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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2019.925</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00125</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Efecto de diferentes cepas de <italic>Beauveria bassiana</italic> contra <italic>Alphitobius diaperinus</italic> de granjas avícolas en el estado de Colima</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8645-3649</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moreno-Borjas</surname>
						<given-names>Manuel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8802-0177</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Prado-Rebolledo</surname>
						<given-names>Omar</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7716-210X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>García-Casillas</surname>
						<given-names>Arturo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5370-6400</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ángel-Sahagún</surname>
						<given-names>Andrés</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5273-0393</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sánchez-Chiprés</surname>
						<given-names>David</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7066-4660</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>García-Márquez</surname>
						<given-names>Luis</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label> 1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Estudiante de la Maestría Interinstitucional en Producción Pecuaria (MIPPE). mmoreno23@ucol.mx</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Maestría Interinstitucional en Producción Pecuaria</institution>
				<email>mmoreno23@ucol.mx</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Colima. omarpr@ucol.mx</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Colima</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Colima</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
				<email>omarpr@ucol.mx</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<institution content-type="original">3Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guanajuato. cesargarciacasillas@hotmail.com sahagun01@yahoo.mx</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">3Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Guanajuato</institution>
				<email>cesargarciacasillas@hotmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara. dsanchez@cucba.udg.mx</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autonoma de Guadalajara</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
				<email>dsanchez@cucba.udg.mx</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro Universitario de Investigación Agropecuaria, Universidad de Colima. ljgm_cmv@hotmail.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Colima</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Universitario de Investigación Agropecuaria</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Colima</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
				<email>ljgm_cmv@hotmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">*Autor responsable y de correspondencia: <email>omarpr@ucol.mx</email>. Kilómetro 40 Carretera Colima-Manzanillo, S/N, Tecomán, Colima, México, CP. 28100.</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2019</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>9</volume>
			<elocation-id>e925</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="pub">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes cepas de <italic>Beauveria bassiana (B. bassiana)</italic> contra <italic>Alphitobius diaperinus (A. diaperinus).</italic> Un total de 360 escarabajos <italic>A. diaperinus</italic> (adultos), fueron colectados de granjas avícolas en el estado de Colima. Después de comprobar su viabilidad (90% de conidios germinados), cinco cepas de <italic>B. bassiana</italic> (Bb3, Bb4, Bb5, Bb6 y Bb17) fueron utilizadas. Los cinco tratamientos de <italic>B. bassiana</italic>, presentaron una concentración de 1 x 10<sup>8</sup> conidios/mL. Se emplearon 15 escarabajos para el testigo y por cada cepa de <italic>B. bassiana</italic>, con cuatro réplicas/tratamiento. Los <italic>A. diaperinus</italic> muertos se incubaron por 21 d, para promover el crecimiento del micelio y con ello determinar si la muerte fue causada por <italic>B. bassiana</italic>. El conjunto de datos resultante se analizó mediante estadística descriptiva. La comparación entre grupos se llevó a cabo por Análisis de Varianza e histograma de frecuencia. Los resultados mostraron que todos los aislamientos fúngicos eran patógenos contra escarabajos <italic>A. diaperinus</italic>. La cepa Bb4 presentó diferencia entre grupos, con respecto a la mortalidad (5.25 ± 0.95 escarabajos <italic>A. diaperinus</italic> muertos). En los escarabajos muertos, la micosis por crecimiento del micelio de <italic>B. bassiana</italic>, presentó los mejores resultados en la cepa Bb4 (2.50 ± 1.29 escarabajos <italic>A. diaperinus</italic> con micosis) equivalente al 16.66%. Con el valor más bajo en las cepas Bb3 y Bb6 (3.33 y 1.66% de micosis) respectivamente. Los resultados encontrados, se podrían utilizar en próximos ensayos para evaluar la cepa Bb4 en condiciones normales dentro de instalaciones para aves.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Beauveria bassiana</kwd>
				<kwd>Alphitobius diaperinus</kwd>
				<kwd>conidios</kwd>
				<kwd>micosis</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="2"/>
				<ref-count count="24"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Entre los principales retos que enfrenta la industria avícola, destaca el control de <italic>Alphitobius diaperinus</italic> (<italic>A. diaperinus</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Crippen <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), ya que este escarabajo es reservorio de numerosos patógenos en aves y humanos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">do Carmo <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Además, aunque el hábitat principal de <italic>A. diaperinus</italic>, es el estiércol o la basura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Govorushko, 2019</xref>), sus larvas pueden trepar paredes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Santoro <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>) y postes de soporte en instalaciones para aves (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Rice y Lambkin, 2009</xref>). Causando daños en los materiales de aislamiento durante sus procesos de pupación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hazeleger <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Wales <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Crippen <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). El control de este insecto, generalmente se realiza con insecticidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Arena <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Destacando el i) fenitrotión, ii) cyßuthrin y iii) spinosad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Tomberlin <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Hickmann <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Sin embargo, muchos de estos químicos no tienen efecto sobre la etapa adulta del escarabajo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">do Prado <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>Además, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Lambkin <italic>et al</italic>. (2010</xref>) reportaron una mayor resistencia de <italic>A. diaperinus</italic> a fenitrotión, en 11 granjas avícolas de engorda. Especialmente al sureste de Queensland, donde numerosas aplicaciones de fenitrotión se han realizado de manera constante. Una alternativa de control para <italic>A. diaperinus</italic> es el hongo entomopatógeno <italic>Beauveria bassiana</italic> (<italic>B. bassiana</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Martins <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Este hongo es utilizado como insecticida biológico o biopesticida controlando un gran número de parásitos como orugas, termitas, moscas blancas, áfidos y escarabajos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Daniel <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>), al causarles micosis o enfermedad blanca de la muscardina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Santoro <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Mascarin y Jaronski, 2016</xref>). En México producto de una investigación precedente realizada por (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Prado <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), se evaluó la patogenicidad de cinco cepas del hongo <italic>Beauveria bassiana</italic> en adultos de escarabajo <italic>Alphitobius diaperinus</italic> bajo condiciones de laboratorio obteniendo buenos resultados. Por lo que, a partir de ese estudio, surgió la necesidad de realizar investigaciones con nuevas cepas mexicanas del hongo <italic>Beauveria bassiana</italic>. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes cepas de <italic>B. bassiana</italic> (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) contra <italic>A. diaperinus</italic> (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) de granjas avícolas en el estado de Colima.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p><bold>Lugar experimental.</bold></p>
			<p>Los bioensayos se realizaron en el Laboratorio de Control Biológico de la DES: Ciencias Agropecuarias de la Universidad de Colima. Las condiciones del Laboratorio fueron 25 ± 1 °C de temperatura, 80 ± 4 % de humedad relativa (<bold>HR</bold>), y 12:12 h luz/obscuridad (<bold>L/O</bold>).</p>
			<p><bold>Procedencia de <italic>A. diaperinus</italic>.</bold></p>
			<p>Un total de 360 escarabajos <italic>A. diaperinus</italic> (adultos) fueron colectados de granjas avícolas en el estado de Colima, durante la 7<sup>a</sup> semana de producción (septiembre y octubre del 2016). La captura se llevó a cabo en diversos sitios de la cama de las aves, con el uso de pinzas entomológicas. Los <italic>A. diaperinus</italic> fueron transportados en frascos de 6 cm de diámetro x 7 cm de alto, al laboratorio para su identificación taxonómica de acuerdo a (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Chernaki y Almeida, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dunford y Kaufman, 2006</xref>).</p>
			<p><bold>Origen de las cepas <italic>B</italic>. <italic>bassiana</italic>.</bold></p>
			<p>Se utilizaron cinco cepas de <italic>B. bassiana</italic> (Bb3, Bb4, Bb5, Bb6 y Bb17) de la colección de hongos entomopatógenos del Laboratorio de Control Biológico de la DES: Ciencias Agropecuarias de la Universidad de Colima y del Laboratorio de Parasitología y Control Biológico del Departamento de Veterinaria y Zootecnia, División Ciencias de la Vida de la Universidad de Guanajuato.</p>
			<p><bold>Etapa experimental (Fase 1). Multiplicación, viabilidad y concentración de cepas de <italic>B. bassiana</italic>.</bold></p>
			<p>Las cinco cepas de <italic>B. bassiana</italic> fueron multiplicadas en medio sólido de agar dextrosa sabouraud (<bold>ADS</bold>) e incubadas por 21 d. Un día antes de realizar el bioensayo, los conidios se cosecharon con un asa bacteriológica y se colocaron en un frasco de vidrio de 2 x 8 cm con capacidad de 25 mL, que contenía 10 mL de agua destilada estéril con <italic>Tween</italic> 80 (00102; Sigma Chemical CO., Saint Louis, MO) al 0.01%. La mezcla se homogenizó (agitando) por 5 min y se determinó la viabilidad de los conidios de cada cepa mediante microcultivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Santoro <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Mascarin y Jaronski, 2016</xref>). Se consideró como cepa viable, aquella donde se observó más del 90% de los conidios germinados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Geden y Steinkraus, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Daniel <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Para determinar la concentración de los conidios se utilizó una cámara de Neubawer. Los cinco tratamientos de <italic>B. bassiana</italic> (Bb3, Bb4, Bb5, Bb6 y Bb17) presentaron una concentración de 1 x 10<sup>8</sup> conidios/mL.</p>
			<p><bold>Experimento (Fase 2). Patogenicidad.</bold></p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Rezende <italic>et al</italic>. (2009</xref>) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alves <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> sugirieron emplear entre 10 y 20 escarabajos. Por lo tanto, se emplearon 15 escarabajos <italic>A. diaperinus</italic> (adultos) para el testigo y por cada cepa de <italic>B. bassiana</italic> (Bb3, Bb4, Bb5, Bb6 y Bb17), con cuatro réplicas/tratamiento. Cada <italic>A. diaperinus</italic> fue transferido a un vaso de precipitado estéril con capacidad de 250 mL, que contenía 10 mL de suspensión (1 x 10<sup>8</sup> conidios/mL) de cada tratamiento y (únicamente agua destilada estéril con <italic>Tween</italic> 80 al 0.01%) para el testigo. Después de la inoculación, los <italic>A. diaperinus</italic> fueron colocados en cajas Petri, con papel filtro húmedo con agua destilada estéril. La mortalidad se registró cada 12 h después de la inoculación por un lapso de 10 d. Los escarabajos muertos se colocaron individualmente en cajas Petri con papel filtro húmedo con agua destilada estéril y se incubaron por 21 d, para promover el crecimiento del micelio y con ello determinar si la muerte fue causada por <italic>B. bassiana</italic>.</p>
			<p><bold>Análisis estadístico.</bold></p>
			<p>Para el tratamiento de los datos obtenidos se utilizó el programa estadístico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">SAS, System, v. 9.0.2, Cary, NC</xref>). Para evaluar el diseño completamente al azar, el siguiente modelo fue probado:</p>
			<p>
			<disp-formula id="e1">	
			<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>γ</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi> </mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>j</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>μ</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>i</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ϵ</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>j</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math>
			</disp-formula>
			</p>
				<p>donde:</p>
			<p>γ<sub>𝑖𝑗</sub> = observación de la j-ésimo u.e. de i-ésimo tratamiento;</p>
			<p>μ<sub>𝑖</sub> = media del i-ésimo tratamiento; y</p>
			<p>ε<sub>𝑖𝑗</sub> = error experimental de la unidad 𝑖𝑗.</p>
			<p>El conjunto de datos resultante se analizó para estadística descriptiva por (PROC UNIVARIATE; SAS, 2010). La comparación entre tratamientos (testigo, Bb3, Bb4, Bb5, Bb6 y Bb17), se llevó a cabo por (PROC ANOVA; SAS, 2010). Cuando se encontró efecto significativo por grupo (P &lt; 0.05), se realizó la prueba de comparación múltiple de Tukey. Los datos obtenidos para micosis, se transformaron al arco seno <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:msqrt><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mn>100</mml:mn><mml:mi> </mml:mi></mml:msqrt><mml:mi>*</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:math> , se expresaron en porcentaje y fueron graficados.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>Los estadísticos descriptivos para el total de muertos y el total de muertos por micosis, ocasionada por las cinco cepas de <italic>B. bassiana</italic> sobre escarabajos A. diaperinus (adultos) de granjas avícolas en el estado de Colima. Se puede apreciar que las cepas probadas en el total de escarabajos muertos y el total de escarabajos muertos por micosis mostraron valores mayores que el testigo, donde la cepa Bb4 fue la que obtuvo los valores más altos, como se muestran en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Estadística descriptiva para el total de muertos y el total de muertos por micosis de Beauveria bassiana sobre Alphitobius diaperinus, n = 360 escarabajos</title>
					</caption>
					<table style="border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0">
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"></td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"><bold>x ± DE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">
									<sup>a</sup></xref></bold></td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"><bold>IC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>b</sup></xref></bold></td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"><bold>P<sub>10</sub>-P90</bold></td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"><bold>P<sub>25</sub>-P<sub>75</sub></bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="7" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Total de muertos</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">Testigo</td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.00 ± 0.81</td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 2.19</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 2.00</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.25 – 1.75</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;"><bold>Cepas de <italic>B. bassiana</italic></bold></td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"></td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"></td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"></td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">Bb3</td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.50 ± 1.73</td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 4.25</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 4.00</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.25 – 3.25</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">Bb4</td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">5.25 ± 0.95</td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">3.72 – 6.77</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">4.00 – 6.00</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">4.25 – 6.00</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">Bb5</td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.50 ± 1.00</td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.90 – 4.09</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.00 – 4.00</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.00 – 3.50</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">Bb6</td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.00 ± 0.81</td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.70 – 3.29</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.00 – 3.00</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.25 – 2.75</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">Bb17</td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.00 ± 1.41</td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 4.25</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 3.00</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.50 – 3.00</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="7" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"><bold>Total de muertos por micosis<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">
									<sup>c</sup></xref></bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">Testigo</td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 ± 0.00</td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 0.00</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 0.00</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 0.00</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;"><bold>Cepas de <italic>B. bassiana</italic></bold></td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"></td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"></td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"></td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">Bb3</td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.50 ± 0.57</td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 1.41</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 1.00</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 1.00</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">Bb4</td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.50 ± 1.29</td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.44 – 4.55</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.00 – 4.00</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.25 – 3.75</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">Bb5</td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.00 ± 1.15</td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 2.83</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 2.00</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 2.00</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">Bb6</td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.25 ± 0.50</td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 1.04</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 1.00</td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 0.75</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: left;">Bb17</td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: left;">0.75 ± 0.95</td>
								<td colspan="2" style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: left;">0.00 – 2.27</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: left;">0.00 – 2.00</td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: left;">0.00 – 1.75</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<label><sup>a</sup></label>
							<p>Media ± desviación estándar; <sup>b</sup>intervalo de confianza al 95%; <sup>c</sup>confirmación por crecimiento de micelio de <italic>B. bassiana</italic>.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>La cepa Bb4 de <italic>B. bassiana</italic> presentó diferencia entre grupos, con respecto a la mortalidad (5.25 ± 0.95 escarabajos A. diaperinus muertos). La mortalidad más baja entre cepas de <italic>B. bassiana</italic> se cuantificó en Bb3 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref>). En los escarabajos muertos, la micosis por crecimiento del micelio de <italic>B. bassiana</italic>, presentó los mejores resultados en la cepa Bb4 (2.50 ± 1.29 escarabajos A. diaperinus con micosis) equivalente al 16.66% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Comparación de patogenicidad de cinco cepas de Beauveria bassiana contra Alphitobius diaperinus de granjas avícolas en el estado de Colima</title>
					</caption>
					<table style="border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0">
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td  colspan="7" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"><bold>Cepas de <italic>B. bassiana</italic></bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"></td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"><bold>Testigo</bold></td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"><bold>Bb3</bold></td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"><bold>Bb4 </bold></td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"><bold>Bb5</bold></td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"><bold>Bb6</bold></td>
								<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"><bold>Bb17</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;"><bold>Mortalidad</bold></td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.00 ± 0.81<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.50 ± 1.73<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">5.25 ± 0.95<sup>b</sup> </td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.50 ± 1.00<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.00 ± 0.81<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.00 ± 1.41<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: left;"><bold>Micosis</bold></td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: left;">0.00 ± 0.00 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: left;">0.50 ± 0.57<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: left;">2.50 ± 1.29<sup>b </sup></td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: left;">1.00 ± 1.15<sup>a,b</sup></td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: left;">0.25 ± 0.50<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: left;">0.75 ± 0.95<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>Dentro de renglones valores con diferente letra difieren significativamente entre sí (P &lt; 0.05). Todos los datos son presentados por media ± DE.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Micosis por Beauveria bassiana en Alphitobius diaperinus de granjas avícolas en el estado de Colima, n = 360 escarabajos.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-9-e925-gf1.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>La cepa Bb5 registró (1.00 ± 1.15 escarabajos A. diaperinus con micosis) equivalente al 6.66% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>). Con el valor más bajo en las cepas Bb3 y Bb6 (3.33 y 1.66 % de micosis) respectivamente.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Los resultados mostraron que todos los aislamientos fúngicos fueron patógenos contra escarabajos A. diaperinus, con una mortalidad inducida por micosis del 16.66% como máximo y con diferencias significativas entre cepas (Bb3, Bb4, Bb5, Bb6 y Bb17). Estos resultados son similares a los reportes de (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Rohde et al., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Rezende et al., 2009</xref>), quienes trabajaron con el mismo escarabajo. Se ha descrito que el primer contacto entre</p>
			<p><italic>B. bassiana</italic> y A. diaperinus, sucede cuando la espora (conidio) es depositada en la superficie del insecto, de ahí la importancia de la dosis patogénica (1 x 10<sup>8</sup> conidios/mL) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Santoro et al., 2008</xref>).</p>
			<p>El conidio inicia el desarrollo de su tubo germinativo y su apresorio para fijarse al escarabajo. Para una germinación adecuada se requiere una HR del 92% y temperatura de entre 23 a 25 °C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Vertyporokh et al., 2019</xref>). Después mediante enzimas como las proteasas, lipasas y quitinasas, el hongo entomopatógeno ingresa en A. diaperinus a través de sus partes blandas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Mascarin y Jaronski, 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Dentro del escarabajo, <italic>B. bassiana</italic> ramifica sus estructuras y coloniza las cavidades del huésped (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Daniel et al., 2019</xref>). Con toxinas p. ej., beauvericina, beauverolide, bassianolide y oxálico rompe el sistema inmunológico de A. diaperinus, invadiendo todos sus tejidos y matando al escarabajo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Geden y Steinkraus, 2003</xref>). Dando así inicio a la fase saprofítica de <italic>B. bassiana</italic> con su multiplicación y crecimiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Mascarin y Jaronski, 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Sin embargo, la mayor mortalidad esperada no alcanzó niveles significativos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Daniel et al. (2019)</xref> encontraron que los aislados de <italic>B. bassiana</italic> son altamente virulentos y también indicaron una amplia variabilidad en la virulencia entre cepas (del 2 al 70%). Lo que indica, que al igual que en el presente estudio, es obligatorio evaluar la mayor cantidad posible de cepas y así poder seleccionar la que presente mayor patogenicidad contra A. diaperinus.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Beauveria bassiana demostró ser útil como medida de control biológico para Alphitobius diaperinus de granjas avícolas en el estado de Colima. Se destaca el potencial para causar micosis de la cepa Bb4, sobre las cepas Bb3, Bb5, Bb6 y Bb17 en condiciones de laboratorio. Los resultados encontrados, se podrían utilizar en próximos ensayos para evaluar la cepa Bb4 en condiciones normales dentro de instalaciones para aves.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMIENTOS</title>
			<p>Este proyecto fue apoyado por el Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de México (CONACyT- México).</p>
		</ack>
		<ref-list>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Effect of different <italic>Beauveria bassiana</italic> strains against <italic>Alphitobius diaperinus</italic> from poultry farms in Colima state</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">*Responsible and correspondence author: <email>omarpr@ucol.mx</email>. Kilometer 40 Carretera Colima-Manzanillo, S/N, Tecomán, Colima, Mexico, CP. 28100.</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different Beauveria bassiana strains (<italic>B. bassiana</italic>) against <italic>Alphitobius diaperinus (A. diaperinus)</italic>. A total of 360 beetles <italic>A. diaperinus</italic> (adults) were collected from poultry farms in Colima state. After verifying its viability (90% of germinated conidia), five of <italic>B. bassiana</italic> strains (Bb3, Bb4, Bb5, Bb6 and Bb17) were used. The five treatments of <italic>B. bassiana</italic>, presented a concentration of 1 x 10<sup>8</sup> conidia/mL. Fifteen beetles were used for the control and for each of <italic>B. bassiana</italic> strain, with four replicates/treatment. The dead <italic>A. diaperinus</italic> were incubated for 21 d, to promote mycelial growth and thus determine whether the death was caused by <italic>B. bassiana</italic>. The resulting data set was analyzed by descriptive statistics. The comparison between groups was assessed by Analysis of Variance and frequency histogram. The results showed that all fungal isolates were pathogenic against <italic>A. diaperinus</italic> beetles. The Bb4 strain showed a difference between groups, with respect to mortality (5.25 ± 0.95 dead <italic>A. diaperinus</italic> beetles). In dead beetles, mycosis due to mycelium growth of <italic>B. bassiana</italic>, presented the best results in Bb4 strain (2.50 ± 1.29 beetles <italic>A. diaperinus</italic> with mycosis) equivalent to 16.66%ith the lowest value in Bb3 strain and Bb6 strain (3.33 and 1.66% of mycosis) respectively. The results found could be used in future trials to evaluate the Bb4 strain under normal conditions within the bird facilities.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Beauveria bassiana</kwd>
				<kwd>Alphitobius diaperinus</kwd>
				<kwd>conidia</kwd>
				<kwd>mycosis</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Among the main challenges facing the poultry industry, the control of Alphitobius diaperinus (A. diaperinus) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Crippen et al., 2018</xref>) stands out, since this beetle is a reservoir of numerous pathogens in birds and humans (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">do Carmo et al., 2019</xref>). In addition, although the main habitat of A. diaperinus, is manure or garbage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Govorushko, 2019</xref>), its larvae can climb walls (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Santoro et al., 2008</xref>) and support posts in bird facilities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Rice and Lambkin, 2009</xref>). Causing damage to insulation materials during their pupation processes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hazeleger et al., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Wales et al.,2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Crippen et al., 2018</xref>). The control of this insect is generally carried out with insecticides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Arena et al., 2019</xref>). Highlighting the i) fenitrotion, ii) cyßuthrin and iii) spinosad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Tomberlin et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Hickmann et al., 2018</xref>). However, many of these chemicals have no effect on the adult stage of the beetle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">do Prado et al., 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>In addition, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Lambkin et al. (2010</xref>) reported a greater resistance of A. diaperinus to fenitrotion, in 11 poultry farms for fattening. Especially southeast of Queensland, where numerous applications of fenitrotion have been carried out constantly. A control alternative for A. diaperinus is the entomopathogenic fungus <italic>Beauveria bassiana (B. bassiana)</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Martins et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>This fungus is used as a biological insecticide or biopesticide controlling a large number of parasites such as caterpillars, termites, whiteflies, aphids and beetles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Daniel et al., 2019</xref>), causing them mycosis or white muscardine disease (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Santoro et al., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Mascarin and Jaronski, 2016</xref>). In Mexico, as a result of a previous investigation carried out by (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Prado et al., 2014</xref>), the pathogenicity of five strains of the Beauveria bassiana fungus in adults of Alphitobius diaperinus beetle was evaluated under laboratory conditions, obtaining good results. Therefore, from this study, the need arose to carry out research with New Mexican strains of the Beauveria bassiana fungus. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different strains of <italic>B. bassiana</italic> (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) against A. diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) of poultry farms in Colima state.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p><bold>Experimental location.</bold></p>
				<p>The bioassays were performed at the DES Biological Control Laboratory: Agricultural Sciences of the University of Colima. Laboratory conditions were 25±1 °C temperature, 80±4% of relative humidity (<bold>HR</bold>), and 12:12 h light/dark (L/O).</p>
				<p><bold>Origin of A. diaperinus.</bold></p>
				<p>A total of 360 A. diaperinus beetles (adults) were collected from poultry farms in Colima state, during the 7<sup>th</sup> week of production (September and October 2016). The capture was carried out in various sites of the bird's bed, with the use of entomological clamps. diaperinus were transported in bottles 6 cm in diameter x 7 cm high, to the laboratory for taxonomic identification according to (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Chernaki and Almeida, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dunford and Kaufman, 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p><bold>Origin of <italic>B. bassiana</italic> strains.</bold></p>
				<p>Five strains of <italic>B. bassiana</italic> (Bb3, Bb4, Bb5, Bb6 and Bb17) from the entomopathogenic fungi collection of the DES Biological Control Laboratory: Agricultural Sciences of the University of Colima and the Laboratory of Parasitology and Biological Control of the Department of Veterinary and Zootechnics, Life Sciences Division of the University of Guanajuato.</p>
				<p><bold>Experimental stage (Phase 1). Multiplication, viability and concentration of <italic>B. bassiana strains.</italic></bold></p>
				<p>The five strains of <italic>B. bassiana</italic> were multiplied in solid medium solid dextrose sabouraud agar (<bold>ADS</bold>) and incubated for 21 d. One day before performing the bioassay, the conidia were harvested with a bacteriological handle and placed in a 2x8 cm glass jar with a capacity of 25 mL, containing 10 mL of sterile distilled water with Tween 80 (00102; Sigma Chemical CO., Saint Louis, MO) at 0.01%. The mixture was homogenized (stirring) for 5 min and the viability of the conidia of each strain was determined by microculture (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Santoro et al., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Mascarin and Jaronski, 2016</xref>). It was considered as a viable strain, one where more than 90% of the germinated conidia were observed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Geden and Steinkraus, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Daniel et al., 2019</xref>). To determine the concentration of conidia, a Neubawer chamber was used. The five treatments of <italic>B. bassiana</italic> (Bb3, Bb4, Bb5, Bb6 and Bb17) had a concentration of 1x10<sup>8</sup> conidia/mL.</p>
				<p><bold>Experiment (Phase 2). Pathogenicity.</bold></p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Rezende et al. (2009</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alves et al. (2015)</xref> suggested using between 10 and 20 beetles. Therefore, 15 A. diaperinus beetles (adults) were used for the control and for each strain of <italic>B. bassiana</italic> (Bb3, Bb4, Bb5, Bb6 and Bb17), with four replicates/treatment. Each A. diaperinus was transferred to a sterile 250 mL beaker containing 10 mL of suspension (1x10<sup>8</sup> conidia/mL) of each treatment and (only sterile distilled water with 0.01% Tween 80) for witness. After inoculation, A. diaperinus were placed in Petri dishes, with wet filter paper with sterile distilled water. Mortality was recorded every 12 h after inoculation for a period of 10 d. The dead beetles were individually placed in Petri dishes with wet filter paper with sterile distilled water and incubated for 21 d, to promote mycelial growth and thereby determine if the death was caused by <italic>B. bassiana</italic>.</p>
				<p><bold>Statistical analysis.</bold></p>
				<p>The statistical program (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">SAS, System, v. 9.0.2, Cary, NC</xref>) was used to process the data obtained. To evaluate the design completely randomly, the following model was tested:</p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e2">	
						<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>γ</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi> </mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>j</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>μ</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>i</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ϵ</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>j</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p>where:</p>
				<p>γ<sub>𝑖𝑗</sub> = observation of the j-th u.e. of i-th treatment;</p>
				<p>μ<sub>𝑖</sub> = mean of the ith treatment; and</p>
				<p>ε<sub>𝑖𝑗</sub> = experimental error of the unit 𝑖𝑗.</p>
				<p>The resulting data set was analyzed for descriptive statistics by (PROC UNIVARIATE; SAS, 2010). The comparison between treatments (control, Bb3, Bb4, Bb5, Bb6 and Bb17) was carried out by (PROC ANOVA; SAS, 2010). When significant effect was found by group (P &lt;0.05), the Tukey multiple comparison test was performed. The data obtained for mycosis were transformed to the arcsine <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:msqrt><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mn>100</mml:mn><mml:mi> </mml:mi></mml:msqrt><mml:mi>*</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:math> , expressed as a percentage and plotted.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>Descriptive statistics for total deaths and total deaths from mycosis, caused by the five strains of <italic>B. bassiana</italic> on A. diaperinus beetles (adults) of poultry farms in Colima state. It can be seen that the strains tested in the total of dead beetles and the total of beetles killed by mycosis showed higher values than the control, where the Bb4 strain was the one that obtained the highest values, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 1</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Descriptive statistics for total deaths and total deaths from mycosis of Beauveria bassiana on Alphitobius diaperinus, n = 360 beetles</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0">
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"><bold>x ± DE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>a</sup></xref>
</bold></td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"><bold>IC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3"><sup>b</sup></xref>
</bold></td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"><bold>P<sub>10</sub>-P90</bold></td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"><bold>P<sub>25</sub>-P<sub>75</sub>
</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="7" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Total dead</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">Control</td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.00 ± 0.81</td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 2.19</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 2.00</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.25 – 1.75</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;"><bold>Strain of <italic>B. bassiana</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">Bb3</td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.50 ± 1.73</td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 4.25</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 4.00</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.25 – 3.25</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">Bb4</td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">5.25 ± 0.95</td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">3.72 – 6.77</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">4.00 – 6.00</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">4.25 – 6.00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">Bb5</td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.50 ± 1.00</td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.90 – 4.09</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.00 – 4.00</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.00 – 3.50</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">Bb6</td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.00 ± 0.81</td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.70 – 3.29</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.00 – 3.00</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.25 – 2.75</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">Bb17</td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.00 ± 1.41</td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 4.25</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 3.00</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.50 – 3.00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="7" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"><bold>Total deaths by mycosis</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">Control</td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 ± 0.00</td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 0.00</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 0.00</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 0.00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;"><bold>Strain of <italic>B. bassiana</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">Bb3</td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.50 ± 0.57</td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 1.41</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 1.00</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 1.00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">Bb4</td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.50 ± 1.29</td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.44 – 4.55</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.00 – 4.00</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.25 – 3.75</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">Bb5</td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.00 ± 1.15</td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 2.83</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 2.00</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 2.00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;">Bb6</td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.25 ± 0.50</td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 1.04</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 1.00</td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">0.00 – 0.75</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: left;">Bb17</td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: left;">0.75 ± 0.95</td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: left;">0.00 – 2.27</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: left;">0.00 – 2.00</td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: left;">0.00 – 1.75</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p><sup>a</sup>Mean ± standard deviation; <sup>b</sup>95% confidence interval; <sup>c</sup>Confirmation by mycelium growth of <italic>B. bassiana</italic>.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The Bb4 strain of <italic>B. bassiana</italic> showed a difference between groups, with respect to mortality (5.25±0.95 dead A. diaperinus beetles). The lowest mortality among strains of bassiana was quantified in Bb3 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">table 2</xref>). In dead beetles, mycosis due to mycelium growth of <italic>B. bassiana</italic>, presented the best results in strain Bb4 (2.50±1.29 beetles A. diaperinus with mycosis) equivalent to 16.66% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figure 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Comparison of pathogenicity of five strains of Beauveria bassiana against Alphitobius diaperinus from poultry farms in Colima state</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0">
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="7" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"><bold>Strains of <italic>B. bassiana</italic>
</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;"/>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"><bold>Control</bold></td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"><bold>Bb3</bold></td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"><bold>Bb4</bold></td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"><bold>Bb5</bold></td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"><bold>Bb6</bold></td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;"><bold>Bb17</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: left;"><bold>Mortality</bold></td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.00 ± 0.81<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">1.50 ± 1.73<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">5.25 ± 0.95<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.50 ± 1.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.00 ± 0.81<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-style: none; text-align: center;">2.00 ± 1.41<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: left;"><bold>Mycosis</bold></td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">0.00 ± 0.00 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">0.50 ± 0.57<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">2.50 ± 1.29<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">1.00 ± 1.15<sup>a,b</sup></td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">0.25 ± 0.50<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; text-align: center;">0.75 ± 0.95<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>Within lines, values with different letters differ significantly from each other (P &lt;0.05). All data are presented by mean ± DE.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Mycosis by Beauveria bassiana in Alphitobius diaperinus of poultry farms in the state of Colima, n = 360 beetles.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-9-e925-gf2.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The Bb5 strain recorded (1.00±1.15 A. diaperinus beetles with mycosis) equivalent to 6.66% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figure 1</xref>). With the lowest value in strains Bb3 and Bb6 (3.33 and 1.66% of mycosis) respectively.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The results showed that all fungal isolates were pathogenic against A. diaperinus beetles, with a mycosis-induced mortality of 16.66% maximum and with significant differences between strains (Bb3, Bb4, Bb5, Bb6 and Bb17). These results are similar to the reports of (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Rohde et al., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Rezende et al., 2009</xref>), who worked with the same beetle. It has been described that the first contact between <italic>B. bassiana</italic> and A. diaperinus, occurs when the spore (conidium) is deposited on the surface of the insect, hence the importance of the pathogenic dose (1 x 10<sup>8</sup> conidia/mL) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Santoro et al., 2008</xref>).</p>
				<p>The conidium begins the development of its germination tube and its appressorium to fix itself to the beetle. For adequate germination, a HR of 92% and a temperature of between 23 and 25 °C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Vertyporokh et al., 2019</xref>) are required. Then through enzymes such as proteases, lipases and chitinases, the entomopathogenic fungus enters A. diaperinus through its soft parts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Mascarin and Jaronski, 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>Within the beetle, <italic>B. bassiana</italic> branches its structures and colonizes the host's cavities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Daniel et al., 2019</xref>). With toxins p. eg, beauvericin, beauverolide, bassianolide and oxalic breaks the immune system of A. diaperinus, invading all its tissues and killing the beetle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Geden and Steinkraus, 2003</xref>). Thus beginning the saprophytic phase of <italic>B. bassiana</italic> with its multiplication and growth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Mascarin and Jaronski, 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>However, the highest expected mortality did not reach significant levels. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Daniel et al. (2019)</xref> found that <italic>B. bassiana</italic> isolates are highly virulent and also indicated a wide variability in virulence among strains (from 2 to 70%). This indicates that, as in the present study, it is mandatory to evaluate as many strains as possible and thus be able to select the one with the greatest pathogenicity against A. diaperinus.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>Beauveria bassiana proved useful as a biological control measure for Alphitobius diaperinus from poultry farms in Colima state. The potential to cause mycosis of strain Bb4, on strains Bb3, Bb5, Bb6 and Bb17 under laboratory conditions, is highlighted. The results found could be used in future trials to evaluate the Bb4 strain under normal conditions in poultry facilities.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>ACKNOWLEDGMENT</title>
				<p>This project was supported by the National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico (CONACyT- Mexico).</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>