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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2019.918</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Effect of <italic>Thymus daenensis</italic> on immunity and performance in broiler</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2725-1091</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gholami-Ahangaran</surname>
						<given-names>Majid</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0708-7255</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ostadpour</surname>
						<given-names>Mehrdad</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3986-1866</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ahmadi-Dastgerdi</surname>
						<given-names>Asiye</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5551-9411</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Peña-Parra</surname>
						<given-names>Bladimir</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6387-5726</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pérez-Martínez</surname>
						<given-names>Jennifer</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7766-6682</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Avila-Ramos</surname>
						<given-names>Fidel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Department of Poultry Diseases, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Islamic Azad University</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Poultry Diseases</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Veterinary Medicine Faculty</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Islamic Azad University</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Shahrekord</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="IR">Iran</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Graduated of Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Islamic Azad University</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Veterinary Medicine Faculty</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Islamic Azad University</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Shahrekord</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="IR">Iran</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Department of Food Science and Technology, Islamic Azad University, Ardestan, Iran. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Islamic Azad University</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Food Science and Technology</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Islamic Azad University</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Ardestan</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="IR">Iran</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit. México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Puebla, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Puebla</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>6</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Programa de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Irapuato, Guanajuato, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Campus Irapuato-Salamanca</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">División de Ciencias de la Vida</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Irapuato</city>
					<state>Guanajuato</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Correspondence: Majid Gholami-Ahangaran, Associate Professor of Clinical Sciences Group, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, P. O. Box: 166, Shahrekord, Iran. <email>mgholamia1388@yahoo.com</email>, <email>mehrdadostadpoor@gmail.com</email>, <email>as.ahmadi17@gmail.com</email>, <email>bladiuan73@gmail.com</email>, <email>jeanbodin_@hotmail.com</email>, <email>fidel.avila@ugto.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>11</month>
				<year>2019</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>11</month>
				<year>2019</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>9</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e918</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>04</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p><italic>Thymus daenensis</italic> Celak is one of the species of <italic>Thymus</italic> that is endemic to Iran. <italic>T. daenensis</italic> is distributed in most parts of Iran, particularly over the Zagros and some parts of the Alborz mountain ranges. The leaves and flowering parts of Thyme plants were traditionally used for various medical purposes. For the study of thyme (<italic>Thymus daenensis</italic>) effect on performance and immunity in chickens, 180 one-day-old broiler chicks divided into 4 groups by 3 replicates, randomly. All chickens reared under the same condition and received 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 percent of thyme on diet from 5 to 42 days old, continuously. Control chickens feed basic diet did not receive any supplement on feed. Growth indices including body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined and recorded at the end of each week. In 42 days old, chickens slaughtered and blood was sampled without anticoagulant for determine of antibody titer against Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine. The results showed that continuous consumption of 0.5 and 1 percent of thyme can increase weight gain, reduce feed consumption and FCR. In addition, the supplement of 0.5 and 1 percent of thyme can increase antibody titer in chickens but the differences were not significant between treatment and control groups. Therefore, it concluded that a supplement of 0.5 and 1 percent of thyme in chicken nutrition can improve the growth performance and no negative effect on the immunocompetence of broiler chickens.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Chicken</kwd>
				<kwd>productive parameters</kwd>
				<kwd>medicinal plants</kwd>
				<kwd>immunity</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="17"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
			<p>Antibiotics in poultry diets can lead to antibiotic residual and resistance in poultry products such as meat and egg (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Izadi <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). Using herbal plants with fewer side effects and no problems associated with residue in poultry product such as meat and egg can be a good option. Due to the increasing demand for the use of organic chickens, the use of herbal plants in poultry foods has become more popular worldwide as an alternative to antibiotics.</p>
			<p><italic>Thymus</italic> (commonly known as Thyme) is an herbal plant belonging to the <italic>Lamiaceae</italic> family, It is widely distributed throughout Europe, Asia and North Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Zarshenas and Krenn, 2015</xref>). <italic>Thymus daenensis</italic> Celak is one of the species of <italic>Thymus</italic> that is endemic to Iran. <italic>T. daenensis</italic> is distributed in most parts of Iran, particularly over the Zagros and some parts of the Alborz mountain ranges (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bahmani <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). Fresh Thyme has one of the highest antioxidant levels among herbs. It is accompanying with minerals and vitamins that are essential for health. Its leaves are one of the rich sources of potassium, iron, calcium, manganese, magnesium, and selenium (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bolukbasi and Erham, 2007</xref>). Thymol is the main phenolic component that is responsible for its antioxidative activity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Gholami-Ahangaran <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). Thyme contains many flavonoids, phenolic antioxidant components such as <italic>zeaxanthin</italic>, <italic>pigenin, lutein, luteolin</italic> and <italic>thymonin</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bahmani <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). Thymol has been used as an antimicrobial medicinal drug. Also, Thymol improves liver function that influences performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bolukbasi and Erham, 2007</xref>). The leaves and flowering parts of Thyme plants were traditionally used for various medical purposes; as an antispasmodic, antitussive, expectorant, carminative, anti-inflammatory or tonic agent. Thyme has antibacterial and antioxidant properties due to containing thymol and carvacrol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Zarshenas and Krenn, 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>The antioxidants may be defined as molecules that prevent cell damage against free radicals and are critical for maintaining optimum health. Living cells require adequate amounts of antioxidant in order to avoid the harmful effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to prevent damage to the immune system (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Kiokias <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). During the inflammatory processes, the activation of phagocytes and/or the action of bacterial products with specific receptors are capable of promoting the assembly of the multicomponent flavoprotein NADPH oxidase, which catalyzes the production of high amounts of the superoxide anion radical. Under this circumstance, neutrophils and macrophages are recognized to produce superoxide free radicals and oxygen peroxide, which are necessary for defense against pathogens. In this condition, antioxidants are essential to regulate the reactions that release free radicals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Puertollano <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). Antioxidants play a role as cofactors at the level of cytokine regulation, antioxidant nutrients commonly included in the diets or herbs improve immune function and protect against infectious disease. As a result, dietary antioxidants have been related to modulating the host susceptibility or resistance to infectious pathogens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Ang <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>There are some studies that showed consumption of thyme as powder, extract or essential oil in partial time of growing period can increase growth in chickens while some studies represented thyme has no effect in performance. The current study was conducted to evaluate the effect of continuous orally administrated thyme powder from the early growing period to slaughtering on performance and immunity responses of broiler against Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title>
			<p>In this study, 180 Ross strain broiler chicks were randomly divided into four equal groups with three replicates in 12 separate pens. So per pen 15 broiler chicks were reared until 42 days of age. All chickens in different groups received feed and water freely (<italic>Ad libitum</italic>). Diets were prepared for all groups a based on corn-soy and were balanced according to the requirements of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">NRC (1994)</xref>. All chickens received thyme powder from 5 days old until 42 days old, based on the following: the first group was the control group and not received powdered thyme (group 1). The second, third and fourth groups received powdered thyme to the 0.25 (group 2), 0.5 (group 3) and one percent (group 4) of the diet, respectively. All chickens vaccinated with Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine at 10, 19 and 28 days old. The weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio at 42 days of age were calculated and compared. </p>
			<p>At 42 days old, all chickens were slaughtered and blood was sampled without anticoagulant for determine of antibody titer against ND vaccine. The antibody titers were measured by conventional haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. </p>
			<p>All data were analyzed with SPSS software and statistic program of one way ANOVA. If there is a statistical difference between the mean of data in different groups, the difference was expressed by Tukey test. The significant difference level was considered less than 0.05.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Growth performance</title>
				<p>At 42 days old, the highest weight gain observed in broilers that received 0.5 percent of thyme but had no significant difference with chickens that received one and 0.25 percent of thyme, while is significantly higher than the control group (P&lt; 0.05). Comparison of the cumulative feed intake at the end of the sixth week of the growing period showed no significant difference between groups. The FCR in chickens fed 0.5 and 1.0 percent thyme was significantly lower than control chickens and chickens received 0.25 percent of thyme. There were no significant difference in FCR in chickens received 0.5 and 1.0 percent of thyme in the diet (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Growing performance in different studied groups</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">Treatments</th>
									<th align="justify">1 (0 %)</th>
									<th align="justify">2 (0.25%)</th>
									<th align="justify">3 (0.5%)</th>
									<th align="justify">4 (1.0%)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Cumulative WG (g) in sixth week</td>
									<td align="justify">2124 ± 140<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">2160 ± 179<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">2328 ± 182<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">2276 ± 143<sup>ab</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Cumulative FI (g) in sixth week</td>
									<td align="justify">3842 ± 341</td>
									<td align="justify">3867 ± 265</td>
									<td align="justify">3698 ± 175</td>
									<td align="justify">3675 ± 170</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Cumulative FCR in sixth week</td>
									<td align="justify">1.81 ± 0.09<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">1.79 ± 0.21<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">1.59 ± 0.16<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">1.61 ± 0.14<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>BW: Body Weight, FI: Feed Intake, FCR: Feed conversion rate.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>*Data presented as mean ± standard deviation.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p><sup>a, b, c</sup>: different words represents significant differences Tukey between groups in each row (P&lt;0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>HI Titer</title>
				<p>Although the HI titers in chickens fed 0.5 and 1.0 percent of thyme were higher than others, comparison of HI titers revealed that there were no significant differences between treatment groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>HI titer against ND vaccine in 42 days old</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">Treatments</th>
									<th align="justify">1 (0)</th>
									<th align="justify">2 (0.25%)</th>
									<th align="justify">3 (0.5%)</th>
									<th align="justify">4 (1.0%)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">HI titer</td>
									<td align="justify">3.9 ± 1.4</td>
									<td align="justify">3.8 ± 1.5</td>
									<td align="justify">4.1 ± 1.0</td>
									<td align="justify">4.5 ± 1.7</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>*Data presented as mean ± standard deviation.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSSION</title>
			<p>One main concern of the consumers of poultry meat products is a great to use of chemicals in poultry foods as well as the antibiotic residual and transmission of genes related to antibiotic resistance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Izadi <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). So, using of natural compounds in poultry food is popular, recently. Medicinal plants can be a good alternative to antibiotics in poultry diets. Iran for particular climatic is one of the rich sources of herbal plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bahmani <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). Thyme in <italic>Lamiaceae</italic> family is used for the improvement of the nervous problems, treatment of depression and insomnia, and has antibacterial, anti-parasitic and anti-fungal effects. It is used as a carminative, antispasmodic, digestive aid, anti-cough and cold treatment, traditionally (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Akbarinia and Mirza, 2008</xref>). One of the main genera is <italic>thyme daenensis</italic> that grows in different regions of Iran, especially Zagross Mountain areas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Noori <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). The main compounds are thymol and carvacrol that they have an antimicrobial effect (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Jang <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). According to available information, thyme antibacterial effect was evaluated in different infections <italic>in vitro</italic> and in clinical trials in different species of animals and sometimes humans (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bolukbasi and Erham, 2007</xref>). Some reports are available for the antimicrobial effect of thyme in poultry (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Kivanc <italic>et al</italic>., 1996</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Akhondzadeh <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>). For example, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Kivanc <italic>et al.</italic> (1996)</xref> showed that thyme can reduce oocysts of coccidia and clostridial populations in broiler chickens. In addition, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Akhondzadeh <italic>et al.</italic> (2004)</xref> stated that different percentages of thyme essential oils can have a negative effect on the growth of <italic>Salmonella typhimurium</italic>. </p>
			<p>In the recent study, three doses of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 percentage of <italic>thyme daenensis</italic> from 5 days old until 42 days old were used in poultry diets. Results showed that adding the thyme to the chicken nutrition has no effect on feed intake, while doses of 0.5 and 1.0 percent thyme significantly increase weight gain and feed conversion compared to the control chickens. Previously, it has been demonstrated that thymol, as the main compound extracted from thyme, as a hydrophobic component, involved in function of the cell wall in bacteria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Noori <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). Thymol can cause a change in membrane permeability to K + and H + cations. The increase in cell permeability leads to leakage of ions and eventually leads to bacterial death (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Haselmeyer <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). The reduction in bacterial pathogens in intestines can cause improvement in gastrointestinal health and leads to increased growth performance. Furthermore, some reports suggest that the effective ingredients in herbal plants play a role in the performance and digestive enzymes secretion and affect on the function of the digestive tract (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Rahimi <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). Probably improvement in the enzyme activity indirectly increased digestion, absorption and eventually weight gain and feed efficiency in the present study. </p>
			<p>Improving immunity responses to vaccines in poultry production is very important to prevent common important diseases. A variety of different factors such as chicken immunity, chicken age, and diet, vaccination failure, the incidence of immune suppressive diseases can induce immunity response to the vaccine. Some studies demonstrated that some herbs such as coneflower (<italic>Echinacea purpurea</italic>) were most effective as immunostimulator in vaccination immune response because of the stimulation of the non-specific immune system. It is thought that immune enhancement of <italic>Echinacea</italic> is provided by certain polysaccharides, flavonoids, and isobutylamides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Rehman <italic>et al</italic>., 1999</xref>). It seems that thyme that is rich in active compounds such as flavonoids, act as an antioxidant, may enhance the immune function. The results of this study showed that the thyme has no effect on antibody response against ND vaccine that this result was be agreed with the finding of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Rahimi <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref> that studied aqueous extract of thyme (<italic>thymus vulgaris</italic>) on SRBC and ND vaccine responses in chickens. Therefore, the results of this study revealed the addition of 0.5 and 1.0 percent of thyme in poultry nutrition can improve the growth performance and no negative effect on the immunocompetence of broiler chickens.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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						<surname>Ahmadi-Dastgerdi</surname>
						<given-names>Asiye</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5551-9411</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Peña-Parra</surname>
						<given-names>Bladimir</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6387-5726</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pérez-Martínez</surname>
						<given-names>Jennifer</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7766-6682</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Avila-Ramos</surname>
						<given-names>Fidel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff7">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Enfermedades Avícolas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Shahrekord Branch, Universidad Islámica Azad, Shahrekord, Irán. </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff8">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Graduado de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Branch Shahrekord, Universidad Islámica Azad, Shahrekord, Irán. </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff9">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Branch Ardestan, Universidad Islámica Azad, Ardestan, Irán. </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff10">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit. Carretera de cuota Chapalilla-Compostela KM 3.5, Compostela, Nayarit, México. </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff11">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Carretera Tecamachalco-Cañada Morelos Km. 7.5, El Salado, 75460 Tecamachalco, Puebla, México. </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff12">
				<label>6</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Programa de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Ex Hacienda El Copal Km. 9 Carretera Irapuato-Silao. Irapuato, Guanajuato, México. </institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">*Correspondencia: Majid Gholami-Ahangaran, Profesor Asociado del Grupo de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Branch Shahrekord, Universidad Islámica Azad, P. O. Caja: 166, Shahrekord, Irán. <email>mgholamia1388@yahoo.com</email>, <email>mehrdadostadpoor@gmail.com</email>, <email>as.ahmadi17@gmail.com</email>, <email>bladiuan73@gmail.com</email>, <email>jeanbodin_@hotmail.com</email>, <email>fidel.avila@ugto.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p><italic>Thymus daenensis</italic> Celak es una de las especies de tomillo endémicas de Irán. <italic>T. daenensis</italic> se distribuye en la mayoría de las partes de Irán, particularmente en los Zagros y en algunas partes de las cadenas montañosas de Alborz. Las hojas y las partes florales de las plantas de tomillo se utilizan tradicionalmente con fines médicos. Se estudió el efecto del tomillo (<italic>Thymus daenensis</italic>) sobre el rendimiento e inmunidad en pollos, 180 aves de engorda de un día de edad se dividieron al azar en 4 grupos y 3 repeticiones. Todos los pollos se criaron en las mismas condiciones y recibieron 0, 0.25, 0.5 y 1 por ciento de tomillo en la dieta de 5 a 42 días.. El grupo control recibió la dieta básica sin suplemento. Los índices de crecimiento como peso corporal, ganancia de peso e índice de conversión alimenticia (ICA) se registraron semanalmente. A los 42 días, los pollos se sacrificaron y se tomaron muestras de sangre sin anticoagulantes para determinar el título de anticuerpos contra la vacuna contra la enfermedad de Newcastle (ENC). Los resultados mostraron que el consumo de 0.5 y 1 por ciento de tomillo puede incrementar la ganancia de peso, reducir el consumo de alimento y ICA. Además, el suplemento a 0.5 y 1 por ciento de tomillo puede aumentar el título de anticuerpos en los pollos,.. Por lo tanto, se llegó a la conclusión que suplementar la dieta con 0.5 y 1 por ciento de tomillo se puede mejorar el crecimiento sin tener efecto negativo en la inmunocompetencia de los pollos.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Pollos de engorda</kwd>
				<kwd>parámetros productivos</kwd>
				<kwd>plantas medicinales</kwd>
				<kwd>inmunidad</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
				<p>Los antibióticos en las dietas de aves de corral pueden provocar residuos de antibióticos y resistencia en productos de aves de corral como carne y huevo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Izadi <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). El uso de plantas a base de hierbas con menos efectos secundarios y sin problemas asociados con los residuos en productos avícolas como la carne y el huevo puede ser una buena opción. Debido a la creciente demanda por el uso de pollos orgánicos, el uso de plantas a base de hierbas en los alimentos avícolas se ha vuelto más popular en todo el mundo como una alternativa a los antibióticos.</p>
				<p><italic>El Timo</italic> (comúnmente conocido como Tomillo) es una planta a base de hierbas que pertenece a la familia <italic>Lamiaceae</italic>. Se distribuye ampliamente en Europa, Asia y África del Norte (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Zarshenas y Krenn, 2015</xref>). <italic>Thymus daenensis</italic> Celak es una de las especies de timo que es endémica de Irán. <italic>T. daenensis</italic> se distribuye en la mayor parte de Irán, particularmente sobre los Zagros y algunas partes de las cadenas montañosas de Alborz (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bahmani <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). El tomillo fresco tiene uno de los niveles más altos de antioxidantes entre las hierbas. Se acompaña con minerales y vitaminas que son esenciales para la salud. Sus hojas son una de las ricas fuentes de potasio, hierro, calcio, manganeso, magnesio y selenio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bolukbasi y Erham, 2007</xref>). El timol es el principal componente fenólico responsable de su actividad antioxidante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Gholami-Ahangaran et al., 2015</xref>). El tomillo contiene muchos flavonoides, componentes antioxidantes fenólicos como <italic>zeaxantina, pigenina, luteína, luteolina</italic> y <italic>timonina</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bahmani <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). El timol se ha utilizado como medicamento antimicrobiano. Además, Thymol mejora la función hepática que influye en el rendimiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bolukbasi y Erham, 2007</xref>). Las hojas y las partes con flores de las plantas de tomillo se usaban tradicionalmente para diversos fines médicos; como agente antiespasmódico, antitusivo, expectorante, carminativo, antiinflamatorio o tónico. El tomillo tiene propiedades antibacterianas y antioxidantes debido a que contiene timol y carvacrol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Zarshenas y Krenn, 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>Los antioxidantes pueden definirse como moléculas que previenen el daño celular contra los radicales libres y son fundamentales para mantener una salud óptima. Las células vivas requieren cantidades adecuadas de antioxidantes para evitar el efecto nocivo de las especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS, de acuerdo a sus siglas en inglés) y evitar daños al sistema inmunitario (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Kiokias <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Durante los procesos inflamatorios, la activación de fagocitos y/o la acción de productos bacterianos con receptores específicos son capaces de promover el ensamblaje de la flavoproteína oxidasa NADPH multicomponente, que cataliza la producción de altas cantidades del radical anión superóxido. Bajo esta circunstancia, se reconoce que los neutrófilos y los macrófagos producen radicales libres de superóxido y peróxido de oxígeno, que son necesarios para la defensa contra los patógenos. En esta condición, los antioxidantes son esenciales para regular las reacciones que liberan radicales libres (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Puertollano <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). Los antioxidantes juegan un papel como cofactores a nivel de la regulación de las citocinas, los nutrientes antioxidantes comúnmente incluidos en las dietas o hierbas mejoran la función inmune y protegen contra las enfermedades infecciosas. Como resultado, los antioxidantes de la dieta se han relacionado con la modulación de la susceptibilidad del huésped o la resistencia a los patógenos infecciosos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Ang <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>Hay algunos estudios que mostraron que el consumo de tomillo como polvo, extracto o aceite esencial en el tiempo parcial del período de crecimiento puede aumentar el crecimiento en pollos, mientras que algunos estudios representaron que el tomillo no tiene ningún efecto en el rendimiento. El presente estudio se realizó para evaluar el efecto del tomillo en polvo administrado por vía oral continua desde el período de crecimiento temprano hasta el sacrificio en el rendimiento y las respuestas de inmunidad del pollo de engorde contra la vacuna de la enfermedad de Newcastle (ND).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS</title>
				<p>En este estudio, 180 pollos de engorde de la cepa Ross se dividieron aleatoriamente en cuatro grupos iguales con tres réplicas en 12 corrales separados. Entonces, por corral se criaron 15 pollos de engorde hasta los 42 días de edad. Todos los pollos en diferentes grupos recibieron alimento y agua libremente (<italic>Ad libitum</italic>). Las dietas se prepararon para todos los grupos a base de maíz y soja y se equilibraron de acuerdo con los requisitos de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">NRC (1994)</xref>. Todos los pollos recibieron tomillo en polvo desde los 5 hasta los 42 días, según lo siguiente: el primer grupo fue el grupo control y no recibió tomillo en polvo (grupo 1). El segundo, tercer y cuarto grupos recibieron tomillo en polvo a 0.25 (grupo 2), 0.5 (grupo 3) y uno por ciento (grupo 4) de la dieta, respectivamente. Todos los pollos vacunados con la vacuna de la enfermedad de Newcastle (ND) a los 10, 19 y 28 días de edad. Se calculó y comparó el aumento de peso, la ingesta de alimento y la relación de conversión de alimento a los 42 días de edad.</p>
				<p>A los 42 días de edad, todos los pollos fueron sacrificados y se tomaron muestras de sangre sin anticoagulante para determinar el título de anticuerpos contra la vacuna ND. Los títulos de anticuerpos se midieron mediante la prueba convencional de inhibición de la hemaglutinación (HI).</p>
				<p>Todos los datos se analizaron con el software SPSS y el programa estadístico ANOVA de una vía. Si hay una diferencia estadística entre la media de los datos en diferentes grupos, la diferencia se expresó mediante la prueba de Tukey. El nivel de diferencia significativo se consideró inferior a 0,05.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTADOS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Rendimiento de crecimiento</title>
					<p>A los 42 días de edad, el mayor aumento de peso se observó en pollos de engorde que recibieron 0.5 por ciento de tomillo pero no tuvieron diferencias significativas con los pollos que recibieron uno y 0.25 por ciento de tomillo, mientras que es significativamente mayor que el grupo control (P &lt;0.05). La comparación de la ingesta de alimento acumulada al final de la sexta semana del período de crecimiento no mostró diferencias significativas entre los grupos. La FCR en pollos alimentados con 0.5 y 1.0 por ciento de tomillo fue significativamente menor que los pollos de control y los pollos recibieron 0.25 por ciento de tomillo. No hubo diferencias significativas en la FCR en los pollos que recibieron 0.5 y 1.0 por ciento de tomillo en la dieta (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabla 1</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3">
							<label>Tabla 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Rendimiento creciente en diferentes grupos estudiados</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="justify">Tratamientos</th>
										<th align="justify">1 (0 %)</th>
										<th align="justify">2 (0.25%)</th>
										<th align="justify">3 (0.5%)</th>
										<th align="justify">4 (1.0%)</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">BW acumulativo (g) en sexta semana</td>
										<td align="justify">2124 ± 140<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="justify">2160 ± 179<sup>ab</sup></td>
										<td align="justify">2328 ± 182<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="justify">2276 ± 143<sup>ab</sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">FI acumulativo (g) en la sexta semana</td>
										<td align="justify">3842 ± 341</td>
										<td align="justify">3867 ± 265</td>
										<td align="justify">3698 ± 175</td>
										<td align="justify">3675 ± 170</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">FCR acumulativo en sexta semana</td>
										<td align="justify">1.81 ± 0.09<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="justify">1.79 ± 0.21<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td align="justify">1.59 ± 0.16<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td align="justify">1.61 ± 0.14<sup>b</sup></td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN5">
									<p>BW: peso corporal, FI: entrada de alimentación, FCR: tasa de conversión de alimentación.</p>
								</fn>
								<fn id="TFN6">
									<p>* Datos presentados como media ± desviación estándar.</p>
								</fn>
								<fn id="TFN7">
									<p><sup>a, b, c</sup>: diferentes palabras representan diferencias significativas Tukey entre los grupos en cada fila (P&lt;0.05).</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>HI Título</title>
					<p>Aunque los títulos de HI en pollos alimentados con 0.5 y 1.0 por ciento de tomillo fueron más altos que otros, la comparación de los títulos de HI reveló que no había diferencias significativas entre los grupos de tratamiento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabla 2</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4">
							<label>Tabla 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Título de HI contra la vacuna ND en 42 días</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="justify">Tratamientos</th>
										<th align="justify">1 (0)</th>
										<th align="justify">2 (0.25%)</th>
										<th align="justify">3 (0.5%)</th>
										<th align="justify">4 (1.0%)</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Título HI</td>
										<td align="justify">3.9 ± 1.4</td>
										<td align="justify">3.8 ± 1.5</td>
										<td align="justify">4.1 ± 1.0</td>
										<td align="justify">4.5 ± 1.7</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN8">
									<p>* Datos presentados como media ± desviación estándar.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
				<p>Una de las principales preocupaciones de los consumidores de productos cárnicos de aves de corral es el gran uso de productos químicos en los alimentos de aves de corral, así como el residuo de antibióticos y la transmisión de genes relacionados con la resistencia a los antibióticos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Izadi <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). Por lo tanto, el uso de compuestos naturales en alimentos para aves es popular recientemente. Las plantas medicinales pueden ser una buena alternativa a los antibióticos en las dietas avícolas. Irán, en particular para el clima, es una de las ricas fuentes de plantas a base de hierbas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bahmani <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). El tomillo de la familia <italic>Lamiaceae</italic> se utiliza para mejorar los problemas nerviosos, el tratamiento de la depresión y el insomnio, y tiene efectos antibacterianos, antiparasitarios y antifúngicos. Se utiliza tradicionalmente como tratamiento carminativo, antiespasmódico, digestivo, antitusivo y para el resfriado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Akbarinia y Mirza, 2008</xref>). Uno de los principales géneros es el <italic>Tomillo daenensis</italic> que crece en diferentes regiones de Irán, especialmente en las zonas de la montaña Zagross (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Noori <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>). Los principales compuestos son timol y carvacrol que tienen un efecto antimicrobiano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Jang <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Según la información disponible, el efecto antibacteriano del tomillo se evaluó en diferentes infecciones <italic>in vitro</italic> y en ensayos clínicos en diferentes especies de animales y, a veces, en humanos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bolukbasi y Erham, 2007</xref>). Algunos informes están disponibles para el efecto antimicrobiano del tomillo en aves de corral (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Kivanc <italic>et al</italic>., 1996</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Akhondzadeh <italic>et a</italic>l., 2004</xref>). Por ejemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Kivanc <italic>et al</italic>. (1996)</xref> mostraron que el tomillo puede reducir los oocistos de coccidios y poblaciones clostridiales en pollos de engorde. Además, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Akhondzadeh <italic>et al</italic>. (2004)</xref> afirmaron que diferentes porcentajes de aceites esenciales de tomillo pueden tener un efecto negativo en el crecimiento de <italic>Salmonella typhimurium.</italic></p>
				<p>En el estudio reciente, se usaron tres dosis de 0.25, 0.5 y 1.0 por ciento de tomillo daenensis desde los 5 días hasta los 42 días en las dietas avícolas. Los resultados mostraron que agregar el tomillo a la nutrición del pollo no tiene ningún efecto en la ingesta de alimento, mientras que las dosis de 0,5 y 1,0 por ciento de tomillo aumentan significativamente el aumento de peso y la conversión alimenticia en comparación con los pollos de control. Anteriormente, se demostró que el timol, como compuesto principal extraído del tomillo, como componente hidrofóbico, interviene en la función de la pared celular en las bacterias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Noori <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>). El timol puede causar un cambio en la permeabilidad de la membrana a los cationes K<sup>+</sup> y H<sup>+</sup>. El aumento de la permeabilidad celular conduce a la fuga de iones y finalmente conduce a la muerte bacteriana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Haselmeyer <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). La reducción de los patógenos bacterianos en los intestinos puede mejorar la salud gastrointestinal y conducir a un mayor rendimiento del crecimiento. Además, algunos informes sugieren que los ingredientes efectivos en las plantas a base de hierbas juegan un papel en el rendimiento y la secreción de enzimas digestivas y afectan la función del tracto digestivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Rahimi <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). Probablemente la mejora en la actividad enzimática aumentó indirectamente la digestión, la absorción y, finalmente, el aumento de peso y la eficiencia alimenticia en el presente estudio.</p>
				<p>Mejorar las respuestas inmunitarias a las vacunas en la producción avícola es muy importante para prevenir enfermedades importantes comunes. Una variedad de factores diferentes como la inmunidad del pollo, la edad y la dieta del pollo, el fracaso de la vacunación, la incidencia de enfermedades inmunosupresoras pueden inducir una respuesta inmunitaria a la vacuna. Algunos estudios demostraron que algunas hierbas como la <italic>Echinacea purpurea</italic> fueron más efectivas como inmunoestimuladores en la respuesta inmune a la vacunación debido a la estimulación del sistema inmune no específico. Se cree que ciertos polisacáridos, flavonoides e isobutilamidas proporcionan inmunoestimulación de la equinácea (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Rehman <italic>et al</italic>., 1999</xref>). Parece que el tomillo que es rico en compuestos activos como los flavonoides, actúa como un antioxidante, puede mejorar la función inmune. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron que el tomillo no tiene ningún efecto sobre la respuesta de anticuerpos contra la vacuna ND y que este resultado se acordó con el hallazgo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Rahimi <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref> que estudiaron el extracto acuoso de tomillo (thymus vulgaris) en las respuestas de la vacuna SRBC y ND en pollos. Por lo tanto, los resultados de este estudio revelaron que la adición de 0.5 y 1.0 por ciento de tomillo en la nutrición de las aves de corral puede mejorar el rendimiento del crecimiento y no tener un efecto negativo en la inmunocompetencia de los pollos de engorde.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>