba, Rehman B. 2013. Antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants against selected human pathogenic bacteria. <italic>European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology</italic>. 3(4): 272-274. https://doi.org/10.1556/EuJMI.3.2013.4.6 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>KHAN</surname>
							<given-names>UA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rahman</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Niaz</surname>
							<given-names>Z</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Qasim</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Khan</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tayyaba</surname>
							<given-names>Rehman B</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants against selected human pathogenic bacteria</article-title>
					<source>European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology</source>
					<volume>3</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>272</fpage>
					<lpage>274</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1556/EuJMI.3.2013.4.6</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<mixed-citation>LOZANO R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, <italic>et al</italic>., 2012.Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. 2012. <italic>The Lancet</italic>. 380(9859):2095-2128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>LOZANO</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Naghavi</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Foreman</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lim</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shibuya</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aboyans</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. 2012</article-title>
					<source>The Lancet</source>
					<volume>380</volume>
					<issue>9859</issue>
					<fpage>2095</fpage>
					<lpage>2128</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<mixed-citation>MAGI G, Marini E, Facinelli B. 2015. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and carvacrol, and synergy of carvacrol and erythromycin, against clinical, erythromycin-resistant Group A Streptococci. <italic>Frontiers in Microbiology</italic>. 6:165. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00165. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MAGI</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Marini</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Facinelli</surname>
							<given-names>B.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and carvacrol, and synergy of carvacrol and erythromycin, against clinical, erythromycin-resistant Group A Streptococci</article-title>
					<source>Frontiers in Microbiology</source>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<fpage>165</fpage>
					<lpage>165</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fmicb.2015.00165</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<mixed-citation>MOTHANA RA, Lindequist U, Gruenert R, Bednarski PJ. 2009. Studies of the in vitro anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials of selected Yemeni medicinal plants from the island Soqotra. <italic>BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine</italic>. 9: 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-9-7.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>MOTHANA</surname>
							<given-names>RA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lindequist</surname>
							<given-names>U</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gruenert</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bednarski</surname>
							<given-names>PJ</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2009</year>
					<article-title>Studies of the in vitro anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials of selected Yemeni medicinal plants from the island Soqotra</article-title>
					<source>BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine</source>
					<volume>9</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1472-6882-9-7</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<mixed-citation>NDHLALA AR, Ghebrehiwot HM, Ncube B, Aremu AOJ, Gruz M, Subrtova J, Van Staden A. 2015. Antimicrobial, anthelmintic activities and characterization of functional phenolic acids of Achyranthes aspera linn, a medicinal plant used for the treatment of wounds and ringworm in east Africa. <italic>Frontiers in Pharmacology</italic>. 6:274. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2015.00274. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>NDHLALA</surname>
							<given-names>AR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ghebrehiwot</surname>
							<given-names>HM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ncube</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aremu</surname>
							<given-names>AOJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gruz</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Subrtova</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Van Staden</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Antimicrobial, anthelmintic activities and characterization of functional phenolic acids of Achyranthes aspera linn, a medicinal plant used for the treatment of wounds and ringworm in east Africa</article-title>
					<source>Frontiers in Pharmacology</source>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<fpage>274</fpage>
					<lpage>274</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fphar.2015.00274</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<mixed-citation>RENISHEYA JJMT, Johnson M, Mary UM, Arthy A. 2011. Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of selected medicinal plants against human pathogens. <italic>Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine</italic>.1(1):S76-S78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60128-7.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>RENISHEYA</surname>
							<given-names>JJMT</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Johnson</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mary</surname>
							<given-names>UM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Arthy</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<article-title>Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of selected medicinal plants against human pathogens</article-title>
					<source>Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine</source>
					<volume>1</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>S76</fpage>
					<lpage>S78</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60128-7</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<mixed-citation>RIVERO-PEREZ N, Ayala-Martínez M, Zepeda-Bastida A, Meneses-Mayo M, Ojeda-Ramírez D. 2016. Anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous extracts of spent Pleurotus ostreatus substrates in mouse ears treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. <italic>Indian Journal of Pharmacology</italic>. 48(2):141-144. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0253-7613.178826.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>RIVERO-PEREZ</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ayala-Martínez</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zepeda-Bastida</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Meneses-Mayo</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ojeda-Ramírez</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous extracts of spent Pleurotus ostreatus substrates in mouse ears treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate</article-title>
					<source>Indian Journal of Pharmacology</source>
					<volume>48</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>141</fpage>
					<lpage>144</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103%2F0253-7613.178826</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<mixed-citation>SALEM AFZ, Salem MZ, González-Ronquillo M, Camacho LM, Cipriano M. 2011. Major chemical constituents of <italic>Leucaena leucocephala</italic> and <italic>Salix babylonica</italic> leaf extracts. <italic>Journal of Tropical Agriculture</italic>. 49: 95-98. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://jtropag.kau.in/index.php/ojs2/article/view/244">http://jtropag.kau.in/index.php/ojs2/article/view/244</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>SALEM</surname>
							<given-names>AFZ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Salem</surname>
							<given-names>MZ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>González-Ronquillo</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Camacho</surname>
							<given-names>LM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cipriano</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<article-title>Major chemical constituents of Leucaena leucocephala and Salix babylonica leaf extracts</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Tropical Agriculture</source>
					<volume>49</volume>
					<fpage>95</fpage>
					<lpage>98</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://jtropag.kau.in/index.php/ojs2/article/view/244">http://jtropag.kau.in/index.php/ojs2/article/view/244</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<mixed-citation>SULAIMAN GM, Hussien NN, Marzoog TR, Awad, HA. 2013. Phenolic content, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of ethanolic extract of Salix alba. <italic>American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology</italic>. 9(1): 41-46. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://thescipub.com/PDF/ajbbsp.2013.41.46.pdf">https://thescipub.com/PDF/ajbbsp.2013.41.46.pdf</ext-link>. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>SULAIMAN</surname>
							<given-names>GM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hussien</surname>
							<given-names>NN</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Marzoog</surname>
							<given-names>TR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Awad</surname>
							<given-names>HA</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Phenolic content, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of ethanolic extract of Salix alba</article-title>
					<source>American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology</source>
					<volume>9</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>41</fpage>
					<lpage>46</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://thescipub.com/PDF/ajbbsp.2013.41.46.pdf">https://thescipub.com/PDF/ajbbsp.2013.41.46.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<mixed-citation>WAHAB GA, Sallam A, Elgaml A, Lahhloub M, Afifi MS. 2018. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salix babylonica extracts. <italic>World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences</italic>. 6(4): 1-6. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.wjpsonline.org/">http://www.wjpsonline.org/</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>WAHAB</surname>
							<given-names>GA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sallam</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Elgaml</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lahhloub</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Afifi</surname>
							<given-names>MS.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salix babylonica extracts</article-title>
					<source>World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences</source>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>6</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.wjpsonline.org/">http://www.wjpsonline.org/</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<mixed-citation>WHO (World Health Organization). 2017. <italic>Antimicrobial resistance</italic>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/antimicrobial-resistance/en/">https://www.who.int/antimicrobial-resistance/en/</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="webpage">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>WHO (World Health Organization)</collab>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<source>Antimicrobial resistance</source>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/antimicrobial-resistance/en/">https://www.who.int/antimicrobial-resistance/en/</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<mixed-citation>WIEGAND I, Hilpert K, Hancock REW. 2008. Agar and broth dilution methods to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial substances. <italic>Nature Protocols</italic>. 3(2):163-175. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2007.521.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>WIEGAND</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hilpert</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hancock</surname>
							<given-names>REW.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2008</year>
					<article-title>Agar and broth dilution methods to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial substances</article-title>
					<source>Nature Protocols</source>
					<volume>3</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>163</fpage>
					<lpage>175</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nprot.2007.521</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Antibacterial effect of the methanol extract of <italic>Salix babylonica</italic> against important bacteria in public Health</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>The excessive use of antibiotics, has generated resistance of microorganisms to these, have been searched effectives alternatives for treating diseases caused by resistant or multiresistant microorganism, and within of these alternatives are plants, which by its content of secondary compounds have antibacterial activity. The aim on the present experiment was characterize and determine the antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of <italic>Salix babylonica</italic> (SB) against important bacteria in public health. To obtain extract, the maceration technique was used, qualitative and quantitative (gas chromatography) chemical characterization was carried. For antibacterial activity, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was determined, the characterization of the extract allowed the identification of phenolic compounds, coumarins, lactones, flavonols, quinones, saponins, triterpenes and steroidal compounds, also Thymol (0.5319 mg/mL) and Carvacrol (0.4158 mg/mL). The extract showed the best activity against <italic>Bacillus. subtilis</italic> (MIC: 12.5 mg/mL and WBC: 25 mg/mL), <italic>Listeria. monocytogenes</italic> and <italic>Staphylococcus. aureus</italic> (MIC: 25 mg/mL and MBC: 50 mg/mL). It is concluded that the methanolic extract of SB can be an alternative for the treatment of diseases produced by resistant or multiresistant bacteria to antibiotics.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Salix babylonica</kwd>
				<kwd>characterization</kwd>
				<kwd>antibacterial effect</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Infectious diseases caused by microorganisms have been one of the most important causes of death in humanity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Lozano <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). Bacterial agents including <italic>Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudonomas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Proteus vulgaris</italic> have caused important infectious diseases within public health (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Khan <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>The introduction of antimicrobial agents in medicine has been one of the most important interventions to control and reduce the prevalence of infectious diseases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alós, 2015</xref>); However, a growing threat in recent years that has diminished the effectiveness of these drugs is bacterial resistance to antibiotics; generated because the microorganisms have acquired the ability to prevent an antimicrobial from acting against it. As a result, the treatments of choice become ineffective, infections persist and can spread to other individuals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">WHO, 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>In most populations of different developing countries, humanity has used plants to treat common infectious diseases, which could be a potential alternative to produce new drugs of great health benefit (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Renisheya <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Khan <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>One of the plants considered important for the study of its photochemical properties is <italic>Salix babylonica</italic>, commonly known as weeping willow. This species belongs to the Salix genus of the Salicaceae family, <italic>Salix babylonica</italic> is one of the best known species in willows, distributed in some areas of Asia, Europe and America; commonly used as an ornamental and medicinal plant (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Wahab <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>There are reports in which the pharmacological properties associated with the evaluation of leaf, bark and stem extracts are evidenced; obtained from <italic>Salix babylonica</italic>. Among the phytochemical properties attributable to <italic>Salix babylonica</italic>, there are: anthelmintic, antiseptic, antiarthritic, astringent, analgesic, anticancer, antipyretic, antimalarial, antioxidant, antifungal, anthelmintic and antibacterial activity; these properties are associated with its content of secondary compounds such as total phenolics, flavonoids, terpenes and lignans (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Sulaiman <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Wahab <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>Based on the aforementioned approaches, the objective of the present research work was to characterize and determine the antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract of <italic>Salix babylonica</italic>, on bacteria of importance in public health.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Obtaining the extract</title>
					<p>To obtain the extract, approximately 1 kg of <italic>Salix babylonica</italic> plant material was collected in different phenological stages, these were collected in the municipality of Tulancingo, Hidalgo. The aerial part collected from <italic>Salix babylonica</italic> was dried in shade at room temperature, after drying it was crushed and the maceration technique was performed. 250 g of the dry material was macerated in 1000 ml of methanol for 48 hours at room temperature and in the absence of light. The liquid extract from the maceration was obtained by filtration with filter paper (Whatman® 42) and cotton. The liquid extract obtained was concentrated under reduced pressure in a rotary evaporator, in order to remove the solvents and concentrate the secondary metabolites, according to the methodology described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Rivero <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><bold>Chemical characterization of <italic>Salix babylonica</italic> methanolic extract</bold></title>
					<p>Qualitative chemical profile: The chemical profile was carried out according to the procedure described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bañuelos-Valenzuela <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>, for the determination of instalations, phenolics, sterols, triterpenes, coumarins, sesquiterpenlactones, flavonoids, alkaloids, tanids, fluorataninos, steroids and saponins.</p>
					<p>Gas chromatography: The chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography (CG; Agilent Technologies series 6890N manufactured in U.S.A), with a DB_WAXetr polar column, at 250 °C and 12.13 psi with a flow of He 36.5 ml min<sup>-1</sup> after injection. The conditions for the column were: initial temperature 50 °C from zero to two min, increasing from 10 in 10 °C until reaching 250 °C, keeping the temperature constant for 5 min and then descending to 50 °C for two min with a flow of He of 1.6 ml min<sup>-1</sup> at a pressure of 12.13 psi and an average speed of 25 cm s<sup>-1</sup>, using an ionizing flame detector (FID), at a temperature of 210 °C with a flow of H2 of 40 ml min<sup>-1</sup> and an air flow of 450 ml min<sup>-1</sup>. The standards (Sigma-Aldrich), were used in different concentrations (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 1</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Concentrations of standards used for the chemical determination of <italic>Salix babylonica</italic> methanolic extract by gas chromatography.</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col span="5"/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="justify" rowspan="2"> Standard</th>
										<th align="center" colspan="5">Compound mg/mL<sup>-1</sup></th>
									</tr>
																
									<tr>
										<th align="center">Timol</th>
										<th align="center">Carvacrol</th>
										<th align="center">Linalool</th>
										<th align="center">Terpinene</th>
										<th align="center">Limonene</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
									<tbody>
										<tr>
										<td align="justify">1</td>
										<td align="center">10.373</td>
										<td align="center">8.284</td>
										<td align="center">7.744</td>
										<td align="center">7.154</td>
										<td align="center">8.496</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">2</td>
										<td align="center">5.186</td>
										<td align="center">4.142</td>
										<td align="center">3.872</td>
										<td align="center">3.577</td>
										<td align="center">4.248</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">3</td>
										<td align="center">2.593</td>
										<td align="center">2.071</td>
										<td align="center">1.936</td>
										<td align="center">1.789</td>
										<td align="center">2.124</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">4</td>
										<td align="center">1.297</td>
										<td align="center">1.035</td>
										<td align="center">0.968</td>
										<td align="center">0.894</td>
										<td align="center">1.062</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">5</td>
										<td align="center">0.648</td>
										<td align="center">0.518</td>
										<td align="center">0.484</td>
										<td align="center">0.447</td>
										<td align="center">0.531</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">6</td>
										<td align="center">0.324</td>
										<td align="center">0.259</td>
										<td align="center">0.242</td>
										<td align="center">0.224</td>
										<td align="center">0.265</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Antibacterial activity</title>
					<p>To determine the antibacterial activity of the methanol extract of <italic>Salíx babylonica</italic>, the following methods were used: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), following the CLSI specifications (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">CLSI, 2012</xref>).</p>
					<p>The antimicrobial activity test was carried out with the ATCC 6538 strains of <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, 6633 of <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic>, 35218 of <italic>Escherichia coli</italic>, 9027 of <italic>Pseudomona aeruginosa</italic>, 14028 of Salmonella typhi, 10708 of <italic>Salmonella cholerasuis</italic> and 19113 of <italic>Listeria monocyto</italic>. A colony of each bacterium was inoculated in nutrient broth (BD Bioxon), which was incubated under constant agitation (70 rpm) for 24 hours at 37 °C. After the incubation time, the inoculum was adjusted with nutrient broth to 0.5 of the Mc Farland turbidity pattern, which corresponds to 150 x 106 cell/ml.</p>
					<p>For the determination of the MIC, the plate microdilution method was used, using concentrations of 400, 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.50, 6.25, 3.12 mg/ml, of the methanolic extract of <italic>Salix babylonica</italic>. Each concentration was prepared with nutrient broth (BD Bioxon). The procedure was performed in triplicate in 96-well plates, placing 100 μl of each of the dilutions of the extract plus 10 μl of the bacterial suspension, previously adjusted to 0.5 McFarland. Once the inoculation was performed, the plate was incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours at 70 rpm under constant agitation, the positive control was Kanamycin (AppliChem 4K10421) at concentrations of 64, 32, 16, 8.0, 4.0, 2.0, 1.0 and 0.5 µg/ml and the negative control was nutritious broth.</p>
					<p>To determine the MIC, a colorimetric method was used, based on the use of tetrazolium salts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Balouiri <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). After the incubation time elapsed, 20 µl of a 0.04% (w / v) solution of p-iodonitrotetrazolium was added to each well; it was incubated for 30 minutes at 37 ° C and the reading was carried out, determining as the minimum inhibitory concentration, the concentration at which the solution turns pink (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Kaewpiboon <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Mothana, <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>).) .</p>
					<p>To determine the MBC, after adding p-iodonitrotetrazolium, 5 μl of each well was inoculated into Mueller Hinton agar, then incubated at 37 ° C for 24 hours. After the incubation time, the reading was carried out to determine the minimum bactericidal concentration of the extract, that is, the concentration at which no bacterial growth was observed in the plate.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>The qualitative characterization carried out on the methanolic extract of <italic>Salix babylonica</italic>, indicates the presence of unsaturations, phenolic oxidriles, coumarins, lactones, flavonols, quinones, saponins, aromaticity and polyphenols; In addition to being positive to the Lieberman-Buchard test, which indicates the presence of triterpenes and steroidal compounds. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Qualitative tests of the chemical profile of the methanolic extract of <italic>Salix babylonica</italic>.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">Test</th>
									<th align="justify">Result</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Unsaturation</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Phenolic Oxidriles</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Coumarins</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Lactones</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Salkowski</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Flavonols</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Flavones</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">chalcones</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Quinones</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Shinoda</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Sesquiterpenlactones</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Agitation</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Bicarbonate</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Saponins</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Aromaticity</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Triterpenes</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Tannins</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Floratannins</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Steroids</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Chemical composition</title>
					<p>The analysis on the gas chromatograph was 20 min with a retention time for terpinen of 6.40 min, limonene 6.66 min, linalool 11.28 min, thymol 18.04 min and carvacrol 18.37 min. To calculate the concentration of the samples, we worked with five standards with six concentrations each (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">table 1</xref>).</p>
					<p>Once the calibration curves were carried out and the equations were taken, it was determined that <italic>Salix babylonica</italic> methanolic extract contains Timol and Carvacrol in concentrations of 0.5319 mg / ml, 0.4158 mg/ml respectively. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 3</xref>
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t8">
							<label>Table 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Chemical composition of <italic>Salix babylonica</italic> methanolic extract</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col span="4"/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="justify" rowspan="2"><italic>Standard/ Extract</italic></th>
										<th align="center" colspan="5">Compuesto mg/mL </th>
									</tr>								
								
									<tr>
										<th align="center">Terpinene</th>
										<th align="center">Limonene</th>
										<th align="center">Linalool</th>
										<th align="center">Timol</th>
										<th align="center">Carvacrol</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
									<tbody>
										<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>1</italic></td>
										<td align="center">10.373</td>
										<td align="center">8.284</td>
										<td align="center">7.744</td>
										<td align="center">7.154</td>
										<td align="center">8.496</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>2</italic></td>
										<td align="center">5.186</td>
										<td align="center">4.142</td>
										<td align="center">3.872</td>
										<td align="center">3.577</td>
										<td align="center">4.248</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>3</italic></td>
										<td align="center">2.593</td>
										<td align="center">2.071</td>
										<td align="center">1.936</td>
										<td align="center">1.789</td>
										<td align="center">2.124</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>4</italic></td>
										<td align="center">1.297</td>
										<td align="center">1.035</td>
										<td align="center">0.968</td>
										<td align="center">0.894</td>
										<td align="center">1.062</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>5</italic></td>
										<td align="center">0.648</td>
										<td align="center">0.518</td>
										<td align="center">0.484</td>
										<td align="center">0.447</td>
										<td align="center">0.531</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>6</italic></td>
										<td align="center">0.324</td>
										<td align="center">0.259</td>
										<td align="center">0.242</td>
										<td align="center">0.224</td>
										<td align="center">0.265</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>Salix babylonica</italic></td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
										<td align="center"><bold>0.5319</bold></td>
										<td align="center"><bold>0.4158</bold></td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Antibacterial activity</title>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Minimum inhibitory concentration</title>
					<p>The minimum inhibitory concentration of <italic>Sálix babylonica</italic> methanolic extract was 100 mg/ml for <italic>Escherichia coli</italic>, <italic>Salmonella typhi</italic>, <italic>Salmonella cholerasuis</italic> and <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>; 25 mg/ml for <italic>Listeria monocytogenes</italic> and <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>. The lowest concentration at which the extract had activity was 12.5 mg/ml, compared to <italic>Bacillus subtillis</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 4</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t9">
							<label>Table 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of <italic>Salix Babylonica</italic> Methanolic Extract</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col span="8"/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="justify" rowspan="2"><italic>Bacterium</italic></th>
										<th align="center" colspan="8">Concentrations (mg/mL) </th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">400</th>
										<th align="center">200</th>
										<th align="center">100</th>
										<th align="center">50</th>
										<th align="center">25</th>
										<th align="center">12.5</th>
										<th align="center">6.25</th>
										<th align="center">3.12</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>Escherichia coli</italic></td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">MIC</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>Salmonella typhi</italic></td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">MIC</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>Salmonella cholerasuis</italic></td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">MIC</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic></td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">MIC</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic></td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">MIC</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>Listeria monocytogenes</italic></td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">MIC</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>Bacillus subtillis</italic></td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">MIC</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
									</tr>									
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN3">
									<p> <italic>(-)No color change, (+) Change of color</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Minimum bactericidal concentration</title>
					<p>The minimum bactericidal concentration of the methanolic extract of <italic>Sálix babylonica</italic> was determined to be 200 mg/ml; for <italic>Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi</italic>, <italic>Salmonella cholerasuis</italic> and <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>, 50 mg/ml; and for <italic>Listeria monocytogenes</italic> and <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> and 25 mg/ml for <italic>Bacillus subtillis</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 5</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t10">
							<label>Table 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of <italic>Salix Babylonica</italic> Methanolic Extract</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col span="8"/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="justify" rowspan="2"><italic>Bacterium</italic></th>
										<th align="center" colspan="8">Concentrations (mg/mL) </th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">400</th>
										<th align="center">200</th>
										<th align="center">100</th>
										<th align="center">50</th>
										<th align="center">25</th>
										<th align="center">12.5</th>
										<th align="center">6.25</th>
										<th align="center">3.12</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>Escherichia coli</italic></td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">MBC</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>Salmonella typhi</italic></td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">MBC</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>Salmonella cholerasuis</italic></td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">MBC</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic></td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">MBC</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic></td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">MBC</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>Listeria monocytogenes</italic></td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">MBC</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
										<td align="center">+</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>Bacillus subtillis</italic></td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">MBC</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
									</tr>
									
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN4">
									<p> <italic>(-) No growth , (+) Growth</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The presence of unsaturations, phenolic oxydriles, coumarins, lactones, flavonols, quinones, fluorataninos, triterpene steroids and saponins in the metonolic extract of Salix babylonica was determined by means of qualitative tests. In previous studies, compounds such as tritetracontane, 1,2,3-propanetriol ester, octadecanoic acid, methyl ester of hexadecanoic acid and 1,3-dioxane-4- (hexadecyl oxy) -2-pentadecyl have been identified; most of them classified as phenolic compounds, in addition to 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside of luteolin, luteolin and crisoeriol; compounds classified as flavonoids (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Salem <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>).</p>
				<p>Biological activities such as anticancer, antiulcer, antimalarial, antidiarrheal, antifungal, antitussive, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic and antibacterial have been reported; in studies conducted with phenolic compounds, alkaloids, glycosides and terpenes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Hernández-Alvarado <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>On the other hand, gas chromatography allowed to identify Timol and Carvacrol at concentrations of 0.5319 mg/ml, 0.4158 mg/ml respectively. These compounds are classified as essential oils of volatile nature, with some biological activities reported as: expectorant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiseptic, antioxidant, anti-rheumatic, antispasmodic, anti-hepatotoxic and antibacterial; both against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><italic>Magi et al.</italic>, 2015</xref>). </p>
				<p>When carrying out the antibacterial evaluation of the methanolic extract of <italic>Salix babylonica</italic>, it was determined that the extract exhibits better activity against Gram positive bacteria (<italic>Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus subtilis</italic>); which against Gram negative bacteria (<italic>Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella cholerasuis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>). This effect is based on the structure of Gram negative bacteria, which by having a phospholipid membrane that prevents the cell wall from being penetrated by lipophilic solutes; while the porins constitute a selective barrier for hydrophilic solutes, so the bacteria are protected from being penetrated by compounds such as antibiotics or some secondary metabolites derived from plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Kaye <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ndhlala <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>For the determination of antibacterial activity, it is important to determine Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC); defined as MIC at the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent that inhibits the growth of the microorganism, detected visually (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">CLSI, 2012</xref>). In the present experiment to determine the end point of the WCC, a colorimetric method was used, based on the use of tetrazolium salts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Balouiri <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>); which allows to observe a color change from yellow to pink, caused by the entry of this salt into the cell, which is reduced by the NAD (P)H-dependent oxidoreductases and the dehydrogenases of metabolically active cells, producing the change from color to pink (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Berridge <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Sulaiman <italic>et al</italic>., in 2013</xref>, carried out a study in which they evaluated the antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract of <italic>Sálix alba</italic> bark, belonging to the genus sálix and family salicaeae; same as <italic>Sálix babylonica</italic>. In this study they determined that <italic>Sálix alba</italic> has better antibacterial activity against <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>; medium activity against <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic> and had no effect against <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> and <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic>. The concentrations evaluated were 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg/ml, using the agar diffusion technique; observing the greatest halos of inhibition at 80 mg/ml. The results of this study correspond to those observed in the present experiment, since the extract had a better effect against Gram positive bacteria (<italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, 25 mg/ml; <italic>Listeria monocytogenes</italic>, 25 mg/ml and <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic>, 12.5 mg/ml ), which against Gram negative bacteria (<italic>Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella cholerasuis</italic> and <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>, 100mg/ml, for each one); however, the extract was obtained from the bark of <italic>Sálix alba</italic>. The concentrations change and the technique also, so the results are not 100 % comparable, although the trees belong to the same genus and family.</p>
				<p>On the other hand, in a study conducted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Wahab and colaboradores en 2018</xref>, who evaluated the methanolic extracts of the leaves and bark of <italic>Sálix babylonica</italic>; in addition to its fractions of petroleum ether, methylene chloride and ethyl acetate (diluted in dimethylsulfoxide), to determine its antimicrobial activity against Gram positive (<italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>) and Gram negative (E<italic>scherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> and <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>) bacteria, using the agar diffusion technique and the extract at a concentration of 100 µg. The results showed that both the methanolic extract of the leaves and the bark have moderate or weak antimicrobial activity against the challenged microorganisms; observing the greatest halos of inhibition (10 mm) with <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>, followed by <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> (9 mm), finally <italic>Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (8 mm).</p>
				<p>Because in the mentioned studies only techniques are applied to determine the sensitivity of the microorganism to a certain compound by the agar diffusion method; It is not possible to compare the results with those obtained in the present experiment, since in this case the minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by the plate microdilution method; In addition to the study by Wahab <italic>et al</italic>., dimethyl sulfoxide was used to dilute extracts and fractions; compound that is used to increase the permeability of the bacterial membrane, increasing the activity of the compounds and reducing the concentrations of use (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Borges <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Sulaiman <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Wahab <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration is defined as the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent necessary to kill 99.9% of the final inoculum, after incubation for 24 hours under a standardized set of conditions described by the CLSI (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Balouiri <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). The determination of the MIC is not a viable option to know 100 % the efficacy of a drug or compound, since within each well there may still be viable cells if the drug evaluated only had a bacteriostatic effect on the bacterial species under study (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Wiegand <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>). </p>
				<p>In the present experiment, the MBCs of the methanolic extract were determined against <italic>Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella cholerasuis</italic> and <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic> (200 mg/ml); <italic>Listeria monocytogenes</italic> and <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (50 mg/ml) and <italic>Bacillus subtillis</italic> (25 mg/ml); however, there are no studies reported with <italic>Sálix babylonica</italic> or another species of the genus <italic>Sálix</italic>, with which this activity has been reported.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>In the present study it was demonstrated that the methanolic extract of <italic>Sálix babylonica</italic> has potential antibacterial activity on some bacterial pathogens of importance in public health; being an alternative for the treatment of diseases caused by bacteria resistant or multi-resistant to antibiotics.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>