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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2019.921</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00123</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo Original.</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Efecto de la yema de huevo sobre la criopreservación espermática de zángano (<italic>Apis mellifera</italic>)</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7686-5113</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Loeza-Concha</surname>
						<given-names>Henry</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1444-3844</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Domínguez-Rebolledo</surname>
						<given-names>Álvaro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1832-3145</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Copas-Medina</surname>
						<given-names>Karen</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4561-2900</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vivas-Rodríguez</surname>
						<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3792-2733</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Escalera-Valente</surname>
						<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9312-8438</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ramón-Ugalde</surname>
						<given-names>Julio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación. Conkal, Yucatán, México</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Conkal</city>
					<state>Yucatán</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias. Mocochá, Yucatán, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Mocochá</city>
					<state>Yucatán</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Compostela, Nayarit, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">*Autor de correspondencia: Domínguez-Rebolledo Álvaro. Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación. Km 16.3 antigua carretera Mérida-Motul, Conkal, Yucatán. C.P. 97345. <email>henryloeza_21@yahoo.com</email>, <email>dominguez.alvaro@inifap.gob.mx</email>, <email>copas.karen@gmail.com</email>, <email>vivas.jorge@inifap.gob.mx</email>, <email>franescalera@hotmail.com</email>, <email>julio.ramon9@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2019</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>9</volume>
			<elocation-id>e923</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>23</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la yema de huevo entera (YHE) y centrifugada (YHC) y su interacción con dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) y glicerol, sobre la criopreservación del semen de zángano. Se obtuvieron seis alícuotas de semen, las que se dividieron en cuatro tratamientos: T1 (YHC + glicerol), T2 (YHC + DMSO), T3 (YHE + glicerol) y T4 (YHE + DMSO). Las muestras diluidas se evaluaron después de 10 minutos de incubación a 37 °C y pos descongelación. La motilidad se evaluó subjetivamente (escala 4 a 0), la integridad de la membrana (test de Host) y la viabilidad (IP/SYBR-14). Los resultados se analizaron con un ANDEVA. Al momento de la dilución, el T1 fue el que mayor porcentaje de motilidad, viabilidad e integridad de la membrana presentó (grado 4, 95.75% ± 1.20, 89.75% ± 0.42, respectivamente), pos-descongelación el T2 fue el que mayor porcentaje presento (grado 2, 59.10% ±1.44, 84.35% ±0.72, respectivamente). Los resultados demostraron que el T1 fue el que obtuvo los mejores parámetros espermáticos al momento de la dilución, mientras que, pos descongelación el T2 fue el diluyente que mejor criopreservó las muestras espermáticas de zángano.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Yema de huevo</kwd>
				<kwd>criopreservación</kwd>
				<kwd>semen</kwd>
				<kwd>zángano</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<award-group award-type="contract">
					<funding-source>Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)</funding-source>
					<award-id>164592</award-id>
				</award-group>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="38"/>
				
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La abeja <italic>Apis mellifera</italic> es la principal especie polinizadora empleada por el hombre para aumentar la productividad de los cultivos, y desempeña una importante función en el mantenimiento de la biodiversidad. En los últimos años, el sector apícola se ha visto gravemente amenazado por las pérdidas de colmenas que se han reportado, generando preocupación sobre la diversidad genética de las poblaciones de abejas melíferas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Cobey <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). Se cree que estas pérdidas son debido a un fenómeno multifactorial, como el cambio climático, los insecticidas, agentes patógenos, las enfermedades virales, entre otros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Tentcheva <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>, van Engelsdorp <italic>et al</italic>., 2010, Guzmán-Novoa <italic>et al</italic>., 2010, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Neumann y Carreck, 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>En este sentido, una de las alternativas para poder preservar las abejas sería la criopreservación de células espermáticas de zánganos en nitrógeno líquido (NL2), para su posterior uso en técnicas de inseminación instrumental. De este modo, se puede conservar el material genético a largo plazo y su disponibilidad de uso puede ser en cualquier época del año (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Hopkins y Herr, 2010</xref>); sin embargo la criopreservación de células espermáticas de zángano presenta bajos porcentajes de criosuperviviencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Taylor <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>), afectando negativamente en la producción de crías de reinas inseminadas instrumentalmente, logrando una tasa baja de fertilidad del 47%, con respecto al porcentaje con semen fresco que se encuentra entre un 95- 99% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Hopkins y Herr, 2010</xref>). Para minimizar los efectos negativos que se producen durante y después de la criopreservación, se han estudiado diversas soluciones; entre ellos, los crioprotectores como el glicerol, dimetilsulfóxido, etilenglicol y la dimetilformamida; los cuales previenen la formación de cristales de hielo y protegen a los espermatozoides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Nouri <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Medeiros <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>). Sin embargo, entre los crioprotectores más utilizados en la congelación de semen de zángano se encuentran el Dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) y el glicerol. Del mismo modo, se han evaluado infinidad de componentes que se le añaden al diluyente de congelación; entre ellos la leche, glicocola, glicerina, yema de huevo, agua de coco y lecitina de soya. La finalidad de estos componentes es la de preservar las características funcionales de las células espermáticas, mantener el nivel de fertilidad adecuado y protegerlas de las lesiones provocadas por el choque térmico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Stornelli <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dadkhah <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Wegener y Bienefeld, 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>Actualmente la yema de huevo es uno de los principales componentes más utilizados en la mayoría de los diluyentes de criopreservación de semen en casi todas las especies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cabrera <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Kulaksiz <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>), ya que ejerce un efecto protector sobre las las membranas de los espermatozoides sometidos a procesos de criopreservación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fernández-Santos <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Briand-Amirat <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>). Este efecto de protección se debe al aporte de lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LBD) compuestas por triglicéridos, fosfolípidos y colesterol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Moussa <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>).</p>
			<p>Las LBD previenen la formación de cristales de hielo y protege la integridad de la membrana plasmática del choque frío (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hu <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Jian-Hong <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). Asimismo, se ha documentado en diferentes estudios que la eliminación de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (LAD), mejora la calidad del semen, antes y después de su congelación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Watson y Martin, 1975</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aboagla y Terada, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fernández-Santos <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Briand- Amirat <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>). Debido a esto, se ha recurrido a la centrifugación de la yema de huevo, con la finalidad de eliminar algunos de sus componentes y conservar principalmente las LBD, las cuales han permitido mejorar la congelabilidad del semen de varias especies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fernández-Santos <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Briand-Amirat <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Pillet <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Nouri <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). En zánganos, se ha documentado que cuando el diluyente de criopreservación contiene yema de huevo entera, la fertilidad de la reina inseminada se ve afectada con una disminución del número de huevos depositados en las celdas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hopkins <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). Asimismo, representa un riesgo para la fertilidad de las abejas reinas inseminadas, ya que las partículas de la yema de huevo pueden obstruir los oviductos de la espermateca y provocar una infección (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hopkins <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>Por todo lo anterior expuesto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la yema de huevo entera y centrifugada y sus interacciones con dos tipos de crioprotectores (DMSO y glicerol), sobre la criopreservación del semen de zángano.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p><bold>Localización y características del área de estudio</bold>. La colecta de semen se
				realizó en el Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y
				Pesqueras (INIFAP), ubicado en el municipio de Mocochá, Yucatán. Las muestras de
				semen se evaluaron en el laboratorio del Centro de Selección y Reproducción Ovina
				(CeSyRO) del Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal.</p>
			<p><bold>Captura y manipulación de los zánganos</bold>. La captura de los zánganos se realizó
				mediante rejillas excluidoras, las cuales fueron colocadas frente de la piquera para
				evitar el ingreso de los zánganos a la colmena y así facilitar su captura. Estas
				rejillas se colocaron aproximadamente antes del mediodía, debido a que se aseguraba
				la salida de los zánganos para sus vuelos de rastreo, por lo que la captura se
				realizó a las 17:00 horas del mismo día, asegurando el regreso de los mismos. La
				finalidad de esta técnica es obtener individuos adultos de aproximadamente 16 días
				de vida (zángano maduro). Una vez capturados los zánganos, se colocaban en jaulas
				transportadoras de 15x15x5 cm; las cuales se llenaban a un 35 % de su capacidad,
				para que los zánganos pudieran moverse. Posteriormente los zánganos fueron
				resguardados en colmenas huérfanas, con la finalidad de mantenerlos alimentados
				durante toda la noche. Al día siguiente los zánganos fueron liberados en jaulas de
				vuelo de 40x40 cm, durante diez minutos, para alentar la defecación y con ello
				disminuir la contaminación de las muestras; así como para asegurar el llenado de sus
				sacos aéreos para obtener una mejor eversión del endófalo (<xref ref-type="bibr"
					rid="B32">Taylor <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>).</p>
			<p><bold>Colecta de semen</bold>. Se utilizó la técnica descrita por <xref ref-type="bibr"
					rid="B21">Laidlaw (1977)</xref>, que implica forzar de manera manual la eversión
				parcial y total del endófalo, ejerciendo presión en el tórax y abdomen. Una vez que
				se detectó el semen en el endófalo, se procedió a su colecta mediante la liberación
				de una gota de solución salina sobre el semen expuesto y con la ayuda de una jeringa
				Harbo Schley (ref. 104), y una lupa estereoscópica modelo SMZ zoom Schley (ref.
				2.00) y se extrajo el semen. La obtención del semen en todos los zánganos se realizó
				hasta llenar un tubo capilar con capacidad de 100 µl, para posteriormente ser
				criopreservado.</p>
			<p><bold>Procesamiento de la yema de huevo</bold>. Para la obtención de la yema de huevo entera,
				primero se esterilizó el huevo con alcohol al 70%, después se abrió el huevo
				cuidadosamente, vertiendo la yema sin romperla en un desyemador, para liberar
				completamente la yema de la clara. Para eliminar las membranas de la yema, se colocó
				sobre un papel filtro, haciéndola rodar para retener los restos y así poder extraer
				con una jeringa la yema de huevo. En el caso de la yema centrifugada, el
				procedimiento fue el mismo que el de la yema entera, sólo que a 20 ml de yema de
				huevo entera, se le agregó 20 ml de agua destilada y luego se centrifugó a 10.000 x
				g/20min, y finalmente se extrajo el sobrenadante de la yema obtenido por
				centrifugación (LBD), y el pellet que se formó en el fondo del tubo se desechó
				(LAD).</p>
			<p><bold>Diluyentes</bold>. Probamos cuatro diluyentes de acuerdo al método descrito por <xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Harbo (1983)</xref>. Los diluyentes se prepararon con
				pequeñas modificaciones, por lo que el T1 fue constituido con: 25% de glicerol, 25%
				de YHC el T2: 25% de DMSO, 25% de YHC, el T3: 25% de glicerol, 25% YHE y el T4: 25%
				DMSO, 25% YHE. Cada uno de los diluyentes fueron suspendidos con 50% de solución
				Buffer, con 2.27g p/v de Tris a 375 mm; 0.369g p/v de ácido cítrico a 124 mm, 7.28g
				p/v de glucosa a 41 mm y 0.025g p/v de estreptomicina, con un pH de 7.0.</p>
			<p><bold>Preparación de las muestras</bold>. Las muestras de semen fueron diluidas con su
				respectivo tratamiento a una concentración 3:2. Posteriormente se dejó una alícuota
				de semen diluido (20 µl), para su evaluación en fresco y el resto se utilizó para su
				congelación.</p>
			<p><bold>Evaluación de la calidad seminal en fresco y descongelado</bold>. Las variables que se
				evaluaron en el semen fresco fueron: la concentración, motilidad, viabilidad e
				integridad de la membrana espermática. A la descongelación, las variables evaluadas
				fueron las mismas que en fresco, a excepción de la concentración espermática que no
				se evaluó.</p>
			<p><bold>Concentración espermática</bold>. Se estimó mediante la técnica descrita por <xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Taylor <italic>et al</italic>., (2009)</xref>,
				mezclando 2.5 μl de semen puro en 497.5 μl de agua destilada. El número de
				espermatozoides se observó con una cámara de recuento celular de Buker, y con un
				microscopio de contraste de fases UOB UB203i a 400x.</p>
			<p><bold>Motilidad espermática</bold>. Se depositaron 5 µl de semen fresco en un porta objetos en
				una placa térmica a 37 ºC; se estimó subjetivamente a través de observación visual,
				examinando al menos 5 campos de cada muestra en un microscopio óptico MO-a 400x a
				40x. La valoración se estimó mediante la escala descrita por <xref ref-type="bibr"
					rid="B22">Locke y Peng (1993)</xref>, donde: 4 indica más de un 50% de
				espermatozoides, presentando movimiento circular y movimiento progresivo; 3 indica
				presencia de movimiento circular y progresivo, y más del 50% con movimiento
				vibratorio; 2 indica más del 50% con movimiento vibratorio; 1 indica menos del 50%
				con movimiento vibratorio y 0 sin movimiento.</p>
			<p><bold>Viabilidad espermática</bold>. Se evaluó de acuerdo a la técnica descrita por <xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Collins y Donoghue, (1999)</xref>, con las tinciones de
				fluorescencia Ioduro de propidio y SYBR-14. Se depositó 1μl de cada fluorocromo en
				100 μl de cada tratamiento diluido en solución salina (PBS), y se dejaron incubar en
				la oscuridad durante 5 minutos. Posteriormente se depositó 5 μl de cada muestra
				teñida sobre un porta objetos y un cubre objetos, para analizar las muestras con un
				microscopio de fluorescencias. Se analizaron cinco campos y se contaron 100 células,
				tomando como espermatozoides vivos los teñidos de color verde y los muertos aquellos
				que presentaban color rojo.</p>
			<p><bold>Integridad de la membrana espermática</bold>. Se evaluó mediante la técnica descrita por
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Nur <italic>et al.</italic> (2012)</xref>, por
				lo que se agregó 1.0 μl de semen en 250 μl de agua destilada, seguidamente se incubó
				a temperatura ambiente durante 5 min. Finalizado el tiempo se colocaron 5 µl de la
				muestra en un porta objetos y cubre objetos de vidrio para realizar el conteo de 100
				espermatozoides, entre los que presentaban colas enrolladas (E+) y no enrolladas
				(E-).</p>
			<p><bold>Criopreservación y descongelación de muestras espermáticas</bold>. Todas las muestras
				espermáticas de los tratamientos fueron envasadas en pajuelas de 0.25 ml y
				almacenadas en un recipiente con agua a temperatura ambiente (37 ºC). Después el
				recipiente con las pajuelas se introdujo en un refrigerador durante 50 minutos,
				provocando de esta forma un descenso gradual de la temperatura a 5 °C/min.
				Posteriormente las pajuelas fueron colocadas a una distancia de 4 cm de la
				superficie del nitrógeno líquido durante 20 minutos, para su congelación y
				almacenamiento en NL2 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Taylor <italic>et
					al</italic>., 2009</xref>). Las muestras espermáticas fueron descongeladas
				mediante su inmersión en agua a 25 ºC durante 60 segundos (<xref ref-type="bibr"
					rid="B32">Taylor <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>).</p>
			<p><bold>Análisis estadístico</bold>. Debido a que las variables mostraron parametricidad, se
				procedió a realizar un ANDEVA y posteriormente una prueba de Tukey para determinar
				las diferencias de medias; para ello se utilizó el Software Statistical Package for
				the Social Sciences (SPSS) versión 20.0 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">SPSS,
					2011</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>En el semen fresco diluido, el T1 fue el que mejor preservó la motilidad, presentando un 50% de espermatozoides móviles circulares y movimientos progresivos (grado 4); después le siguió el T2 y T3, con movimientos circulares y progresivos, y más de un 50% de movimientos vibratorio (grado 3); y el T4 que fue el que presentó menos de 50% de movimientos vibratorio (grado 1). Se observó diferencia entre el T4 y los demás tratamientos (p&lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>). Estos resultados son similares a los reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Lensky y Schindler (1967)</xref> con semen fresco de zángano.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Efecto de la yema de huevo entera y centrifugada sobre la motilidad, viabilidad y endosmosis del semen fresco de zánganos</title>
					</caption>
					<table style="border: 1px solid black; border collapse: collapse" border="1">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Tratamiento</td>
								<td align="center">Motilidad (0 a 4)</td>
								<td align="right">Viabilidad (%)</td>
								<td align="center">Host (%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">YHC + glicerol (T1)</td>
								<td align="center">4.00 ± 0.00 <bold>a</bold></td>
								<td align="right">95.75 ± 1.20 <bold>a</bold></td>
								<td align="center">89.75 ± 0.42 <bold>a</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">YHC + DMSO (T2)</td>
								<td align="center">2.33 ± 0.21 <bold>b</bold></td>
								<td align="right">82.75 ± 1.93 <bold>b</bold></td>
								<td align="center">80.12 ± 0.29 <bold>b</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">YHE + glicerol (T3)</td>
								<td align="center">2.67 ± 0.21 <bold>b</bold></td>
								<td align="right">93.58 ± 0.57 <bold>a</bold></td>
								<td align="center">84.00 ± 1.08 <bold>b</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">YHE + DMSO (T4)</td>
								<td align="center">2.00 ± 0.00 <bold>b</bold></td>
								<td align="right">38.83 ± 3.00 <bold>c</bold></td>
								<td align="center">75.65 ± 0.25 <bold>c</bold></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>YHC: Yema de huevo centrifugada; YHE: Yema de huevo entera; DMSO: dimetilsulfóxido <bold>a, b</bold> diferentes literales por columna indican una diferencia estadística significativa (p&lt; 0.05).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En el semen descongelado se observó que el T2 y T3 fueron los que obtuvieron una mayor motilidad, con más del 50% de movimientos vibratorios (grado 2); mientras que el T1 y T4 (p&gt; 0.05) fueron los que presentaron más baja motilidad con menos de 50 % de movimientos (grado1) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref>). Se observó una reducción significativa de la motilidad antes y después del proceso de congelación (p&lt; 0.05). Estos parámetros evaluados son difíciles de comparar con otros estudios, puesto que sólo describen la presencia o ausencia de movimiento, y no mencionan el tipo de movimiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Hopkins y Herr, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Taylor <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Efecto de la yema de huevo entera y centrifugada sobre la motilidad, viabilidad y endosmosis del semen congelado de zánganos</title>
					</caption>
					<table style="border: 1px solid black; border collapse: collapse" border="1">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Tratamiento</td>
								<td align="center">Motilidad (0 a 4)</td>
								<td align="right">Viabilidad (%)</td>
								<td align="center">Host (%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">YHC + glicerol (T1)</td>
								<td align="left">1.36 ± 0.12 <bold>a</bold></td>
								<td align="center">44.40 ± 0.66 <bold>a</bold></td>
								<td align="center">82.75 ± 0.71 <bold>a</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">YHC + DMSO (T2)</td>
								<td align="left">1.83 ± 0.11 <bold>b</bold></td>
								<td align="center">59.10 ± 1.44 <bold>a</bold></td>
								<td align="center">84.35 ± 0.72 <bold>a</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">YHE + glicerol (T3)</td>
								<td align="left">2.13 ± 0.17 <bold>b</bold></td>
								<td align="center">55.90 ± 0.98 <bold>a</bold></td>
								<td align="center">83.25 ± 0.11 <bold>a</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">YHE + DMSO (T4)</td>
								<td align="left">1.06 ± 0.45 <bold>a</bold></td>
								<td align="center">33.65 ± 0.73 <bold>b</bold></td>
								<td align="center">72.50 ± 0.73 <bold>b</bold></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>YHC: Yema de huevo centrifugada; YHE: Yema de huevo entera; DMSO: dimetilsulfóxido <bold>a, b</bold> diferentes literales por columna indican una diferencia estadística significativa (p&lt; 0.05).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Al parecer la yema de huevo entera o centrifugada y su interacción con el glicerol o DMSO, si actúan de manera diferente sobre la protección de los espermatozoides de zángano que se someten a congelación; por lo que es necesario encontrar el mejor diluyente que conserve o mejore la motilidad de los espermatozoides después de la criopreservación, ya que juega un papel importante en la migración de los espermatozoides a los oviductos laterales de la espermateca (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Collins, 2000</xref>), e incluso se ha descrito que el movimiento flagelar de los espermatozoides puede aumentar la reproductividad de las reinas inseminadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Tofilski, 2014</xref>). Normalmente la producción de crías obreras en abejas reina inseminadas con semen fresco es aproximadamente de 95 a 99%, mientras que con semen descongelado se producen menos del 50% de abejas obreras; observándose un mayor número de zánganos emergidos (huevos no fertilizados) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hopkins <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>La viabilidad espermática del semen fresco diluido fue mayor en el T1 (95.75 ± 1.20) en comparación con el T3 (93.58% ± 0.57), el T2 (82.75 ± 1.93) y el T4 (38.83 ± 3.00). No se encontraron diferencias entre el T1 y T3 (p&gt; 0.05) (Figura 2). Estos resultados son similares a los reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Nur <italic>et al</italic>. (2012</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Collins y Pettis (2001)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Collins (2004)</xref> en semen fresco de zángano.</p>
			<p>A la descongelación, la viabilidad fue mayor en el T2 (59.10% ± 1.44) en comparación con el T3 (55.90% ± 0.98), el T1 (44.40% ± 0.66) y el T4 (33.65% ± 0.73). No se encontraron diferencias entre el T1 y el T3 (p&gt; 0.05), ni tampoco entre el T2 y el T3 (p&gt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref>). Se observó una reducción significativa de la viabilidad de los espermatozoides antes y después del proceso de congelación (p&lt; 0.05). Estos resultados obtenidos son inferiores a los reportados pos descongelación por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Nur <italic>et al</italic>. (2012)</xref> con un 87.2% y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Taylor <italic>et al. (</italic>2009</xref>) con un 68.3%.</p>
			<p>La integridad de la membrana espermática en las muestras de semen fresco diluido fue mayor en
				el T1 (89.75% ± 0.42), en comparación con el T3 (84.00% ± 1.08), el T2 (80.12 ±
				0.29) y el T4 (75.65 ± 0.25). Únicamente el T4 tuvo diferencias con los demás
				tratamientos (p&lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>). Los
				resultados son similares reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Nur
						<italic>et al</italic>. (2012)</xref> con un 92.2%.</p>
			<p>A la descongelación se presentó una mayor integridad de la membrana espermática, en las
				muestras donde se adicionó el T2 (84.35% ± 0.72); en comparación con el T3 (83.25% ±
				0.11), el T1 (82.75% ± 0.71) y con el T4 (72.50% ± 0.73). No se encontraron
				diferencias entre el T1, T2 y T3 (p&gt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla
					2</xref>). No se encontraron diferencias en la reducción de la integridad de la
				membrana espermática, antes y después del proceso de congelación (p&gt; 0.05). Se
				pudo observar que las membranas de la cola de los espermatozoides de zángano son muy
				resistentes al proceso de congelación-descongelación; esto pudo ser debido a que las
				membranas celulares los espermatozoides de zángano, responden bien a la regulación
				de los cambios osmóticos durante la congelación y descongelación celular,
				permitiendo el ingreso de los crioprotectores a las membranas y la expulsión del
				agua (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Karger <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>;
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Watson, 2000</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Con base a los resultados obtenidos en este estudio, se concluye que el diluyente a base de YHC + glicerol (T1) es el más idóneo para criopreservar muestras espermáticas de zángano.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMIENTO</title>
			<p>Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), por el financiamiento otorgado esta investigación por medio del proyecto de Ciencia Básica 164592.</p>
		</ack>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
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					<subject>Original article</subject>
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				<article-title>Effect of egg yolk on sperm cryopreservation of drone (<italic>Apis mellifera</italic>)</article-title>
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			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of whole yolk (WEY) and centrifuged yolk (CEY) and its interaction with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and glycerol, on the cryopreservation of drone semen. Six aliquots of semen were obtained, which were divided into four treatments: T1 (CEY+ glycerol), T2 (CEY + DMSO), T3 (WEY + glycerol) and T4 (WEY + DMSO). The diluted samples were evaluated after 10 minutes of incubation at 37 °C and after thawing. Motility was evaluated subjectively (scale 4 to 0), membrane integrity (Host test) and viability (IP/ SYBR-14). The results were analyzed with ANOVA. At the time of dilution, T1 was the highest percentage of motility, viability and integrity of the membrane presented (grade 4, 95.75% ± 1.20, 89.75% ± 0.42, respectively), after thawing the T2 was the highest percentage presented (grade 2, 59.10% ± 1.44, 84.35% ± 0.72, respectively). The results showed that T1 was the one that obtained the best sperm parameters at the time of dilution, while, after thawing, T2 was the diluent that best cryopreserved sperm samples from drone.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Egg yolk</kwd>
				<kwd>cryopreservation</kwd>
				<kwd>semen</kwd>
				<kwd>drone</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>The bee <italic>Apis mellifera</italic> is the main pollinator species used by man to increase crop productivity, and plays an important role in maintaining biodiversity. In recent years, the beekeeping sector has been seriously threatened by reported hive losses, raising concern about the genetic diversity of honey bee populations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Cobey <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). It is believed that these losses are due to a multifactorial phenomenon, such as climate change, insecticides, pathogens, viral diseases, among others (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Tentcheva <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>, van Angelsdorp <italic>et al</italic>., 2010, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Guzmán-Novoa <italic>et al</italic>, 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Neumann and Carreck, 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>In this sense, one of the alternatives to preserve the bees would be the cryopreservation of sperm cells of drones in liquid nitrogen (NL2), for later use in instrumental insemination techniques. In this way, long-term genetic material can be conserved and its availability can be used at any time of the year (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Hopkins and Herr, 2010</xref>); nevertheless, the cryopreservation of sperm cells of drone presents low percentages of cryosurvival (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Taylor <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>), negatively affecting the production of instrumentally inseminated queen offspring, achieving a low fertility rate of 47 %, with respect to the percentage with Fresh semen that is between 95-99 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Hopkins and Herr, 2010</xref>). To minimize the negative effects that occur during and after cryopreservation, various solutions have been studied; among them, cryoprotectants such as glycerol, dimethylsulfoxide, ethylene glycol and dimethyl formamide; which prevent the formation of ice crystals and protect sperm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Nouri et al., 2013</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Medeiros et al., 2002</xref>). However, among the cryoprotectants most used in freezing drone semen are Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and glycerol. In the same way, infinity of components that are added to the freezing diluent have been evaluated; among them milk, glycine, glycerin, egg yolk, coconut water and soy lecithin. The purpose of these components is to preserve the functional characteristics of sperm cells, maintain the appropriate level of fertility and protect them from injuries caused by thermal shock (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Stornelli <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dadkhah <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Wegener and Bienefeld, 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>Egg yolk is currently one of the main components used in most semen cryopreservation diluents in almost all species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cabrera <italic>et a</italic>l., 2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Kulaksiz <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>), as it exerts a protective effect on sperm membranes undergoing cryopreservation processes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fernández-Santos <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Briand-Amirat <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>). This protective effect is due to the contribution of low density lipoproteins (LBD) composed of triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Moussa <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>).</p>
				<p>LBD prevents the formation of ice crystals and protects the integrity of the plasma membrane from cold shock (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hu <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Jian-Hong <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). Likewise, it has been documented in different studies that the elimination of high density lipoproteins (LAD) improves semen quality, before and after freezing (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Watson and Martin, 1975</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aboagla and Terada, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fernández-Santos <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Briand-Amirat <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>). Due to this, the centrifugation of the egg yolk has been used, with the purpose of eliminating some of its components and preserving mainly the LBD, which have allowed to improve the freezing of the semen of several species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fernández-Santos et al. , 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Briand-Amirat <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Pillet <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Nouri <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). In drones, it has been documented that when the cryopreservation diluent contains whole egg yolk, the fertility of the inseminated queen is affected with a decrease in the number of eggs deposited in the cells (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hopkins <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). It also represents a risk to the fertility of inseminated queen bees, since the egg yolk particles can clog the sperm oviducts and cause an infection (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hopkins <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>For all the above, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the whole and centrifuged egg yolk and its interactions with two types of cryoprotectants (DMSO and glycerol), on the cryopreservation of drone semen.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p><bold>Location and characteristics of the study area.</bold> The semen collection was carried
					out at the National Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Fisheries Research
					(INIFAP), located in the municipality of Mocochá, Yucatán. Semen samples were
					evaluated in the laboratory of the Sheep Selection and Reproduction Center
					(CeSyRO) of the Technological Institute of Conkal.</p>
				<p><bold>Capture and manipulation of drones</bold>. The capture of the drones was carried out by
					means of exclusion grids, which were placed in front of the hole to avoid the
					entrance of the drones to the hive and thus facilitate their capture. These
					grilles were placed approximately before noon, because the departure of the
					drones for their tracking flights was ensured, so the capture was made at 5:00
					p.m. on the same day, ensuring their return. The purpose of this technique is to
					obtain adult individuals approximately 16 days old (mature drone). Once the
					drones were captured, they were placed in 15x15x5 cm conveyor cages; which were
					filled to 35% capacity, so that the drones could move. Subsequently the drones
					were sheltered in orphan hives, in order to keep them fed throughout the night.
					The next day the drones were released in flight cages of 40x40 cm, for ten
					minutes, to encourage defecation and thereby reduce contamination of the
					samples; as well as to ensure the filling of their air sacs to obtain a better
					endothelial eversion (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Taylor <italic>et
							al</italic>., 2009</xref>).</p>
				<p><bold>Semen Collection</bold>. The technique described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"
						>Laidlaw (1977</xref>) was used, which involves manually forcing the partial
					and total erosion of the endophile, exerting pressure on the thorax and abdomen.
					Once the semen was detected in the endophylaus, it was collected by releasing a
					drop of saline solution over the exposed semen and with the help of a Harbo
					Schley syringe (ref. 104), and a stereoscopic magnifying glass model SMZ zoom
					Schley (ref. 2.00) and the semen was extracted. Semen was obtained in all
					drones, until a capillary tube with a capacity of 100 µl was filled, to be
					subsequently cryopreserved.</p>
				<p><bold>Egg Yolk Processing</bold>. To obtain the whole egg yolk, the egg was first sterilized
					with 70% alcohol, then the egg was opened carefully, pouring the yolk without
					breaking it into a shatter, to completely release the yolk from the egg white.
					To remove the membranes from the yolk, it was placed on a filter paper, making
					it roll to retain the remains and thus be able to extract the egg yolk with a
					syringe. In the case of the centrifuged yolk, the procedure was the same as that
					of the whole yolk, only 20 ml of distilled water was added to 20 ml of whole egg
					yolk and then centrifuged at 10,000 xg/20min, and finally, the supernatant was
					obtained from the yolk obtained by centrifugation (LBD), and the pellet that
					formed at the bottom of the tube was discarded (LAD).</p>
				<p><bold>Thinners</bold>. Four diluents were tested according to the method described by <xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Harbo (1983)</xref>. The diluents were prepared
					with minor modifications, so that T1 was constituted with: 25% glycerol, 25% CEY
					T2: 25% DMSO, 25% CEY, T3: 25% glycerol, 25% WEY and T4: 25% DMSO, 25% WEY. Each
					of the diluents were suspended with 50% Buffer solution, with 2.27g w/v Tris at
					375mm; 0.369g p/v of citric acid at 124 mm, 7.28g p/v glucose at 41 mm and
					0.025g p/v streptomycin, with a pH of 7.0.</p>
				<p><bold>Sample Preparation</bold>. Semen samples were diluted with their respective treatment
					at a 3: 2 concentration. Subsequently, an aliquot of diluted semen (20 µl) was
					left for fresh evaluation and the rest was used for freezing.</p>
				<p><bold>Evaluation of seminal quality in fresh and thawed</bold>. The variables that were
					evaluated in the fresh semen were: the concentration, motility, viability and
					integrity of the sperm membrane. Upon defrosting, the variables evaluated were
					the same as fresh, except for sperm concentration that was not evaluated.</p>
				<p><bold>Sperm concentration</bold>. It was estimated by the technique described by <xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Taylor et al., (2009)</xref>, mixing 2.5 μl of
					pure semen in 497.5 μl of distilled water. The sperm count was observed with a
					Buker cell count chamber, and with a UOB UB203i phase contrast microscope at
					400x.</p>
				<p><bold>Sperm motility</bold>. 5 µl of fresh semen was deposited in an object holder on a 37 °
					C thermal plate; it was subjectively estimated through visual observation,
					examining at least 5 fields of each sample in a MO-a 400x to 40x optical
					microscope. The assessment was estimated using the scale described by <xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Locke and Peng (1993)</xref>, where: 4 indicates
					more than 50% of sperm, presenting circular motion and progressive movement; 3
					indicates presence of circular and progressive movement, and more than 50% with
					vibratory movement; 2 indicates more than 50% with vibratory motion; 1 indicates
					less than 50% with vibratory movement and 0 without movement.</p>
				<p><bold>Sperm viability</bold>. It was evaluated according to the technique described by <xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Collins and Donoghue, (1999)</xref>, with the
					fluorescence stains of propidium iodide and SYBR-14. 1 μl of each fluorochrome
					was deposited in 100 μl of each treatment diluted in saline (PBS), and allowed
					to incubate in the dark for 5 minutes. Subsequently, 5 μl of each stained sample
					was deposited on an object holder and an object cover, to analyze the samples
					with a fluorescence microscope. Five fields were analyzed and 100 cells were
					counted, taking as stained sperm the green stains and the dead ones those that
					presented red.</p>
				<p><bold>Integrity of the sperm membrane</bold>. It was evaluated by the technique described by
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Nur <italic>et al</italic>. (2012)</xref>,
					so 1.0 µl of semen in 250 µl of distilled water was added, then incubated at
					room temperature for 5 min. At the end of the time, 5 µl of the sample was
					placed in an object holder and covers glass objects to count 100 sperm, among
					which there were coiled (E +) and unrolled (E-) tails.</p>
				<p><bold>Cryopreservation and thawing of sperm samples</bold>. All sperm samples of the
					treatments were packed in 0.25 ml straws and stored in a container with water at
					room temperature (37 ° C). Then the container with the straws was placed in a
					refrigerator for 50 minutes, thus causing a gradual decrease in temperature at 5
					°C/min. Subsequently the straws were placed at a distance of 4 cm from the
					surface of the liquid nitrogen for 20 minutes, for freezing and storage in NL2
						(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Taylor <italic>et a</italic>l.,
					2009</xref>). The sperm samples were thawed by immersion in water at 25 °C for
					60 seconds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Taylor <italic>et al</italic>.,
						2009</xref>).</p>
				<p><bold>Statistical analysis</bold>. Because of the variables showed parametricity, an ANDEVA
					was carried out and subsequently a Tukey test to determine the differences in
					means; The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0
						(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">SPSS, 2011</xref>) was used for this.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>In diluted fresh semen, T1 was the one that best preserved motility, presenting 50% of circular mobile sperm and progressive movements (degree 4); then T2 and T3 followed, with circular and progressive movements, and more than 50% of vibratory movements (degree 3); and the T4 that was the one that presented less than 50% of vibratory movements (degree 1). Difference was observed between T4 and the other treatments (p &lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 1</xref>). These results are similar to those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Lensky and Schindler (1967</xref>) with fresh drone semen.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Effect of whole and centrifuged egg yolk on the motility, viability and endosmosis of fresh semen from drones</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border: 1px solid black; border collapse: collapse" border="1">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Treatment</td>
									<td align="center">Motility (0 a 4)</td>
									<td align="right">Viability (%)</td>
									<td align="center">Host (%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">CEY + glycerol (T1)</td>
									<td align="center">4.00 ± 0.00 <bold>a</bold></td>
									<td align="right">95.75 ± 1.20 <bold>a</bold></td>
									<td align="center">89.75 ± 0.42 <bold>a</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">CEY + DMSO (T2)</td>
									<td align="center">2.33 ± 0.21 <bold>b</bold></td>
									<td align="right">82.75 ± 1.93 <bold>b</bold></td>
									<td align="center">80.12 ± 0.29 <bold>b</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">WEY + glycerol (T3)</td>
									<td align="center">2.67 ± 0.21 <bold>b</bold></td>
									<td align="right">93.58 ± 0.57 <bold>a</bold></td>
									<td align="center">84.00 ± 1.08 <bold>b</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">WEY + DMSO (T4)</td>
									<td align="center">2.00 ± 0.00 <bold>b</bold></td>
									<td align="right">38.83 ± 3.00 <bold>c</bold></td>
									<td align="center">75.65 ± 0.25 <bold>c</bold></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>CEY: centrifuged egg yolk; WEY: Whole egg yolk; DMSO: dimethylsulfoxide <bold>a, b</bold> different literals per column indicate a significant statistical difference (p &lt;0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>In the defrosted semen it was observed that T2 and T3 were the ones that obtained the greatest motility, with more than 50% of vibratory movements (degree 2); while T1 and T4 (p&gt; 0.05) were the ones with the lowest motility with less than 50% of movements (degree) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">table 2</xref>). A significant reduction in motility was observed before and after the freezing process (p &lt;0.05). These parameters evaluated are difficult to compare with other studies, since they only describe the presence or absence of movement, and do not mention the type of movement (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Hopkins and Herr, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Taylor <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Effect of whole and centrifuged egg yolk on the motility, viability and endosmosis of frozen semen of drones</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border: 1px solid black; border collapse: collapse" border="1">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Treatment</td>
									<td align="center">Motility (0 a 4)</td>
									<td align="right">Viability (%)</td>
									<td align="center">Host (%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">CEY + glycerol (T1)</td>
									<td align="left">1.36 ± 0.12 <bold>a</bold></td>
									<td align="center">44.40 ± 0.66 <bold>a</bold></td>
									<td align="center">82.75 ± 0.71 <bold>a</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">CEY + DMSO (T2)</td>
									<td align="left">1.83 ± 0.11 <bold>b</bold></td>
									<td align="center">59.10 ± 1.44 <bold>a</bold></td>
									<td align="center">84.35 ± 0.72 <bold>a</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">WEY + glycerol (T3)</td>
									<td align="left">2.13 ± 0.17 <bold>b</bold></td>
									<td align="center">55.90 ± 0.98 <bold>a</bold></td>
									<td align="center">83.25 ± 0.11 <bold>a</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">WEY + DMSO (T4)</td>
									<td align="left">1.06 ± 0.45 <bold>a</bold></td>
									<td align="center">33.65 ± 0.73 <bold>b</bold></td>
									<td align="center">72.50 ± 0.73 <bold>b</bold></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>CEY: centrifuged egg yolk; WEY: Whole egg yolk; DMSO: dimethylsulfoxide a, b different literals per column indicate a significant statistical difference (p &lt;0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Apparently the whole or centrifuged egg yolk and its interaction with glycerol or DMSO, if they act differently on the protection of drone sperm undergoing freezing; Therefore, it is necessary to find the best diluent that conserves or improves sperm motility after cryopreservation, since it plays an important role in the migration of sperm to the lateral sperm oviducts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Collins, 2000</xref>), and even It has been described that flagellar movement of sperm can increase the reproducibility of inseminated queens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Tofilski, 2014</xref>). Normally the production of working pups in queen bees inseminated with fresh semen is approximately 95 to 99%, while with defrosted semen less than 50% of worker bees are produced; observing a greater number of emerging drones (unfertilized eggs) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hopkins <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>The sperm viability of the diluted fresh semen was higher in T1 (95.75±1.20) compared to T3 (93.58%±0.57), T2 (82.75±1.93) and T4 (38.83±3.00). No differences were found between T1 and T3 (p&gt; 0.05) (Figure 2). These results are similar to those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Nur <italic>et al</italic>. (2012</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Collins and Pettis (2001</xref>) and Collins (2004) in fresh drone semen.</p>
				<p>Upon defrosting, the viability was higher in T2 (59.10%±1.44) compared to T3 (55.90%±0.98), T1 (44.40%±0.66) and T4 (33.65%±0.73). No differences were found between T1 and T3 (p&gt; 0.05), nor between T2 and T3 (p&gt; 0.05) (table 2). A significant reduction in sperm viability was observed before and after the freezing process (p &lt;0.05). These results are inferior to those reported after defrosting by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Nur <italic>et al.</italic> (2012)</xref> with 87.2% and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Taylor <italic>et al</italic>. (2009)</xref> with 68.3%.</p>
				<p>The integrity of the sperm membrane in the diluted fresh semen samples was higher in T1 (89.75% ± 0.42), compared to T3 (84.00% ± 1.08), T2 (80.12 ± 0.29) and T4 (75.65 ± 0.25). Only T4 had differences with the other treatments (p &lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 1</xref>). The results are similar reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Nur <italic>et al</italic>. (2012</xref>) with 92.2%.</p>
				<p>Upon thawing, there was a greater integrity of the sperm membrane, in the samples where T2 was added (84.35%±0.72); in comparison with T3 (83.25%±0.11), T1 (82.75%±0.71) and with T4 (72.50%±0.73). No differences were found between T1, T2 and T3 (p&gt; 0.05) (figure 2). No differences were found in reducing the integrity of the sperm membrane, before and after the freezing process (p&gt; 0.05). It was observed that the tail membranes of the drone sperm are very resistant to the freeze-thaw process; This could be due to the fact that the cell membranes, the sperm of the drone, respond well to the regulation of osmotic changes during freezing and thawing, allowing the entry of cryoprotectants to the membranes and the expulsion of water (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Karger <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Watson, 2000</xref>).</p>
				
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>Based on the results obtained in this study, it is concluded that the diluent based on CEY+glycerol (T1) is the most suitable for cryopreserve sperm samples of drone.</p>
				<p><bold>ACKNOWLEDGMENT</bold></p>
				<p>To the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT), for the funding granted this research through the Basic Science project 164592.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>