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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2019.928</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00128</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Respuesta conductual de bovinos productores de carne en finalización intensiva en clima desértico cálido</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9424-3235</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Romo-Valdez</surname>
						<given-names>Ana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3320-7097</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pérez-Linares</surname>
						<given-names>Cristina</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4893-7498</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Figueroa-Saavedra</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5990-7841</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Portillo-Loera</surname>
						<given-names>Jesús</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6674-4318</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ríos-Rincón</surname>
						<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, México. e.ana.romo@uas.edu.mx portillo6422@yahoo.com fgrios@uas.edu.mx</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Culiacán</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
				<email>e.ana.romo@uas.edu.mx</email>
				<email>portillo6422@yahoo.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California. Mexicali, México. cristinapl@yahoo.com fernando_figueroa@uabc.edu.mx</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Baja California</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Baja California</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Mexicali</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
				<email>cristinapl@yahoo.com</email>
				<email>fernando_figueroa@uabc.edu.mx</email>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">*Autor responsable y de correspondencia: Ríos-Rincón Francisco. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Blvd. San Ángel s/n, Colonia San Benito, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México. CP 80246.</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2019</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>9</volume>
			<elocation-id>e928</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>10</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="pub">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>La modificación del ambiente natural en la producción de carne bovina puede inducir cambios conductuales en los bovinos. Para valorar la variación diurna de la conducta con base a indicadores de bienestar en bovinos productores de carne en finalización intensiva en clima desértico cálido, se realizó un estudio observacional prospectivo con duración de cuatro semanas. Las pautas conductuales, temperatura ambiental, humedad relativa e índice de temperatura y humedad (ITH) se registraron a las 8:00, 12:00 y 16:00 h. El promedio de la temperatura ambiental fue de 28.7 °C, humedad relativa de 24.1 % e ITH de 72.8 unidades. Durante el periodo de observación, el ganado bovino estuvo sujeto a condición de confort (ITH≤74). A las 12:00 h los indicadores habituales: comer y beber, se encuentran inhibidos (P≤0.01), y el acicalamiento disminuido (8.2 vs. 13.2 x 100; P≤0.01). Cuando el valor del ITH es mayor a 75 unidades los indicadores agonistas: montas, amenazas, signo de Flehmen y topetazos disminuyen sensiblemente a las 12:00 h (P≤0.01). La mayor tasa de jadeos (25 x 10000) se observó a las 12:00 h. La respuesta conductual diurna de los bovinos en finalización intensiva en clima desértico cálido obedece a ritmos biológicos para adaptarse al medio ambiente que asegure su sobrevivencia.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>bienestar animal</kwd>
				<kwd>bovinos</kwd>
				<kwd>ambiente cálido e ITH</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="10"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="2"/>
				<ref-count count="41"/>
				</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La permanencia del ganado bovino en el corral de finalización intensiva puede llegar a alterar o modificar las pautas conductuales características de los bovinos en condiciones naturales, alterando su estado de confort en respuesta a agentes estresores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Ratnakaran <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>); en este sentido, el estrés ha sido utilizado como un indicador en la pérdida de bienestar animal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Mormède <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>). La modificación de los ambientes naturales en la producción de carne bovina y la persistencia de los factores que inducen al estrés en los animales se traduce en una reducción en los indicadores de la productividad; por lo tanto, es necesario valorar las situaciones que pueden ocasionar miedo, dolor, ansiedad, hambre, sed y hasta donde sea posible el sufrimiento durante la permanencia de los bovinos en el corral de finalización (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aluja, 2011</xref>).</p>
			<p>En respuesta a la creciente demanda de proteína de origen animal para satisfacer el incremento dinámico de alimentos por parte de la población humana, los sistemas productivos se han orientado hacia la intensificación; en ello se incluye a la producción de carne bovina; con eso, se limita la capacidad de los bovinos para realizar algunos comportamientos naturales y aumenta la incidencia de agresiones entre animales, cuando las estrategias de intervención no consideran prioritario el bienestar de los bovinos en el corral de engorda. La definición clásica de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Broom (1986)</xref>, afirma que el bienestar de un individuo se relaciona con su estado de comodidad, mientras intenta hacer frente a su entorno. En consonancia con lo anterior, en ambientes climáticos cálidos, los bovinos intentan compensar las condiciones adversas, cambiando pautas conductuales y en cierta medida cambia su respuesta fisiológica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mader <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>). Por tal razón, es importante conocer el tipo de cambios conductuales en ganado bovino, alojado en condiciones intensivas de producción, en regiones donde la temperatura ambiental se encuentra fuera de la zona de termo neutralidad.</p>
			<p>En este sentido se conoce que la temperatura termo neutral de los bovinos productores de carne puede ser muy variada; en bovinos jóvenes la zona de termo neutralidad oscila desde los 7°C hasta los 26 °C; mientras que en vacas maduras y bovinos pesados el rango es de -17 °C en invierno y 23 °C durante el verano, y se relaciona estrechamente con la condición corporal, estado nutricional, longitud, grupo racial y color del pelaje que presenten los bovinos; bajo estas condiciones tienen dificultad para tolerar temperaturas superiores a los 27 °C, especialmente cuando el valor de la humedad relativa es mayor a 40 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Mader <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Arias <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>).</p>
			<p>La disminución de los indicadores de producción animal en regiones cálidas se ve afectada por diversos factores, siendo el principal el estrés, generado por la alta temperatura ambiental (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Renaudeau <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>), en las llamadas “ondas de calor” que implican periodos de calor y humedad relativa, inconfortable por periodos cortos o prolongados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Brown-Brandl <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>).</p>
			<p>Esta respuesta fisiológica se presenta cuando la temperatura ambiental excede la zona termo neutral de los bovinos, lo cual les impide disipar el calor extra (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bernabucci <italic>et al.</italic>, 2010</xref>). Las expresiones conductuales realizadas por los bovinos para mitigar el estrés por calor, van desde la búsqueda de sombra hasta el aislamiento o distanciamiento de sus compañeros, con la finalidad de aumentar la superficie corporal en contacto con el ambiente para realizar el intercambio de calor mediante convección (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alves <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>); del mismo modo en que se puede incrementar la cantidad de agua consumida, llega un estado conductual, donde el animal incrementa su tiempo de ocio, por lo cual actividades como el consumo de agua se disminuye o se modifican para realizarse en horarios frescos durante el día (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ferreira <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>El eje HPA, es la respuesta neuroendocrina, responsable de la regulación de la secreción de GC en la corteza adrenal y de desencadenar las respuestas ante una situación de estrés; esto es solamente una parte del gran sistema central que integra las respuestas comportamentales, neuroendocrinas, autonómicas e inmunes frente a alteraciones en la homeostasis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dallman <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Brown-Brandl <italic>et al.</italic> (2006)</xref>, mencionan que los bovinos bajo estrés por calor, diminuyen su tiempo de consumo de alimento; así como el tiempo en que permanecen echados; también indican que, en estas condiciones los bovinos disminuyen su comportamiento agonista contra sus compañeros de corral, con la finalidad de permanecer inmóviles en lugares más frescos. La conducta de los animales, individualmente o en grupo, varía de acuerdo con factores relacionados con la raza, sexo, temperamento, edad y el sistema de producción (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Arias <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Sampedro y Cabeza, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">OIE, 2013</xref>). En este sentido, el ambiente térmico puede tener una influencia negativa en el bienestar del ganado, pero más allá del impacto directo que el estrés por calor tiene sobre la salud y la productividad de los bovinos; también se debe considerar el impacto económico en los productores de ganado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Lees <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>Con base en lo anterior, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue valorar la variación diurna de la conducta de bovinos productores de carne en finalización intensiva en clima desértico cálido, durante el otoño.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p><bold>Ubicación del lugar de estudio.</bold> El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo en una Unidad de Producción Pecuaria ubicada en el Valle de Mexicali, Baja California, México (32° 39’ 48’’ Latitud Norte y 115° 28’ 04’’ Longitud Oeste, a 8 msnm); según el sistema de clasificación de Köppen, modificado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">García (2004)</xref>, el clima de esta región se clasifica como clima BW(h´) hs (x’), el cual se define como desértico cálido, extremoso en demasía y régimen de lluvias en invierno; la temperatura media anual de la región es de 24.1 °C, la temperatura mínima promedio es de 13.6 °C en el mes de diciembre, y la máxima promedio 34.8 °C durante los meses de junio a julio; la temperatura máxima absoluta es de 49.5 °C y la mínima absoluta es de -6.0 °C; la precipitación pluvial promedio de 75.8 mm anuales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">INEGI, 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p><bold>Tipo de estudio.</bold> Durante el mes de octubre de 2018, época de otoño para el hemisferio norte, se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional prospectivo con duración de cuatro semanas. Durante este tiempo, de un total de 692 corrales que dispone la UPP; de 153 corrales que al momento del estudio y de acuerdo al programa de alimentación se encontraban recibiendo la dieta # 5 (5 de 6 dietas); se eligieron al azar 12 corrales de finalización, los cuales se visitaron diariamente para recabar la información; cabe mencionar que en cada corral se encontraban alojados en promedio 95 bovinos por corral, con peso corporal cercano a los 500 kg.</p>
			<p>La muestra objeto de estudio fue de 1140 bovinos, poco más del 8 % del total de animales en finalización, consumiendo la dieta # 5 del programa de alimentación.</p>
			<p><bold>Variables climáticas.</bold> Durante el periodo experimental, la temperatura ambiental y la humedad relativa fueron registrados mediante termo higrómetros digitales (Avaly Taylor, Modelo VA-EDT-1-55ª, CDMX), colocados en los corrales de engorda objeto de estudio, a la altura de los bovinos, dos metros fuera del área de sombra y en la proximidad de los comederos. El índice de temperatura y humedad (ITH) se calculó mediante la fórmula: <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>I</mml:mi><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mi>H</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.8</mml:mn><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>T</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mfenced open="[" close="]" separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>H</mml:mi><mml:mi>R</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>100</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>1.4</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>46.4</mml:mn></mml:math> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Mader et al., 2006</xref>), donde T es la temperatura ambiental en grados Celsius y HR es la humedad relativa expresada en porcentaje.</p>
			<p><bold>Descripción de instalaciones.</bold> Los bovinos objeto de estudio se alojaron en corrales convencionales para la engorda y finalización: construcción con tubería metálica de 1.60 m de altura, piso de tierra, sombra provista a base de material vegetal típico de la región (Pluchea serícea), colocada a 3.5 m de altura, comedero, banqueta de dos metros lineales en el área de comedero, bebedero automático de mampostería, localizado al fondo de cada corral. Los corrales miden 31 m de largo por 26 m de ancho (806 m2), diseñados para alojar 100 bovinos de un peso promedio de 450 kg al finalizar la engorda (espacio vital de 8.0 m2/bovino).</p>
			<p><bold>Manejo y alimentación de los bovinos.</bold> El protocolo de manejo y alimentación de los bovinos es el que comúnmente se sigue en las engordas tecnificadas del norte de México, que consiste en vacunación, desparasitación y colocación de implantes (acetato de trembolona, estradiol y tilosina). Los bovinos reciben alimentación dos veces al día, de acuerdo con un programa de seis dietas, que básicamente incluyen trigo, heno de Sudán, sebo, granos secos de destilería y premezcla mineral.</p>
			<p><bold>Característica de los bovinos.</bold> Los bovinos incluidos en el presente estudio mostraron las siguientes características, típicas de los corrales de engorda en México: machos, encastados de Cebú, con un componente genético de aproximadamente 60 % Bos indicus, y el resto integrado por Bos taurus proveniente de las razas Simmental, Charoláis y Pardo Suizo, en proporciones no determinadas.</p>
			<p><bold>Evaluación basada en los animales.</bold> En cada visita se registraron las pautas conductuales clasificadas en tres categorías: habituales (A), sociales (B) y agonistas (C), del ganado bovino relacionados con el bienestar animal en los corrales de finalización (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Marti et al., 2015</xref>). La evaluación de las pautas conductuales se realizó durante tres horarios (8:00, 12:00 y 16:00 h). Para visualizar a todos los bovinos se destinó un tiempo de observación de 10 minutos por cada corral.</p>
			<p>El registro de las pautas conductuales se realizó mediante el siguiente procedimiento:</p>
			<p>A) Indicadores habituales: se registró la frecuencia de bovinos: comiendo, bebiendo, rumiando, bajo sombra y de pie.</p>
			<p>B) Indicadores sociales: se registró la frecuencia del comportamiento social, basado en el protocolo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Welfare Quality (2009)</xref>, acicalamientos; esta conducta se registra cuando un bovino toca con su lengua cualquier parte del cuerpo (cara, cabeza, torso, piernas o cola), de otro compañero de grupo, o así mismo; se exceptúa la región anal o el prepucio. Si el actor deja de lamer por más de 10 segundos y luego comienza a lamer al mismo receptor, ésta se registra como una nueva acción y un nuevo evento comienza; también si el actor lame a otro receptor, o si hay un cambio de roles entre actor y receptor.</p>
			<p>C) Indicadores agonistas: se registró la frecuencia de la manifestación de conductas agonistas, como:</p>
			<p>1) Topetazos, como el enfrentamiento frontal entre dos o más bovinos integrantes de un mismo lote.</p>
			<p>2) Amenazas, como el intento de agresión por parte de un bovino de mayor jerarquía, dentro de un grupo social a otro de menor rango jerárquico.</p>
			<p>3) Singo de Flehmen, esta reacción se genera al oler la orina, heces, moco y/o la región de la vulva que contienen feromonas sexuales; durante esta reacción el bovino eleva su cabeza, frunce la nariz, contrae y eleva su labio superior y mueve la lengua y la coloca sobre la parte anterior del paladar para frotar la papila incisiva del paladar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Doving y Trotier, 1998</xref>).</p>
			<p>4) En los indicadores agonistas también se registró la frecuencia de montas.</p>
			<p>En los bovinos objeto de estudio se registró en cada horario (8:00, 12:00 y 16:00 h), la frecuencia de jadeo.</p>
			<p><bold>Análisis estadístico.</bold> Las variables climáticas (temperatura, humedad relativa y valor de ITH) son presentadas con la media, valor mínimo y máximo por semana y general. Para las variables conductuales, la unidad de observación fue cada corral, y los valores registrados se convirtieron a tasas utilizando la fórmula propuesta por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Daniel (2002)</xref>:</p>
			<p>
			<disp-formula id="e1">	
				<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>a</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>b</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mi>k</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:math>
			</disp-formula>
			</p>
				<p>𝑎= la frecuencia con la cual se ha presentado un evento durante algún periodo específico.</p>
			<p>𝑎 + 𝑏= el número de bovinos expuestos al riesgo del evento durante el mismo periodo.</p>
			<p>𝑘= algún número, como 100, 1 000 o 10 000.</p>
			<p>Enseguida, se generaron histogramas para observar la distribución de las frecuencias; estos fueron realizados con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Minitab 16.0 (Minitab, 2000</xref>). Seguido de esto, se utilizó el procedimiento UNIVARIATE opción NORMAL de SAS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">SAS, 2002</xref>), para conocer la aproximación a la distribución normal de las tasas con la prueba de normalidad de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S). Se realizó transformación Arcoseno raíz cuadrada; una vez transformadas las tasas se utilizó nuevamente el procedimiento UNIVARIATE opción NORMAL de SAS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">SAS, 2002</xref>), para saber si se logró una aproximación a la distribución normal de las tasas transformadas, mediante la prueba de normalidad de K-S. Al no obtener normalidad en las tasas transformadas, se realizó el procedimiento descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Herrera y Barreras (2005)</xref>, empleando el procedimiento RANK (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">SAS, 2002</xref>), para calcular rangos, y a estos aplicarles análisis de la varianza con el procedimiento GLM, declarando el modelo lineal general 𝑌<sub>
 <italic>𝑖𝑗</italic>
</sub> = 𝜇 + 𝐻<sub>
 <italic>𝑖</italic>
</sub> + 𝜀<sub>
 <italic>𝑖𝑗</italic>
</sub> :</p>
			<p>Donde:</p>
			<p>Y<sub>ijk</sub>= Rangos de la tasa para la variable conductual</p>
			<p>μ= La media general</p>
			<p>𝐻<sub>𝑖</sub>= El efecto fijo de la i-ésima hora de observación</p>
			<p>𝜀<sub>𝑖𝑗</sub>= El error aleatorio</p>
			<p>La tendencia en las pautas conductuales en bovinos en finalización intensiva de acuerdo con la hora del día, se analizó mediante polinomios ortogonales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">SAS, 2002</xref>). Los resultados en los cuadros se presentan con la mediana, valor mínimo, valor máximo y rango intercuartílico de las tasas; se presentan gráficas de regresión elaboradas en <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Minitab 18.0 (Minitab, 2000)</xref>. En todos los análisis se utilizó un alfa de 0.05 para aceptar diferencia estadística.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>En el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">cuadro 1</xref>, se muestran los resultados correspondientes a temperatura ambiental, humedad relativa e ITH, registrada durante el periodo de observación en los corrales de finalización intensiva.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Promedio de la temperatura ambiental, humedad relativa e índice de calor y humedad durante el periodo de observación</title>
					</caption>
					<table style="border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0">
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="4" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Temperatura °C</td>
								<td colspan="4" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Humedad relativa, %</td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">ITH<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">
									<sup>1</sup></xref></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Semana<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">
									<sup>2</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Mín.</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Máx.</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Media</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Mín.</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Máx.</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Media</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Mín.</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Máx.</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Media</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">20.2</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">34.9</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">28.9</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">20.0</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">28.0</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">24.0</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">64.2</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">79.2</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">73.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">20.2</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">33.5</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">27.0</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">22.0</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">28.0</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">24.8</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">64.1</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">77.8</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">71.1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">3</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">21.5</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">38.4</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">31.1</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">22.0</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">26.0</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">23.5</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">65.3</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">82.9</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">75.2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">4</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">18.9</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">36.1</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">27.7</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">22.0</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">28.0</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">24.2</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">62.7</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">80.1</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">71.8</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">General<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">
									<sup>3</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">18.9</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">38.4</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">28.7</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">20.0</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">28.0</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">24.1</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">62.7</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">82.9</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">72.8</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>ITH= Índice de Temperatura y Humedad; Mín.= Mínimo; Máx.= Máximo.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p><sup>1</sup>ITH= [0.8 x temperatura ambiente] + [(% de humedad relativa /100) x (temperatura ambiente - 14.4)] + 46.4 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Mader et al., 2006</xref>); confort THI &lt; 74; alerta 75 &gt; THI &lt; 78; peligro 79 &gt;THI &lt; 83; y emergencia THI &gt; 84. <sup>2</sup>Para cada semana, n=90. <sup>3</sup>General, n=360.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Se observa que la temperatura general promedio durante el periodo de observación fue de 28.7 °C, con máxima de 38.4° C y mínima de 18.9 °C; para el caso de la humedad relativa, la media general fue de 24.1 %, con máxima de 28 y mínima de 20 %. El ITH promedio general fue de 72.8 unidades, con máxima de 82.9 y mínima de 62.7 unidades.</p>
			<p>En el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">cuadro 2</xref>, se presentan las estadísticas descriptivas de las condiciones ambientales, de acuerdo con el horario de evaluación en los corrales de engorda en finalización intensiva. Se observa que a las 8:00 horas, el valor máximo de ITH fue de 74.2 unidades, a las 12:00 se elevó a 81.9 unidades, y a las 16:00 fue de 82.9 unidades; en tanto que el promedio fue de 68, 75 y 75 unidades, respectivamente.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Estadísticas descriptivas de las condiciones ambientales por horario de evaluación en los corrales de engorda en finalización intensiva de bovinos</title>
					</caption>
					<table style="border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0">
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"/>
								<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">08:00</td>
								<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">12:00</td>
								<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">16:00</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">T<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">
									<sup>1</sup></xref>, °C</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">HR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">
									<sup>2</sup></xref>, %</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">ITH<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">
									<sup>3</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">T<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">
									<sup>1</sup></xref>, °C</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">HR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">
									<sup>2</sup></xref>, %</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">ITH<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">
									<sup>3</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">T<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">
									<sup>1</sup></xref>, °C</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">HR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">
									<sup>2</sup></xref>, %</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">ITH<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">
									<sup>3</sup></xref></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Media</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">23.7</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">26</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">68</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">31.3</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">23</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">75</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">31.2</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">23</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">75</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Valor mínimo</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">18.9</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">24</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">62.7</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">24.4</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">20</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">68.3</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">25.5</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">21</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">69.7</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Valor máximo</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">29.8</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">28</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">74.2</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">37.9</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">26</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">81.9</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">38.4</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">26</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">82.9</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p><sup>1</sup>T: Temperatura; <sup>2</sup>HR: Humedad Relativa; <sup>3</sup>THI = [0.8 x temperatura ambiente] + [(% de humedad relativa /100) x (temperatura ambiente - 14.4)] + 46.4 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Mader et al., 2006</xref>); normal THI &lt; 74; alerta 75 &gt; THI &lt; 78; peligro 79 &gt;THI &lt; 83; y emergencia THI &gt; 84.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>El ITH ha sido ampliamente utilizado como un indicador de la tensión térmica en el ganado bovino (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Gaughan et al., 2008</xref>); este índice combina los valores de humedad relativa y la temperatura ambiental en un valor simple, para estimar el potencial de carga calórica en el ambiente y generalmente se considera como potencialmente estresante para el ganado bovino, cuando el valor de ITH excede de 74 unidades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Igono et al., 1992</xref>).</p>
			<p>Con base en lo anterior, en la Unidad de Producción Pecuaria, ubicada en el Valle de Mexicali, el valor promedio general del ITH se ubicó en 72.8 unidades, con un valor máximo promedio de 82.9 unidades; este valor promedio de ITH significa que los bovinos se encuentran en categoría de confort, aunque el valor cercano a 83 unidades puede indicar que se encuentra en la categoría de peligro, en cierto momento del día, concretamente a las 12:00 y a las 16:00 horas; lo cual se puede interpretar como una estadía temporal de estrés térmico por calor. Tal como se observa en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>, que muestra el efecto cuadrático para el ITH, con su respectiva ecuación de predicción.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Efecto cuadrático para el Índice de temperatura y humedad según la hora de día</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-9-e928-gf1.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Para efectos prácticos, es posible estimar el valor del ITH mediante esta ecuación e interpretar sus resultados en función de los indicadores de bienestar animal, que pueden verse modificados por el efecto combinado de la temperatura ambiental y la humedad relativa. En este caso el 61.5 % de la variación en el ITH depende de la hora del día.</p>
			<p>Al respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Renaudeau et al. (2012)</xref> aseveran que los bovinos sufren inconvenientes en relación con confort, y su función productiva puede afectarse, toda vez que en los sistemas de producción intensiva los bovinos tienen más restringidos los mecanismos fisiológicos, para hacer frente al exceso de calor y a la humedad relativa alta, y así mantener la termoneutralidad. En tal sentido, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hahn et al. (2003)</xref> refieren que el comportamiento de los bovinos debe ser monitoreado durante diversos periodos de tiempo (semanas o meses), para conocer e interpretar el desarrollo de su respuesta conductual y otras medidas de desempeño en función del valor del ITH.</p>
			<p>En el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">cuadro 3</xref>, se presentan resultados de los indicadores habituales y sociales relacionados al bienestar de bovinos productores de carne en finalización intensiva. Se observa que con base al valor de ITH, a las 8:00 h el ganado bovino se encuentra en la categoría de confort; sin embargo, a las 12:00 y 16:00 h, el valor de ITH indica que se encuentra en la categoría alerta (ITH &gt; 75 unidades; P ≤ 0.01), en función del estrés por calor.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Cuadro 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Indicadores habituales y sociales relacionados al bienestar de bovinos productores de carne en finalización intensiva en condiciones ambientales cálidas y secas</title>
					</caption>
					<table style="border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0">
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="5" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Indicadores conductuales<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>2</sup></xref></td>
								<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Indicador social<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>2</sup></xref></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Hora</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">ITH<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">
									<sup>1</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Montas<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>3</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Amenazas<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>3</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Flehmen<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>3</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Topetazos<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4"><sup>4</sup></xref></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">8:00</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">67.7</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">11.4</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">10.3</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">29.7</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">82.5</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">4.1</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">10.1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">Min</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">11.9</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">10.1</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">Max</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">56.6</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">94.6</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">82.6</td>
								<td colspan="2">100.0 21.6</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">21.6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">IQR</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">17.4</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">10.9</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">23.5</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">22.6</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">6.1</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">6.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">12:00</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">75.3</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.0</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">71.4</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">28.3</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">8.1</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">8.2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">Min</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">23.2</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">7.0</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.0</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">Max</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">26.3</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">40.8</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">98.1</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">99.0</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">19.2</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">24.3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">IQR</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">3.1</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">10.1</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">25.0</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">19.3</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">5.3</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">4.2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">16:00</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">75.2</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">11.6</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">10.1</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">34.3</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">63.9</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">6.1</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">13.2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">Min</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.0</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">9.1</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">14.9</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">Max</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">26.2</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">51.6</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">83.5</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">96.1</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">17.6</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">27.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">IQR</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">7.1</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">20.0</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">26.4</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">25.5</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">4.3</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">5.9</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"/>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"/>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
								<td colspan="3" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Polinomios ortogonales</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"/>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Efecto lineal</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.08</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.10</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.14</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Efecto cuadrático</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>ITH: Índice de Temperatura y Humedad; IQR: rango intercuartílico. <sup>1</sup>Medias, error estándar de las medias conjunto para hora es 0.26, n=120. <sup>2</sup>Medianas; para hora n=120. <sup>3</sup>Taza x100. <sup>4</sup>Taza x 1000. <sup>abc</sup> Literales diferentes en la misma columna dentro de hora indican diferencia estadística (P≤0.01).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Los bovinos estuvieron con mayor (P &lt; 0.05) frecuencia, comiendo, tomando agua y en posición de pie a las 8:00 y 16:00 h; mientras que a las 12:00 la mayoría (P &lt; 0.05) de bovinos estuvieron echados y rumiando bajo la sombra; el comportamiento de acicalamiento fue mayor (P &lt; 0.05) a las 16:00 h, seguido de las 8:00 h (P &lt; 0.05) y más bajo (P &lt; 0.05) a las 12:00 h. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Pereyra et al. (2010)</xref>, refieren que cuando los bovinos se encuentran expuestos a condiciones adversas a su estado de confort, disminuyen actividades habituales, tales como comer, beber y caminar. Bajo la condición climática de la región donde se ubica la UPP, la tendencia de los bovinos es a disminuir sus actividades habituales; tal como se muestra en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2</xref>, la cual muestra el efecto cuadrático para la variable bovinos comiendo, según la hora del día. Un 27.8 % de la variación de los bovinos comiendo depende de la hora del día.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Efecto cuadrático para bovinos comiendo según la hora del día</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-9-e928-gf2.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>En la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figura 3</xref>, se muestra el efecto cuadrático para la variable bovinos bajo la sombra, según la hora del día. El incremento del número de bovinos bajo la sombra coincide cuando el valor del ITH tiende a incrementarse, por lo que buscan refugio bajo la sombra, para disminuir el impacto de la radiación solar y reducir la carga de calor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Brown-Brandl et al., 2013</xref>). En el presente estudio, un 47.3 % de la respuesta en esta variable depende de la hora del día.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Efecto cuadrático para bovinos bajo sombra según la hora del día</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-9-e928-gf3.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>En la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">figura 4</xref>, se muestra el efecto cuadrático de la variable bovinos de pie de acuerdo con la hora del día; a las 12:00 horas, los bovinos además de encontrarse bajo la sombra, se encuentran mayormente echados; se observa que el 52.3 % de la variación en esta variable está en función de la hora del día.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Efecto cuadrático para bovino de pie según la hora del día</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-9-e928-gf4.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Los cambios en el comportamiento conductual de los bovinos confinados en corrales de finalización intensiva, ocurren en función de los factores ambientales, tales como la radiación solar y la temperatura superior a la zona termo neutral, que combinada con alta humedad relativa; generando incremento en la carga calórica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Beretta et al., 2013</xref>); aunque los tipos raciales Bos indicus y Bos taurus, muestran una gran habilidad para mantener la homeotermia, bajo condiciones de estrés calórico, pueden ocurrir modificaciones en su comportamiento conductual habitual (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Beatty et al., 2006</xref>). En este sentido, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Dikmen (2013)</xref> indica que los cambios conductuales de los bovinos ocurren en respuesta al incremento de la temperatura ambiental durante el día.</p>
			<p>Con relación al acicalamiento, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Sato et al. (1991)</xref>, mencionan que es una expresión del comportamiento conductual del bovino, que realiza principalmente con sus congéneres más familiarizados dentro del corral de engorda, para cumplir funciones específicas, tales como efecto de limpieza, reducción de la tensión grupal y efecto de unión.</p>
			<p>En el presente estudio, las tasas de acicalamiento fueron diferentes en cada horario (10.1 vs. 8.2 vs. 13.2; P&lt;0.01), a las 8:00, 12:00 y 16:00 h, respectivamente. La menor tasa de acicalamiento observada a las 12:00 h, puede tener relación con que no todos los bovinos aceptan este tipo de comportamiento social, y comúnmente son los subordinados quienes acicalan a los bovinos dominantes; ocurre comúnmente momentos después de que el alimento ha sido servido, aunque esta actividad también puede ser nocturna (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Val-Laillet et al., 2009</xref>).</p>
			<p>En el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">cuadro 4</xref>, se presentan los resultados correspondientes a los indicadores agonistas, relacionados al bienestar animal de bovinos productores de carne en confinamiento bajo condiciones ambientales desérticas y secas. Se observó que la tasa de expresión de los indicadores agonistas: montas, amenazas, signo de Flehmen y topetazos, se manifiesta inhibida a partir de las 12:00 h (P &lt; 0.01), con relación a la tasa de expresión observada a las 8:00 h. A esta hora, los bovinos se encuentran en condiciones de confort (ITH 67.7 unidades); sin embargo, a medida que este indicador se incrementa (75.2 unidades), la tasa de expresión agonista disminuye.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Cuadro 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Indicadores agonistas relacionados al bienestar de bovinos productores de carne en finalización intensiva en condiciones ambientales cálidas y secas</title>
					</caption>
					<table style="border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0">
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="6" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Indicadores conductuales</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Hora</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"> ITH<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5"><sup>1</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"> Montas<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5"><sup>3</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"> Amenazas<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5"><sup>3</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"> Flehmen<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5"><sup>3</sup></xref></td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"> Topetazos<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5"><sup>4</sup></xref></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">8:00</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 67.7 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 3.1 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 3.1 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 3.5 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 12.0 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;"> Min </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 0.0 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 0.0 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 0.0 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 0.0 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;"> Max </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 52.6 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 10.1 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 15.5 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 155.3 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">155.3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;"> IQR </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 5.0 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 3.1 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 3.1 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 31.3 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">31.3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;"> 12:00 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 75.3 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 0.0 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 2.0 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 2.0 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 0.0 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;"> Min </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 0.0 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 0.0 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 0.0 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 0.0 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;"> Max </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">
 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 19.6 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 8.1 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 9.5 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">94.6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;"> IQR </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">
 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 2.1 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 2.1 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 3.0 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">30.3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;"> 16:00 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 75.2 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 1.0 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 3.1 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 2.6 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 26.4 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;"> Min </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">
 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 0.0 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 0.0 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 0.0 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;"> Max </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">
 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 21.7 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 14.4 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 11.3 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">113.4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;"> IQR </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">
 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 2.6 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 3.1 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 2.6 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">26.4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">
 </td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">
 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> Polinomios ortogonales </td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">
 </td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">
 </td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;"> Efecto lineal </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 0.01 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 0.01 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 0.90 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 0.78 </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"> 0.01 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: left;"> Efecto cuadrático </td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"> 0.01 </td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"> 0.01 </td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"> 0.01 </td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"> 0.01 </td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"> 0.01 </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<p>ITH: Índice de Temperatura y Humedad; IQR: rango intercuartílico. <sup>1</sup>Medias, error estándar de las medias conjunto para hora es 0.26, n=120. 2Medianas; para hora n=120. 3Taza x100. <sup>4</sup>Taza x1000. <sup>abc</sup> Literales diferentes en la misma columna dentro de hora indican diferencia estadística (P≤0.01).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Este tipo de comportamiento agonista clasificado como intraespecífico, ocurre cuando los bovinos se unen para defender su espacio, mediante la manifestación de conductas agresivas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">McGlone, 1986</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rao et al. (2015)</xref>, afirman que el comportamiento agonista es definido como un esfuerzo por adaptarse a diferentes condiciones internas o externas, en respuesta a un estímulo; en ello se incluye los de tipo ambiental y la magnitud de la respuesta corresponde a la naturaleza del estímulo.</p>
			<p>En la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">figura 5</xref>, se muestra la frecuencia de jadeos en bovinos productores de carne en finalización intensiva, bajo condiciones ambientales desérticas y secas, con respecto a la hora del día. Se observa que la mayor frecuencia de jadeos se registró a las 12:00 (P ≤ 0.01); a esta hora del día la zona de confort termal entra en funcionamiento y se activan mecanismos contra el incremento de la temperatura ambiental (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Roca, 2011</xref>), que a las 8:00 es de 23.7 °C promedio (valor máximo 29.8 °C), y a las 12:00 h es de 31.3 °C promedio (valor máximo 37.9 °C); aunque la humedad relativa es baja (valor promedio 23 %; valor máximo 26 %). El valor del ITH tiende a elevarse y transita de la zona de confort a la zona de peligro. Pese a que el valor del ITH se mantiene elevado, en la reducción de la tasa de jadeos a las 16:00 h, pudo influir la velocidad del viento, ya que ayuda a disminuir los efectos del calor al mejorar los procesos de disipación por vías evaporativas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Silanikove, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Arias et al., 2008</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f5">
					<label>Figura 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Tasa de jadeos de bovinos productores de carne en finalización intensiva en condiciones ambientales desérticas y secas con respecto a la hora del día</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-9-e928-gf5.jpg"/>
					<attrib><sup>abc</sup> Literales diferentes indican diferencia estadística (P≤0.01).</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>En tal sentido, la existencia de las variaciones rítmicas en las funciones fisiológicas, permiten al organismo una respuesta apropiada ante los cambios del medio ambiente, conocida esta reacción como homeostasis reactiva; en esta reacción se incluyen los ritmos circadianos, cuya periodicidad fluctúa alrededor de 24 horas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Scaglione et al., 2003</xref>).</p>
			<p>En suma, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Lees et al. (2019)</xref>, refieren que las respuestas conductuales durante el día incluyen alteraciones de la postura, incluido el aumento de la proporción de tiempo de pie, mayor permanencia en áreas sombreadas o aumento de la búsqueda de sombra; incluida la sombra proporcionada por otros animales; y en conjunto puede influir de manera negativa en el bienestar de los bovinos e impactar en la reducción de la productividad.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La variación diurna de las expresiones conductuales en ganado bovino en confinamiento para producción de carne en forma intensiva, obedecen a los ritmos biológicos para adaptarse al medio ambiente, así como para mantener un orden fisiológico interno que asegure su sobrevivencia en el otoño, bajo condiciones climáticas desérticas.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>IMPLICACIONES</title>
			<p>La valoración de las condiciones climáticas de otoño y su relación con las expresiones conductuales del ganado bovino en confinamiento, implica que mediante su correcta interpretación será posible incidir en la mejora de los indicadores de bienestar y productivos de los bovinos productores de carne en confinamiento, donde se consideren aspectos como alojamiento, espacio vital, disponibilidad de sombra y otros elementos; integrados en un modelo donde se conjugue el interés por el bienestar animal, los efectos del ambiente en la respuesta conductual y productiva y el aspecto económico; de tal manera que al final de la cadena de valor se identifique y reconozca la calidad ética de la carne bovina producida en confinamiento.</p>
			<p>Los resultados de la presente investigación marcan la pauta para la valoración integral de la respuesta conductual y productiva en las épocas de invierno y verano en la región desértica del norte mexicano.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMIENTOS</title>
			<p>Se agradece plenamente el apoyo recibido por parte de directivos, personal operativo y de campo de la Unidad de Producción Pecuaria por las facilidades otorgadas para la realización de la presente investigación, así como también al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT-México), por el otorgamiento de Beca Mixta para realizar estancia de la primera autora en el Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias de la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California.</p>
		</ack>
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		<front-stub>
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				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original articles</subject>
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			<title-group>
				<article-title>Behavioral response of beef cattle in feedlot in warm desert environment</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">*Responsible and correspondence author: Ríos-Rincon Francisco. Faculty of veterinary medicine and zootechnics. Autonomous University of Sinaloa. Blvd. San Angel s/n, Colonia San Benito, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico. CP 80246., cristinapl@yahoo.com, fernando_figueroa@uabc.edu.mx, portillo6422@yahoo.com, fgrios@uas.edu.mx</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>The modification of the natural environment in beef production can induce behavioral changes in cattle. In order to assess the behavioral response based on indicators of animal welfare of beef cattle in feedlot in warm desert environmental conditions; a prospective observational study was conducted with a duration of four weeks. Behavioral guidelines, environmental temperature, relative humidity and temperature and humidity index (THI), were recorded at 8:00 h, 12:00 h, and 16:00 h. Environmental temperature, relative humidity and THI average was 28.7 °C, 24.1 %, and 72.8 units, respectively. During observational period, the beef cattle to be subject at comfort condition (THI≤74). By environmental effect at 12:00 h the usual indicators: eating and drinking, are inhibited (P≤0.01), and grooming decreased (8.2 vs. 13.2 x 100; P≤0.01) Agonist indicators: mounts, threats, Flehmen sign and bumps decrease significantly at 12:00 h (P≤0.01), when the THI value is greater than 75 units are. The highest panting rate (25 x 10000) was observed at 12:00. The diurnal behavioral response of cattle in feedlot on warm desert climate is due to biological rhythms to adapt to the environment that ensures their survival.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>animal welfare</kwd>
				<kwd>beef cattle</kwd>
				<kwd>warm environmental</kwd>
				<kwd>THI</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>The permanence of cattle in the intensively finished pen may alter or modify the behavioral patterns characteristic of cattle under natural conditions, altering their comfort status in response to stressors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Ratnakaran et al., 2017</xref>). In this sense, stress has been used as an indicator in the loss of animal welfare (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Mormède et al., 2007</xref>). The modification of natural environments in the production of beef and the persistence of factors that induce stress in animals can be into a reduction in productivity indicators, translated. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the situations that can cause fear, pain, anxiety, hunger, thirst and as far as possible the suffering during the permanence of the cattle in the pen of completion (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aluja, 2011</xref>).</p>
				<p>In response to the growing demand for protein of animal origin to meet the dynamic increase in food by the human population, production systems have been geared towards intensification; this includes the production of beef. This limits the ability of cattle to perform some natural behaviors and increases the incidence of aggressions among animals, when intervention strategies do not consider bovine welfare in the feedlot as a priority. The classic definition of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Broom (1986)</xref>, states that the well-being of an individual is related to their state of comfort, while trying to cope with their environment. In line with the above, in warm climatic environments, bovines try to compensate for adverse conditions, changing behavioral patterns and to some extent changing their physiological response (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mader et al., 2001</xref>). For this reason, it is important to know the type of behavioral changes in cattle, housed in intensive production conditions, in regions where the ambient temperature is outside the zone of thermo neutrality.</p>
				<p>In this sense, the thermo-neutral temperature of beef-producing cattle can be very varied is known. In young cattle, the zone of thermo neutrality ranges from 7 to 26 °C, while in mature cows and heavy cattle the range is -17 °C in winter and 23 °C during the summer. It is closely related to the body condition, nutritional status, length, racial group and coat color of bovine animals that under these conditions they have difficulty tolerating temperatures above 27 °C, especially when the relative humidity value is greater than 40% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Mader et al., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Arias et al., 2008</xref>).</p>
				<p>The decrease in animal production indicators in warm regions is affected by various factors, the main stress being caused by high environmental temperature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Renaudeau et al., 2012</xref>), in the so-called &quot;heat waves&quot; that involve periods of heat and relative humidity, uncomfortable for short or prolonged periods (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Brown-Brandl et al., 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p>This physiological response occurs when the ambient temperature exceeds the thermo neutral zone of the bovines, which prevents them from dissipating the extra heat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bernabucci et al., 2010</xref>). The behavioral expressions made by cattle to mitigate heat stress range go from the search for shade to the isolation or distancing of their peers, in order to increase the body surface in contact with the environment to perform heat exchange by convection (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alves et al., 2017</xref>). In the same way that the amount of water consumed can be increased a behavioral state arrives, where the animal increases its leisure time, so activities such as water consumption are decreased or modified to be carried out during cool times during the day (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ferreira et al., 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>The HPA axis is the neuroendocrine response, responsible for regulating the secretion of GC in the adrenal cortex and triggering responses to a stress situation; this is only part of the large central system that integrates behavioral, neuroendocrine, and autonomic and immune responses to alterations in homeostasis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dallman et al., 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Brown-Brandl et al. (2006)</xref>, mention that bovines under heat stress reduce their food consumption time; as well as the time in which they remain cast. They also indicate that, under these conditions, bovines decrease their agonist behavior against their pen-mates, in order to remain immobile in cooler places. The behavior of animals, individually or in groups, varies according to factors related to race, sex, temperament, age and the production system (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Arias et al., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Sampedro y Cabeza, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">OIE, 2013</xref>). In this sense, the thermal environment can have a negative influence on the welfare of cattle, but beyond the direct impact that heat stress has on the health and productivity of cattle; also the economic impact should be on livestock producers considered (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Lees et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>Based on the foregoing, the objective of the present work was to assess the diurnal variation in the behavior of bovine meat producers in intensive completion in a warm desert climate, during the fall.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p><bold>Location of the study site.</bold> This work was carried out in a Livestock Production Unit located in the Mexicali Valley, Baja California, Mexico (32° 39 ’48’’ Latitude North and 115° 28’ 04’’ Longitude West, at 8 m a.s.l) according to the Köppen classification system, modified by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">García (2004)</xref>. The climate of this region is classified as BW(h´) hs (x') climate, which is defined as warm desert, extreme in excess and rainfall regime in winter. The average annual temperature of the region is 24.1 °C, the average minimum temperature is 13.6 °C in the month of December, and the maximum average is 34.8 °C during the months of June to July. The absolute maximum temperature is 49.5 ° C and the absolute minimum is -6.0 ° C; the average rainfall of 75.8 mm per year (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">INEGI, 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p><bold>Type of study.</bold> During the month of October 2018, the autumn season for the northern hemisphere, a prospective observational study with a duration of four weeks was carried out. During this time, a total of 692 pens available to the UPP; of 98 pens that at the time of the study and according to the feeding program were receiving diet # 5 (5 of 6 diets); 12 completion pens were chosen at random, which were visited daily to collect the information; It is worth mentioning that in each pen there were an average of 95 cattle per pen, with body weight close to 500 kg.</p>
				<p>The sample under study was 1140 cattle, just over 12% of the total animals in completion, consuming diet # 5 of the feeding program.</p>
				<p><bold>Climatic variables.</bold> During the experimental period, the ambient temperature and relative humidity were recorded using digital thermo hygrometers (Avaly Taylor, Model VA-EDT- 1-55ª, CDMX), placed in the fattening pens under study, at the height of the bovines, two meters outside the shadow area and near the feeders. The temperature and humidity index (THI) was calculated using the formula: <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>I</mml:mi><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mi>H</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.8</mml:mn><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>T</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mfenced open="[" close="]" separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>H</mml:mi><mml:mi>R</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>100</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>1.4</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>46.4</mml:mn></mml:math> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Mader et al., 2006</xref>), where T is the ambient temperature in degrees Celsius and HR is the relative humidity expressed as a percentage.</p>
				<p><bold>Description of facilities.</bold> The cattle under study were housed in conventional pens for fattening and finishing: construction with a 1.60 m high metal pipe, dirt floor, shade provided with plant material typical of the region (Pluchea serícea), placed 3.5 m high, feeder, and bench of two linear meters in the feeder area, automatic masonry drinker, located at the bottom of each pen. The pens are 31 m long and 26 m wide (806 m<sup>2</sup>), designed to accommodate 100 cattle of an average weight of 450 kg at the end of the fattening (living space of 8.0 m<sup>2</sup>/cattle).</p>
				<p><bold>Management and feeding of cattle.</bold> The protocol of handling and feeding of bovines is the one that is commonly followed in technified fattening in northern Mexico, which consists of vaccination, deworming and implant placement (trenbolone acetate, estradiol and tylosin). Cattle are fed twice a day, according to a six-diet program, which basically includes wheat, Sudan hay, tallow, dried distillery grains and mineral premix.</p>
				<p><bold>Characteristic of cattle.</bold> The bovines included in the present study showed the following characteristics, typical of fattening pens in Mexico: males, encased with Cebú, with a genetic component of approximately 60% Bos indicus, and the rest composed of Bos taurus from the Simmental, Charoláis and Pardo suizo breeds, in not determined proportions.</p>
				<p><bold>Evaluation based on animals.</bold> At each visit, behavioral patterns were classified into three categories: habitual (A), social (B) and agonist (C), of cattle related to animal welfare in the completion pens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Marti et al., 2015</xref>). The evaluation of the behavioral patterns was carried out during three schedules (8:00, 12:00 and 16:00 h). To observe all the cattle, an observation time of 10 minutes was allocated for each pen.</p>
				<p>The registration of behavioral patterns was carried out using the following procedure:</p>
				<p>A) Common indicators: the frequency of cattle was recorded: eating, drinking, ruminating, under shade and standing.</p>
				<p>B) Social indicators: the frequency of social behavior was recorded, based on the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Welfare Quality protocol (2009),</xref> grooming; this behavior is recorded when a bovine touches with any tongue any part of the body (face, head, torso, legs or tail); of another group partner, or likewise; the anal region or foreskin is excepted. If the actor stops licking for more than 10 seconds and then starts licking the same receiver, it is recorded as a new action and a new event begins; also if the actor licks another receiver, or if there is a change of roles between actor and receiver.</p>
				<p>C) Agonist indicators: the frequency of the manifestation of agonist behaviors was recorded, such as:</p>
				<p>1) Bumps, such as the frontal confrontation between two or more bovine members of the same batch.</p>
				<p>2) Threats, such as the attempt of aggression by a bovine of greater hierarchy, within a social group to another of lower hierarchical rank.</p>
				<p>3) Sign of Flehmen is a reaction generated by smelling urine, feces, mucus and/or the vulva region that contain sex pheromones. During this reaction, the bovine lifts its head, purses its nose, contracts, elevates its upper lip, moves its tongue, and places it on the anterior part of the palate to rub the incisive papilla of the palate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Doving y Trotier, 1998</xref>).</p>
				<p>4) The frequency of amounts was also recorded in the agonist indicators.</p>
				<p>In the cattle under study, the frequency of gasping was recorded at each time (8:00, 12:00 and 16:00 h).</p>
				<p><bold>Statistical analysis.</bold></p>
				<p>The climatic variables (temperature, relative humidity and THI value) are presented with the average, minimum and maximum value per week and general. For the behavioral variables, the observation unit was each pen, and the recorded values were converted to rates using the formula proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Daniel (2002)</xref>:</p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e2">	
						<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>a</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>b</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mi>k</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:math>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>		
				<p>Where:</p>
				<p>𝑎 =the frequency with which an event has been presented during a specific period.</p>
				<p>𝑎 + 𝑏 = the number of cattle exposed to the risk of the event during the same period.</p>
				<p>𝑘 =some number, such as 100, 1,000 or 10,000.</p>
				<p>Next, histograms were generated to observe the frequency distribution; these were performed with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Minitab 16.0 (Minitab, 2000)</xref>. Following this, the UNIVARIATE SAS NORMAL option procedure (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">SAS, 2002</xref>) was used to determine the approximation to the normal distribution of the rates with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) normality test. Arcosen square root transformation was performed; Once the rates were transformed, the UNIVARIATE SAS NORMAL option procedure (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">SAS, 2002</xref>) was used again, to know if an approximation to the normal distribution of the transformed rates was achieved, using the K-S normality test. Not obtaining normality in the transformed rates, the procedure described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Herrera and Barreras (2005)</xref> was performed, using the RANK procedure (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">SAS, 2002</xref>), to calculate ranges, and to these apply analysis of variance with the GLM procedure, declaring the general linear model 𝑌<sub>
 <italic>𝑖𝑗</italic>
</sub> = 𝜇 + 𝐻<sub>
 <italic>𝑖</italic>
</sub> + 𝜀<sub>
 <italic>𝑖𝑗</italic>
</sub> :</p>
				<p>Where:</p>
				<p>Y<sub>ijk</sub> = Rate ranges for the behavioral variable</p>
				<p>𝜇 =The general average</p>
				<p>𝐻<sub>𝑖</sub>=The fixed effect of the ith observation time</p>
				<p>𝜀<sub>𝑖𝑗</sub>=The random error</p>
				<p>The trend in behavioral patterns in cattle, in intensive completion according to the time of day was analyzed by orthogonal polynomials (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">SAS, 2002</xref>). The results in the tables are presented with the median, minimum value, maximum value and interquartile range of the rates; regression graphs prepared in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Minitab 18.0 are presented (Minitab, 2000</xref>). In all analyzes, an alpha of 0.05 was used to accept statistical difference.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref> shows the results corresponding to ambient temperature, relative humidity and THI, recorded during the observation period in the intensively finished pens.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Average ambient temperature, relative humidity and heat and humidity index during the observation period</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0">
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="4" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Temperature °C</td>
									<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Relative humidity, %</td>
									<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">THI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">
										<sup>1</sup></xref></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Week<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>2</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Min</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Max</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Mean</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Min.</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Max.</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Mean</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Min.</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Max.</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Mean</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">20.2</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">34.9</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">28.9</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">20.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">28.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">24.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">64.2</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">79.2</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">73.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">20.2</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">33.5</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">27.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">22.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">28.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">24.8</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">64.1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">77.8</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">71.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">3</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">21.5</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">38.4</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">31.1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">22.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">26.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">23.5</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">65.3</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">82.9</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">75.2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">4</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">18.9</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">36.1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">27.7</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">22.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">28.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">24.2</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">62.7</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">80.1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">71.8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">General<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7"><sup>3</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">18.9</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">38.4</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">28.7</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">20.0</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">28.0</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">24.1</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">62.7</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">82.9</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">72.8</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>THI= Temperature and Humidity Index; Min= Minimum; Max= Maximum.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p><sup>1</sup>THI= [0.8 x room temperature] + [(% relative humidity /100) x (room temperature - 14.4)] + 46.4 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Mader et al., 2006</xref>); THI comfort &lt; 74; alert 75 &gt; THI &lt; 78; danger 79 &gt;THI &lt; 83; and emergency THI &gt; 84. <sup>2</sup>For each week, n = 90. <sup>3</sup>General, n = 360.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>It is observed that the average general temperature during the observation period was 28.7 °C, with a maximum of 38.4 °C and a minimum of 18.9 °C; In the case of relative humidity, the general average was 24.1%, with a maximum of 28 and a minimum of 20%. The overall average THI was 72.8 units, with a maximum of 82.9 and a minimum of 62.7 units.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref> shows the descriptive statistics of the environmental conditions, according to the evaluation schedule in the fattening pens in intensive completion. It is observed that at 8:00 hours, the maximum value of THI was 74.2 units, at 12:00 it rose to 81.9 units, and at 16:00 it was 82.9 units; while the average was 68, 75 and 75 units, respectively.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Descriptive statistics of the environmental conditions by evaluation schedule in the fattening pens in intensive termination of cattle</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0">
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"></td>
									<td  colspan="3" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">08:00</td>
									<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">12:00</td>
									<td  colspan="3" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">16:00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">T<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>1</sup></xref>, °C</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">HR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>2</sup></xref>, %</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">ITH<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>3</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">T<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>1</sup></xref>, °C</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">HR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>2</sup></xref>, %</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">ITH<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>3</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">T<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>1</sup></xref>, °C</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">HR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>2</sup></xref>, %</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">ITH<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8"><sup>3</sup></xref></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Mean</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">23.7</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">26</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">68</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">31.3</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">23</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">75</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">31.2</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">23</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">75</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Minimum value</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">18.9</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">24</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">62.7</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">24.4</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">20</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">68.3</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">25.5</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">21</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">69.7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Maximum value</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">29.8</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">28</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">74.2</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">37.9</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">26</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">81.9</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">38.4</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">26</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">82.9</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN8">
								<p><sup>1</sup>T: Temperature; <sup>2</sup>HR: Relative Humidity; <sup>3</sup>THI = [0.8 x room temperature] + [(% relative humidity /100) x (room temperature- 14.4)] + 46.4 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Mader et al., 2006</xref>); normal THI &lt; 74; alert 75 &gt; THI &lt; 78; danger 79 &gt;THI &lt; 83; and emergency THI &gt; 84.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>THI has been widely used as an indicator of thermal stress in cattle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Gaughan et al., 2008</xref>). This index combines the values of relative humidity and the ambient temperature into a simple value, to estimate the potential of caloric load in the environment. It is generally considered as potentially stressful for cattle, when the THI value exceeds 74 units (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Igono et al., 1992</xref>).</p>
				<p>Based on the above, in the Livestock Production Unit, located in the Mexicali Valley, the overall average value of the THI was 72.8 units, with an average maximum value of 82.9 units. This THI average value means that bovines are in the comfort category, although the value close to 83 units may indicate that it is in the danger category, at a certain time of day, specifically at 12:00 and 16: 00 hours that can be interpreted as a temporary stay of heat thermal stress. As seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>, which shows the quadratic effect for the THI, with its respective prediction equation.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Quadratic effect for the Temperature and humidity index according to the time of day</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-9-e928-gf6.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>For practical purposes, it is possible to estimate the value of the THI using this equation and interpret its results based on animal welfare indicators, which can be modified by the combined effect of ambient temperature and relative humidity. In this case, 61.5% of the variation in the THI depends on the time of day.</p>
				<p>In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Renaudeau et al. (2012)</xref> state that cattle suffer from inconvenience in relation to comfort, and their productive function may be affected, since in intensive production systems cattle have more restricted physiological mechanisms, to cope with excess heat and relative humidity high, and thus maintain thermo neutrality. In that sense, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hahn et al. (2003)</xref> report that the behavior of cattle should be monitored for various periods of time (weeks or months), to know and interpret the development of their behavioral response and other performance measures based on the value of the THI.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref> shows the results of the usual and social indicators related to the welfare of beef producers in intensive completion. It is noted that based on the value of THI, at 8:00 a.m. cattle are in the comfort category; however, at 12:00 and 16:00 h, the THI value indicates that it is in the alert category (THI&gt; 75 units; P ≤ 0.01), depending on heat stress.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Regular and social indicators related to the welfare of beef producers in intensive completion under warm and dry environmental conditions</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0">
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="5" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Common indicators <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>2</sup></xref></td>
									<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Social indicator<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>2</sup></xref></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Time</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">THI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>1</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Eat<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>3</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Drink<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>4</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Under shade<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>3</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Standing<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>3</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">In ruminatio n <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>3</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Groom<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9"><sup>3</sup></xref></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">8:00</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">67.7</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">11.4</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">10.3</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">29.7</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">82.5</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">4.1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">10.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">Min</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">11.9</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">10.1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">Max</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">56.6</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">94.6</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">82.6</td>
									<td colspan="2">100.0 21.6</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">21.6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">IQR</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">17.4</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">10.9</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">23.5</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">22.6</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">6.1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">6.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">12:00</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">75.3</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">71.4</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">28.3</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">8.1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">8.2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">Min</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">23.2</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">7.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">Max</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">26.3</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">40.8</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">98.1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">99.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">19.2</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">24.3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">IQR</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">3.1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">10.1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">25.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">19.3</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">5.3</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">4.2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">16:00</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">75.2</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">11.6</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">10.1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">34.3</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">63.9</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">6.1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">13.2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">Min</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">9.1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">14.9</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">Max</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">26.2</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">51.6</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">83.5</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">96.1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">17.6</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">27.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">IQR</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">7.1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">20.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">26.4</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">25.5</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">4.3</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">5.9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td colspan="3" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Orthogonal polynom</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">Linear effect </td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.08</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.10</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.14</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Quadratic</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN9">
								<p>THI: Temperature and Humidity Index; IQR: interquartile range. <sup>1</sup>Means, standard error of the average set for hour is 0.26, n = 120. <sup>2</sup>Medians; for hour n=120. <sup>3</sup>Cup x100. <sup>4</sup>Cup x 1000. <sup>abc</sup> Different literals in the same column within hours indicate statistical difference (P≤0.01).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The bovines were with greater (P &lt;0.05) frequency, eating, drinking water and standing at 8:00 and 16:00 h; while at 12:00 the majority (P &lt;0.05) of cattle were lying and ruminating under the shade. Grooming behavior was higher (P &lt;0.05) at 16:00 h, followed by 8:00 h (P &lt;0.05) and lower (P &lt;0.05) at 12:00 h. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Pereyra et al. (2010)</xref>, report that when cattle are exposed to adverse conditions to their state of comfort, habitual activities such as eating, drinking and walking decrease. Under the climatic condition of the region where the UPP is located, the tendency of bovines is to decrease their usual activities; as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">figure 2</xref>, which shows the quadratic effect for the variable bovine eating, according to the time of day. 27.8% of the variation of cattle eating depends on the time of day.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Quadratic effect for cattle eating according to the time of day</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-9-e928-gf7.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3</xref> shows the quadratic effect for the bovine variable under the shade, according to the time of day. The increase in the number of cattle under the shade coincides when the value of the THI tends to increase, so they seek refuge under the shade, to decrease the impact of solar radiation and reduce the heat load (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Brown-Brandl et al., 2013</xref>). In the present study, 47.3% of the response in this variable depends on the time of day.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Quadratic effect for cattle under shade according to the time of day</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-9-e928-gf8.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 4</xref> shows the quadratic effect of the bovine standing variable according to the time of day; at 12:00 hours, the bovines, in addition to being under the shade, are mostly lying down; it is observed that 52.3% of the variation in this variable is a function of the time of day.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f9">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Quadratic effect for bovine standing according to the time of day</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-9-e928-gf9.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Changes in the behavioral behavior of bovine animals confined in intensively terminated pens, occur depending on environmental factors, such as solar radiation and the temperature above the thermo neutral zone, which combined with high relative humidity; generating increase in caloric load (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Beretta et al., 2013</xref>). Although the Bos indicus and Bos taurus racial types show great ability to maintain homeothermia, under conditions of caloric stress, changes in their habitual behavioral behavior can occur (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Beatty et al., 2006</xref>). In this sense, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Dikmen (2013)</xref> indicates that the behavioral changes of cattle occur in response to the increase in ambient temperature during the day.</p>
				<p>With regard to grooming, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Sato et al. (1991)</xref>, mention that it is an expression of the behavioral behavior of the bovine, which mainly performs with its most familiar peers within the feedlot, to fulfill specific functions, such as cleaning effect, reduction of group tension and binding effect.</p>
				<p>In the present study, grooming rates were different at each schedule (10.1 vs. 8.2 vs. 13.2; P &lt;0.01), at 8:00, 12:00 and 16:00, respectively. The lowest grooming rate observed at 12:00 h, may be related to the fact that not all bovines accept this type of social behavior, and it is commonly the subordinates who groom the dominant bovines; It commonly occurs moments after the food has been served, although this activity can also be nocturnal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Val-Laillet et al., 2009</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref> shows the results corresponding to the agonist indicators, related to the animal welfare of bovine meat producers in confinement under desert and dry environmental conditions. It was observed that the expression rate of the agonist indicators: mounts, threats, Flehmen sign and bumps, appears inhibited after 12:00 h (P &lt;0.01), in relation to the expression rate observed at 8: 00 h. At this time, cattle are in comfort conditions (THI 67.7 units); however, as this indicator increases (75.2 units), the agonist expression rate decreases.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Agonist indicators related to the welfare of beef producers in intensive completion</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0">
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="6" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Behavioral indicators</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Time</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">THI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10"><sup>1</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Mounts<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10"><sup>3</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Threats<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10"><sup>3</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Flehmen<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10"><sup>3</sup></xref></td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Bumps<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10"><sup>4</sup></xref></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">8:00</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">67.7</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">3.1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">3.1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">3.5</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">12.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">Min</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">Max</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">52.6</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">10.1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">15.5</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">155.3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">IQR</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">5.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">3.1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">3.1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">31.3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">12:00</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">75.3</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">Min</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">Max</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">19.6</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">8.1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">9.5</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">94.6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">IQR</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">3.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">30.3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">16:00</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">75.2</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">3.1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">4.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">10.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">Min</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">Max</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">21.7</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">14.4</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">11.3</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">113.4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left; padding-left: 15px;">IQR</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.6</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">3.1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.6</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">26.4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"/>
									<td colspan="2">Orthogonal polynomials</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">Linear effect</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.90</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.78</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Quadratic effect</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">0.01</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN10">
								<p>THI: Temperature and Humidity Index; IQR: interquartile range. <sup>1</sup>Mean, standard error of the average set for hour is 0.26, n=120. <sup>2</sup>Medians, for hour n=120. <sup>3</sup>Cup x100. <sup>4</sup>Cup x1000. <sup>abc</sup> Different literals in the same column within hours indicate statistical difference (P≤0.01).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>This type of agonist behavior classified as intraspecific, occurs when cattle come together to defend their space, through the manifestation of aggressive behaviors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">McGlone, 1986</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rao et al. (2015)</xref>, affirm that agonist behavior is defined as an effort to adapt to different internal or external conditions, in response to a stimulus; this includes environmental type and the magnitude of the response corresponds to the nature of the stimulus.</p>
				<p>In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">figure 5</xref>, the frequency of gasping in beef-producing bovines in intensive completion is shown, under desert and dry environmental conditions, with respect to the time of day. It is observed that the highest frequency of panting was recorded at 12:00 (P ≤ 0.01). At this time of day the thermal comfort zone starts working and mechanisms are activated against the increase in the ambient temperature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Roca, 2011</xref>), which at 8:00 is an average 23.7 ° C (maximum value 29.8 ° C). At 12:00 h it is an average 31.3 °C (maximum value 37.9 °C); although the relative humidity is low (average value 23%; maximum value 26%). The value of THI tends to rise and moves from the comfort zone to the danger zone. Although the value of the THI remains high, in reducing the gasping rate at 4:00 p.m., the wind speed could influence, as it helps to reduce the effects of heat by improving the dissipation processes by roads evaporative (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Silanikove, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Arias et al., 2008</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f10">
						<label>Figure 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Gasping rate of beef-producing bovines in intensive completion in desert and dry environmental conditions with respect to the time of day</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-9-e928-gf10.jpg"/>
						<attrib><sup>abc</sup> Different literals indicate statistical difference (P≤0.01).</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>In this sense, the existence of rhythmic variations in physiological functions, allow the body an appropriate response to changes in the environment, known this reaction as reactive homeostasis. This reaction includes circadian rhythms, whose periodicity fluctuates around 24 hours (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Scaglione et al., 2003</xref>).</p>
				<p>In sum, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Lees et al. (2019)</xref>, report that behavioral responses during the day include changes in posture, including increasing the proportion of standing time, greater permanence in shaded areas or increased search for shade; including the shade provided by other animals; and together it can negatively influence the welfare of cattle and impact on the reduction of productivity.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The diurnal variation of behavioral expressions in cattle in confinement for intensive meat production, obeys the biological rhythms to adapt to the environment, as well as to maintain an internal physiological order that ensures their survival in the fall, under climatic conditions desert.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>IMPLICATIONS</title>
				<p>The assessment of the autumn weather conditions and their relationship with the behavioral expressions of cattle in confinement implies that through their correct interpretation it will be possible to influence the improvement of the welfare and productive indicators of bovine meat producers in confinement. Aspects such as accommodation, living space, shadow availability and other elements must be considered. In addition, they should be integrated into a model where interest in animal welfare, the effects of the environment on the behavioral and productive response and the economic aspect are combined; in such a way that at the end of the value chain the ethical quality of beef produced in confinement is identified and recognized.</p>
				<p>The results of this research set the tone for the integral assessment of the behavioral and productive response in the winter and summer seasons in the desert region of northern Mexico.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>ACKNOWLEDGMENT</title>
				<p>The support received by executives, operational and field personnel of the Livestock Production Unit for the facilities granted for conducting this research, as well as the National Science and Technology Council (CONACYT-Mexico), for the granting of a Mixed Scholarship for the stay of the first author in the Institute of Research in Veterinary Sciences of the Autonomous University of Baja California.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>