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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2019.930</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00130</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Prevalencia de helmintos gastrointestinales en perros procedentes del servicio de Salud de Tulancingo, Hidalgo</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4440-2138</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Olave-Leyva</surname>
						<given-names>José</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7175-975X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>García-Reyna1</surname>
						<given-names>Patricia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7426-6835</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Martínez-Juárez1</surname>
						<given-names>Víctor</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9778-5876</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Figueroa-Castillo2</surname>
						<given-names>Juan</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4978-7516</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Luqueño-Mejía1</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0906-2577</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Avila-Castillo</surname>
						<given-names>Rogelio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">**</xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, México. jose_olave6083@uaeh.edu.mx, patricia_garcia6857@uaeh.edu.mx, victormj@uaeh.edu.mx, blas_avila8753@uaeh.edu.mx</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<institution content-type="original">2Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Ciudad de México, México. ficajuan@unam.mx, eclm_5@hotmail.com </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Ciudad de México</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
				<email>ficajuan@unam.mx</email>
				<email>eclm_5@hotmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">*Autor responsable: José Ignacio Olave Leyva.</corresp>
				<corresp id="c2">** Autor de correspondencia: Blas Rogelio Avila Castillo. Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, México. Rancho Universitario, Av. Universidad, Km. 1, Ex Hacienda de Aquetzalpa, CP. 43600, Tulancingo, Hidalgo. México.</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2019</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>9</volume>
			<elocation-id>e930</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>10</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="pub">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de helmintos gastrointestinales en perros y su posible relación como zoonosis. Se obtuvieron cien tractos gastrointestinales (TGI) parciales de perros. Los TGI fueron clasificados en relación a la edad y sexo de cada perro, a partir de los TGI fueron obtenidos los helmintos y se clasificaron de acuerdo a su morfología utilizando un microscopio estereoscópico. La prevalencia general de helmintos fue del 84%. En efecto, <italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic> fue mayor en las hembras que en los machos (P&lt;0.02). Por su parte, <italic>Toxocara canis</italic> fue de 71.11% en animales jóvenes y de 38.18% en animales adultos (P&lt;0.02). Asimismo, la prevalencia de <italic>Taenia spp</italic> fue de 4.44% y de 25.45%, para perros jóvenes y adultos, respectivamente (P&lt;0.05). En relación a <italic>Uncinaria stenocephala</italic> la prevalencia fue de 2.22% y de 16.36% para perros jóvenes y adultos, respectivamente (P&lt;0.05). En conclusión, se encontró una elevada prevalencia de helmintos gastrointestinales en perros que deambulan por la calle, implicando riesgo de salud pública para la población.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>zoonosis</kwd>
				<kwd>parásitos</kwd>
				<kwd>salud pública</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="33"/>
				</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Los animales representan una forma de vida para gran parte del mundo, por lo que la cercanía entre las personas y los animales de compañía ha creado una relación especial conocido como vínculo humano-animal. Los perros proveen beneficios como desarrollo emocional, socialización y bienestar físico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Paul <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>). Alrededor del mundo se ha incrementado el número de hogares urbanos que mantienen &quot;perros domésticos&quot; y esta tendencia aumenta la frecuencia del contacto humano-animal de compañía (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bwalya <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>).</p>
			<p>Se conoce que los perros pueden ser reservorios de nematodos intestinales con potencial zoonótico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Moskvina y Ermolenko, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Medina-Pinto <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), como, <italic>Taenia</italic> spp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Beiromvand <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), <italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic>, <italic>Ancylostoma</italic> spp., <italic>Giardia</italic> spp., <italic>Cryptosporidium</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Soriano <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>) o <italic>Toxocara canis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chen <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Estos representan un potencial riesgo de salud pública, con un importante impacto socioeconómico, particularmente en comunidades empobrecidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chen <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>) y en niños; ya que estos tienen un contacto más directo e indirecto con los perros, en comparación a los adultos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Xhaxhiu <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>).</p>
			<p>En la República Mexicana, específicamente en la Ciudad de México, se han reportado a <italic>Toxocara canis y Ancylostoma caninum,</italic> como los parásitos más frecuentes en heces de perros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Eguia-Aguilar <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>). Otros estudios realizados en los estados de Chiapas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Martínez-Barbosa <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>) y Yucatán, México (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Medina-Pinto <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>) posicionan a <italic>Toxocara canis</italic> y <italic>Ancylostoma caninum</italic> dentro de los parásitos más frecuentes en heces de perros, que deambulan por los parques y calles de estos poblados. Por su parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Vélez-Hernández <italic>et al</italic>. (2014)</xref> también menciona a <italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic> como parásito de alta prevalencia en heces, recolectadas del suelo, de perros errantes y con dueño; procedentes de Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca, México. Todos estos patógenos pueden ser encontrados en el ambiente humano, como el agua, suelo, alimentos, parques y contaminación por heces de perros; lo que representa un alto riesgo para las personas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Romero <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). Sin embargo, en el municipio de Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo, no se han realizado estudios en este respecto.</p>
			<p>El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la prevalencia a helmintos gastrointestinales en perros procedentes de los Servicios de Salud en Tulancingo, Hidalgo y su posible relación como zoonosis.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Lugar de estudio</title>
			<p>La investigación se realizó durante los meses de enero a julio de 2012, con muestras obtenidas de perros sacrificados en la Jurisdicción Sanitaria No. 2 de los Servicios de Salud del Estado de Hidalgo, ubicado en el municipio de Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo, México. La región se ubica geográficamente entre los paralelos 20° 03' y 20° 13' de Latitud Norte; los meridianos 98° 14’ y 98° 31’ de longitud oeste, y una altitud entre 2200 y 2700 msnm. Presenta clima que va desde semiseco templado subhúmedo con lluvias en verano, hasta templado subhúmedo con lluvias en verano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">INEGI, 2009</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Tamaño de la muestra</title>
			<p>El tamaño de la muestra se determinó en función a la proporción de animales positivos a parásitos (P=0.5), suponiendo la máxima variabilidad; con una confiabilidad de 0.95 y un error de estimación menor a 0.1. El resultado fue tomar 96 muestras; sin embargo, se ajustó a 100 muestras, debido a que la Jurisdicción Sanitaria No. 2 realiza el sacrifico de los perros sólo una vez por semana; por lo que se tomaron muestras de 5 perros por semana durante 20 semanas. Las muestras fueron obtenidas a partir de los tractos digestivos parciales, utilizando un muestreo sistemático con arranque aleatorio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Martínez, 2010</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Obtención y análisis de las muestras</title>
			<p>Después del sacrificio de los animales, se obtuvo el esófago, estómago e intestino delgado. Cada tracto gastrointestinal (TGI) se clasificó en relación a la edad y sexo de cada perro. La clasificación de la edad se realizó mediante la dentición, en dos categorías; animales jóvenes hasta 12 meses de edad y animales adultos mayores a 12 meses. Posteriormente, los TGI se colocaron en charolas de plástico y fueron llevados al Laboratorio de Investigación de Parasitología del Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Todos los TGI fueron diseccionados longitudinalmente para colectar el contenido intestinal, posteriormente este contenido se examinó en una charola de fondo obscuro para destacar los parásitos. Los helmintos se lavaron en solución salina fisiológica (SSF) y se identificaron por sus características morfológicas, utilizando un microscopio estereoscópico (marca UPSEHKRAFT), con los objetivos 10x y 40x y un microscopio óptico (marca IROSCOPE, modelo WB-3) con el objetivo 10x (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">MAFF, 1986</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Análisis de los datos</title>
			<p>Los datos de las muestras se analizaron a un intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Martínez, 2010</xref>), mediante la prueba de ji- cuadrada (exacta de Fisher), para comparar la prevalencia de los diversos parásitos de acuerdo a las clases de perros, formándose grupos de acuerdo a la edad y sexo.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Prevalencia de helmintos en perros</title>
			<p>A partir de las 100 muestras procesadas el 84% (IC al 95%: 75.57-89.90), resultaron positivas a algún helminto. Se encontraron 6 especies diferentes de helmintos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">cuadro 1</xref>), los de mayor prevalencia fueron Toxocara canis (53%; IC al 95%: 42.28-62.48) y Ancylostoma caninum (50%; IC al 95%: 40.38-59.61); los de menor prevalencia fueron <italic>Uncinaria stenocephala</italic> (10%; IC al 95%: 5.52-17.43) y <italic>Spirocerca lupi</italic> (1%; IC al 95%: 0.17-5.44).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Prevalencia de helmintos gastrointestinales en perros, Tulancingo Hidalgo, México.</title>
					</caption>
					<table style="border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0">
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;">Parásito por especie</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Porcentaje</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">IC al 95%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"><italic>Toxocara canis</italic></td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">53</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">43.28-62.48</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"><italic>Ancylostoma caninum</italic></td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">50</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">40.38-59.61</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"><italic>Uncinaria stenocephala</italic></td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">10</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">5.52-17.43</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"><italic>Spirocerca lupi</italic></td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.17-5.44</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"><italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic></td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">40</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">30.94-49.79</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"><italic>Taenia spp</italic></td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">16</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">10.09-24.42</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Prevalencia de helmintos en relación al sexo y edad de los perros</title>
			<p>En la prevalencia de helmintos por sexo, 68 tractos digestivos fueron de hembras, de los cuales el 88.23% resultó positivo a algún helminto y 32 tractos digestivos fueron de machos, con el 75% de positivos a algún parásito (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">cuadro 2</xref>) (P&gt;0.05). La prevalencia de <italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic> fue de 47.06% en hembras y de 25.02% en machos (P&lt;0.02).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Prevalencia de helmintos gastrointestinales de acuerdo al sexo y edad de los perros, Tulancingo Hidalgo, México.</title>
					</caption>
					<table style="border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0">
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;">Variable</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Hembras (%)</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Machos (%)</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Jóvenes (%)</td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Adultos (%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;">Muestras positivas/muestras</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">60/68</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">24/32</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">40/45</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">44/55</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;">procesadas</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"></td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"></td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"></td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;">Porcentaje (IC al 95%)</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">88.23</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">75.00 (57.89-86.74)</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">88.88</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">80.00</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"></td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">(78.46-93.91)</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"></td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">(76.50-95.15)</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">(67.63-88.44)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"><italic>Toxocara</italic><italic> </italic><italic>canis</italic><italic></italic></td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">38 (55.88)</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">15(46.88)</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">32<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>a</sup>
									</xref>(71.11)</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">21<sup>b</sup> (38.18)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"><italic>Ancylostoma</italic><italic> </italic><italic>caninum</italic></td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">35 (51.47)</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">15 (46.88)</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">20 (44.44)</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">30 (54.55)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"><italic>Uncinaria</italic><italic> </italic><italic>stenocephala</italic><italic></italic></td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">7 (10.29)</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">3 (9.38)</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">
									<sup>a</sup></xref> (2.22)</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">
									<sup>b</sup></xref> (16.36)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"><italic>Spirocerca</italic><italic> </italic><italic>lupi</italic><italic></italic></td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0 (0)</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1 (3.13)</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0 (0)</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1 (1.82)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"><italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic></td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">32<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">
									<sup>a</sup></xref> (47.06)</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>b</sup></xref> (25.02)</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">19 (42.22)</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">21 (38.18)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"><italic>Taenia spp</italic></td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">9 (13.24)</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">7 (21.88)</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>a</sup></xref> (4.44)</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"></td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"></td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"></td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"></td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">(25.45)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>ab Literales distintas, entre columnas de hembras y machos o entre jóvenes y adultos, indican diferencia (P&lt;0.02).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Por su parte, para la prevalencia de helmintos en relación a la edad de los animales, se obtuvo que el 88.88% de los perros jóvenes y el 80% de los animales mayores a un año de edad, fueron positivos a algún helminto (P&gt;0.05). Asimismo, la prevalencia de <italic>Toxocara canis</italic> fue de 71.11% en animales jóvenes y de 38.18% en animales adultos (P&lt;0.02). Por otro lado, la prevalencia de <italic>Taenia spp</italic> fue de 4.44% y de 25.45%, para perros jóvenes y adultos, respectivamente (P&lt;0.05). Finalmente, en relación a <italic>Uncinaria stenocephala</italic> la prevalencia fue de 2.22 y de 16.36 para perros jóvenes y adultos, respectivamente (P&lt;0.05).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La prevalencia a helmintos del presente estudio (84%), es similar a estudios realizados en perros en México; Querétaro con 78.60% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Fernández y Cantó, 2002</xref>) y 72.8% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Canto <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>), Ciudad de México con 85% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Eguia-Aguilar <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>); así como en otras regiones del mundo como Zambia con 78.3% y sub-Saharan África con 71% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Chidumayo, 2018</xref>). La elevada prevalencia de parásitos pudo deberse a que las muestras examinadas pertenecieron a perros sin dueño, o que procedían de centros de control de rabia canina; en cuyos casos no están sujetos a programas de desparasitación. Sin embargo, en Zambia, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bwalya <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref> también reportaron una alta prevalencia a helmintos en perros con dueño (78.3%).</p>
			<p>Estos autores señalan que es un hallazgo importante, ya que resalta que no existe el cuidado a las mascotas con respecto al control de helmintos mediante desparasitación regular. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Romero <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Idika <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref>, presentaron prevalencias a parásitos de 13.10% y 51.7%, respectivamente. Estas prevalencias bajas pudieron deberse a que las muestras procesadas procedían de perros con dueño, que regularmente están sujetos a tratamientos de control y prevención de enfermedades parasitarias. Por su parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Trasviña-Muñoz <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref>, reportaron prevalencia general de 21.5%. Estos investigadores mencionan que las bajas prevalencias pudieron deberse al clima del lugar de estudio, donde presentan temperaturas que varían de 36°C a 50°C, con baja humedad, que puede retrasar o incluso suprimir el desarrollo de huevos de parásitos.</p>
			<p>Los helmintos encontrados de acuerdo al orden de prevalencia, fueron: <italic>Toxocara canis</italic>, <italic>Ancylostoma caninum</italic>, <italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic>, <italic>Taenia spp, Uncicaria stenocephala y Spirocerca lupi</italic>; lo que en general coincide con los hallazgos de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Fernández y Cantó (2002)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Eguia-Aguilar <italic>et al</italic>. (2005)</xref>. Los perros son los principales transmisores de la toxocariasis al hombre, especialmente en países en desarrollo, donde la mayoría tienen acceso a parques públicos y áreas de juego infantiles, que sirven como fuente principal de contaminación del suelo y representan un gran riesgo de exposición humana a huevos de <italic>Toxocara</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chen <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Similarmente, las larvas de <italic>Toxocara canis</italic> pueden pasar a través de las heces de animales infectados, y los humanos pueden infectarse con estas larvas cuando trabajan con suelo o juegan en áreas contaminadas. Esta infección parece ser más prevalente en niños y en poblaciones socioeconómicamente desfavorecidas, debido a prácticas de higiene inconsistentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chen <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>En la presente investigación se encontró una alta prevalencia para Ancylostoma caninum, lo que resulta importante ya que la presencia de larvas de Ancylostoma o anquilostoma en las heces de los perros puede infectar a los humanos, lo que impacta sobre la salud pública. Las larvas de Ancylostoma pueden penetrar la piel al caminar descalzo en un suelo contaminado, y aunque no pueden reproducirse en el cuerpo humano, producen lesiones papulares rojas que avanzan debajo de la piel a medida que las larvas migran. Clínicamente se manifiesta por picazón severa, especialmente por la noche (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">O'Neil, 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p><italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic> fue el cestodo más prevalente del presente estudio, lo que concuerda con la alta prevalencia reportada en estudios realizados en Querétaro, México (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Canto <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>) y Ciudad de México, México (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Eguia-Aguilar <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>). Esta prevalencia podría deberse al aumento de perros callejeros que no reciben ningún tipo de tratamiento antiparasitario, y en consecuencia, están frecuentemente infestados de pulgas y piojos, los que pueden ser intermediarios de <italic>Dipylidium caninum.</italic> Cuando el huésped canino ingiere las pulgas adultas infectadas, el cistecercoide se libera en el estómago, estableciéndose posteriormente en el intestino delgado de su huésped definitivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Beugnet <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Labuschagne <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>); sin embargo, las pulgas ocasionalmente pueden infectar a los humanos, especialmente a niños que conviven con mascotas, las cuales no cuentan con control veterinario para ectoparásitos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Neira <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Ayala <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>El segundo cestodo encontrado en la presente investigación, fue <italic>Taenia spp</italic>., con una prevalencia de 16%; lo que es inferior al 25.7% reportado en heces recolectadas de perros procedentes de áreas rurales de Khuzestan, provincia de Irán (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Beiromvand <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). La importancia de <italic>Taenia spp</italic>., radica en que el perro doméstico puede ser huésped definitivo al adquirir la infección, al consumir las canales eliminadas de animales domésticos herbívoros infectados; principalmente canales de ovinos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Beiromvand <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). Los ovinos, el ganado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alemu <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>) y menos comúnmente el ser humano, pueden ser huéspedes intermediarios, después de la ingestión de huevos de estos parásitos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Sonmez <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>La prevalencia general de helmintos fue similar entre animales jóvenes y adultos; sin embargo, los perros jóvenes tuvieron mayor prevalencia a <italic>Toxocara canis</italic>; esto puede ser debido a que la forma más importante de infección de <italic>Toxocara canis</italic> en perros, es la transmisión prenatal de larvas; también conocida como transmisión transplacentaria o intrauterina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Schnieder <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>), donde las perras que albergan larvas somáticas pueden infectar hasta el 100% de los cachorros recién nacidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Gawor <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). También se encontró una mayor prevalencia en animales adultos para <italic>Uncinaria stenocephala</italic>. Este parásito es uno de los agentes relacionados con parasitosis cutáneas en el humano, conocidos en su conjunto como larva migrans cutánea; esta zoonosis se presenta especialmente en áreas donde hay perros y gatos sin dueño, así como en suelos arenosos y húmedos, como playas y parques de recreo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Plascencia <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>); lo que explica la relativamente baja prevalencia de este nematodo en la presente investigación.</p>
			<p>La prevalencia de <italic>Taenia spp</italic> fue mayor en animales adultos; datos contrarios fueron reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Fernández y Cantó (2002)</xref>. La mayor prevalencia en animales adultos del presente estudio, puede ser debido a que los animales adultos tal vez adquieren la infección al consumir las canales de animales infectados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Beiromvand <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Los resultados de prevalencia a helmintos por sexo de los perros, no muestran diferencia; sin embargo, la prevalencia de <italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic> fue mayor en hembras que en machos; datos similares fueron reportados por (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chávez <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>), quienes menciona que las hembras son más propensas a <italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic>. En este mismo sentido, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Hernández <italic>et al</italic>. (2007)</xref>, mencionan que la prevalencia general de <italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic> es mayor durante la época más fría del año, probablemente debido a que los perros callejeros suelen congregarse en mayor número, para buscar refugio de las temperaturas más frías; lo que facilita la propagación de vectores, al aumentar la promiscuidad entre ellos y por consiguiente se aumenten las probabilidades de infección con <italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic>.</p>
			<p>El presente estudio se realizó durante el periodo de mayor actividad reproductiva en la perra, que abarca de marzo hasta julio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Choy y Echevarría, 2005</xref>), por lo que es posible que en nuestro caso, las hembras tuvieron mayor prevalencia de <italic>Dipylidium caninum,</italic> debido al contacto que tienen éstas con perros machos parasitados de pulgas.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>Se observó elevada prevalencia a helmintos gastrointestinales de perros procedentes de los Servicios de Salud de Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo, México; lo que demuestra el riesgo de salud pública que significan los perros sin dueño que deambulan por las calles. Algunos de los parásitos encontrados tienen alto riesgo de zoonosis, por lo que es necesario implementar campañas de concientización a la población en general, sobre la tenencia responsable de los animales de compañía, como los perros.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in dogs from the Health service in Tulancingo, Hidalgo</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c3">* Responsible author: José Ignacio Olave Leyva.</corresp>
				<corresp id="c4">**Correspondence author: Blas Rogelio Avila Castillo. Academic Area of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Mexico. University Ranch, Avenida Universidad, Km. 1, Ex Hacienda de Aquetzalpa, CP. 43600, Tulancingo, Hidalgo.Mexico.</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in dogs and their possible relationship as zoonosis. One hundred partial gastrointestinal (TGI) tracts of dogs were obtained, the TGI were classified in relation to the age and gender of each dog, and from the TGI the helminths were obtained and classified according to their morphology using a stereoscopic microscope. The overall prevalence of helminths was 84%. In fact, <italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic> was higher in females than in males (P &lt;0.02). On the other hand, <italic>Toxocara canis</italic> was 71.11% in young animals and 38.18 % in adult animals (P &lt;0.02). In addition, the prevalence of <italic>Taenia spp</italic> was 4.44 % and 25.45%, for young and adult dogs, respectively (P &lt;0.05). In relation to <italic>Uncinaria stenocephala</italic>, the prevalence was 2.22% and 16.36% for young and adult dogs, respectively (P &lt;0.05). In conclusion, a high prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in dogs that roam the street was found involving public health risk for the population.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>zoonosis</kwd>
				<kwd>parasites</kwd>
				<kwd>public health</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Animals represent a way of life for much of the world, so the closeness between people and pets has created a special relationship known as the human-animal bond. Dogs provide benefits such as emotional development, socialization and physical well-being (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Paul <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>). Around the world the number of urban households that maintain &quot;domestic dogs&quot; has increased and this trend increases the frequency of human-animal companion contact (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bwalya <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>).</p>
				<p>It is known that dogs can be reservoirs of intestinal nematodes with zoonotic potential (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Moskvina y Ermolenko, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Medina-Pinto <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), such as, <italic>Taenia</italic> spp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Beiromvand <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), <italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic>, <italic>Ancylostoma</italic> spp., <italic>Giardia</italic> spp., <italic>Cryptosporidium</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Soriano <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>) or <italic>Toxocara canis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chen <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). These represent a potential public health risk, with a significant socio-economic impact, particularly in impoverished communities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chen <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>) and in children; since they have more direct and indirect contact with dogs, compared to adults (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Xhaxhiu <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>).</p>
				<p>In the Mexican Republic, specifically in Mexico City, <italic>Toxocara canis</italic> and <italic>Ancylostoma caninum</italic> have been as the most frequent parasites reported, in dog feces (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Eguia-Aguilar <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>). Other studies conducted in Chiapas states (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Martínez-Barbosa <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>) y Yucatán, México (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Medina-Pinto <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Martínez-Barbosa <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>) and Yucatán, México (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Medina-Pinto <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>) position <italic>Toxocara canis</italic> and <italic>Ancylostoma caninum</italic> among the most frequent parasites in dog feces, which roam the parks and streets of these towns. On the other hand, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Vélez-Hernández <italic>et al</italic>. (2014)</xref> also mentions <italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic> as a parasite of high prevalence in feces, collected from the soil, from wandering and owner dogs from Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca, Mexico. All these pathogens can be in the human environment found, such as water, soil, food, parks and contamination by dog feces, which represents a high risk for people (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Romero <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). However, in the municipality of Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo, no studies have been in this regard, conducted.</p>
				<p>The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in dogs from the Health Services in Tulancingo, Hidalgo and their possible relationship as zoonosis.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Place of study</title>
				<p>The investigation was during the months of January to July 2012 conducted, with samples obtained from dogs slaughtered in the Health Jurisdiction No. 2 of the Health Services of Hidalgo State, located in Tulancingo de Bravo municipality, Hidalgo, Mexico. The region is geographically located between parallels 20° 03' and 20° 13' of North Latitude; the meridians 98° 14’ and 98° 31’ west longitude, and an altitude between 2200 and 2700 m a.s.l. It has a climate ranging from semi-dry temperate subhumid with rains in summer, too mild subhumid with rains in summer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">INEGI, 2009</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Sample size</title>
				<p>The sample size was determined based on the proportion of positive animals to parasites (P=0.5), assuming maximum variability; with a reliability of 0.95 and an estimation error of less than 0.1. The result was to take 96 samples; however, it was to 100 samples adjusted, because Sanitary Jurisdiction No. 2 performs the sacrifice of dogs only once a week, so samples of 5 dogs were taken per week for 20 weeks. Samples from partial digestive tracts were obtained using systematic sampling with random start (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Martínez, 2010</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Collection and analysis of samples</title>
				<p>After the slaughtering of the animals, the esophagus, stomach and small intestine were obtained. Each gastrointestinal tract (TGI) was in relation to the age and sex of each dog, classified. Age classification was performed by teething, in two categories; young animals up to 12 months of age and adult animals older than 12 months. Subsequently, the TGI were placed in plastic trays and were taken to the Parasitology Research Laboratory of the Academic Area of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State. All the TGI were dissected longitudinally to collect the intestinal content, subsequently this content was examined in a dark-bottomed tray to highlight the parasites. The helminths were washed in physiological saline solution (SSF) and identified by their morphological characteristics, using a stereoscopic microscope (UPSEHKRAFT brand), with 10x and 40x objectives and an optical microscope (IROSCOPE brand, model WB-3) with the objective 10x (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">MAFF, 1986</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Data analysis</title>
				<p>Sample data were analyzed at a 95% confidence interval (CI) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Martínez, 2010</xref>), using the chi-square test (Fisher's exact), to compare the prevalence of the various parasites according to the classes of dogs, forming groups according to age and sex.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Prevalence of helminths in dogs</title>
				<p>From the 100 samples processed, 84% (95% CI: 75.57-89.90), were positive for some helminth. Six different species of helminths were found (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>), the most prevalent were <italic>Toxocara canis</italic> (53%; 95% CI: 42.28-62.48) and <italic>Ancylostoma caninum</italic> (50%; 95% CI: 40.38-59.61); those with the lowest prevalence were <italic>Uncinaria stenocephala</italic> (10%; 95% CI: 5.52-17.43) and <italic>Spirocerca lupi</italic> (1%; 95% CI: 0.17-5.44).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in dogs, Tulancingo Hidalgo, Mexico.</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0">
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;">Parasite by species</td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Percentage</td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">CI to 95%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"><italic>Toxocara canis</italic></td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">53</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">43.28-62.48</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"><italic>Ancylostoma caninum</italic></td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">50</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">40.38-59.61</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"><italic>Uncinaria stenocephala</italic></td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">10</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">5.52-17.43</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"><italic>Spirocerca lupi</italic></td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.17-5.44</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"><italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic></td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">40</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">30.94-49.79</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"><italic>Taenia spp</italic></td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">16</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">10.09-24.42</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Prevalence of helminths in relation to the sex and age of dogs</title>
				<p>In the prevalence of helminths by sex, 68 digestive tracts were female, of which 88.23% were positive for some helminth and 32 digestive tracts were male, with 75% positive for some parasite (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>) (P&gt; 0.05). The prevalence of <italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic> was 47.06% in females and 25.02% in males (P &lt;0.02).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths according to the sex and age of the dogs, Tulancingo Hidalgo, Mexico.</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0">
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;">Variable</td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Females (%)</td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Males (%)</td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Youth (%)</td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">Adults (%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;">Positive samples/processed</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">60/68</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">24/32</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">40/45</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">44/55</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;">samples</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;">Percentage (CI to 95%)</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">88.23</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">75.00 (57.89-86.74)</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">88.88</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">80.00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">(78.46-93.91)</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">(76.50-95.15)</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">(67.63-88.44)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"><italic>Toxocara canis</italic></td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">38 (55.88)</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">15(46.88)</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">32<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2"><sup>a</sup></xref> (71.11)</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">21<sup>b</sup> (38.18)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"><italic>Ancylostoma caninum</italic></td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">35 (51.47)</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">15 (46.88)</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">20 (44.44)</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">30 (54.55)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"><italic>Uncinaria stenocephala</italic></td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">7 (10.29)</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">3 (9.38)</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2"><sup>a</sup></xref> (2.22)</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2"><sup>b</sup></xref> (16.36)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"><italic>Spirocerca lupi</italic></td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0 (0)</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1 (3.13)</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0 (0)</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1 (1.82)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"><italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic></td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">32<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2"><sup>a</sup></xref> (47.06)</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2"><sup>b</sup></xref> (25.02)</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">19 (42.22)</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">21 (38.18)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"><italic>Taenia spp</italic></td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">9 (13.24)</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">7 (21.88)</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2"><sup>a</sup></xref> (4.44)</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2"><sup>b</sup></xref></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 1px solid black; text-align: left;"/>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">(25.45)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>ab Different literals, between columns of females and males or between youth and adults, indicate difference (P &lt;0.02).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>On the other hand, for the prevalence of helminths in relation to the age of the animals, was obtained that 88.88% of young dogs and 80% of animals older than one year of age were positive for some helminth (P&gt; 0.05). In addition, the prevalence of <italic>Toxocara canis</italic> was 71.11% in young animals and 38.18% in adult animals (P &lt;0.02). On the other hand, the prevalence of <italic>Taenia</italic> spp was 4.44% and 25.45%, for young and adult dogs, respectively (P &lt;0.05). Finally, in relation to <italic>Uncinaria stenocephala</italic> the prevalence was 2.22 and 16.36 for young and adult dogs, respectively (P &lt;0.05).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The prevalence of helminths in the present study (84%) is similar to studies conducted in dogs in Mexico; Querétaro with 78.60% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Fernández y Cantó, 2002</xref>) and 72.8% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Canto <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>), Mexico City with 85% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Eguia-Aguilar <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>); as well as in other regions of the world such as Zambia with 78.3% and sub-Saharan Africa with 71% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Chidumayo, 2018</xref>). The high prevalence of parasites could be, because the samples examined belonged to dogs without owners, or that they came from canine rabies control centers; in whose cases they are not subject to deworming programs. However, in Zambia, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bwalya <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref> also reported a high prevalence of helminths in dogs with owners (78.3%).</p>
				<p>These authors point out that it is an important finding, since it emphasizes that there is no care for pets with respect to helminth control through regular deworming. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Romero <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Idika <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref>, presented parasite prevalence of 13.10% and 51.7%, respectively. This low prevalence could be because of the processed samples came from dogs with owners, which are regularly subject to control and prevention treatments for parasitic diseases. On the other hand, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Trasviña-Muñoz <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref>, reported a general prevalence of 21.5%. These researchers mention that the low prevalence could be due to the climate of the place of study, where they have temperatures that vary from 36 °C to 50 °C, with low humidity, which can delay or even suppress the development of parasite eggs.</p>
				<p>The helminths found according to the order of prevalence were <italic>Toxocara canis</italic>, <italic>Ancylostoma caninum</italic>, <italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic>, <italic>Taenia</italic> spp, <italic>Uncicaria stenocephala</italic> and <italic>Spirocerca lupi</italic>, which generally coincides with the findings of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Fernández y Cantó (2002)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Eguia-Aguilar <italic>et al</italic>. (2005)</xref>. Dogs are the main transmitters of toxocariasis to men especially in developing countries, where most have access to public parks and playgrounds, which serve as the main source of soil contamination and represent a great risk of human exposure to <italic>Toxocara</italic> eggs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chen <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Similarly, the larvae of <italic>Toxocara canis</italic> can pass through the feces of infected animals, and humans can become infected with these larvae when they work with soil or play in contaminated areas. This infection seems to be more prevalent in children and in socioeconomically disadvantaged populations, due to inconsistent hygiene practices (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chen <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>In the present investigation, a high prevalence was found for <italic>Ancylostoma caninum</italic>, which is important since the presence of <italic>Ancylostoma larvae</italic> or hookworm in dog feces can infect humans, which impacts on public health. <italic>Ancylostoma larvae</italic> can penetrate the skin when walking barefoot in a contaminated soil, and although they cannot reproduce in the human body, they produce red papular lesions that move under the skin as the larvae migrate. Clinically it manifests itself by severe itching, especially at night (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">O'Neil, 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p><italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic> was the most prevalent cestode of the present study, which is consistent with the high prevalence reported in studies conducted in Querétaro, Mexico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Canto <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>) and Mexico City, Mexico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Eguia-Aguilar <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>). This prevalence could be due to the increase in stray dogs that do not receive any type of antiparasitic treatment, and consequently, they are with fleas and lice frequently infested, which can be intermediaries of <italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic>. When the canine host ingests infected adult fleas, the cystecercoid is released in the stomach, subsequently settling in the small intestine of its definitive host (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Beugnet <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Labuschagne <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>); however, fleas can occasionally infect humans, especially children living with pets, who do not have veterinary control for ectoparasites (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Neira <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Ayala <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>The second cestode found in the present investigation was <italic>Taenia</italic> spp., with a prevalence of 16%; which is less than 25.7% reported in feces collected from dogs from rural areas of Khuzestan, province of Iran (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Beiromvand <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). The importance of <italic>Taenia</italic> spp., is that the domestic dog can be a definitive host when acquiring the infection, by consuming the carcasses removed from infected herbivorous domestic animals; mainly sheep carcasses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Beiromvand <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). The sheep, the cattle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alemu <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>) and less commonly the human being, can be intermediate hosts, after the ingestion of eggs of these parasites (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Sonmez <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>The general prevalence of helminths was similar among young and adult animals. However, young dogs had a higher prevalence of <italic>Toxocara canis</italic>; This may be because the most important form of <italic>Toxocara canis</italic> infection in dogs is the prenatal transmission of larvae; also known as transplacental or intrauterine transmission (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Schnieder <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>), where female dogs that harbor somatic larvae can infect up to 100% of newborn puppies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Gawor <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). A higher prevalence was also found in adult animals for <italic>Uncinaria stenocephala</italic>. This parasite is one of the agents related to cutaneous parasitosis in humans, known as a completely as cutaneous migrans larva. This zoonosis occurs especially in areas where there are dogs and cats without owners, as well as in sandy and humid soils, such as beaches and recreational parks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Plascencia <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>); This explains the relatively low prevalence of this nematode in the present investigation.</p>
				<p>The prevalence of <italic>Taenia</italic> spp was higher in adult animals; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Fernández y Cantó (2002)</xref> reported contrary data. The highest prevalence in adult animals of the present study may be because adult animals may acquire the infection by consuming the infected animal carcasses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Beiromvand <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>The results of prevalence of helminths by sex of dogs show no difference; however, the prevalence of <italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic> was higher in females than in males; Similar data were reported by (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chávez <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>), who mentions that females are more prone to Dipylidium caninum. In this sense, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Hernández <italic>et al</italic>. (2007)</xref>, mention that the general prevalence of <italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic> is higher during the coldest time of the year. It is probably because stray dogs usually congregate in greater numbers, to seek refuge from colder temperatures; which facilitates the propagation of vectors, by increasing promiscuity among them and consequently the chances of infection with <italic>Dipylidium caninum</italic> are increased.</p>
				<p>The present study was carried out during the period of greatest reproductive activity in the dog, which runs from March to July (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Choy y Echevarría, 2005</xref>), so it is possible that in our case, the females had a higher prevalence of Dipylidium caninum, due to the contact they have with parasitized male flea dogs.</p>
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			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>High prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths of dogs from the Health Services of Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo, Mexico was observed; which demonstrates the public health risk that mean dogs without owners that roam the streets. Some of the parasites found have a high risk of zoonosis, so it is necessary to implement awareness campaigns for the general population, about the responsible possession of companion animals, such as dogs.</p>
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