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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">aa</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico agroforestal</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico agro</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>			
			<issn pub-type="epub">2594-1992</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37114/abaagrof/2021.3</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00103</article-id>
			
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Variables hematológicas en aves deportivas, ganso común, pato doméstico, pato azteca, guajolote y pollo de engorda</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0607-468X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sánchez-Torres</surname>
						<given-names>Laura</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7674-5151</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Arredondo-Castro</surname>
						<given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8149-7650</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Orozco-Benítez</surname>
						<given-names>Guadalupe</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8156-6417</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gutiérrez-Arenas</surname>
						<given-names>Diana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7932-8273</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carrillo-Beltrán</surname>
						<given-names>Julio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6604-3191</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lepe-Aguilar</surname>
						<given-names>Rosa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7766-6682</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Avila- Ramos</surname>
						<given-names>Fidel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">**</xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Maestría en Producción Pecuaria; Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División Ciencias de la Vida. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">División Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Guanajuato, Programa Educativo de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit; Nayarit, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Nayarit</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Unidad Académica de Contaduría y Administración de la Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit; Nayarit, México </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Nayarit</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">*Autor responsable: Laura Selena Sánchez-Torres. </corresp>
				<corresp id="c2">**Autor de correspondencia: Fidel Avila Ramos, Programa Educativo de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Ex Hacienda El Copal km. 9; carretera Irapuato-Silao; A.P. 311; C.P. 36500; Irapuato, Guanajuato. México. E-mail: <email>sanchez.torres122@outlook.com</email>, <email>arredondo.m@ugto.mx</email>, <email>mgorozco63@gmail.com</email>, <email>diana.gutierrez@ugto.mx</email>, <email>doctorjuliocarrillo@gmail.com</email>, <email>isela.aguilar@uan.edu.mx</email>, <email>ledifar@ugto.mx</email>.</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>28</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>3</volume>
			<elocation-id>e202020</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>04</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>El análisis sanguíneo en aves es una evidencia que permite evaluar su estado de salud y es una herramienta diagnóstica para el médico veterinario clínico. El objetivo de la investigación fue conocer las variables hematológicas de aves comunes, deportivas, ganso común, pato doméstico, pato azteca, guajolote y pollo de engorda por sexo, especie y la diferencia entre las especies. Se tomó una muestra de sangre a 88 aves por venopunción de la vena ulnar usando ácido etilendiaminotetraacético (EDTA) como anticoagulante. Se contaron los eritrocitos y los leucocitos totales por el método de Natt y Herriks. El diferencial de leucocitos se realizó por medio de un frotis sanguíneo, se midió la concentración de hemoglobina con la técnica de cianometahemoglobina y el porcentaje de microhematocrito. Los datos fueron comparados con un análisis de varianza en un diseño completamente al azar y las diferencias se compararon con la prueba de Tukey (P&lt;0.05). Para eosinófilos y basófilos se utilizó la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis debido a que los datos no presentaron normalidad. Las variables hematológicas en aves deportivas, ganso común, pato doméstico, pato azteca, guajolote y pollo de engorda fueron similares para hembras y machos de la misma especie. Pero hubo diferencias en células blancas de las especies estudiadas.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>aves domésticas</kwd>
				<kwd>hematología</kwd>
				<kwd>Natt y Herriks</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="32"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>En México, las aves deportivas, el ganso común, el pato doméstico, el pato azteca, el guajolote y el pollo de engorda son encontrados en granjas comerciales, pequeñas explotaciones de traspatio, reservas animales o incluso son adoptados como animales de compañía (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Cuca-García <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pineda-Leyva <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). El conocimiento de sus parámetros hematológicos es una herramienta general para conocer su estado de salud con usos básicos en la clínica de aves e investigación científica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mitchell y Johns, 2008</xref>).</p>
			<p>La sangre es un tejido que consta de una parte liquida y de componentes celulares; se encarga principalmente de captar, transportar y distribuir nutrientes en el organismo a través de los vasos sanguíneos. Su evaluación se realiza a través de un hemograma donde se expresa la población de eritrocitos y leucocitos, además, permite identificar alteraciones morfológicas y valorar su funcionamiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Campbell, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Montalvo, 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>En las aves y los reptiles el hemograma se realiza manualmente debido a sus eritrocitos y trombocitos nucleados. Además, los leucocitos presentan múltiples formas y el tamaño celular es distinto en comparación a los mamíferos, por lo que el conteo total de células rojas (CCR) y blancas (CCB) es directo a través de un hematocitómetro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Martínez-Silvestre <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>). Para facilitar su conteo se utiliza la solución de Natt y Herriks que tiñe a las células mejorando su contraste, para leucocitos se obtiene un resultado general y para conocer la población especifica se realiza un frotis sanguíneo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Campbell, 2013</xref>). Para identificar heterófilos (Het), eosinófilos (Eos), basófilos (Bas), linfocitos (Linf), monocitos (Mon) y trombocitos (Trom) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Martinho, 2009</xref>).</p>
			<p>De manera indirecta evaluamos la serie roja midiendo el porcentaje de hematocrito (Hto) que demuestra la proporción de glóbulos rojos presentes en la sangre, además reporta alteraciones en el suero como hemolisis, ictericia o lipemia, un hematocrito bajo puede sugerir anemia, deshidratación o policitemia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Agustí, 2015</xref>). La hemoglobina (Hb) es una proteína contenida en los eritrocitos y da el color rojo a la sangre, sirve para transportar el 02 y si la cantidad es reducida indica (hipocrómico), si es normal (normocrómico) y por lo tanto su funcionamiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Gálvez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2009</xref>). En aves la heterofilia y linfopenia son indicadores de estrés, inmunosupresión e infecciones activas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Garbus <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Sin embargo, en las aves las variables hematológicas pueden modificarse por diferentes factores como es la edad, raza de ave, locación de las especies y su comportamiento migratorio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Pistone <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bílcová <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Por lo tanto, es necesario conocer los parámetros hematológicos por zona geográfica y el objetivo de la investigación fue conocer las variables hematológicas de las especies más comunes de aves domésticas para tener valores de referencia clínica.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Ubicación del estudio</title>
				<p>Las muestras sanguíneas se colectaron de aves obtenidas en el municipio de Irapuato, Guanajuato, México, localizado a 1,715 msnm, con clima cálido subhúmedo y precipitaciones en verano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">INEGI, 2017</xref>). Las muestras se analizaron en el laboratorio de Avicultura de la Universidad de Guanajuato, en la División Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Irapuato- Salamanca, km 9 carretera Irapuato-Silao en Irapuato, Guanajuato.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Toma de muestras sanguíneas</title>
				<p>Se realizó venopunción de la vena ulnar en todas las aves, haciendo previa asepsia del área con torundas impregnadas con alcohol, se utilizaron jeringas de 3 mL y agujas calibre 23G, se colecto 1 mL de sangre en tubos vacutainer® con EDTA.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Aves</title>
				<p>Se realizó un muestreo por conveniencia de 88 aves adultas, de las cuales 20 aves fueron deportivas (<italic>Gallus gallus</italic>) 10 hembras y 10 machos, 20 Guajolotes (<italic>Meleagris gallopavo</italic>) 10 machos y 10 hembras, 8 patos azteca (<italic>Cairina moschata</italic>) 5 machos y 4 hembras, 20 patos domésticos (<italic>Anas platyrhynchos)</italic> 10 machos y 10 hembras, 20 gansos (<italic>Anser anser</italic>) 10 hembras y 10 machos, 20 pollos de engorda (<italic>Gallus gallus domesticus</italic>), 10 hembras y 10 machos.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Frotis sanguíneo</title>
				<p>Para el extendido se utilizaron portaobjetos comerciales deslizando la sangre sobre el portaobjetos y secado al aire para teñir posteriormente con la tinción Dip Quick stain®.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Método para contar células sanguíneas</title>
				<p>El conteo de células sanguíneas se realizó con ayuda de una cámara de Neubauer (Marienfeld, Alemania) usando la solución Natt y Herriks. Para obtener la cantidad total de células se utilizaron las siguientes fórmulas:</p>
				<p><italic>CCR (mm3) = H (hematíes contados) x 5 x10 x D (factor de dilución 1:200). CCB (mm3) = L (leucocitos contados) / 4 x 10 x D (factor de dilución 1:20).</italic></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Diferencial de leucocitos</title>
				<p>Para realizar el diferencial de leucocitos se contaron 100 células, observando con el objetivo 100 x con aceite de inmersión, siguiendo un patrón de observación en forma de zigzag, para obtener resultados más precisos de la población de células blancas.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Hematocrito</title>
				<p>El capilar se colocó en la centrífuga (TG12M, microhematocrit centrifuge) de manera horizontal, dejando el extremo sellado hacia afuera, se programó a 2500 rpm durante 10 min y se utilizó la siguiente fórmula para obtener el porcentaje: <italic>Hto (%) = L2 (hematíes en mm) / L1 (hematíes</italic></p>
				<p><italic>+ plasma en mm) * 100</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Campbell, 2013</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Hemoglobina</title>
				<p>Se colocaron 5 mL de reactivo Drabkin (Hycel) (cianometahemoglobina) y 20 µl de sangre con anticoagulante en un frasco ámbar, se mezcló de manera gentil para homogeneizarlas, se dejó reposar durante 5 minutos y se midió la absorbancia a 540 nm en un espectrofotómetro (Epoch, Biotech), el resultado fue multiplicado por 36.77 para obtener la concentración de hemoglobina en g/dL (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Samour, 2007</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>Se realizó un análisis de varianza con un diseño completamente al azar (P&lt;0.05), donde se consideraron como variables dependientes el conteo de eritrocitos, leucocitos, heterófilos, linfocitos, monocitos, trombocitos, hematocrito y hemoglobina en las aves y como variables independientes el sexo y la especie. Para eosinófilos y basófilos se utilizó la prueba de Kruskal- Wallis debido que los datos no presentaron normalidad. Posteriormente, se realizó una comparación múltiple de medias con el método Tukey (P&lt;0.05) con el programa estadístico statgraphics centurión XV.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>Las variables hematológicas en aves deportivas, ganso común, pato doméstico, pato azteca, guajolote y pollo de engorda fueron similares para hembras y machos de la misma especie (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Parámetros hematológicos en hembras y machos de aves deportivas, ganso común, pato doméstico, pato azteca, guajolote y pollo de engorda.</title>
					</caption>
					<table style= "border: 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse" border="1">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Parámetro%</th>
								<th align="left">Ave deportiva</th>
								<th align="left">Ganso común</th>
								<th align="left">Pato doméstico</th>
								<th align="left">Pato azteca</th>
								<th align="left">Guajolote</th>
								<th align="left">Pollo de engorda</th>
								<th align="center">EE</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"><bold>Hembras</bold></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>						
						
							<tr>
								<td align="left">CCR mm3</td>
								<td align="left">337.3 ± 49.1 bc</td>
								<td align="left">313.0 ± 55.6 c</td>
								<td align="left">437.9 ± 77.8 a</td>
								<td align="left">461.0 ± 83.9 a</td>
								<td align="left">417.8 ± 83.9 ab</td>
								<td align="left">361.7 ± 38.9 abc</td>
								<td align="left">20.6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">CCB mm3</td>
								<td align="left">565.9 ± 176.9 a</td>
								<td align="left">271.5 ± 92.2 c</td>
								<td align="left">356.2 ± 147.7 bc</td>
								<td align="left">405.2 ± 72.9 abc</td>
								<td align="left">442.2 ± 187.2 abc</td>
								<td align="left">540.5 ± 145.1 ab</td>
								<td align="left">47.9</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Het</td>
								<td align="left">19.4 ± 7.6 a</td>
								<td align="left">27.8 ± 11.1 a</td>
								<td align="left">27.6 ± 8.5 a</td>
								<td align="left">31.7 ± 4.5 a</td>
								<td align="left">25.7 ± 5.9 a</td>
								<td align="left">22.4 ± 5.3 a</td>
								<td align="left">2.4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Eos</td>
								<td align="left">1.2 ± 1.6 ab</td>
								<td align="left">3.3 ± 2.6 a</td>
								<td align="left">2.9 ± 3.3 ab</td>
								<td align="left">1.0 ± 1.1 ab</td>
								<td align="left">0.2 ± 0.6 b</td>
								<td align="left">1.5 ± 1.9 ab</td>
								<td align="left">0.6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Bas</td>
								<td align="left">0.0 ± 0.0 b</td>
								<td align="left">0.2 ± 0.7 ab</td>
								<td align="left">1.0 ± 1.1 a</td>
								<td align="left">0.0 ± 0.0 ab</td>
								<td align="left">0.3 ± 0.9 ab</td>
								<td align="left">0.0 ± 0.0 b</td>
								<td align="left">0.2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Lin</td>
								<td align="left">40.0 ± 11.5 a</td>
								<td align="left">28.3 ± 15.1 ab</td>
								<td align="left">19.4 ± 6.9 b</td>
								<td align="left">21.0 ± 5.9 b</td>
								<td align="left">21.4 ± 10.8 b</td>
								<td align="left">39.5 ± 8.4 a</td>
								<td align="left">3.3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Mon</td>
								<td align="left">39.1 ± 9.5 bc</td>
								<td align="left">40.2 ± 7.0 bc</td>
								<td align="left">49.2 ± 6.3 ab</td>
								<td align="left">46.2 ± 7.8 abc</td>
								<td align="left">52.4 ± 7.8 a</td>
								<td align="left">36.6 ± 8.2 c</td>
								<td align="left">2.5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Hto</td>
								<td align="left">46.6 ± 5.7 ab</td>
								<td align="left">41.8 ± 3.9 bc</td>
								<td align="left">47.4 ± 4.4 ab</td>
								<td align="left">54.6 ± 2.0 a</td>
								<td align="left">45.1 ± 4.0 bc</td>
								<td align="left">39.4 ± 4.1 c</td>
								<td align="left">1.4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Tromb µL</td>
								<td align="left">33.3 ± 5.9 b</td>
								<td align="left">43.2 ± 6.7 a</td>
								<td align="left">39.1 ± 6.7 ab</td>
								<td align="left">45.0 ± 7.6 a</td>
								<td align="left">39.8 ± 5.5 ab</td>
								<td align="left">40.7 ± 4.3 ab</td>
								<td align="left">1.9</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Hb g/dL</td>
								<td align="left">11.9 ± 2.9 c</td>
								<td align="left">16.8 ± 5.5 b</td>
								<td align="left">15.0 ± 2.2 bc</td>
								<td align="left">32.4 ± 2.6 a</td>
								<td align="left">12.1 ± 0.9 c</td>
								<td align="left">14.0 ± 1.8 bc</td>
								<td align="left">0.9</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"><bold>Machos</bold></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">CCR mm3</td>
								<td align="left">440.9 ± 89.8 a</td>
								<td align="left">318.5 ± 54.9 cd</td>
								<td align="left">426.7 ± 96.4 a</td>
								<td align="left">424.2 ± 73.0 ab</td>
								<td align="left">358.5 ± 55.6 ab</td>
								<td align="left">257.2 ± 48.3 d</td>
								<td align="left">22.7</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">CCB mm3</td>
								<td align="left">234.8 ± 63.0 bc</td>
								<td align="left">221.7 ± 57.5 c</td>
								<td align="left">424.4 ± 96.8 a</td>
								<td align="left">335.2 ± 117.0 abc</td>
								<td align="left">434.6 ± 120.1 a</td>
								<td align="left">379.6 ± 167.4 ab</td>
								<td align="left">34.6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Het</td>
								<td align="left">22.6 ± 9.4 a</td>
								<td align="left">21.3 ± 8.3 a</td>
								<td align="left">28.9 ± 9.1 a</td>
								<td align="left">29.8 ± 3.1 a</td>
								<td align="left">23.9 ± 10.8 a</td>
								<td align="left">23.6 ± 8.8 a</td>
								<td align="left">2.8</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Eos</td>
								<td align="left">0.4 ± 0.8 ab</td>
								<td align="left">2.3 ± 2.9 ab</td>
								<td align="left">2.5 ± 2.4 a</td>
								<td align="left">0.8 ± 1.0 ab</td>
								<td align="left">0.0 ± 0.0 b</td>
								<td align="left">0.3 ± 0.6 ab</td>
								<td align="left">0.5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Bas</td>
								<td align="left">0.0 ± 0.0 a</td>
								<td align="left">0.0 ± 0.0 a</td>
								<td align="left">1.2 ± 2.2 a</td>
								<td align="left">0.0 ± 0.0 a</td>
								<td align="left">0.0 ± 0.0 a</td>
								<td align="left">0.0 ± 0.0 a</td>
								<td align="left">0.2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Lin</td>
								<td align="left">37.9 ± 12.1 a</td>
								<td align="left">27.1 ± 17.2 b</td>
								<td align="left">18.9 ± 8.4 b</td>
								<td align="left">22.4 ± 7.1 b</td>
								<td align="left">28.3 ± 12.5 ab</td>
								<td align="left">21.6 ± 6.3 b</td>
								<td align="left">3.6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Mon</td>
								<td align="left">38.9 ± 11.3 a</td>
								<td align="left">48.9 ± 16.1 a</td>
								<td align="left">48.6 ± 10.1 a</td>
								<td align="left">47.0 ± 6.0 a</td>
								<td align="left">47.9 ± 11.2 a</td>
								<td align="left">54.4 ± 12.2 a</td>
								<td align="left">3.8</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Hto</td>
								<td align="left">54.1 ± 4.9 a</td>
								<td align="left">40.4 ± 3.4 cd</td>
								<td align="left">45.0 ± 3.3 bc</td>
								<td align="left">51.2 ± 4.3 ab</td>
								<td align="left">46.4 ± 4.9 b</td>
								<td align="left">34.6 ± 5.4 d</td>
								<td align="left">1.4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Tromb µL</td>
								<td align="left">34.5 ± 4.8 b</td>
								<td align="left">41.5 ± 3.6 a</td>
								<td align="left">42.4 ± 7.1 a</td>
								<td align="left">42.6 ± 1.8 a</td>
								<td align="left">33.8 ± 5.0 b</td>
								<td align="left">19.9 ± 2.1 c</td>
								<td align="left">1.4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Hb g/dL</td>
								<td align="left">16.1 ± 2.9 b</td>
								<td align="left">17.3 ± 6.0 b</td>
								<td align="left">14.3 ± 1.8 b</td>
								<td align="left">33.5 ± 4.1 a</td>
								<td align="left">14.0 ± 2.29 b</td>
								<td align="left">14.4 ± 1.2 b</td>
								<td align="left">1.0</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>a-d Literales distintas por fila refieren diferencia estadística significativa (P&lt;0.05).</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>CCR mm3= Eritrocitos totales por mm3, CCB mm3=Leucocitos totales por mm3, Het=heterófilos, Eos=Eosinófilos, Bas=Basófilos, Lin=Linfocitos, Mon=Monocitos, Hto=Hematocrito, Tromb µL =Trombocitos por µL , Hb g/dL= Hemoglobina en g por dL.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Hembras</title>
				<p>En el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref> el número de eritrocitos totales del ganso común fue menor al compararlo con el del pato doméstico, pato azteca y guajolote (P&lt;0.05); así mismo, el conteo de leucocitos en las aves deportivas fue mayor (P&lt;0.05) que en el ganso común y pato doméstico. En el diferencial de leucocitos, la cantidad de heterófilos fue similar entre las seis especies. Por otro lado, los eosinófilos presentaron mayor diferencia (P&lt;0.05) entre el ganso común y el guajolote. El porcentaje de basófilos resulto mayor en el pato doméstico (P&lt;0.05) en relación a las aves deportivas y pollo de engorda. El índice de linfocitos en aves deportivas y pollo de engorda sobresalió de lo registrado para patos domésticos, patos azteca y guajolote (P&lt;0.05). El número de monocitos en el guajolote fue más que el observado en el pollo de engorda, ave deportiva y ganso común (P&lt;0.05). Además, se observó el hematocrito más alto en el pato azteca (P&lt;0.05) y el más bajo en el pollo de engorda, guajolote y ganso común. La presencia de trombocitos aumentó en el ganso común y pato azteca (P&lt;0.05) comparado con las aves deportivas, la concentración de hemoglobina fue mayor en el pato azteca (P&lt;0.05).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Machos</title>
				<p>En el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref> el conteo de células rojas en aves deportivas y pato doméstico fue mayor (P&lt;0.05) que lo observado en ganso común y pollo de engorda, pero en células blancas el pato doméstico y guajolote son mayores (P&lt;0.05) comparados con el ganso común y ave deportiva. Por otro lado, en el diferencial de leucocitos los valores de heterófilos, basófilos y monocitos fueron similares para las seis especies estudiadas. Los eosinófilos fueron más frecuentes en el pato doméstico (P&lt;0.05) comparados con el guajolote. La cantidad de linfocitos es mayor en aves deportivas (P&lt;0.05) en relación al ganso común, pato doméstico, pato azteca y pollo de engorda. El porcentaje de hematocrito resultó más elevado en aves deportivas (P&lt;0.05) comparadas con el ganso común, pato doméstico, guajolote y pollo de engorda. Los trombocitos se presentaron en mayor medida en ganso común, pato doméstico y pato azteca (P&lt;0.05), seguidos por las aves deportivas y guajolotes, la menor cantidad (P&lt;0.05) la presentó el pollo de engorda. La concentración de hemoglobina destacó en el pato azteca (P&lt;0.05) con respecto a las demás especies.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Las variables hematológicas son elementos básicos para conocer y evaluar la salud general de las aves, saber los parámetros por especie y las diferencias que tienen las hembras comparadas con los machos permite identificar desequilibrios en sus poblaciones celulares (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fairbrother y O´Loughlin, 1990</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mitchell y Johns, 2008</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Okeudo <italic>et al</italic>. (2003)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aengwanich y Tanomtong (2007)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Azeez <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Albokhadaim (2012)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Lashev <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> reportan diferencia en eritrocitos totales, hemoglobina y hematocrito relacionado al sexo del ave. En machos el índice aumenta y en hembras disminuye debido al nivel de testosterona que tiene efecto directo sobre la eritropoyesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Gonzales, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Campbell, 2015</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fairbrother y O´Loughlin (1990)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Moreira <italic>et al</italic>. (2009)</xref> y en el presente estudio el efecto hormonal no fue significativo, pero mostro tendencias similares. Es posible que haya especies de aves que puedan manifestar de esa forma y otras no presenten el mismo efecto como se presenta el dimorfismo sexual en aves.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Conteo de eritrocitos totales</title>
				<p>Los eritrocitos transportan y distribuyen el oxígeno y dióxido de carbono en el cuerpo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Scanes, 2015</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Okeudo <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref> reportan menos CCR comparado a nuestro estudio en hembras y machos del pato azteca. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Campbell (2015)</xref> menciona que los patos tienen valores más altos de CCR comparados con los gansos debido al fotoperiodo. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pineda-Leiva <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> obtuvieron valores menores en machos de combate. Pero <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Moreira <italic>et al</italic>. (2009</xref>) describen valores mayores a los observados en nuestro estudio para hembras y machos de guajolote. La cantidad de eritrocitos puede asociarse al tipo de alimentación en las especies domésticas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Lashev <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015</xref>). Además, se puede presentar variación entre las especies debido a la temporada de cría y la relación entre su peso y tasa metabólica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">McKechnie, 2007</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Conteo de leucocitos totales</title>
				<p>Los leucocitos defienden al cuerpo de los patógenos o los agentes extraños (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Galvez <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Lashev <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> observaron variación de ésta línea celular relacionada a las vacunas, la dieta o las condiciones higiénicas en el galpón de las aves. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pineda-Leyva <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> obtuvieron menor CCB en machos de combate. En nuestros resultados tanto hembras como machos de pollo de engorda superaron el promedio observado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Scanes (2015</xref>). Por otro lado, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Moreira <italic>et al</italic>. (2009</xref>) señalan un CCB mayor en hembras y machos de guajolote.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Azeez <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref> han descrito altos conteos de CCB en aves jóvenes como es para pollo de engorda en este estudio indicando las diferencias con las otras especies puede deberse a la edad y hematopoyesis no madura. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Foo <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref> indican que los caracteres sexuales secundarios en las especies son desarrollados por el nivel de testosterona que en aves tiene efecto inmunomodulador. Por lo tanto, la diferencia entre las especies puede ser a causa por el desarrollo del plumaje, su color e incluso el grado de agresividad que pueden manifestar.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Diferencial de leucocitos</title>
				<p>Es un estudio que permite distinguir los tipos de leucocitos para interpretar de manera más precisa el hemograma (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Galvez <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Lashev <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> no observaron diferencias entre codornices, aves de combate, pollo de engorda, guajolote y faisán. Los parámetros observados en el presente estudio fueron menores a los promedios reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Scanes (2015)</xref>, excepto, en los monocitos que se presentan en cantidades mayores. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Okeudo <italic>et al</italic>. (2003)</xref> reportan menos heterófilos en hembra y macho en pato azteca, eosinófilos más altos y linfocitos en mayor cantidad comparado a los nuestros. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Oloyemi y Arewolo (2009)</xref> reportan en pato doméstico parámetros mayores de linfocitos, heterófilos y menores de monocitos y eosinófilos. Los heterófilos y los linfocitos son leucocitos predominantes asociados a estresores, infecciones, inflamación o toxicidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Davis <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jones, 2015</xref>). El comportamiento dominante de la especie puede mantenerlo en estrés constante y determinar sus niveles en la relación H:L (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Valdebenito <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). Las diferencias entre los cuidados, alimentación, desparasitación de cada especie pueden modificar sus parámetros hematológicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Campbell, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Lashev <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Hematocrito</title>
				<p>Esta variable refleja el volumen que ocupan los glóbulos rojos referente a la sangre entera (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Galvez <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). De acuerdo a <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Lashev <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> su cantidad se relaciona directamente con el conteo de eritrocitos y hemoglobina, pero se ha <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abdi-Hachesoo <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref> reportaron diferencia entre hembras de la misma especie asociado a la altura de residencia. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Okeudo <italic>et al</italic>. (2003)</xref> observaron menor Hto en hembras y machos de pato azteca respecto a nuestro estudio. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Moreira <italic>et al</italic>. (2009)</xref> describen menor Hto en hembras y machos de guajolote que en el presente estudio. Nuestros parámetros para esta variable corresponden a los establecidos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Campbell (2015)</xref> para pollo de engorda, guajolote y pato doméstico. Así mismo nuestro porcentaje observado en machos de ave deportiva es similar al grupo control de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pineda-Leyva <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref>, también <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Oloyemi y Arewolo (2009)</xref> señalan una cantidad similar de esta variable en pato doméstico en temporada que no llueve. Es posible que el porcentaje de Hto puede ser diferente entre las especies debido sus hábitos de consumo de agua (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Oloyemi y Arewolo, 2009</xref>), la masa corporal, adaptación a las condiciones ambientales y su tasa metabólica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">McKechnie, 2007</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Hemoglobina</title>
				<p>La hemoglobina es una proteína que transporta oxígeno hacia los tejidos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Okeudo <italic>et al</italic>. (2003)</xref> en pato azteca observaron menor concentración respecto a nuestros resultados. Por otro lado, nuestros parámetros para pollo de engorda, pato doméstico y guajolote están dentro de lo establecido por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Campbell (2015</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Moreira <italic>et al</italic>. (2009</xref>) reportan en guajolote una concentración de Hb mayor comparada a este estudio, de la misma forma <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pineda-Leyva <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> señalan mayor concentración de Hb en machos de combate. La diferencia mencionada radicar en que el hto responde a la aclimatación por la diferencia de la altura sobre el nivel del mar y al nivel de testosterona presente en las diferentes especies de aves que responde a la eritropoyesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Gonzales, 2011</xref>). La hemoglobina puede variar según la disponibilidad de hierro en la dieta y la capacidad intestinal para su absorción (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Tako <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Las variables hematológicas en aves deportivas, ganso común, pato doméstico, pato azteca, guajolote y pollo de engorda fueron similares para hembras y machos de la misma especie. Pero mostraron diferencias en las células blancas entre las especies estudiadas. Por los hallazgos encontrados es necesario seguir estudiando las células sanguíneas entre las especies debido a la localidad, la alimentación y el dimorfismo sexual.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMIENTOS</title>
			<p>Los autores agradecen el apoyo recibido del Zoológico de Irapuato, Granja Mogotes, Granja San José de la Chiripa, Granja avícola de la Universidad de Guanajuato y a todos los particulares que colaboraron para realizar la investigación.</p>
		</ack>
		<ref-list>
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						</name>
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							<surname>Talebi</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
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							<given-names>S.</given-names>
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					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
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						</name>
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					<year>2007</year>
					<article-title>Blood cell characteristics and hematological values of free ranging-red jungle fowl (gallus gallus) in Northeastern, Thailand</article-title>
					<source>Journal of biological sciences</source>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
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				<article-title>Haematological variables in sport birds, common goose, domestic duck, Aztec duck, turkey and broiler chicken</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>Blood analysis in birds is an evidence that allows evaluating their health status and it is a diagnostic tool for the clinical veterinarian. The objective of the research was to know the hematological variables of common birds, sport birds, common goose, domestic duck, Aztec duck, turkey and broiler chicken by sex, species and the difference between species. A blood sample was taken from 88 birds by venipuncture of the ulnar vein using Ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) as anticoagulant. Erythrocytes and total leukocytes were counted by the method of Natt and Herriks. Leukocyte differential was performed by blood smear, hemoglobin concentration was measured by the cyanmethemoglobin technique and microhematocrit percentage. Data were compared with an analysis of variance in a completely randomized design and differences were compared with Tukey's test (P&lt;0.05). For eosinophils and basophils, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used because the data did not present normality. The hematological variables in sport birds, common goose, domestic duck, Aztec duck, turkey and broiler chicken were similar for females and males of the same species. But there were differences in white cells of the species studied. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>domestic fowl</kwd>
				<kwd>hematology</kwd>
				<kwd>Natt and Herriks</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>In Mexico, sport birds, common goose, domestic duck, Aztec duck, turkey and broiler chicken are found in commercial farms, small backyard farms, animal reserves or they are even adopted as pets (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Cuca-García <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pineda-Leyva <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). Knowledge of their hematological parameters is a general tool to know their health status with basic uses in avian clinic and scientific research (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mitchell &amp; Johns, 2008</xref>).</p>
				<p>Blood is a tissue that consists of a liquid part and cellular components; it is mainly responsible for capturing, transporting and distributing nutrients in the organism through blood vessels. Its evaluation is performed through a hemogram where the population of erythrocytes and leukocytes is expressed, in addition, it allows identifying morphological alterations and assessing its function (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Campbell, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Montalvo, 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>In birds and reptiles the hemogram is performed manually due to their nucleated erythrocytes and thrombocytes. In addition, leukocytes present multiple forms and cell size is different compared to mammals, so the total count of red (RCC) and white (WCC) cells is direct through a hematocytometer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Martínez-Silvestre <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>). To facilitate their counting, Natt and Herriks solution is used, which stains the cells improving their contrast; for leukocytes a general result is obtained and to know the specific population a blood smear is performed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Campbell, 2013</xref>). To identify heterophils (Het), eosinophils (Eos), basophils (Bas), lymphocytes (Lymp), monocytes (Mon) and thrombocytes (Throm) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Martinho, 2009</xref>).</p>
				<p>Indirectly it evaluates the red series by measuring the percentage of hematocrit (Ht) which shows the proportion of red blood cells present in the blood, it also reports alterations in the serum such as hemolysis, jaundice or lipaemia, a low hematocrit may suggest anemia, dehydration or polycythemia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Agustí, 2015</xref>). Hemoglobin (Hb) is a protein contained in erythrocytes and gives the red color to blood, serves to transport 02 and if the amount is reduced it indicates (hypochromic), if it is normal (normochromic) and therefore its functioning (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Gálvez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2009</xref>). In birds heterophilia and lymphopenia are indicators of stress, immunosuppression and active infections (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Garbus <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). However, in birds hematological variables can be modified by different factors such as age, bird breed, species location and migratory behavior (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Pistone <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bílcová <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Therefore, it is necessary to know the hematological parameters by geographical area and the objective of the research was to know the hematological variables of the most common species of domestic birds in order to have clinical reference values.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Location of the study</title>
					<p>Blood samples were collected from birds obtained in Irapuato municipality, Guanajuato, Mexico, located at 1,715 m a.s.l, with a warm sub-humid climate and summer rainfall (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">INEGI, 2017</xref>). Samples were analyzed at the Poultry Laboratory of the University of Guanajuato, at the Life Sciences Division, Campus Irapuato- Salamanca, km 9 Irapuato-Silao highway in Irapuato, Guanajuato.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Blood sampling</title>
					<p>Venipuncture of the ulnar vein was performed in all birds, with prior asepsis of the area with alcohol swabs, using 3 mL syringes and 23G gauge needles, 1 mL of blood was collected in vacutainer® tubes with EDTA.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Birds</title>
					<p>A convenience sampling of 88 adult birds was carried out, of which 20 were sporting birds (<italic>Gallus gallus</italic>) 10 females and 10 males, 20 turkeys (<italic>Meleagris gallopavo</italic>) 10 males and 10 females, 8 Aztec ducks (<italic>Cairina moschata</italic>) 5 males and 4 females, 20 domestic ducks (<italic>Anas platyrhynchos</italic>) 10 males and 10 females, 20 geese (<italic>Anser anser</italic>) 10 females and 10 males, 20 broilers (<italic>Gallus gallus domesticus</italic>), 10 females and 10 males.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Blood smear</title>
					<p>Commercial slides were used for the smearing by sliding the blood on the slide and air-drying for subsequent staining with Dip Quick stain®.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Method for counting blood cells</title>
					<p>Blood cell counting was performed with the aid of a Neubauer chamber (Marienfeld, Germany) using Natt and Herriks solution. The following formulas were used to obtain the total number of cells:</p>
					<p><italic>RCC (mm3) = H(red cells conunted) x 5 x 10 x D (dilution factor 1: 200)</italic></p>
					<p><italic>WWC (mm3) = L(leukocytes counted)/ 4 x 10 x D (dilution factor 1:20)</italic></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Leukocyte differential</title>
					<p>To perform the leukocyte differential, 100 cells were counted, observing with the 100 x objective with immersion oil, following a zigzag pattern of observation, to obtain more accurate results of the white cell population.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Hematocrit</title>
					<p>The capillary was placed in the centrifuge (TG12M, microhematocrit centrifuge) horizontally, leaving the sealed end facing out, programmed at 2500 rpm for 10 min and the following formula was used to obtain the percentage: ??<italic>t (%) = L2 (red cells in mm)/L1 (red cells + plasma in mm) *</italic> 100 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Campbell, 2013</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Hemoglobin</title>
					<p>5 mL of Drabkin (Hycel) reagent (cyanmethemoglobin) and 20 µL of blood with anticoagulant were placed in an amber bottle, mixed gently to homogenize, allowed to stand for 5 minutes and absorbance was measured at 540 nm in a spectrophotometer (Epoch, Biotech), the result was multiplied by 36.77 to obtain the hemoglobin concentration in g/dL (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Samour, 2007</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>An analysis of variance was performed with a completely randomized design (P&lt;0.05), where erythrocyte, leukocyte, heterophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, thrombocyte, hematocrit and hemoglobin counts in birds were considered as dependent variables and sex and species as independent variables. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for eosinophils and basophils because the data did not show normality. Subsequently, a multiple comparison of means was performed with the Tukey method (P&lt;0.05) with the statistical program statgraphics centurion XV.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>Hematological variables in sporting birds, common goose, domestic duck, Aztec duck, turkey and broiler chicken were similar for females and males of the same species (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Hematological parameters in females and males of sport bird, common goose, domestic duck, Aztec duck, turkey and broiler chickens</title>
						</caption>
						<table style= "border: 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse" border="1">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Parameters %</th>
									<th align="left">Sport bird</th>
									<th align="left">Common goose</th>
									<th align="left">Domestic duck</th>
									<th align="left">Aztec duck</th>
									<th align="center">Turkey</th>
									<th align="left">Broiler chickens</th>
									<th align="center">ES</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="8"><bold>Females</bold>
									</td>
								</tr>
							
							
								<tr>
									<td align="left">RCC mm3</td>
									<td align="left">337.3 ± 49.1 bc</td>
									<td align="left">313.0 ± 55.6 c</td>
									<td align="left">437.9 ± 77.8 a</td>
									<td align="left">461.0 ± 83.9 a</td>
									<td align="left">417.8 ± 83.9 ab</td>
									<td align="left">361.7 ± 38.9 abc</td>
									<td align="left">20.6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">WCC mm3</td>
									<td align="left">565.9 ± 176.9 a</td>
									<td align="left">271.5 ± 92.2 c</td>
									<td align="left">356.2 ± 147.7 bc</td>
									<td align="left">405.2 ± 72.9 abc</td>
									<td align="left">442.2 ± 187.2 abc</td>
									<td align="left">540.5 ± 145.1 ab</td>
									<td align="left">47.9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Het</td>
									<td align="left">19.4 ± 7.6 a</td>
									<td align="left">27.8 ± 11.1 a</td>
									<td align="left">27.6 ± 8.5 a</td>
									<td align="left">31.7 ± 4.5 a</td>
									<td align="left">25.7 ± 5.9 a</td>
									<td align="left">22.4 ± 5.3 a</td>
									<td align="left">2.4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Eos</td>
									<td align="left">1.2 ± 1.6 ab</td>
									<td align="left">3.3 ± 2.6 a</td>
									<td align="left">2.9 ± 3.3 ab</td>
									<td align="left">1.0 ± 1.1 ab</td>
									<td align="left">0.2 ± 0.6 b</td>
									<td align="left">1.5 ± 1.9 ab</td>
									<td align="left">0.6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Bas</td>
									<td align="left">0.0 ± 0.0 b</td>
									<td align="left">0.2 ± 0.7 ab</td>
									<td align="left">1.0 ± 1.1 a</td>
									<td align="left">0.0 ± 0.0 ab</td>
									<td align="left">0.3 ± 0.9 ab</td>
									<td align="left">0.0 ± 0.0 b</td>
									<td align="left">0.2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Lymp</td>
									<td align="left">40.0 ± 11.5 a</td>
									<td align="left">28.3 ± 15.1 ab</td>
									<td align="left">19.4 ± 6.9 b</td>
									<td align="left">21.0 ± 5.9 b</td>
									<td align="left">21.4 ± 10.8 b</td>
									<td align="left">39.5 ± 8.4 a</td>
									<td align="left">3.3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Mon</td>
									<td align="left">39.1 ± 9.5 bc</td>
									<td align="left">40.2 ± 7.0 bc</td>
									<td align="left">49.2 ± 6.3 ab</td>
									<td align="left">46.2 ± 7.8 abc</td>
									<td align="left">52.4 ± 7.8 a</td>
									<td align="left">36.6 ± 8.2 c</td>
									<td align="left">2.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Ht</td>
									<td align="left">46.6 ± 5.7 ab</td>
									<td align="left">41.8 ± 3.9 bc</td>
									<td align="left">47.4 ± 4.4 ab</td>
									<td align="left">54.6 ± 2.0 a</td>
									<td align="left">45.1 ± 4.0 bc</td>
									<td align="left">39.4 ± 4.1 c</td>
									<td align="left">1.4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Thromb µL</td>
									<td align="left">33.3 ± 5.9 b</td>
									<td align="left">43.2 ± 6.7 a</td>
									<td align="left">39.1 ± 6.7 ab</td>
									<td align="left">45.0 ± 7.6 a</td>
									<td align="left">39.8 ± 5.5 ab</td>
									<td align="left">40.7 ± 4.3 ab</td>
									<td align="left">1.9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Hb g/dL</td>
									<td align="left">11.9 ± 2.9 c</td>
									<td align="left">16.8 ± 5.5 b</td>
									<td align="left">15.0 ± 2.2 bc</td>
									<td align="left">32.4 ± 2.6 a</td>
									<td align="left">12.1 ± 0.9 c</td>
									<td align="left">14.0 ± 1.8 bc</td>
									<td align="left">0.9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="8"><bold>Males</bold>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">RCC mm3</td>
									<td align="left">440.9 ± 89.8 a</td>
									<td align="left">318.5 ± 54.9 cd</td>
									<td align="left">426.7 ± 96.4 a</td>
									<td align="left">424.2 ± 73.0 ab</td>
									<td align="left">358.5 ± 55.6 ab</td>
									<td align="left">257.2 ± 48.3 d</td>
									<td align="left">22.7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">WCC mm3</td>
									<td align="left">234.8 ± 63.0 bc</td>
									<td align="left">221.7 ± 57.5 c</td>
									<td align="left">424.4 ± 96.8 a</td>
									<td align="left">335.2 ± 117.0 abc</td>
									<td align="left">434.6 ± 120.1 a</td>
									<td align="left">379.6 ± 167.4 ab</td>
									<td align="left">34.6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Het</td>
									<td align="left">22.6 ± 9.4 a</td>
									<td align="left">21.3 ± 8.3 a</td>
									<td align="left">28.9 ± 9.1 a</td>
									<td align="left">29.8 ± 3.1 a</td>
									<td align="left">23.9 ± 10.8 a</td>
									<td align="left">23.6 ± 8.8 a</td>
									<td align="left">2.8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Eos</td>
									<td align="left">0.4 ± 0.8 ab</td>
									<td align="left">2.3 ± 2.9 ab</td>
									<td align="left">2.5 ± 2.4 a</td>
									<td align="left">0.8 ± 1.0 ab</td>
									<td align="left">0.0 ± 0.0 b</td>
									<td align="left">0.3 ± 0.6 ab</td>
									<td align="left">0.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Bas</td>
									<td align="left">0.0 ± 0.0 a</td>
									<td align="left">0.0 ± 0.0 a</td>
									<td align="left">1.2 ± 2.2 a</td>
									<td align="left">0.0 ± 0.0 a</td>
									<td align="left">0.0 ± 0.0 a</td>
									<td align="left">0.0 ± 0.0 a</td>
									<td align="left">0.2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Lymp</td>
									<td align="left">37.9 ± 12.1 a</td>
									<td align="left">27.1 ± 17.2 b</td>
									<td align="left">18.9 ± 8.4 b</td>
									<td align="left">22.4 ± 7.1 b</td>
									<td align="left">28.3 ± 12.5 ab</td>
									<td align="left">21.6 ± 6.3 b</td>
									<td align="left">3.6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Mon</td>
									<td align="left">38.9 ± 11.3 a</td>
									<td align="left">48.9 ± 16.1 a</td>
									<td align="left">48.6 ± 10.1 a</td>
									<td align="left">47.0 ± 6.0 a</td>
									<td align="left">47.9 ± 11.2 a</td>
									<td align="left">54.4 ± 12.2 a</td>
									<td align="left">3.8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Ht</td>
									<td align="left">54.1 ± 4.9 a</td>
									<td align="left">40.4 ± 3.4 cd</td>
									<td align="left">45.0 ± 3.3 bc</td>
									<td align="left">51.2 ± 4.3 ab</td>
									<td align="left">46.4 ± 4.9 b</td>
									<td align="left">34.6 ± 5.4 d</td>
									<td align="left">1.4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Thromb µL</td>
									<td align="left">34.5 ± 4.8 b</td>
									<td align="left">41.5 ± 3.6 a</td>
									<td align="left">42.4 ± 7.1 a</td>
									<td align="left">42.6 ± 1.8 a</td>
									<td align="left">33.8 ± 5.0 b</td>
									<td align="left">19.9 ± 2.1 c</td>
									<td align="left">1.4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Hb g/dL</td>
									<td align="left">16.1 ± 2.9 b</td>
									<td align="left">17.3 ± 6.0 b</td>
									<td align="left">14.3 ± 1.8 b</td>
									<td align="left">33.5 ± 4.1 a</td>
									<td align="left">14.0 ± 2.29 b</td>
									<td align="left">14.4 ± 1.2 b</td>
									<td align="left">1.0</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>a-d Different literals per row refer to significant statistical difference (P&lt;0.05).</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>RCC mm3= Total erythrocytes per mm3, WCC mm3= Total leukocytes per mm3, Het= heterophils, Eos= Eosinophils, Bas= Basophils , Lymp= Lymphocytes, Mon= Monocytes, Ht= Hematocrit, Thromb µL = Thrombocytes per µL, Hb g/dL= Hemoglobin in g per dL.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Females</title>
					<p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>, the number of total erythrocytes of the common goose was lower when compared with that of the domestic duck, Aztec duck and turkey (P&lt;0.05); likewise, the leukocyte count in sporting birds was higher (P&lt;0.05) than in the common goose and domestic duck. In the leukocyte differential, the number of heterophils was similar among the six species. On the other hand, eosinophils presented a greater difference (P&lt;0.05) between the common goose and turkey goose. The percentage of basophils was higher in domestic duck (P&lt;0.05) in relation to sporting birds and broiler chickens. The lymphocyte index in sport birds and broiler chickens was higher than that recorded for domestic ducks, Aztec ducks and turkey (P&lt;0.05). The number of monocytes in turkey was more than that observed in broiler chicken, sport bird and common goose (P&lt;0.05). In addition, the highest hematocrit was observed in the Aztec duck (P&lt;0.05) and the lowest in the broiler chicken, turkey and common goose. The presence of thrombocytes increased in the common goose and Aztec duck (P&lt;0.05) compared to the sport birds, the hemoglobin concentration was higher in the Aztec duck (P&lt;0.05).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Males</title>
					<p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref> the red cell count in sport birds and domestic duck was higher (P&lt;0.05) than that observed in common goose and broiler chicken, but in white cells the domestic duck and turkey were higher (P&lt;0.05) compared to common goose and sport bird. On the other hand, in the leukocyte differential, the values of heterophils, basophils and monocytes were similar for the six species studied. Eosinophils were more frequent in the domestic duck (P&lt;0.05) compared to the turkey. The number of lymphocytes was higher in sport birds (P&lt;0.05) in relation to the common goose, domestic duck, Aztec duck and broiler chicken. The percentage of hematocrit was higher in sport birds (P&lt;0.05) compared to the common goose, domestic duck, turkey and broiler chicken. Thrombocytes were higher in common goose, domestic duck and Aztec duck (P&lt;0.05), followed by sport birds and turkeys, the lowest amount (P&lt;0.05) was in broiler chicken. The hemoglobin concentration was higher in the Aztec duck (P&lt;0.05) than in the other species.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>Hematological variables are basic elements to know and evaluate the general health of birds, knowing the parameters by species and the differences that females have compared to males allows identifying imbalances in their cell populations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fairbrother &amp; O´Loughlin, 1990</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mitchell &amp; Johns, 2008</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Okeudo <italic>et al</italic>. (2003)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aengwanich &amp; Tanomtong (2007)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Azeez <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Albokhadaim (2012)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Lashev <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> report differences in total erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit related to the sex of the bird. In males the index increases and in females it decreases due to the level of testosterone which has direct effect on erythropoiesis <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Gonzales, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Campbell, 2015</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Fairbrother &amp; O´Loughlin (1990)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Moreira <italic>et al</italic>. (2009)</xref> and in the present study the hormonal effect was not significant, but showed similar trends. It is possible that there are bird species that can manifest in this way and others do not present the same effect as sexual dimorphism in birds.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Total erythrocyte count</title>
					<p>Erythrocytes transport and distribute oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Scanes, 2015</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Okeudo <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref> report less RCC compared to our study in female and male Azure ducks. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Campbell (2015)</xref> mentions that ducks have higher RCC values compared to geese due to photoperiod. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pineda-Leiva <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> obtained lower values in fighting males but <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Moreira <italic>et al</italic>. (2009</xref>) describe higher values than those observed in our study for female and male turkey geese. The amount of erythrocytes may be associated with the type of feeding in domestic species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Lashev <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015</xref>). In addition, variation may occur between species due to the breeding season and the relationship between their weight and metabolic rate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">McKechnie, 2007</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Total leukocyte count</title>
					<p>Leukocytes defend the body from pathogens or foreign agents <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Galvez <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Lashev <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> observed variation of this cell line related to vaccines, diet or hygienic conditions in the poultry house. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pineda-Leyva <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> obtained lower WCC in fighting males. In our results both broiler females and males exceeded the average observed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Scanes (2015)</xref>. On the other hand, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Moreira <italic>et al</italic>. (2009)</xref> reported a higher WCC in females and males of turkey.</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Azeez <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref> have described high WCC counts in young birds as it is for broiler chicken in this study indicating the differences with the other species may be due to age and immature hematopoiesis. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Foo <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref> indicate that secondary sexual characteristics in species are developed by testosterone level which in birds has immunomodulatory effect. Therefore, the difference between species may be because of the development of plumage, their color and even the degree of aggressiveness they may manifest.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Leukocyte differential</title>
					<p>It is a study that allows distinguishing the types of leukocytes to more accurately interpret the hemogram (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Galvez <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Lashev <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> did not observe differences between quail, combat birds, broiler chicken, turkey and pheasant. The parameters observed in the present study were lower than the averages reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Scanes (2015)</xref>, except, in monocytes which are present in higher amounts. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Okeudo <italic>et al</italic>. (2003)</xref> report fewer heterophils in female and male Aztec duck, higher eosinophils and lymphocytes in higher numbers compared to ours. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Oloyemi &amp; Arewolo (2009)</xref> report higher parameters of lymphocytes, heterophils and lower monocytes and eosinophils in domestic ducks. Heterophils and lymphocytes are predominant leukocytes associated with stressors, infections, inflammation or toxicity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Davis <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jones, 2015</xref>). The dominant behavior of the species can keep it under constant stress and determine its levels in the H:L ratio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Valdebenito <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). Differences between cares, feeding, deworming of each species can modify their hematological parameters (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Campbell, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Lashev <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Hematocrit</title>
					<p>This variable reflects the volume occupied by red blood cells relative to whole blood (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Galvez <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Lashev <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> its quantity is directly related to erythrocyte and hemoglobin count, but it has <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abdi-Hachesoo <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref> reported difference between females of the same species associated with the height of residence. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Okeudo <italic>et al</italic>. (2003)</xref> observed lower Ht in female and male Aztec ducks compared to our study. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Moreira <italic>et al</italic>. (2009)</xref> described lower Ht in females and males of turkey than in the present study. Our parameters for this variable correspond to those established by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Campbell (2015)</xref> for broiler chicken, turkey and domestic duck. Likewise our percentage observed in male sport bird is similar to the control group of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pineda-Leyva <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref>, also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Oloyemi &amp; Arewolo (2009)</xref> point out a similar amount of this variable in domestic duck in non-rainy season. It is possible that the percentage of Ht may be different between species due to their water consumption habits (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Oloyemi &amp; Arewolo, 2009</xref>), body mass, adaptation to environmental conditions and their metabolic rate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">McKechnie, 2007</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Hemoglobin</title>
					<p>Hemoglobin is a protein that transports oxygen to tissues. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Okeudo <italic>et al</italic>. (2003)</xref> observed a lower concentration in Aztec duck than in our results. On the other hand, our parameters for broiler chicken, domestic duck and turkey are within <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Campbell (2015)</xref>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Moreira <italic>et al</italic>. (2009)</xref> report in turkey a higher Hb concentration compared to this study, in the same way <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pineda- Leyva <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> point out higher Hb concentration in fighting males. The aforementioned difference lies in that the Ht responds to acclimatization due to the difference in altitude above sea level and to the level of testosterone present in the different bird species that responds to erythropoiesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Gonzales, 2011</xref>). Hemoglobin can vary according to the availability of iron in the diet and the intestinal capacity for its absorption (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Tako <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
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			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>Hematological variables in sport birds, common goose, domestic duck, Aztec duck, turkey and broiler chicken were similar for females and males of the same species. They showed differences in white cells among the species studied, because of the findings, it is necessary to continue studying blood cells between species due to locality, feeding and sexual dimorphism.</p>
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	</sub-article>
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