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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2020.2</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00101</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Actividad antibacteriana del extracto hidroalcohólico <italic>Croton draco</italic> sobre bacterias de importancia sanitaria</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9542-8242</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Morales-Ubaldo</surname>
						<given-names>Ana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1254-7436</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hernández-Alvarado</surname>
						<given-names>Jerelly</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0306-3560</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Valladares-Carranza</surname>
						<given-names>Benjamín</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9969-6201</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Velázquez-Ordoñez</surname>
						<given-names>Valente</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6640-2753</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Delgadillo-Ruiz</surname>
						<given-names>Lucía</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6120-2819</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rosenfeld-Miranda</surname>
						<given-names>Carla</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6154-9983</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rivero-Pérez</surname>
						<given-names>Nallely</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8537-5025</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Zaragoza-Bastida</surname>
						<given-names>Adrián</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias. México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad del Papaloapan, Campus Tuxtepec. México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad del Papaloapan</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad del Papaloapan</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas. Toluca, Estado de México. C.P 50090.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Toluca</city>
					<state>Estado de México</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas. Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas. Zacatecas, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Zacatecas</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Isla Teja s/n, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Austral de Chile</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Austral de Chile</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Valdivia</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CL">Chile</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">*Autor responsable y de correspondencia: Nallely Rivero-Perez, Zaragoza-Bastida Adrian. Rancho Universitario Av. Universidad km 1, A.P. 32 CP.43600. 01771717 2000 ext. 2440. Ex-Hda. de Aquetzalpa, Hidalgo, México. <email>ubaldolizet8@gmail.com</email>, <email>j_lizbeth_1895@hotmail.com</email>, <email>benvac2004@yahoo.com.mx</email>, <email>vvo@uaemex.mx</email>, <email>delgadillolucia@gmail.com</email>, <email>crosenfe@uach.cl</email>, <email>nallely_rivero@uaeh.edu.mx</email>, <email>adrian_zaragoza@uaeh.edu.mx</email>.</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>10</volume>
			<issue>00</issue>
			<elocation-id>e1</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>La Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE) menciona que el uso inadecuado de antibióticos ha propiciado la aparición de cepas bacterias resistentes a los mecanismos de acción de estos fármacos, debido a la escasez de terapias efectivas se requiere del desarrollo de nuevas opciones de tratamiento para enfermedades que afectan la salud, al respecto los extractos de plantas o bien sus compuestos puros ofrecen una alternativa. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue caracterizar y evaluar la actividad antibacteriana <italic>in vitro</italic> del extracto hidroalcohólico de <italic>Croton draco</italic> sobre bacterias de importancia sanitaria<italic>.</italic> El extracto se obtuvo mediante maceración hidroalcohólica, se realizó una caracterización cualitativa y química del extracto, la actividad antibacteriana se determinó mediante la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI) y la Concentración Mínima Bactericida (CMB). Los ensayos de caracterización cualitativa realizados al extracto hidroalcohólico de <italic>Croton draco</italic> indican la presencia de compuestos fenólicos, terpenos, saponinas y alcaloides, por cromatografía de gases se determinó por primera vez la presencia de timol y carvacrol en concentraciones de 0.5340 mg/ml y 0.4206 mg/mL respectivamente. Las bacterias mostraron diferentes grados de sensibilidad, sin embargo, se determinó una mayor actividad frente a bacterias Gram positivas como <italic>L. monocytogenes, S. aureus</italic> y <italic>B. subtillis.</italic></p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Croton draco</kwd>
				<kwd>Extracto hidroalcohólico</kwd>
				<kwd>Antibacteriano</kwd>
				<kwd>Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria</kwd>
				<kwd>Concentración Mínima Bactericida</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="26"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE) menciona que el uso inadecuado de antibióticos, ha propiciado la aparición de cepas bacterias resistentes a los mecanismos de acción de estos fármacos, esto supone una situación alarmante tanto para la salud humana como para la sanidad animal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">OIE, 2016</xref>), debido a la escasez de terapias efectivas. Se requiere del desarrollo de nuevas opciones de tratamiento para enfermedades que afectan la salud, los extractos de plantas o bien sus compuestos puros ofrecen una alternativa potencial para el desarrollo de nuevos tratamientos antimicrobianos que puedan ser utilizadas para el control de microorganismos patógenos, debido a la presencia de metabolitos o compuestos que inhiben el crecimiento o provocan la muerte de estos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lavor <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Upadhyay <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Al respecto <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Maxia <italic>et al</italic>., (2005)</xref> mencionan que existen prácticas etnoveterinarias por parte de ganaderos y pastores, basadas en conocimientos transmitidos de generación en generación. Por su parte <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Martínez and Jiménez-Escobar (2017)</xref>, documentaron un total de 62 prácticas etnoveterinarias; destacando el uso de las plantas para el tratamiento de heridas, afecciones oculares y digestivas, prácticas asociadas a 44 especies vegetales pertenecientes a 30 familias botánicas; entre las que destaca el género <italic>Croton (Croton lanatus)</italic>.</p>
			<p>La sangre de dragón, sangregado o sangre de drago <italic>(Croton draco),</italic> es uno de los arbustos utilizados en la medicina tradicional por diferentes culturas del mundo; algunos de sus usos etnomedicinales, son: hemostático, antidiarreico, antiulceroso, antiviral, cicatrizante, antitumoral, antiinflamatorio, antioxidante y antimicrobiano, entre otros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Gupta <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>). </p>
			<p>En México a esta planta se le atribuyen una gran cantidad de propiedades curativas, como las mencionadas anteriormente, debido a la amplia gama de metabolitos secundarios que posee, como: alcaloides, taninos, diterpenos y aceites volátiles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Salatino <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>); sin embargo, se requiere de estudios para determinar las concentraciones a las cuales presenta su efecto farmacológico y los compuestos a los cuales se les puedan atribuir las propiedades farmacológicas.</p>
			<p>Estudios realizados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Peres <italic>et al</italic>., (1997)</xref>, demuestran que los extractos de algunas especies de <italic>Croton</italic> presentan actividad inhibitoria frente a <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> y <italic>Salmonella typhimuryum</italic>.</p>
			<p> De acuerdo a lo mencionado anteriormente, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue realizar una caracterización cualitativa y química del extracto hidroalcohólico de <italic>Crotón draco,</italic> así como determinar su actividad antibacteriana (<italic>in vitro</italic>) sobre bacterias de importancia sanitaria.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Obtención del extracto</title>
				<p>Se recolectaron muestras de material vegetal de la parte aérea de <italic>Crotón draco</italic> durante el verano (junio-agosto) en el municipio de Huatusco (19°08′56″N 96°57′58″O) perteneciente al estado de Veracruz; para la identificación de la planta se consultó el herbario de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, y el espécimen vegetal se identificó como <italic>Crotón draco subsp. draco</italic> (IBUNAM:MEXU:501697). </p>
				<p>El material vegetal fue secado a temperatura ambiente en ausencia de luz, se maceraron 250 g del material seco (triturado) en un litro de solución hidroalcohólica (70:30, agua: metanol), durante 48 horas a temperatura ambiente en ausencia de luz. Se filtró el extracto líquido de la maceración mediante papel filtro y algodón; posteriormente el líquido obtenido fue concentrado a presión reducida en un rotavapor (BÜCHI ™ R-210, Flawil, Germany), de acuerdo a la metodología descrita por (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Rivero-Pérez <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). El extracto resultante fue conservado en refrigeración hasta su posterior evaluación.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Caracterización química del extracto</title>
				<p>Al extracto hidroalcohólico de <italic>Crotón draco,</italic> se le realizó el perfil químico cualitativo de acuerdo al procedimiento descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bañuelos-Valenzuela <italic>et al</italic>., (2018)</xref>, en tubos de ensayo Pyrex de 10 ml. Las pruebas fueron las siguientes: prueba del KMnO<sub>4</sub> para insaturaciones, prueba del FeCl3 para oxidrilos fenólicos (taninos vegetales), prueba de Liebermann-Burchard para esteroles y triterpenos, prueba de Salkowski para esteroles y triterpenos, prueba de cumarinas, prueba de Baljet para sesquiterpenlactonas, prueba del H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> para flavonoides, prueba de Shinoda para flavonoides, prueba de Dragendorff para alcaloides, prueba de taninos, prueba de floratanino, prueba de esteroides, prueba de la agitación, prueba del bicarbonato de sodio y prueba de Salkowski para saponinas.</p>
				<p>La composición química del extracto hidroalcohólico de <italic>Crotón draco</italic> se determinó de acuerdo a la metodología descrita por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bañuelos-Valenzuela <italic>et al</italic>., (2018)</xref>, mediante un cromatógrafo de gases (CG; Agilent Tecnologies serie 6890N fabricado en U.S.A), con una columna polar DB_WAXetr, a 250 °C y 12.13 psi, con un flujo de He 36.5 ml min-1 después de la inyección. Las condiciones para la columna fueron: temperatura inicial 50 °C de cero a dos min, aumentando de 10 en 10 °C hasta llegar a 250 °C, manteniendo la temperatura constante por 5 min para luego descender a 50 °C por dos min con un flujo de He de 1.6 ml min-1 a una presión de 12.13 psi y una velocidad promedio de 25 cm s-1, utilizando un detector de flama ionizante (FID), a una temperatura de 210 °C, con un flujo de H2 de 40 ml min-1 y un flujo de aire de 450 ml min-1. Los estándares (Sigma-Aldrich) se utilizaron en concentraciones diferentes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">cuadro 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Cuadro 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Concentraciones de estándares empleadas en cromatografía de gases para la caracterización química del extracto hidroalcohólico de <italic>Crotón draco</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Estándar</td>
									<td align="justify">Timol (mg ml<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
									<td align="justify">Carvacrol (mg ml<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
									<td align="justify">Linalol (mg ml<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
									<td align="justify">Terpineno (mg ml<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
									<td align="justify">Limoneno (mg ml<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">1</td>
									<td align="center">10.373</td>
									<td align="center">8.284</td>
									<td align="center">7.744</td>
									<td align="center">7.154</td>
									<td align="center">8.496</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">2</td>
									<td align="center">5.186</td>
									<td align="center">4.142</td>
									<td align="center">3.872</td>
									<td align="center">3.577</td>
									<td align="center">4.248</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">3</td>
									<td align="center">2.593</td>
									<td align="center">2.071</td>
									<td align="center">1.936</td>
									<td align="center">1.789</td>
									<td align="center">2.124</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">4</td>
									<td align="center">1.297</td>
									<td align="center">1.035</td>
									<td align="center">0.968</td>
									<td align="center">0.894</td>
									<td align="center">1.062</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">5</td>
									<td align="center">0.648</td>
									<td align="center">0.518</td>
									<td align="center">0.484</td>
									<td align="center">0.447</td>
									<td align="center">0.531</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">6</td>
									<td align="center">0.324</td>
									<td align="center">0.259</td>
									<td align="center">0.242</td>
									<td align="center">0.224</td>
									<td align="center">0.265</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Actividad antimicrobiana</title>
				<p>La actividad antibacteriana se determinó mediante la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI) y la Concentración Mínima Bactericida (CMB) para el extracto, siguiendo las especificaciones del CLSI., (2012). Las pruebas de actividad antimicrobiana se llevaron a cabo con las cepas ATCC, <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> ATCC <sup>6538</sup>, <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> ATCC <sup>35218</sup>
 <italic>, Pseudomona aeruginosa</italic> ATCC <sup>9027</sup>
 <italic>, Salmonella typhi</italic> ATCC <sup>14028</sup>
 <italic>, Salmonella cholerasuis</italic> ATCC <sup>10708</sup>
 <italic>, Listeria monocytogenes</italic> ATCC <sup>19113</sup> y <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> ATCC <sup>6633</sup>, las cuales fueron reactivadas en Agar Muller Hinton (BD Bioxon), se corroboró la pureza de las cepas por medio de la tinción de Gram. </p>
				<p>Una vez confirmada la morfología de la bacteria se inoculó una colonia en caldo nutritivo (BD Bioxon), el cual fue incubado en agitación constante (70rpm) por 24 horas a 37ºC. Trascurrido el tiempo de incubación, el inóculo se ajustó con caldo nutritivo al 0.5 del patrón de turbidez de McFarland (Remel, R20421), el cual corresponde a 150 x 10<sup>6</sup> cel/ml.</p>
				<p>Para la determinación de la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI) se utilizó el método de microdilución en placa; las concentraciones evaluadas fueron: 400, 200 100, 50, 25, 12.50, 6.25, 3.12 mg/ml, para las cepas a evaluar. Cada concentración fue preparada con caldo nutritivo (BD Bioxon). El tratamiento se realizó por triplicado en una placa de 96 pozos, se colocaron 100 μl de cada una de las diluciones más 10 μl de la suspensión bacteriana previamente ajustada a 0.5 de McFarland. Una vez realizada la inoculación la placa se incubó a 37°C durante 24 horas a 70 rpm en agitación constante. El control positivo fue Kanamicina (AppliChem 4K10421) a concentraciones de 64, 32, 16, 8.0, 4.0, 2.0, 1.0 y 0.5 µg/ml. Se utilizó caldo nutritivo como control negativo.</p>
				<p>Para determinar el punto final de la CMI se empleó un método colorimétrico basado en el uso de sales de tetrazolium, según lo descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Balouiri <italic>et al.,</italic> (2016)</xref>. Una vez transcurrido el tiempo de incubación se agregaron 20 μl de una solución al 0.04% (w/v) de p-iodonitrotetrazolium (Sigma-Aldrich I8377) en cada pozo; se incubó por 30 minutos a 37°C y se realizó la lectura, determinándose como la concentración mínima inhibitoria; aquella a la cual la solución vira a rosa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Kaewpiboon <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Mothana <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>).</p>
				<p>Para determinar la Concentración Mínima Bactericida (CMB), previa adición del <italic>p</italic>-iodonitrotetrazolium, se inocularon 5 μl de cada pozo en agar Mueller Hinton, para posteriormente incubar a 37°C durante 24 horas. Trascurrido el tiempo de incubación se verificó el crecimiento de las bacterias para determinar la concentración mínima bactericida del extracto, fracción o metabolito; considerándose como CMB, la concentración a la cual no se observó crecimiento bacteriano en la placa.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>Los datos obtenidos fueron normalizados y analizados mediante un análisis de varianza y una comparación de medias por Tukey, a un nivel de confianza del 95 %; con el paquete estadístico Minitab 18.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>Caracterización química del extracto hidroalcohólico de <italic>Crotón draco</italic>
</bold></title>
				<p>Los ensayos de caracterización cualitativa realizados al extracto hidroalcohólico de <italic>Crotón draco,</italic> indican la presencia de compuestos fenólicos (cumarinas, flavonoides y flavonas), terpenos (sesquiterpenos), saponinas y alcaloides.</p>
				<p>El análisis en el cromatógrafo de gases del extracto hidroalcohólico de <italic>Crotón draco</italic> determinó la presencia de timol y carvacrol en concentraciones de 0.5340 mg/ml y 0.4206 mg/ml respectivamente; sin determinar la presencia de Linalol, terpineno y limoneno.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Actividad antibacteriana</title>
				<p>En la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI) del extracto de hidroalcohólico de <italic>Crotón draco,</italic> se determinaron diferencias estadísticas significativas (<italic>P</italic>≤0.05) entre las bacterias evaluadas, la CMI para <italic>E. coli</italic>, <italic>S. typhi</italic>, <italic>S. cholerasuis</italic>, <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic> fue de 100 mg/ml; sin encontrar diferencias estadísticas, para <italic>L. monocytogenes</italic> de 50 mg/ml con diferencias significativas con respecto al resto de las bacterias evaluadas y de 25 mg/ml para <italic>S. aureus</italic>, <italic>B. subtillis;</italic> mostrando diferencias estadísticas con las bacterias antes mencionadas. Por otra parte, las CMI para las bacterias evaluadas mostraron diferencias estadísticas significativas con respecto a la CMI del control con Kanamicina, como se muestra en el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">cuadro 2</xref>. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Cuadro 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria y Concentración Mínima Bactericida del extracto hidroalcohólico de <italic>Crotón draco,</italic> sobre bacterias de importancia sanitaria</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify"> </th>
									<th align="justify" colspan="2">Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria </th>
									<th align="justify" colspan="2">Concentración Mínima Bactericida </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">Bacteria evaluada</th>
									<th align="justify">EHCD (mg/mL)</th>
									<th align="justify">Kanamicina (µg/mL)</th>
									<th align="justify">EHCD (mg/mL)</th>
									<th align="justify">Kanamicina (µg/mL)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>E. coli</italic></td>
									<td align="center">100<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">200<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>S. typhi</italic></td>
									<td align="center">100<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">200<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>S.cholerasuis</italic></td>
									<td align="center">100<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">200<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>P. aeruginosa</italic></td>
									<td align="center">100<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">16</td>
									<td align="center">200<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">32</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>L. monocytogenes</italic></td>
									<td align="center">50<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">100<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>B. subtillis</italic></td>
									<td align="center">25<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.5</td>
									<td align="center">50<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>S. aureus</italic></td>
									<td align="center">25<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">50<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>P</italic> value</td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">0.0001</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>EHCD; extracto hidroalcóholico de <italic>Croton draco</italic>, diferentes literales <sup>a,b,c</sup> en las columnas indican diferencias estadísticas significativas (<italic>P</italic>≤0.05)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>En la Concentración Mínima Bactericida (CMB) del extracto de hidroalcohólico de
						<italic>Crotón draco,</italic> se determinaron diferencias estadísticas
					significativas (p≥0.05) entre las bacterias evaluadas, la CMB para <italic>E.
						coli</italic>, <italic>S. typhi</italic>, <italic>S. cholerasuis</italic>,
						<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic> fue de 200 mg/ml; sin encontrar diferencias
					estadísticas entre estas, para <italic>L. monocytogenes</italic> de 100 mg/ml
					con diferencias significativas con respecto al resto de las bacterias evaluadas,
					y de 50 mg/ml para <italic>S. aureus</italic>, <italic>B. subtillis;</italic>
					mostrando diferencias estadísticas con las bacterias antes mencionadas. Por otra
					parte, las CMB para las bacterias evaluadas mostraron diferencias estadísticas
					significativas (<italic>P</italic>≤0.05) con respecto a la CMB del control
					positivo (Kanamicina), como se muestra en el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2"
						>cuadro 2</xref>.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Actualmente, la aparición de bacterias resistentes o multirrestentes a fármaco antibacterianos, representa un grave problema de salud pública a nivel mundial; esta problemática requiere una vigilancia constante, situación que desafía a la comunidad científica para la búsqueda de alternativas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Lai <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). La disminución de la eficacia y el aumento de la toxicidad de los antimicrobianos sintéticos agravan el problema; por lo que los científicos están buscando compuestos naturales para obtener soluciones. Al respecto la medicina tradicional basada en el uso de plantas medicinales representan una alternativa para el tratamiento de enfermedades causadas por bacterias resistentes o multirrestentes, tanto en humanos como animales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Valle <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>Los resultados de la caracterización cualitativa del extracto hidroalcohólico de <italic>Crotón draco,</italic> indica la presencia de compuestos fenólicos (cumarinas, flavonoides y flavonas), terpenos (sesquiterpenos), saponinas y alcaloides; metabolitos que han sido reportados en otras plantas con actividad antibacteriana, según la literatura: cumarinas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Souzaa <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>), flavonoides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Cushnie <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>), sesquiterpenos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Barrero <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>), saponinas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Mandal <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>) y alcaloides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cushnie <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). </p>
			<p>Por otro lado, la caracterización química por medio de cromatografía de gases, permitió determinar la presencia de timol (0.5340 mg/ml) y carvacrol (0.4206 mg/ml); compuestos con actividad antibacteriana de acuerdo con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Du <italic>et al</italic>., (2005)</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Salatino <italic>et al</italic>., (2007)</xref> reportó una caracterización cualitativa y química de diferentes especies del género <italic>Crotón</italic>, la cual coincide con la caracterización del extracto evaluado en el presente experimento. </p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Peres <italic>et al</italic>., (1997)</xref> reportó la actividad antibacteriana del extracto metanólico de <italic>Crotón urucurana</italic>; determinado una mejor actividad del extracto contra bacterias Gram positivas (<italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>). Resultado que concuerdan con los obtenidos en la presente investigación, ya que las concentraciones más bajas de CMI y CMB fueron frente a las cepas Gram positivas de <italic>L. monocytogenes</italic> (50 mg/ml CMI, 100 mg/ml CMB), <italic>B. subtillis</italic> y <italic>S. aureus</italic> (25 mg/ml CMI, 50 mg/ml CMB). Lo cual puede explicarse debido a que la membrana externa de las bacterias Gram negativas actúa como una barrera selectiva que limita la entrada de antibacterianos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cabrera <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>). </p>
			<p>Estudios similares realizados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Selowa <italic>et al</italic>., (2009)</xref>, reportan la actividad antibacteriana de los extractos metanolicos de <italic>Crotón salvatycus</italic>, <italic>C. megalobotrys</italic>, <italic>C. steenkapianus</italic>, contra <italic>E. coli</italic>, <italic>S. aureus</italic> y <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>, siendo <italic>C. steenkapianus;</italic> el único inactivo frente a <italic>E. coli</italic> y <italic>S. aureus.</italic> Caso contrario a <italic>Crotón draco</italic>, el cual mantiene actividad frente a estas especies bacterianas; esta diferencia puede deberse a que los compuestos y las concentraciones de los mismos cambian dependiendo del género, especie, estado fenológico, situaciones de estrés y localización geográfica de la planta; además de la técnica utilizada para la extracción y concentración de metabolitos secundarios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hernández-Alvarado <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). </p>
			<p>Aunque en el presente experimento no se determinó el mecanismo de acción, el mecanismo de acción al cual se asocia la actividad antibacteriana de las cumarinas, flavonoides, sesquiterpenos, saponinas y alcaloides, se debe a su capacidad para afectar la permeabilidad de la membrana celular de las bacterias Gram positivas y Gram negativas; disminuir el pH citoplasmático y causar una hiperpolarización de la membrana celular, de acuerdo con lo publicado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Gonelimali <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Los resultados indican que en el extracto hidroalcohólico de <italic>Crotón draco,</italic> contiene metabolitos con potencial actividad antibacteriana; abriendo así la posibilidad de ser utilizado como un fitofármaco capaz de actuar frente a bacterias de importancia sanitaria; sin embargo, se recomienda en estudios futuros aislar y evaluar el o los compuestos que le confieren dicha actividad con cepas de colección y cepas aisladas de campo con resistencia a diferentes antibióticos.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Antibacterial activity of the <italic>Croton draco</italic> hidroalcoholic extract on bacteria of sanitary importance</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) mentions that the inappropriate use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of strains of resistant bacteria to the mechanisms of action of these drugs, due to the scarcity of effective therapies, the development of new treatment options is required for diseases that affect health, in this respect plant extracts or their pure compounds offer an alternative. The aim of the present investigation was to characterize and evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of <italic>Croton draco</italic> on bacteria of sanitary importance. The extract was obtained by hydroalcoholic maceration, a qualitative and chemical characterization of the extract was carried out, and the antibacterial activity was determined by the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The qualitative characterization tests performed on the hydroalcoholic extract of <italic>Croton draco</italic> indicate the presence of phenolic compounds, terpenes, saponins and alkaloids, by gas chromatography the presence of thymol and carvacrol was determined in concentrations of 0.5340 mg/ml and 0.4206 mg/mL respectively. The bacteria showed different degrees of sensitivity to the hydroalcoholic extract, however, greater activity was determined against Gram positive bacteria such as <italic>Listeria monocytogenes</italic>, <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> and <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic>.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Croton draco</kwd>
				<kwd>Hydroalcoholic extract</kwd>
				<kwd>Antibacterial</kwd>
				<kwd>Minimum Inhibitory Concentration</kwd>
				<kwd>Minimum Bactericidal Concentration</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) mentions that the inappropriate use of antibiotics, has led to the emergence of bacteria strains resistant to the mechanisms of action of these drugs, this is an alarming situation for both human health and animal health (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">OIE, 2016</xref>), due to the lack of effective therapies. It requires the development of new treatment options for diseases that affect health, plant extracts or their pure compounds offer a potential alternative for the development of new antimicrobial treatments that can be used for the control of pathogenic microorganisms, due to the presence of metabolites or compounds that inhibit growth or cause their death (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lavor <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Upadhyay <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>In this regard <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Maxia <italic>et al</italic>., (2005)</xref> mention that there are ethno-veterinary practices by farmers and shepherds, based on knowledge transmitted from generation to generation. On the other hand <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Martínez and Jiménez-Escobar (2017)</xref>, documented a total of 62 ethno-veterinary practices; highlighting the use of plants for the treatment of wounds, ocular and digestive conditions, practices associated with 44 plant species belonging to 30 botanical families; among which the genus <italic>Croton</italic> (<italic>Croton lanatus</italic>) stands out.</p>
				<p>Dragon's blood, bloody or dragon's blood (La sangre de dragón, sangregado o sangre de dragon according its name in Spanish (<italic>Croton draco</italic>)), is one of the bushes used in traditional medicine by different cultures of the world; some of its ethno-medicinal uses are: hemostatic, antidiarrheal, antiulcer, antiviral, healing, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial, among others (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Gupta <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>).</p>
				<p>In Mexico, this plant is attributed a lot of healing properties, such as those mentioned above, due to the wide range of secondary metabolites it has, such as: alkaloids, tannins, diterpenes and volatile oils (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Salatino <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>); however, studies are required to determine the concentrations at which it presents its pharmacological effect and the compounds to which the pharmacological properties can be attributed.</p>
				<p>Studies conducted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Peres <italic>et al</italic>., (1997</xref>), show that extracts of some <italic>Croton</italic> species show inhibitory activity against <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> and <italic>Salmonella typhimuryum</italic>. According to the aforementioned, the objective of the present investigation was to perform a qualitative and chemical characterization of the hydroalcoholic extract of <italic>Croton draco</italic>, as well as determine its antibacterial activity (<italic>in vitro</italic>) on bacteria of sanitary importance.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Obtaining the extract</title>
					<p>Samples of plant material from the aerial part of <italic>Croton draco</italic> were collected during the summer (June-August) in the municipality of Huatusco (19 ° 08′56 ″ N 96 ° 57′58 ″ W) belonging to Veracruz state; for the identification of the plant, the herbarium of the National Autonomous University of Mexico was consulted, and the plant specimen was identified as <italic>Croton draco</italic> subsp. <italic>draco</italic> (IBUNAM: MEXU: 501697).</p>
					<p>The plant material was dried at room temperature in the absence of light, 250 g of the dried material (crushed) was macerated in a liter of hydroalcoholic solution (70:30, water: methanol), for 48 hours at room temperature in the absence of light. The liquid extract from the maceration was filtered through filter paper and cotton; subsequently the liquid obtained was concentrated under reduced pressure in a rotary evaporator (BÜCHI™ R-210, Flawil, Germany), according to the methodology described by (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Rivero-Pérez <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). The resulting extract was kept refrigerated until further evaluation.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Chemical characterization of the extract</title>
					<p>To the hydroalcoholic extract of <italic>Croton draco</italic>, the qualitative chemical profile was performed according to the procedure described by Bañuelos-Valenzuela <italic>et al</italic>., (2018), in 10 ml Pyrex test tubes. The tests were as follows: KMnO4 test for unsaturations, FeCl3 test for phenolic oxydryls (vegetable tannins), Liebermann-Burchard test for sterols and triterpenes, Salkowski test for sterols and triterpenes, coumarins test, Baljet test for sesquiterpenlactones, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> test for flavonoids, Shinoda test for flavonoids, Dragendorff test for alkaloids, tannin test, floratanino test, steroid test, agitation test, sodium bicarbonate test and Salkowski test for saponins.</p>
					<p>The chemical composition of the hydroalcoholic extract of <italic>Croton draco</italic> was determined according to the methodology described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bañuelos-Valenzuela <italic>et al</italic>., (2018)</xref>, using a gas chromatograph (CG; Agilent Tecnologies series 6890N manufactured in the USA), with a polar column DB_WAXetr, at 250 °C and 12.13 psi, with a flow of He 36.5 ml min<sup>-1</sup> after injection. The conditions for the column were: initial temperature 50 ° C from zero to two min, increasing from 10 in 10 °C until reaching 250 °C, keeping the temperature constant for 5 min and then descending to 50 °C for two min with a flow of He of 1.6 ml min<sup>-1</sup> at a pressure of 12.13 psi and an average speed of 25 cm s<sup>-1</sup>, using an ionizing flame detector (FID), at a temperature of 210 °C, with a flow of H2 of 40 ml min<sup>-1</sup> and an air flow of 450 ml min<sup>-1</sup>. The standards (Sigma-Aldrich) were used in different concentrations (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>). </p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Concentrations of standards used in gas chromatography for the chemical characterization of the hydroalcoholic extract of <italic>Croton draco</italic></title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Standard</td>
										<td align="justify">Timol (mg ml<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
										<td align="justify">Carvacrol (mg ml<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
										<td align="justify">Linalool (mg ml<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
										<td align="justify">Terpinene (mg ml<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
										<td align="justify">Limonene (mg ml<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">1</td>
										<td align="center">10.373</td>
										<td align="center">8.284</td>
										<td align="center">7.744</td>
										<td align="center">7.154</td>
										<td align="center">8.496</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">2</td>
										<td align="center">5.186</td>
										<td align="center">4.142</td>
										<td align="center">3.872</td>
										<td align="center">3.577</td>
										<td align="center">4.248</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">3</td>
										<td align="center">2.593</td>
										<td align="center">2.071</td>
										<td align="center">1.936</td>
										<td align="center">1.789</td>
										<td align="center">2.124</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">4</td>
										<td align="center">1.297</td>
										<td align="center">1.035</td>
										<td align="center">0.968</td>
										<td align="center">0.894</td>
										<td align="center">1.062</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">5</td>
										<td align="center">0.648</td>
										<td align="center">0.518</td>
										<td align="center">0.484</td>
										<td align="center">0.447</td>
										<td align="center">0.531</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">6</td>
										<td align="center">0.324</td>
										<td align="center">0.259</td>
										<td align="center">0.242</td>
										<td align="center">0.224</td>
										<td align="center">0.265</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Antimicrobial activity</title>
					<p>The antibacterial activity was determined by the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for the extract, following the CLSI specifications. (2012). Antimicrobial activity tests were carried out with the ATCC strains, <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> ATCC <sup>6538</sup>, <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> ATCC <sup>35218</sup>, <italic>Pseudomona aeruginosa</italic> ATCC <sup>9027</sup>, <italic>Salmonella typhi</italic> ATCC <sup>14028</sup>, <italic>Salmonella cholerasuis</italic> ATCC <sup>10708</sup>, <italic>Listeria monocytogenes</italic> ATCC <sup>19113</sup> and <italic>Bacillus subill</italic> ATCC <sup>6633</sup> which were reactivated in Muller Hinton Agar (BD Bioxon), the purity of the strains was corroborated by Gram staining.</p>
					<p>Once the morphology of the bacteria was confirmed, a colony was inoculated in nutrient broth (BD Bioxon), which was incubated under constant agitation (70 rpm) for 24 hours at 37 °C. After the incubation time, the inoculum was adjusted with nutrient broth to 0.5 of the McFarland turbidity pattern (Remel, R20421), which corresponds to 150 x 10<sup>6</sup> cell/ml.</p>
					<p>For the determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), the plate microdilution method was used; the concentrations evaluated were: 400, 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.50, 6.25, 3.12 mg/ml, for the strains to be evaluated. Each concentration was prepared with nutrient broth (BD Bioxon). The treatment was carried out in triplicate in a 96-well plate, 100 μl of each of the dilutions plus 10 μl of the bacterial suspension previously adjusted to 0.5 McFarland were placed. After inoculation, the plate was incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours at 70 rpm under constant stirring. The positive control was Kanamycin (AppliChem 4K10421) at concentrations of 64, 32, 16, 8.0, 4.0, 2.0, 1.0 and 0.5 µg/ml. Nutrient broth was used as a negative control.</p>
					<p>To determine the end point of the MIC, a colorimetric method was used based on the use of tetrazolium salts, as described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Balouiri <italic>et al.,</italic> (2016)</xref>. After the incubation time elapsed, 20 µl of a 0.04% (w / v) solution of p-iodonitrotetrazolium (Sigma-Aldrich I8377) was added to each well; it was incubated for 30 minutes at 37 ° C and the reading was performed, determining as the minimum inhibitory concentration; that to which the solution turns pink (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Kaewpiboon <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Mothana <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>).</p>
					<p>To determine the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), after adding <italic>p</italic>-iodonitrotetrazolium, 5 µl of each well was inoculated into Mueller Hinton agar, then incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. After the incubation time, the growth of the bacteria was verified to determine the minimum bactericidal concentration of the extract, fraction or metabolite; considering as MBC, the concentration at which no bacterial growth was observed in the plaque.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>The data obtained were normalized and analyzed by means of an analysis of variance and a comparison of means by Tukey, at a confidence level of 95 %; with the statistical package Minitab 18.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>RESULTS</title>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><bold>Chemical characterization of the hydroalcoholic extract of <italic>Croton draco</italic>
</bold></title>
					<p>Qualitative characterization tests carried out on the hydroalcoholic extract of <italic>Croton draco</italic>, indicate the presence of phenolic compounds (coumarins, flavonoids and flavones), terpenes (sesquiterpenes), saponins and alkaloids.</p>
					<p>The analysis in the gas chromatograph of the hydroalcoholic extract of <italic>Croton draco</italic> determined the presence of thymol and carvacrol in concentrations of 0.5340 mg/ml and 0.4206 mg/ml respectively; without determining the presence of linalool, terpinen and limonene.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Antibacterial activity</title>
					<p>In the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the <italic>Croton draco</italic> hydroalcoholic extract, significant statistical differences (P≤0.05) were determined between the bacteria evaluated, the MIC for <italic>E. coli, S. typhi, S. cholerasuis, P. aeruginosa</italic> was 100 mg/ml; without finding statistical differences, for L. monocytogenes of 50 mg/ml with significant differences with respect to the rest of the bacteria evaluated and of 25 mg/ml for <italic>S. aureus, B. subtillis</italic>; showing statistical differences with the aforementioned bacteria. On the other hand, the MIC for the bacteria evaluated showed significant statistical differences with respect to the MIC of the control with Kanamycin, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of the hydroalcoholic extract of <italic>Croton draco</italic>, on bacteria of sanitary importance</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col span="2"/>
									<col span="2"/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="justify"> </th>
										<th align="justify" colspan="2">Minimum inhibitory concentration </th>
										<th align="justify" colspan="2">Minimum Bactericidal Concentration </th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th align="justify">Bacteria evaluated</th>
										<th align="justify">EHCD (mg/mL)</th>
										<th align="justify">Kanamycin (µg/mL)</th>
										<th align="justify">EHCD (mg/mL)</th>
										<th align="justify">Kanamycin (µg/mL)</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>E. coli</italic></td>
										<td align="center">100<sup>c</sup></td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
										<td align="center">200<sup>c</sup></td>
										<td align="center">8</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>S. typhi</italic></td>
										<td align="center">100<sup>c</sup></td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
										<td align="center">200<sup>c</sup></td>
										<td align="center">8</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>S.cholerasuis</italic></td>
										<td align="center">100<sup>c</sup></td>
										<td align="center">2</td>
										<td align="center">200<sup>c</sup></td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>P. aeruginosa</italic></td>
										<td align="center">100<sup>c</sup></td>
										<td align="center">16</td>
										<td align="center">200<sup>c</sup></td>
										<td align="center">32</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>L. monocytogenes</italic></td>
										<td align="center">50<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">2</td>
										<td align="center">100<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>B. subtillis</italic></td>
										<td align="center">25<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.5</td>
										<td align="center">50<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">1</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>S. aureus</italic></td>
										<td align="center">25<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">2</td>
										<td align="center">50<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><italic>P</italic> value</td>
										<td align="center">0.0001</td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										<td align="center">0.0001</td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2">
									<p>EHCD; Croton draco hydroalcoholic extract, different literals <sup>a,b,c</sup> in the columns indicate significant statistical differences (<italic>P</italic>≤0.05)</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>In the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the <italic>Croton draco</italic> hydroalcoholic extract, significant statistical differences (p≥0.05) were determined between the bacteria evaluated, the MBC for <italic>E. coli, S. typhi, S. cholerasuis, P. aeruginosa</italic> was 200 mg/ml; without finding statistical differences between them, for <italic>L. monocytogenes</italic> of 100 mg/ml with significant differences with respect to the rest of the bacteria evaluated, and of 50 mg/ml for <italic>S. aureus, B. subtillis</italic>; showing statistical differences with the aforementioned bacteria. On the other hand, the MBC for the bacteria evaluated showed significant statistical differences (P≤0.05) with respect to the MBC of the positive control (Kanamycin), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>Currently, the emergence of bacteria resistant or multi-drug resistant to antibacterial drugs represents a serious public health problem worldwide; this problem requires constant vigilance, a situation that challenges the scientific community for the search for alternatives (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Lai <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Decreased efficacy and increased toxicity of synthetic antimicrobials aggravate the problem; so scientists are looking for natural compounds to get solutions. In this regard, traditional medicine based on the use of medicinal plants represents an alternative for the treatment of diseases caused by resistant or multirestant bacteria, both in humans and animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Valle <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>The results of the qualitative characterization of the hydroalcoholic extract of <italic>Croton draco,</italic> indicates the presence of phenolic compounds (coumarins, flavonoids and flavones), terpenes (sesquiterpenes), saponins and alkaloids; metabolites that have been reported in other plants with antibacterial activity, according to the literature: coumarins (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Souzaa <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>), flavonoids (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Cushnie <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>), sesquiterpenes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Barrero <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>), saponins (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Mandal <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>) and alkaloids (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cushnie <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>On the other hand, the chemical characterization by means of gas chromatography, allowed to determine the presence of thymol (0.5340 mg/ml) and carvacrol (0.4206 mg/ml); compounds with antibacterial activity according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Du <italic>et al</italic>., (2005)</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Salatino <italic>et al</italic>., (2007</xref>) reported a qualitative and chemical characterization of different species of the <italic>Croton</italic> genus, which coincides with the characterization of the extract evaluated in the present experiment.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Peres <italic>et al</italic>., (1997</xref>) reported the antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract of Croton urucurana; determined a better activity of the extract against Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). Results that are consistent with those obtained in the present investigation, since the lowest concentrations of MIC and MBC were compared to the Gram positive strains of <italic>L. monocytogenes</italic> (50 mg / ml MIC, 100 mg/ml MBC), <italic>B. subtillis</italic> and <italic>S. aureus</italic> (25 mg/ml MIC, 50 mg/ml MBC). This can be explained because the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria acts as a selective barrier that limits the entry of antibacterials (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cabrera <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>).</p>
				<p>Similar studies by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Selowa <italic>et al</italic>., (2009)</xref>, report the antibacterial activity of the methanol extracts of <italic>Croton salvatycus, C. megalobotrys, C. steenkapianus</italic>, against <italic>E. coli</italic>, <italic>S. aureus</italic> and <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>, being <italic>C. steenkapianus</italic> ; the only one inactive against <italic>E. coli</italic> and <italic>S. aureus</italic>. Case contrary to <italic>Croton draco</italic>, which maintains activity against these bacterial species; This difference may be due to the fact that the compounds and their concentrations change depending on the genus, species, phenological state, stress situations and geographical location of the plant; in addition to the technique used for the extraction and concentration of secondary metabolites (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hernández-Alvarado <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>Although in the present experiment the mechanism of action was not determined, the mechanism of action to which the antibacterial activity of coumarins, flavonoids, sesquiterpenes, saponins and alkaloids is associated, is due to its ability to affect the permeability of the cell membrane of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria; Decrease the cytoplasmic pH and cause hyperpolarization of the cell membrane, according to what was published by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Gonelimali <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The results indicate that in the hydroalcoholic extract of <italic>Croton draco,</italic> it contains metabolites with potential antibacterial activity; thus opening the possibility of being used as a phyto-pharmaceutical capable of acting against bacteria of sanitary importance; however, it is recommended in future studies to isolate and evaluate the compound (s) that confer said activity with collection strains and isolated field strains with resistance to different antibiotics.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>