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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">aa</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico agroforestal</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico agro</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>			
			<issn pub-type="epub">2594-1992</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37114/abaagrof/2020.7</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Extractos vegetales para el control de <italic>Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani y Rhizoctonia solani, una</italic> alternativa sostenible para la agricultura</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4388-0901</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rodríguez-Castro</surname>
						<given-names>Alfredo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2936-4567</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Torres-Herrera</surname>
						<given-names>Sandra</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9520-2817</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Domínguez-Calleros</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7326-6051</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Romero-García</surname>
						<given-names>Ana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3899-2151</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva-Flores</surname>
						<given-names>Miguel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Rioverde. Carretera Rioverde-San Ciro Km 4.5 Col. María del Rosario. CP. 79610. San Luis Potosí, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Rioverde</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Rioverde</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>San Luis Potosí</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Juárez Estado de Durango. México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Ciencias Forestales</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Juárez Estado de Durango</institution>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C., Camino a La Presa de San José 2055, Lomas 4 sección. CP. 78216. San Luis Potosí, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C.</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>San Luis Potosí</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">*Autor para correspondencia: Miguel Silva-Flores. <email>ing.josealfredorodriguez@gmail.com</email>, <email>sith.chany@gmail.com</email>, <email>pdomingc@hotmail.com</email>, <email>alrg_6@hotmail.com</email>, <email>miguelangelsilvaflores@gmail.com</email>.</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>01</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>			
			
			<elocation-id>208</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>10</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN </title>
				<p>Actualmente la agricultura requiere alternativas al uso de agrotóxicos para controlar fitopatógenos, los extractos vegetales pueden contribuir a minimizar pérdidas por fitopatógenos sin causar daños a la salud humana. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar <italic>in vitro,</italic> el efecto de extractos de plantas sobre <italic>Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani</italic> y <italic>Rhizoctonia solani.</italic> Se evaluaron los extractos metanólicos (EM) de: <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> (Moringa), <italic>Persea americana</italic> (Aguacate), <italic>Equisetum hymale</italic> (Cola de caballo), <italic>Larrea tridentata</italic> (Gobernadora), <italic>Gnaphalium semiamplexicaule</italic> (Gordolobo), <italic>Peumus boldus</italic> (Boldo), <italic>Brickellia squarrosa</italic> (Prodigiosa), <italic>Rosmarinus officinalis</italic> (Romero) y <italic>Physalis coztomatl</italic> (Costomate), que se obtuvieron utilizando un equipo Soxhlet a una concentración del 10% (p/V). Mediante el software estadístico MInitab 16<sup>®</sup> México, se hizo un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) y comparación de medias de Tukey (p ≤ 0.05). Por separado se determinó el porcentaje de inhibición del crecimiento micelial. El EM de <italic>Larrea tridentata</italic> (Gobernadora) inhibió al 100% el crecimiento de <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> y de <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic> hasta por 144 h, y de <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> hasta por 240 h. Los EM de <italic>Brickellia squarrosa</italic> (Prodigiosa) y <italic>Rosmarinus officinalis</italic> (Romero) también inhibieron el crecimiento micelial. Estos extractos representan una excelente alternativa al control y manejo convencional de fitopatógenos. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>fitopatógenos</kwd>
				<kwd>Fusarium oxysporum</kwd>
				<kwd>F. solani</kwd>
				<kwd>Rhizoctonia solani</kwd>
				<kwd>extractos vegetales y biocontrol</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<award-group award-type="contract">
					<funding-source>Fondos Mixtos FOMIX-SLP</funding-source>
					<award-id>FMSLP-2013-C01-209337</award-id>
				</award-group>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="12"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="36"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Los avances científicos y tecnológicos consiguen aumentar la productividad de la agricultura.
				En general, el aumento se debe a la incorporación de productos sintéticos como
				fertilizantes y plaguicidas que generan problemas ambientales (<xref ref-type="bibr"
					rid="B27">Samsidar <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). Actualmente la
				agricultura requiere alternativas ecológicas, económicas y amigables con el ambiente
				para manejar enfermedades y minimizar el uso de agroquímicos sintéticos <xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">(Tamilselvi y Arumugam, 2017)</xref>, que no
				perjudiquen la salud de los jornaleros agrícolas y consumidores (<xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Samsidar <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). </p>
			<p>Las enfermedades en la raíz en los cultivos son de los problemas más difíciles de
				controlar, porque en el suelo existen condiciones muy particulares que le brindan a
				los fitopatógenos de raíz (FR), elementos y condiciones óptimas para su
				establecimiento y desarrollo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">García, 2010</xref>).
				Ante la necesidad de contar con soluciones ecológicas y de reducir el impacto
				negativo de los agrotóxicos en los ecosistemas, se ha encontrado en los extractos de
				plantas una opción sustentable para mitigar los problemas fitosanitarios y disminuir
				las pérdidas económicas que estos originan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">(Cerqueira
						<italic>et al.,</italic> 2016)</xref>. </p>
			<p>Tradicionalmente el control y manejo de los problemas fitosanitarios se hace con
				agrotóxicos, este manejo acarrea consecuencias adversas en la salud y en el
				ecosistema; además de generar resistencia en los fitopatógenos a algunos compuestos
				de síntesis química empleados en la agricultura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Del
					Puerto <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>). Sin embargo, se debe explorar la
				factibilidad del control de fitopatógenos con otras opciones como los extractos
				vegetales, los cuales pueden ser igual de efectivos para el control de y manejo de
				agentes fitopatógenos. Los extractos se pueden obtener a través de diferentes
				métodos: destilación con vapor-extracción con solvente, extracción con fluido
				supercrítico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Stashenko <italic>et al.,</italic>
					2003</xref>); soxhlet y lixiviación o percolación en frío (<xref ref-type="bibr"
					rid="B15">Henao <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>). Existen trabajos de
				investigación donde se emplean extractos de plantas para el manejo de agentes
				fitopatógenos, en ese sentido están los que se han hecho para; inhibición de
					<italic>Phytophthora infestans</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"
					>Gamboa-Alvarado <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>), control de
					<italic>Pythium</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Lira-Saldívar
						<italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Osorio
						<italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>), control de <italic>Verticillium
					dahliae</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">López-Benítez <italic>et
						al.,</italic> 2005</xref>), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (<xref ref-type="bibr"
					rid="B1">Al-Reza <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>), Fusarium oxysporum
					(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Rodríguez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>;
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Cáceres Rueda de León <italic>et al.,</italic>
					2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Vásquez <italic>et al.,</italic>
					2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Dania <italic>et al.,</italic>
					2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ferdes <italic>et al.,</italic>
					2017</xref>), control de <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr"
					rid="B35">Zaker, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Vásquez <italic>et
						al.,</italic> 2014</xref>) y Rhizoctonia solani (<xref ref-type="bibr"
					rid="B18">López-Benítez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>; <xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Jasso de Rodríguez <italic>et al.,</italic>
					2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Zamora-Natera <italic>et
						al.,</italic> 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Dania <italic>et
						al</italic>., 2014</xref>). </p>
			<p>El efecto de los extractos de las plantas sobre algunos patógenos, ya sean de interés médico o
				agrícola, se debe a que contienen metabolitos secundarios con efecto fungicida y/o
				bactericida, destacan los compuestos fenólicos, cumarinas, flavonoides, taninos,
				quinonas, entre otros. Existen trabajos donde se evalúa el efecto de plantas sobre
				diversos patógenos; por ejemplo, el efecto de los extractos de: <italic>Moringa
					oleífera</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Canett-Romero <italic>et
						al.</italic>, 2014</xref>), Equisetum hymale (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"
					>De Queiroz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>), <italic>Larrea
					tridentata</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bañuelos-Valenzuela
						<italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>), Peumus boldus (<xref ref-type="bibr"
					rid="B19">Mazutti <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>) y <italic>Rosmarinus
					officinalis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Rozman y Jersek,
					2009</xref>). </p>
			<p>Por lo anterior, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar <italic>in
					vitro,</italic> el efecto de nueve extractos metanólicos, sobre los agentes
				fitopatógenos, <italic>Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani</italic> y <italic>Rhizoctonia
					solani.</italic> Con la hipótesis que los extractos vegetales son capaces de
				controlar e inhibir el crecimiento de algunos microorganismos fitopatógenos. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>El estudio se realizó en las instalaciones del Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Rioverde
				(ITSR), ubicado en la Carretera Rioverde-San Ciro de Acosta, Km. 4.5, Col. María del
				Rosario, Rioverde, San Luis Potosí, México. Para el presente estudio se utilizaron
				extractos de nueve plantas reconocidas; las cuales fueron: <italic>Moringa
					oleifera</italic> (Moringa, hojas), <italic>Persea americana</italic> (Aguacate,
				hojas), <italic>Equisetum hymale</italic> (Cola de caballo, vástagos),
					<italic>Larrea tridentata</italic> (Gobernadora, hojas), <italic>Gnaphalium
					semiamplexicaule</italic> (Gordolobo, vástagos), <italic>Peumus boldus</italic>
				(Boldo, vástagos), <italic>Brickellia squarrosa</italic> (Prodigiosa, vástagos),
					<italic>Rosmarinus officinalis</italic> (Romero, vástagos) y <italic>Physalis
					coztomatl</italic> (Costomate, raíces). Los extractos al 10% p/V (peso/Volumen),
				se obtuvieron con el equipo Soxhlet (Cornig-Pyrex Modelo 3840-XL<sup>®</sup>),
				durante cinco ciclos utilizando metanol (Merck<sup>®</sup>) como solvente de
				arrastre. </p>
			<p>Los extractos se envasaron en frascos de vidrio ámbar y se almacenaron a 4°C; la
				extracción con Soxhlet se hizo ocho días antes de la preparación de las cajas
				(Gamboa-Alvarado <italic>et al</italic>., 2003) </p>
			<p>Los hongos fitopatógenos utilizados en este trabajo fueron <italic>Fusarium
					oxysporum, F. solani</italic> y <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic>. Estos
				microorganismos fueron aislados de cultivos locales de Jitomate (<italic>Solanum
					lycopersicum</italic>), e identificados mediante técnicas moleculares. La
				extracción del DNA se hizo siguiendo el protocolo descrito por Reader y Broda
				(1989). Se amplificó la secuencia de la región interna del transcrito del 18S Rdna,
				usando los oligos universales ITS1 (5´TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG G 3´) y el ITS4 (5´TCC
				TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC 3´), diseñados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">White
						<italic>et al.,</italic> (1990)</xref>. Los productos del PCR fueron
				clonados en el vector pGEM-Teasy, siguiendo las instrucciones del fabricante (<xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Promega 2015</xref>); se secuenciaron por el método de
				Sanger en el Laboratorio Nacional de Biotecnología Agrícola, Médica y Ambiental del
				Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C. Una vez
				secuenciados los ITS se analizaron con BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool)
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">(Morgulis <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008)</xref>
				en el NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) <ext-link
					ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/"
					>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/</ext-link>. </p>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>Evaluación <italic>in vitro</italic> de los extractos vegetales contra fitopatógenos</bold></title>
				<p>La evaluación del efecto de los extractos (25 ppm) se hizo mediante el método de cultivo
					envenenado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Grover,1962</xref>; <xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gamboa-Alvarado <italic>et al.,</italic>
						2003</xref>). Esta técnica consiste en incorporar el extracto vegetal en
					medio de cultivo Papa Dextrosa Agar (PDA BD Bioxon<sup>®</sup> México) y medir
					el crecimiento micelial de los fitopatógenos <italic>F. solani</italic>,
						<italic>F. oxysporum</italic> y <italic>R. solani.</italic> Los tratamientos
					de los extractos de moringa, gobernadora, aguacate, cola caballo, boldo,
					gordolobo, prodigiosa, romero y costomate, se evaluaron colocando 500 µL (25ppm)
					de los extractos por caja Petri (20 mL); se incluyó como control agar sin
					extracto alguno (solo PDA). Se evaluó por triplicado cada uno de los extractos
					contra cada uno de los fitopatógenos (<italic>R. solani</italic>, <italic>F.
						solani</italic> y <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>), midiendo cada 24 h el
					crecimiento micelial con un vernier digital de precisión +/-.001&quot;, +/-.02
					mm (Mitutoyo; 500-196-30C<sup>®</sup>). </p>
				<p>Para cultivar los microorganismos se utilizó medio PDA, 39 g por litro de agua
					destilada estéril. En cajas Petri de 90 mm de diámetro se vertieron 20 mL de una
					mezcla PDA:EM (Papa Dextrosa Agar: Extracto Metanólico), en una proporción de
					1:0.05; es decir, 500 µL de extracto por caja. Todo lo anterior en campana de
					flujo laminar (Marca LABCONCO<sup>®</sup> LABCO07283). </p>
				<p>Después de este tiempo las cajas se inocularon con un explante de 5 mm de diámetro de PDA, con crecimiento del fitopatógeno y se incubaron en una cámara bioclimática a 25 °C (Marca Thermo Scientific<sup>®</sup> Mod 3949). Todas las pruebas se hicieron por triplicado en un diseño experimental completamente al azar. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis de los datos</title>
				<p>Con los datos obtenidos en la fase experimental se calculó el porcentaje de inhibición del crecimiento micelial con la fórmula: </p>
				<p>I.C.M.=[(Dc−Dt)/Dc]𝑥100 </p>
				<p>dónde: I.C.M. es el porcentaje de inhibición del crecimiento del micelio, Dc es el diámetro
					del micelio en el control y Dt = diámetro del micelio en el tratamiento. </p>
				<p>Asimismo, se hizo el análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) y la comparación de medias
					múltiple de Tukey (p ≤ 0.05). El análisis se hizo con el software estadístico
					Minitab 16<sup>®</sup> México. </p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Al evaluar el efecto de los Extractos Metanólicos (EM) sobre <italic>Fusarium
					oxysporum,</italic> se observó diferencia estadística entre los tratamientos (p
				≤ 0.05). El EM de <italic>L. tridentata</italic> inhibió al 100 % el crecimiento del
				patógeno hasta por 144 h, y 90% hasta por 240 h; mientras que el de <italic>R.
					officinalis</italic> inhibió el 50.7% hasta 72 h, y 42.2 % por 144 h (<xref
					ref-type="table" rid="t1">cuadro 1</xref>). López-Benítez <italic>et
					al.,</italic> en el 2005, presentaron resultados similares, en los que indican
				que los extractos de <italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> y <italic>L.
					tridentata</italic> al 10% inhiben el crecimiento de <italic>F.
					oxysporum</italic> f. sp. <italic>Lycopersici,</italic> hasta por 144 h. <xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Dania <italic>et al.,</italic> en el 2014</xref>,
				documentaron que los extractos acuosos (EA) de <italic>Oryza sativa</italic> y
					<italic>Quercus phillyraeoides</italic> al 1.5 y 2.5 % pueden inhibir <italic>in
					vitro</italic> totalmente el crecimiento de seis fitopatógenos, entre ellos
					<italic>F. oxysporum</italic>. </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Inhibición del crecimiento micelial (ICM, %) de <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> con diferentes extractos metanólicos a 72, 144 y 240 h, después del inicio del experimento</title>
					</caption>
					<table style="border: 1px solid black; border collapse: collapse" border="1">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Extracto vegetal</th>
								<th align="center">72h</th>
								<th align="center">144 h</th>
								<th align="center">240 h</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>L. tridentata</italic></td>
								<td align="left">100.0 ± 0.0 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">100.0 ± 0.0 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">89.4 ± 0.3 <sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>B. squarrosa</italic></td>
								<td align="left">39.8 ± 4.4<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">38.6 ± 2.3 <sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">31.7 ± 2.7 <sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>G. semiamplexicaule</italic></td>
								<td align="left">24.6 ± 2.3 <sup>cd</sup></td>
								<td align="center">28.3 ± 1.2 <sup>cd</sup></td>
								<td align="center">24.2 ± 2.4 <sup>bc</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>P. americana</italic></td>
								<td align="left">25.1 ± 5.4 <sup>cd</sup></td>
								<td align="center">26.3 ± 2.2 <sup>d</sup></td>
								<td align="center">12.9 ± 4.9 <sup>cd</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>P. boldus</italic></td>
								<td align="left">26.0 ± 3.9 <sup>cd</sup></td>
								<td align="center">24.5 ± 4.1 <sup>d</sup></td>
								<td align="center">11.7 ± 2.7 <sup>cd</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>P. coztomatl</italic></td>
								<td align="left">24.8 ± 4.2<sup>cd</sup></td>
								<td align="center">27.4 ± 1.5<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">9.2 ± 4.0 <sup>bc</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>M. oleifera</italic></td>
								<td align="left">19.7 ± 3.4 <sup>d</sup></td>
								<td align="center">17.1 ± 2.9 <sup>d</sup></td>
								<td align="center">4.0 ± 1.4 <sup>d</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>R. officinalis</italic></td>
								<td align="left">50.7 ± 2.9 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">42.2 ± 1.5 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">29.6 ± 2.2 <sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Medias con letra diferente indican diferencia estadística (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05). </p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Por otra parte los extractos etanólicos (EE) de <italic>Fluorensia cernua</italic>
				(Hojasén), <italic>F. microphylla</italic> y <italic>F. retinophylla</italic>
				mostraron ser una alternativa efectiva para el control de <italic>Fusarium
					oxysporum,</italic> inhibiendo el 100 % su crecimiento, con una concentración de
				1500 µL L<sup>-1</sup> (Jasso de Rodríguez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007). </p>
			<p>Existen trabajos donde también se han evaluado Aceites Esenciales (AE) para el manejo
				de <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>; en ese sentido está el trabajo de <xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ferdes <italic>et al.,</italic> en el 2017</xref>, con
				AE de <italic>R. officinalis,</italic> en una concentración de 20 µg mL<sup>-1</sup>
				se inhibe el 93 % del crecimiento de <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>; mientras que con
				10 µg mL<sup>-1</sup> de los AE de <italic>P. anisum</italic> y <italic>S.
					hortensis</italic> se inhibe totalmente el crecimiento de <italic>F</italic>.
					<italic>oxysporum</italic>. Asimismo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Vásquez
						<italic>et al.,</italic> en el 2014</xref>, concluyeron que los AE de
					<italic>Chenopodium ambrosioides</italic> al 2% y <italic>Chenopodium
					album</italic> al 0.03 %, inhiben por completo el crecimiento de <italic>F.
					oxysporum</italic> f. sp. <italic>Lycopersici,</italic> hasta por 11 días. </p>
			
			<p>En este estudio, el EM de <italic>L. tridentata</italic> inhibió el crecimiento de
					<italic>F</italic>. <italic>oxysporum,</italic> hasta por 144 h, seguido en
				efectividad por el de <italic>R. officinalis</italic> y <italic>B.
					squarrosa.</italic> Con estos tratamientos se inhibe el crecimiento micelial
				hasta 80 %, comparado con el control negativo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2"
					>cuadro 2</xref>). Estos resultados coinciden con los reportados por <xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Osorio <italic>et al.,</italic> en el 2010</xref>,
				ellos concluyen que con una concentración de 0.7 mg kg-<sup>1</sup>
				<italic>L. tridentata</italic> inhibe el 100% el crecimiento de <italic>F.
					oxisporum</italic> in vitro. </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Crecimiento micelial promedio (mm) de <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> con diferentes extractos metanólicos a 72, 144 y 240 h, después del inicio del experimento Medias con letra diferente indican diferencia estadística (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05) </title>
					</caption>
					<table style="border: 1px solid black; border collapse: collapse" border="1">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Extracto vegetal</th>
								<th align="center">72 h</th>
								<th align="center">144 h</th>
								<th align="center">240 h</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Agar</td>
								<td align="center">22.3 ± 0.4 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">44.4 ± 0.7 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">65.9 ± 0.7 <sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>L. tridentata</italic></td>
								<td align="center">0.0 ± 0.0 <sup>e</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.0 ± 0.0 <sup>e</sup></td>
								<td align="center">7.0 ± 0.2 <sup>e</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>B. squarrosa</italic></td>
								<td align="center">13.4 ± 1.0 <sup>cd</sup></td>
								<td align="center">27.3 ± 1.0 <sup>cd</sup></td>
								<td align="center">45.0 ± 1.7 <sup>d</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>R. officinalis</italic></td>
								<td align="center">11.0 ± 0.6 <sup>d</sup></td>
								<td align="center">25.7 ± 0.6 <sup>d</sup></td>
								<td align="center">46.4 ± 1.4 <sup>d</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>G. semiamplexicaule</italic></td>
								<td align="center">16.8 ± 0.5 <sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">31.8 ± 0.5 <sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">50.0 ± 1.6 <sup>cd</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>P. coztomatl</italic></td>
								<td align="center">16.8 ± 0.9 <sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">32.3 ± 0.7 <sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">53.3 ± 2.6 <sup>cd</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>E. hymale</italic></td>
								<td align="center">18.2 ± 0.1 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">35.4 ± 1.5 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">56.7 ± 1.7 <sup>bc</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>P. americana</italic></td>
								<td align="center">16.7 ± 1.2 <sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">32.7 ± 1.0 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">57.5 ± 3.2 <sup>abc</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>P. boldus</italic></td>
								<td align="center">16.5 ± 0.9 <sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">33.5 ± 1.8 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">58.3 ± 1.8 <sup>abc</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>M. oleifera</italic></td>
								<td align="center">17.9 ± 0.8 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">36.8 ± 1.3 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">63.3 ± 0.9 <sup>ab</sup></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>Medias con letra diferente indican diferencia estadística (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05) </p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En los resultados de los extractos sobre <italic>Fusarium solani</italic>, mediante
				el ANDEVA y la comparación de medias Tukey (p≤0.05), se observó diferencia
				estadística significativa entre los tratamientos. El EM de <italic>L.
					tridentata</italic> inhibió el 100% del crecimiento de <italic>F.
					solani,</italic> hasta por diez días; mostrando un efecto de inhibición
				importante sobre este fitopatógeno. </p>
			
			<p>Lo anterior es relevante si se considera que hay productos químicos que se aplican una o más veces por semana y no logran estos resultados, incluso en condiciones de laboratorio no logran inhibir al 100% el crecimiento del micelio, tal como lo reportan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Yossen y Conles en el 2016</xref>, que en su trabajo con moléculas comerciales, alcanzan una inhibición de entre el 60 y el 97%. El EM de <italic>R. officinalis</italic> evaluado en este trabajo inhibió en un 70 % el crecimiento del micelio, respecto al control hasta por 144 h. Este dato es similar al obtenido con extractos acuosos de <italic>Prosopis juliflora</italic> y <italic>Lantana camara,</italic> que consiguen un 80 y 69% de inhibición micelial, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Seetha <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>). Asimismo, los estudios de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">David <italic>et al.,</italic> en el 2013</xref>, reportan que el EM de botones florales de <italic>Calotropis gigantea</italic> al 25%, reduce 68% el crecimiento de <italic>F. solani.</italic></p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Cuadro 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Inhibición del crecimiento micelial (ICM, %) de <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> con diferentes extractos metanólicos a 72, 144 y 240 h, después del inicio del experimento </title>
					</caption>
					<table style="border: 1px solid black; border collapse: collapse" border="1">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Extracto vegetal</th>
								<th align="center">72 h</th>
								<th align="center">44 h</th>
								<th align="center">240 h</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>L. tridentata</italic></td>
								<td align="center">100.0 ± 0.0<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">100.0 ± 0.0 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">100.0 ± 0.0 <sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>R. officinalis</italic></td>
								<td align="center">64.7 ± 0.9 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">70.2 ± 0.3 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">58.5 ± 1.7 <sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>B. squarrosa</italic></td>
								<td align="center">37.9 ± 0.4 <sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">37.2 ± 1.3 <sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">11.8 ± 0.9 <sup>c</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>P. coztomatl</italic></td>
								<td align="center">26.5 ± 1.2 <sup>de</sup></td>
								<td align="center">28.5 ± 1.8 <sup>d</sup></td>
								<td align="center">5.7 ± 0.4 <sup>d</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>P. americana</italic></td>
								<td align="center">26.9 ± 2.5 <sup>de</sup></td>
								<td align="center">28.4 ± 1.2 <sup>d</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.5 ± 0.5 <sup>e</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>P. boldus</italic></td>
								<td align="center">31.2 ± 1.2 <sup>cd</sup></td>
								<td align="center">30.8 ± 0.3 <sup>d</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.0 ± 0.0 <sup>e</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>G. semiamplexicaule</italic></td>
								<td align="center">26.3 ± 2.0 <sup>de</sup></td>
								<td align="center">28.1 ± 0.3 <sup>d</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.0 ± 0.0 <sup>e</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>M. oleifera</italic></td>
								<td align="center">22.6 ± 3.4 <sup>de</sup></td>
								<td align="center">15.5 ± 0.9 <sup>f</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.0 ± 0.0 <sup>e</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>E. hymale</italic></td>
								<td align="center">21.5 ± 2.4 <sup>e</sup></td>
								<td align="center">22.2 ± 0.6 <sup>e</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.0 ± 0.0 <sup>e</sup></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>Medias con letra diferente indican diferencia estadística (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05) </p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Es importante contar con opciones ecológicas para el control de hongos fitopatógenos, como las exploradas en este trabajo. En esta investigación, los resultados con el EM de <italic>L. tridentata</italic> coincidieron con los de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Osorio <italic>et al.,</italic> en el 2010</xref>, quienes utilizaron extractos polifenólicos de <italic>L</italic>. <italic>tridentata,</italic> y consiguen inhibir el 100 % del crecimiento de <italic>F</italic>. <italic>solani,</italic> con una concentración de 0.70 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. </p>
			<p>En un estudio conducido por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Vásquez <italic>et al.,</italic>
					(2014)</xref>, se evaluó el efecto fungistático de extractos acuosos (EA) y
				aceites esenciales (AE) de especies del género <italic>Chenopodium</italic> sobre
					<italic>F</italic>. <italic>solani</italic>; los autores concluyeron que el AE
				de <italic>Chenopodium ambrosioides</italic> al 2% y <italic>Chenopodium
					album</italic> al 0.03% inhiben por completo el crecimiento de <italic>F.
					solani,</italic> hasta por 11 días<italic>;</italic> mientras que en este
				trabajo <italic>L. tridentata</italic> lo inhibió al 100% hasta por 10 días. Otro
				caso con resultados similares sobre <italic>Fusarium</italic> spp. fue el trabajo de
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Duarte <italic>et al.,</italic> en el
					2013</xref>, quienes con aceites esenciales de <italic>Piper aduncum</italic>
				subsp. <italic>ossanum</italic> y <italic>Piper aurintum</italic> inhiben totalmente
				el crecimiento de este hongo. </p>
			<p>Por otra parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Zaker (2014)</xref> concluyó que el
				EM de hojas de <italic>Artemisia annua</italic> al 15%, es capaz de inhibir el
				crecimiento de <italic>F. solani</italic>; mientras que en el presente trabajo en EM
				de <italic>L. tridentata</italic> inhibió al 100% el crecimiento de <italic>F.
					solani</italic>, seguido de los extractos de <italic>R. officinalis</italic> y
					<italic>B. squarrosa;</italic> los cuales, aunque en menor proporción también lo
				inhiben (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">cuadro 4</xref>). </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Cuadro 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Crecimiento micelial promedio (mm) de <italic>Fusarium solani</italic>, con diferentes extractos metanólicos a 72, 144 y 240 h, después del inicio del experimento</title>
					</caption>
					<table style="border: 1px solid black; border collapse: collapse" border="1">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Extracto vegetal </th>
								<th align="right">72 h </th>
								<th align="right">144 h </th>
								<th align="right">240 h </th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
								<td align="left">Agar </td>
								<td align="right">30.1 ± 0.4 a </td>
								<td align="right">66.6 ± 0.7 a </td>
								<td align="right">80.0 ± 0.0 a </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>L. tridentata</italic></td>
								<td align="right">0.0 ± 0.0 f </td>
								<td align="right">0.0 ± 0.0 g </td>
								<td align="right">0.0 ± 0.0 e </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>R. officinalis</italic></td>
								<td align="right">10.6 ± 0.3 e </td>
								<td align="right">19.8 ± 0.2 f </td>
								<td align="right">33.2 ± 1.3 d </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>B. squarrosa</italic></td>
								<td align="right">18.7 ± 0.1 d </td>
								<td align="right">41.9 ± 0.9 e</td>
								<td align="right">70.5 ± 0.8 c </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>P. coztomatl</italic></td>
								<td align="right">22.1 ± 0.3 bc </td>
								<td align="right">47.6 ± 1.2 d </td>
								<td align="right">75.5 ± 0.3 b </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>P. americana</italic></td>
								<td align="right">22.0 ± 0.8 bc </td>
								<td align="right">47.7 ± 0.8 d </td>
								<td align="right">79.6 ± 0.4 a </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>P. boldus</italic></td>
								<td align="right">20.7 ± 0.4 cd </td>
								<td align="right">46.1 ± 0.2 d </td>
								<td align="right">80.0 ± 0.0 a </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>G. semiamplexicaule</italic></td>
								<td align="right">22.2 ± 0.6 bc </td>
								<td align="right">47.9 ± 0.2 d </td>
								<td align="right">80.0 ± 0.0 a </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>M. oleifera</italic></td>
								<td align="right">23.3 ± 1.0 bc </td>
								<td align="right">56.3 ± 0.6 b </td>
								<td align="right">80.0 ± 0.0 a </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>E. hymale</italic></td>
								<td align="right">23.7 ± 0.7 b </td>
								<td align="right">51.8 ± 0.4 c </td>
								<td align="right">80.0 ± 0.0 a </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>Medias con letra diferente indican diferencia estadística (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05) </p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>El extracto metanólico (EM) de <italic>L. tridentata,</italic> inhibe hasta el 100% del crecimiento de <italic>Rhizoctonia solani,</italic> durante los primeros diez días. Lo anterior indica que este extracto es un fungistático eficaz. Con el ANDEVA y la comparación de medias de Tukey con una significancia del 95% se observó diferencia estadística significativa entre tratamientos, ya que además de <italic>L. tridentata,</italic> el EM de <italic>R. officinalis</italic> también presenta un porcentaje de inhibición destacable, causa un efecto fungistático del 56 y 48% a las 144 h y 240 h, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">cuadro 5</xref>). </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t5">
					<label>Cuadro 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Inhibición del crecimiento micelial (ICM, %) en el tiempo de <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic> con diferentes extractos metanólicos a 72, 144 y 240 h, después del inicio del experimento</title>
					</caption>
					<table style="border: 1px solid black; border collapse: collapse" border="1">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Extracto vegetal</th>
								<th align="center">72 h</th>
								<th align="center">44 h</th>
								<th align="center">240 h</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>L. tridentata</italic></td>
								<td align="center">100.0 ± 0.0<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">100.0 ± 0.0 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">100.0 ± 0.0 <sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>R. officinalis</italic></td>
								<td align="center">56.8 ± 0.9 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">56.2 ± 1.9 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">48.0 ± 3.0 <sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>B. squarrosa</italic></td>
								<td align="center">32.7 ± 1.7 <sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">23.2 ± 2.2 <sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">17.8 ± 2.2 <sup>c</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>P. americana</italic></td>
								<td align="center">24.5 ± 1.6 <sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">19.1 ± 1.2 <sup>cd</sup></td>
								<td align="center">8.1 ± 1.3 <sup>d</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>P. coztomatl</italic></td>
								<td align="center">26.9 ± 3.9 <sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">21.6 ± 1.4 <sup>cd</sup></td>
								<td align="center">7.5 ± 1.1 <sup>d</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>P. boldus</italic></td>
								<td align="center">28.7 ± 2.2 <sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">21.3 ± 1.1 <sup>cd</sup></td>
								<td align="center">7.5 ± 2.3 <sup>d</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>E. hymale</italic></td>
								<td align="center">25.9 ± 1.9 <sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">18.5 ± 0.2 <sup>cd</sup></td>
								<td align="center">2.7 ± 0.9 <sup>d</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>M. oleifera</italic></td>
								<td align="center">24.4 ± 3.1 <sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">17.0 ± 3.9 <sup>cd</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1.8 ± 0.9 <sup>d</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>G. semiamplexicaule</italic></td>
								<td align="center">23.8 ± 0.7 <sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">14.1 ± 1.3 <sup>d</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1.1 ± 0.5 <sup>d</sup></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<p>Medias con letra diferente indican diferencia estadística (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05) </p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Controlar el crecimiento de hongos fitopatógenos con extractos vegetales, representa un gran avance en materia de protección vegetal, en el caso de <italic>Rhizoctonia solani;</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gamboa-Alvarado <italic>et al.,</italic> en el 2003</xref> reportaron resultados similares a los obtenidos en este trabajo de investigación; encontraron que el EM de <italic>Fluorensia cernua</italic> (Hojasén) a una concentración de 20 000 mg L<sup>-1</sup>, inhibe 85 % el crecimiento de este hongo hasta por 96 horas, respecto al control. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">López-Benítez <italic>et al.,</italic> en el 2005</xref>, con extractos acuosos de <italic>L. tridentata</italic> y <italic>Cinnamomum zeylanicum</italic> al 10 %; de <italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> al 5 %, lograron inhibir <italic>in vitro</italic> el crecimiento hasta por 144 h, y con el extracto acuoso de <italic>Quercus phillyraeoides</italic> al 3.5% inhibieron en 94% el crecimiento del fitopatógeno. De igual manera el extracto alcaloideo de <italic>Lupinus mexicanus</italic> contra <italic>R. solani</italic> en una concentración de 5 mg mL<sup>-1</sup> inhibe al 100% su crecimiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Zamora-Natera <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Jasso de Rodríguez <italic>et al.,</italic> (2007)</xref> mencionan que los extractos etanólicos de <italic>Flourensia cernua</italic> y <italic>F. retinophylla</italic> a una concentración de 1000 µL L<sup>-1</sup> inhiben su crecimiento<italic>;</italic> de igual manera <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Al-Reza <italic>et al.,</italic> en el 2010</xref>, determinaron que el AE de <italic>Cestrum nocturnum</italic> tiene un alto poder fungistático capaz de inhibir hasta 80%el crecimiento de <italic>R. solani</italic>; también <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Touba <italic>et al.,</italic> en el 2012</xref>, encontraron que el EA de <italic>Kaempferia galanga</italic> puede inhibirlo totalmente. Por otra parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Dania <italic>et al.,</italic> en el 2014</xref>, demuestran que el extracto acuoso de <italic>Oryza sativa</italic> Husk al 1%, <italic>in vitro,</italic> inhibe totalmente el crecimiento de este fitopatógeno. </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t6">
					<label>Cuadro 6</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Crecimiento micelial promedio (mm) de <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic>, con diferentes extractos metanólicos a 72, 144 y 240 h, después del inicio del experimento</title>
					</caption>
					<table style="border: 1px solid black; border collapse: collapse" border="1">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Extracto vegetal</th>
								<th align="center">72 h</th>
								<th align="center">44 h</th>
								<th align="center">240 h</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Agar</td>
								<td align="center">19.9 ± 0.2 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">45.8 ± 0.2 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">80.0 ± 0.0 <sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>L. tridentata</italic></td>
								<td align="center">0.0 ± 0.0 <sup>d</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.0 ± 0.0 <sup>e</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.0 ± 0.0 <sup>e</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>R. officinalis</italic></td>
								<td align="center">9.6 ± 0.2 <sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">19.5 ± 0.8 <sup>d</sup></td>
								<td align="center">34.3 ± 2.0 <sup>d</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>B. squarrosa</italic></td>
								<td align="center">15 ± 0.4 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">34.1 ± 1.0 <sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">54.2 ± 1.5 <sup>c</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>E. hymale</italic></td>
								<td align="center">16.5 ± 0.4 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">36.2 ± 0.1 <sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">64.2 ± 0.6 <sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>G. semiamplexicaule</italic></td>
								<td align="center">17 ± 0.1 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">38.1 ± 0.6 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">65.2 ± 0.3 <sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>M. oleifera</italic></td>
								<td align="center">16.9 ± 0.7 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">36.9 ± 1.7 <sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">64.7 ± 0.6 <sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>P. americana</italic></td>
								<td align="center">16.8 ± 0.3 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">35.9 ± 0.5 <sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">60.6 ± 0.9 <sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>P. boldus</italic></td>
								<td align="center">15.9 ± 0.5 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">34.9 ± 0.5 <sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">61.0 ± 1.5 <sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>P. coztomatl</italic></td>
								<td align="center">16.3 ± 0.9 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">34.8 ± 0.6 <sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">61.0 ± 0.7 <sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN6">
							<p>Medias con diferente letra indican diferencia estadística (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05)</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN </title>
			<p>El extracto metanólico de gobernadora (<italic>Larrea tridentata</italic>), es efectivo para inhibir el crecimiento de <italic>Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani</italic> y <italic>Rhizoctonia solani,</italic> hasta por diez días. De igual manera se concluye que el extracto metanólico de <italic>Rosamarinus officinalis</italic> (Romero), se puede usar para el manejo de <italic>Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani</italic> y <italic>Rhizoctonia solani,</italic> con menor efectividad que el de gobernadora. </p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Agradecimientos </title>
			<p>Al proyecto de Fondos Mixtos FOMIX-SLP (FMSLP-2013-C01-209337) por el financiamiento de este trabajo de investigación. Al Ing. Fernando Mendoza González y a la M.C. Sonia Castillo Gutiérrez, por su colaboración en la revisión del documento de informe de resultados. Al Centro para la Integración del Desarrollo Agroecológico y Sosteniblidad &quot;El Humedal&quot; en Valle de Bravo, estado de México, por las facilidades brindadas.</p>
		</ack>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Plant extracts to control <italic>Fusarium oxisporum, Fusarium solani y Rhizoctonia solani</italic>: a sustainable alternative for agriculture</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT </title>
				<p>Agriculture currently requires alternatives to the use of pesticides to control plant pathogens, such as plant extracts that can help minimize losses from plant pathogens, without causing harm to human health. In this work, the effect of plant extracts on <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic>, <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> and <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic> was evaluated <italic>in vitro</italic>. The methanolic extracts (ME) of: <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> (Moringa, leaves), <italic>Persea americana</italic> (Avocado), <italic>Equisetum hymale</italic> (Horsetail), <italic>Larrea tridentata</italic> (Gobernadora), <italic>Gnaphalium semiamplexicaule</italic> (Gordolobo), <italic>Peumus boldus</italic> (Boldo), <italic>Brickellia squarrosa</italic> (Prodigiosa), <italic>Rosmarinus officinalis</italic> (Rosemary) and <italic>Physalis coztomatl</italic> (Costomate), were obtained using a Soxhlet kit at a concentration of 10% (w/V). Using the statistical software MInitab 16<sup>®</sup> México, an analysis of variance (ANDEVA) and comparison of Tukey means (p ≤ 0.05) were performed. The mycelial growth inhibition percentage was determined separately. The ME of <italic>Larrea tridentata</italic> (Gobernadora) 100% inhibited the growth of <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> and <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic> for up to 144 h, and of <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> for up to 240 h. The ME of <italic>Brickellia squarrosa</italic> (Prodigiosa) and <italic>Rosmarinus officinalis</italic> (Rosemary) also inhibited mycelial growth. These extracts represent an excellent alternative to the conventional control and management of plant pathogens. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>phytopathogens</kwd>
				<kwd>Fusarium oxysporum</kwd>
				<kwd>F. solani</kwd>
				<kwd>Rhizoctonia solani</kwd>
				<kwd>plant extracts and biocontrol</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Scientific and technological advances manage to increase the productivity of agriculture. In general, the increase is due to the incorporation of synthetic products such as fertilizers and pesticides that generate environmental problems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Samsidar <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). Currently agriculture requires ecological, economic and environmentally friendly alternatives to manage diseases and minimize the use of synthetic agrochemicals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Tamilselvi and Arumugam, 2017</xref>), which do not harm the health of agricultural laborers and consumers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Samsidar <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). </p>
				<p>Root diseases in crops are one of the most difficult problems to control, because in the soil there are very particular conditions that provide root phytopathogens (RP) with elements and optimal conditions for their establishment and development (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">García, 2010</xref>). Given the need to have ecological solutions and to reduce the negative impact of pesticides on ecosystems, plant extracts have been found to be a sustainable option to mitigate phytosanitary problems and reduce the economic losses they cause (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Cerqueira <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>). </p>
				<p>Traditionally the control and management of phytosanitary problems is done with pesticides, this management has adverse consequences on health and the ecosystem; in addition to generating resistance in phytopathogens to some chemical synthesis compounds used in agriculture (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Del Puerto <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>). However, the feasibility of controlling phytopathogens with other options such as plant extracts should be explored, which can be just as effective for the control and management of phytopathogens. The extracts can be obtained through different methods: steam distillation-solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Stashenko <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>); soxhlet and cold leaching or percolation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Henao <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>). </p>
				<p>There are research works where plant extracts are used for the management of phytopathogens. There are those that have been done for; inhibition of <italic>Phytophthora infestans</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gamboa-Alvarado <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>), <italic>Pythium control</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Lira-Saldívar <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Osorio <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>), <italic>Verticillium dahliae</italic> control (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">López-Benítez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>) , <italic>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Al-Reza <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>), <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Rodríguez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Cáceres Rueda de León <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Vásquez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Dania <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ferdes <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>), control of <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Zaker, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Vásquez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>) and <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">López-Benítez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Jasso de Rodríguez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Zamora-Natera <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Dania <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>) . </p>
				<p>The effect of plant extracts on some pathogens, whether of medical or agricultural interest, is due to the fact that they contain secondary metabolites with a fungicidal and/or bactericidal effect, including phenolic compounds, coumarins, flavonoids, tannins, quinones, among others. There are works where the effect of plants on various pathogens is evaluated; for example, the effect of the extracts of: <italic>Moringa oleífera</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Canett-Romero <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>), <italic>Equisetum hymale</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">De Queiroz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>), <italic>Larrea tridentata</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bañuelos-Valenzuela <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>), <italic>Peumus boldus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Mazutti <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>) and <italic>Rosmarinus officinalis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Rozman and Jersek, 2009</xref>). </p>
				<p>Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate <italic>in vitro</italic>, the effect of nine methanolic extracts on the phytopathogens, <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic>, <italic>F. solani</italic> and <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic>. With the hypothesis that plant extracts are capable of controlling and inhibiting the growth of some phytopathogenic microorganisms.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p>The study was carried out at the the Superior Technological Institute of Rioverde (ITSR) facilities, located on the Rioverde-San Ciro de Acosta Highway, Km. 4.5, Col. María del Rosario, Rioverde, San Luis Potosí, Mexico. For the present study, extracts from nine recognized plants were used; which were <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> (Moringa, leaves), <italic>Persea americana</italic> (Avocado, leaves), <italic>Equisetum hymale</italic> (Horsetail, sprouts), <italic>Larrea tridentata</italic> (Gobernadora, leaves), <italic>Gnaphalium semiamplexicaule</italic> (Gordolobo, sprouts), <italic>Peumus boldus</italic> (Boldo, sprouts), <italic>Brickellia squarrosa</italic> (Prodigiosa, sprouts), <italic>Rosmarinus officinalis</italic> (Rosemary, sprouts) and <italic>Physalis coztomatl</italic> (Costomate, roots). </p>
				<p>The extracts at 10% w/V (weight/volume) were obtained with the Soxhlet equipment (Cornig-Pyrex Model 3840-XL<sup>®</sup>), for five cycles using methanol (Merck<sup>®</sup>) as a stripping solvent. The extracts were packed in amber glass bottles and they were stored at 4 °C; Soxhlet extraction was done eight days before the boxes were prepared (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gamboa-Alvarado <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>). </p>
				<p>The phytopathogenic fungi used in this work were <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic>, <italic>F. solani</italic> and <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic>. These microorganisms were isolated from local cultures of Tomato (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>), and identified by molecular techniques. DNA extraction was done following the protocol described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Reader and Broda (1989)</xref>. The sequence of the internal region of the 18S Rdna transcript was amplified, using the universal oligos ITS1 (5´TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG G 3´) and ITS4 (5´TCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC 3´), designed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">White <italic>et al.,</italic> (1990)</xref>. The PCR products were cloned into the pGEM-Teasy vector, following the manufacturer's instructions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Promega 2015</xref>); were sequenced by the Sanger method in the National Laboratory of Agricultural, Medical and Environmental Biotechnology of the Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C. Once, ITS were sequenced, they were analyzed with BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">(Morgulis <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008)</xref> at the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/</ext-link>. </p>
				<sec>
					<title><bold>
 <italic>In vitro</italic> evaluation of plant extracts against phytopathogens</bold></title>
					<p>The extract effect evaluation (25 ppm) was made by means of the poisoned culture method (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Grover, 1962</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gamboa-Alvarado <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>). This technique consists of incorporating the plant extract in Potato Dextrose Agar culture medium (PDA BD Bioxon<sup>®</sup> México) and measuring the mycelial growth of the phytopathogens <italic>F. solani</italic>, <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> and <italic>R. solani</italic>. The treatments of moringa, gobernadora, avocado, horsetail, boldo, gordolobo, prodigiosa, rosemary and costomate extracts were evaluated by placing 500 µL (25ppm) of the extracts per Petri dish (20 mL). Agar without any extract (only PDA) was included as a control. Each of the extracts was evaluated in triplicate against each of the phytopathogens (<italic>R. solani</italic>, <italic>F. solani</italic> and <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>), measuring mycelial growth every 24 h with a precision digital vernier +/-. 001&quot;, +/-.02 mm (Mitutoyo; 500-196-30C<sup>®</sup>). To cultivate the microorganisms, PDA medium was used, 39 g per liter of sterile distilled water. 20 mL of a PDA: ME (Potato Dextrose Agar: Methanolic Extract) mixture were poured into Petri dishes of 90 mm diameter, in a ratio of 1: 0.05; that is, 500 µL of extract per box. All of the above in a laminar flow hood (Brand LABCONCO<sup>®</sup> LABCO07283). After this time, the boxes were inoculated with a PDA 5 mm diameter explant, with growth of the phytopathogen and they were incubated in a bioclimatic chamber at 25 °C (Thermo Scientific<sup>®</sup> Mod 3949 brand). All tests were done in triplicate in a completely randomized experimental design. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Data analysis</title>
					<p>With the data obtained in the experimental phase, the percentage of mycelial growth inhibition was calculated with the following formula: </p>
					<p>I.C.M.=[(Dc−Dt)/Dc]𝑥100 </p>
					<p>where: I.C.M. is the percentage of mycelial growth inhibition, Dc is the diameter of the mycelium in the control and Dt = diameter of the mycelium in the treatment. Likewise, the analysis of variance (ANDEVA) and the Tukey multiple mean comparison (p ≤ 0.05) were performed. The analysis was done with the statistical software Minitab 16<sup>®</sup> Mexico. </p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>When evaluating the effect of Methanolic Extracts (ME) on <italic>Fusarium
					oxysporum</italic>, a statistical difference was observed between the treatments
					(p ≤ 0.05). The ME of <italic>L</italic>. <italic>tridentata</italic> inhibited
					100% the growth of the pathogen for up to 144 h, and 90% for up to 240 h; while
					that of <italic>R. officinalis</italic> inhibited 50.7% up to 72 h, and 42.2%
					for 144 h (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 1</xref>). <xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">López-Benítez <italic>et al.,</italic> in
						2005</xref>, presented similar results. They indicate that the extracts of
						<italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> and <italic>L. tridentata</italic> at
					10% inhibit <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> f sp, <italic>Lycopersici</italic>
					growth, up to 144 h. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Dania <italic>et
							al.,</italic> in 2014</xref>, documented that the aqueous extracts (AE)
					of <italic>Oryza sativa</italic> and <italic>Quercus phillyraeoides</italic> at
					1.5 and 2.5% can totally inhibit <italic>in vitro</italic> the growth of six
					phytopathogens, among them <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Inhibition of mycelial growth (ICM, %) of <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> with different methanolic extracts at 72, 144 and 240 h, after experiment start</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border: 1px solid black; border collapse: collapse" border="1">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Plant extract</th>
									<th align="center">72h</th>
									<th align="center">144 h</th>
									<th align="center">240 h</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>L. tridentata</italic></td>
									<td align="left">100.0 ± 0.0 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">100.0 ± 0.0 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">89.4 ± 0.3 <sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>B. squarrosa</italic></td>
									<td align="left">39.8 ± 4.4<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">38.6 ± 2.3 <sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">31.7 ± 2.7 <sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>G. semiamplexicaule</italic></td>
									<td align="left">24.6 ± 2.3 <sup>cd</sup></td>
									<td align="center">28.3 ± 1.2 <sup>cd</sup></td>
									<td align="center">24.2 ± 2.4 <sup>bc</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>P. americana</italic></td>
									<td align="left">25.1 ± 5.4 <sup>cd</sup></td>
									<td align="center">26.3 ± 2.2 <sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="center">12.9 ± 4.9 <sup>cd</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>P. boldus</italic></td>
									<td align="left">26.0 ± 3.9 <sup>cd</sup></td>
									<td align="center">24.5 ± 4.1 <sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="center">11.7 ± 2.7 <sup>cd</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>P. coztomatl</italic></td>
									<td align="left">24.8 ± 4.2<sup>cd</sup></td>
									<td align="center">27.4 ± 1.5<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">9.2 ± 4.0 <sup>bc</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>M. oleifera</italic></td>
									<td align="left">19.7 ± 3.4 <sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="right">17.1 ± 2.9 <sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="center">4.0 ± 1.4 <sup>d</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>R. officinalis</italic></td>
									<td align="left">50.7 ± 2.9 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">42.2 ± 1.5 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">29.6 ± 2.2 <sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p>Means with different letters indicate statistical difference (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05). </p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>On the other hand, the ethanolic extracts (EE) of <italic>Fluorensia
						cernua</italic> (Leavesén), <italic>F. microphylla</italic> and <italic>F.
						retinophylla</italic> were shown to be an effective alternative for the
					control of <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic>, inhibiting its growth by 100 %,
					with a concentration of 1500 µL L<sup>-1</sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"
						>Jasso de Rodríguez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>) . </p>
				<p>There are studies where Essential Oils (EO) have also been evaluated for the
					management of <italic>F. oxysporum.</italic> There is the work of <xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ferdes <italic>et al.,</italic> in 2017</xref>,
					with AE of <italic>R. officinalis</italic>, at a concentration of 20-µg
						mL<sup>-1</sup> 93% of the <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> growth is
					inhibited; while with 10-µg mL<sup>-1</sup> of the AE of <italic>P.
						anisum</italic> and <italic>S. hortensis</italic> the growth of <italic>F.
						oxysporum</italic> is totally inhibited. Likewise, <xref ref-type="bibr"
						rid="B32">Vásquez <italic>et al.,</italic> in 2014</xref>, concluded that
					the EOs of <italic>Chenopodium ambrosioides</italic> at 2% and
						<italic>Chenopodium album</italic> at 0.03% completely inhibit the growth of
						<italic>F. oxysporum</italic> f. sp. <italic>Lycopersici</italic>, up to 11
					days. </p>
				
				<p>In this study, the ME of <italic>L. tridentata</italic> inhibited <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> growth, up to 144 h, followed in effectiveness by that of <italic>R. officinalis</italic> and <italic>B. squarrosa</italic>. With these treatments, mycelial growth is inhibited up to 80%, compared to the negative control (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 2</xref>). These results coincide with those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Osorio <italic>et al.,</italic> in 2010</xref>, they conclude that with a concentration of 0.7 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> 
 <italic>L. tridentata</italic> inhibits 100% <italic>F. oxisporum</italic> growth <italic>in vitro</italic>. In the results of the extracts on <italic>Fusarium solani</italic>, by means of the ANDEVA and the comparison of Tukey means (p≤0.05), a statistically significant difference was observed between treatments. The ME of <italic>L. tridentata</italic> inhibited 100% of <italic>F. solani</italic> growth, up to ten days; showing an important inhibitory effect on this phytopathogen. The foregoing is relevant if it is considered that there are chemical products that are applied one or more times a week and do not achieve these results. Even under laboratory conditions, they cannot inhibit the mycelium growth 100%, as reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Yossen and Conles in 2016</xref>, which in their work with commercial molecules reached an inhibition of 60 to 97%. The <italic>R. officinalis</italic> ME evaluated in this work inhibited mycelium growth by 70%, compared to the control for up to 144 h. This data is similar to that obtained with aqueous extracts of <italic>Prosopis juliflora</italic> and <italic>Lantana camara</italic>, which achieve 80 and 69% mycelial inhibition, respectively (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Seetha <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>). Likewise, studies by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">David <italic>et al.,</italic> in 2013</xref>, report that the ME of flower buds of <italic>Calotropis gigantea</italic> at 25% reduces <italic>F. solani</italic> growth by 68%. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Average mycelial growth (mm) of <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> with different methanolic extracts at 72, 144 and 240 h, after experiment start</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border: 1px solid black; border collapse: collapse" border="1">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Plant extract</th>
									<th align="center">72 h</th>
									<th align="center">144 h</th>
									<th align="center">240 h</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Agar</td>
									<td align="center">22.3 ± 0.4 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">44.4 ± 0.7 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">65.9 ± 0.7 <sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>L. tridentata</italic></td>
									<td align="center">0.0 ± 0.0 <sup>e</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.0 ± 0.0 <sup>e</sup></td>
									<td align="center">7.0 ± 0.2 <sup>e</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>B. squarrosa</italic></td>
									<td align="center">13.4 ± 1.0 <sup>cd</sup></td>
									<td align="center">27.3 ± 1.0 <sup>cd</sup></td>
									<td align="center">45.0 ± 1.7 <sup>d</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>R. officinalis</italic></td>
									<td align="center">11.0 ± 0.6 <sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="center">25.7 ± 0.6 <sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="center">46.4 ± 1.4 <sup>d</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>G. semiamplexicaule</italic></td>
									<td align="center">16.8 ± 0.5 <sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">31.8 ± 0.5 <sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">50.0 ± 1.6 <sup>cd</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>P. coztomatl</italic></td>
									<td align="center">16.8 ± 0.9 <sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">32.3 ± 0.7 <sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">53.3 ± 2.6 <sup>cd</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>E. hymale</italic></td>
									<td align="center">18.2 ± 0.1 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">35.4 ± 1.5 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">56.7 ± 1.7 <sup>bc</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>P. americana</italic></td>
									<td align="center">16.7 ± 1.2 <sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">32.7 ± 1.0 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">57.5 ± 3.2 <sup>abc</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>P. boldus</italic></td>
									<td align="center">16.5 ± 0.9 <sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">33.5 ± 1.8 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">58.3 ± 1.8 <sup>abc</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>M. oleifera</italic></td>
									<td align="center">17.9 ± 0.8 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">36.8 ± 1.3 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">63.3 ± 0.9 <sup>ab</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN8">
								<p>Means with different letters indicate statistical difference (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t9">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Inhibition of mycelial growth (ICM, %) of <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> with different methanolic extracts at 72, 144 and 240 h, after the experiment start</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border: 1px solid black; border collapse: collapse" border="1">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Plant extract</th>
									<th align="center">72 h</th>
									<th align="center">44 h</th>
									<th align="center">240 h</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>L. tridentata</italic></td>
									<td align="center">100.0 ± 0.0<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">100.0 ± 0.0 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">100.0 ± 0.0 <sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>R. officinalis</italic></td>
									<td align="center">64.7 ± 0.9 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">70.2 ± 0.3 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">58.5 ± 1.7 <sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>B. squarrosa</italic></td>
									<td align="center">37.9 ± 0.4 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">37.2 ± 1.3 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">11.8 ± 0.9 <sup>c</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>P. coztomatl</italic></td>
									<td align="center">26.5 ± 1.2 <sup>de</sup></td>
									<td align="center">28.5 ± 1.8 <sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="center">5.7 ± 0.4 <sup>d</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>P. americana</italic></td>
									<td align="center">26.9 ± 2.5 <sup>de</sup></td>
									<td align="center">28.4 ± 1.2 <sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.5 ± 0.5 <sup>e</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>P. boldus</italic></td>
									<td align="center">31.2 ± 1.2 <sup>cd</sup></td>
									<td align="center">30.8 ± 0.3 <sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.0 ± 0.0 <sup>e</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>G. semiamplexicaule</italic></td>
									<td align="center">26.3 ± 2.0 <sup>de</sup></td>
									<td align="center">28.1 ± 0.3 <sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.0 ± 0.0 <sup>e</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>M. oleifera</italic></td>
									<td align="center">22.6 ± 3.4 <sup>de</sup></td>
									<td align="center">15.5 ± 0.9 <sup>f</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.0 ± 0.0 <sup>e</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>E. hymale</italic></td>
									<td align="center">21.5 ± 2.4 <sup>e</sup></td>
									<td align="center">22.2 ± 0.6 <sup>e</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.0 ± 0.0 <sup>e</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN9">
								<p>Means with different letters indicate statistical difference (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>It is important to have ecological options for phytopathogenic fungi control, such as those
					explored in this work. In this research, the results with the ME of <italic>L.
						tridentata</italic> coincided with those of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"
						>Osorio <italic>et al.,</italic> in 2010</xref>, who used <italic>L.
						tridentata</italic> polyphenolic extracts, and managed to inhibit 100% of
						<italic>F. solani</italic> growth, with a concentration of 0.70 mg
						L<sup>-1</sup>. In a study conducted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"
						>Vásquez <italic>et al.,</italic> (2014)</xref>, the fungistatic effect of
					aqueous extracts (AE) and essential oils (EO) of species of
						<italic>Chenopodium</italic> genus on <italic>F. solani</italic> was
					evaluated. The authors concluded that the EO of <italic>Chenopodium
						ambrosioides</italic> at 2% and <italic>Chenopodium album</italic> at 0.03%
					completely inhibit <italic>F. solani</italic> growth of, up to 11 days; while in
					this work <italic>L. tridentata</italic> inhibited it 100% for up to 10 days.
					Another case with similar results on <italic>Fusarium</italic> spp. was the work
					of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Duarte <italic>et al.,</italic> en el
						2013</xref>, who with essential oils from <italic>Piper aduncum</italic>
					subsp. <italic>ossanum</italic> and Piper aurintum totally inhibit the growth of
					this fungus. </p>
				<p>On the other hand, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Zaker (2014)</xref> concluded
					that the ME of <italic>Artemisia annua</italic> leaves at 15%, is capable of
					inhibiting <italic>F. solani</italic> growth; while in the present work in ME of
						<italic>L. tridentata</italic> it inhibited <italic>F. solani</italic>
					growth to 100%, followed by <italic>R. officinalis</italic> extracts and
						<italic>B. squarrosa</italic>; which, although to a lesser extent, also
					inhibit it (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 4</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t10">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Average mycelial growth (mm) of <italic>Fusarium solani</italic>, with different methanolic extracts at 72, 144 and 240 h, after the experiment start</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border: 1px solid black; border collapse: collapse" border="1">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Plant extract </th>
									<th align="right">72 h </th>
									<th align="right">144 h </th>
									<th align="right">240 h </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Agar </td>
									<td align="right">30.1 ± 0.4 a </td>
									<td align="right">66.6 ± 0.7 a </td>
									<td align="right">80.0 ± 0.0 a </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>L. tridentata</italic></td>
									<td align="right">0.0 ± 0.0 f </td>
									<td align="right">0.0 ± 0.0 g </td>
									<td align="right">0.0 ± 0.0 e </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>R. officinalis</italic></td>
									<td align="right">10.6 ± 0.3 e </td>
									<td align="right">19.8 ± 0.2 f </td>
									<td align="right">33.2 ± 1.3 d </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>B. squarrosa</italic></td>
									<td align="right">18.7 ± 0.1 d </td>
									<td align="right">41.9 ± 0.9 e</td>
									<td align="right">70.5 ± 0.8 c </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>P. coztomatl</italic></td>
									<td align="right">22.1 ± 0.3 bc </td>
									<td align="right">47.6 ± 1.2 d </td>
									<td align="right">75.5 ± 0.3 b </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>P. americana</italic></td>
									<td align="right">22.0 ± 0.8 bc </td>
									<td align="right">47.7 ± 0.8 d </td>
									<td align="right">79.6 ± 0.4 a </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>P. boldus</italic></td>
									<td align="right">20.7 ± 0.4 cd </td>
									<td align="right">46.1 ± 0.2 d </td>
									<td align="right">80.0 ± 0.0 a </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>G. semiamplexicaule</italic></td>
									<td align="right">22.2 ± 0.6 bc </td>
									<td align="right">47.9 ± 0.2 d </td>
									<td align="right">80.0 ± 0.0 a </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>M. oleifera</italic></td>
									<td align="right">23.3 ± 1.0 bc </td>
									<td align="right">56.3 ± 0.6 b </td>
									<td align="right">80.0 ± 0.0 a </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>E. hymale</italic></td>
									<td align="right">23.7 ± 0.7 b </td>
									<td align="right">51.8 ± 0.4 c </td>
									<td align="right">80.0 ± 0.0 a </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN10">
								<p>Means with different letters indicate statistical difference (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><italic>L. tridentata</italic> methanolic extract (ME), inhibits up to 100% of <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic> growth, during the first ten days. The above indicates that this extract is an effective fungistatic. With the ANDEVA and the comparison of Tukey means with a significance of 95%, a significant statistical difference was observed between treatments, since in addition to <italic>L. tridentata</italic>, the ME of <italic>R. officinalis</italic> also presents a remarkable inhibition percentage, causes a fungistatic effect 56 and 48% at 144 h and 240 h, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Table 5</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t11">
						<label>Table 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Inhibition of mycelial growth (ICM, %) in time of <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic> with different methanolic extracts at 72, 144 and 240 h, after experiment start</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border: 1px solid black; border collapse: collapse" border="1">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Plant extract</th>
									<th align="center">72 h</th>
									<th align="center">44 h</th>
									<th align="center">240 h</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>L. tridentata</italic></td>
									<td align="center">100.0 ± 0.0<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">100.0 ± 0.0 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">100.0 ± 0.0 <sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>R. officinalis</italic></td>
									<td align="center">56.8 ± 0.9 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">56.2 ± 1.9 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">48.0 ± 3.0 <sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>B. squarrosa</italic></td>
									<td align="center">32.7 ± 1.7 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">23.2 ± 2.2 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">17.8 ± 2.2 <sup>c</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>P. americana</italic></td>
									<td align="center">24.5 ± 1.6 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">19.1 ± 1.2 <sup>cd</sup></td>
									<td align="center">8.1 ± 1.3 <sup>d</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>P. coztomatl</italic></td>
									<td align="center">26.9 ± 3.9 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">21.6 ± 1.4 <sup>cd</sup></td>
									<td align="center">7.5 ± 1.1 <sup>d</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>P. boldus</italic></td>
									<td align="center">28.7 ± 2.2 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">21.3 ± 1.1 <sup>cd</sup></td>
									<td align="center">7.5 ± 2.3 <sup>d</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>E. hymale</italic></td>
									<td align="center">25.9 ± 1.9 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">18.5 ± 0.2 <sup>cd</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2.7 ± 0.9 <sup>d</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>M. oleifera</italic></td>
									<td align="center">24.4 ± 3.1 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">17.0 ± 3.9 <sup>cd</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.8 ± 0.9 <sup>d</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>G. semiamplexicaule</italic></td>
									<td align="center">23.8 ± 0.7 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">14.1 ± 1.3 <sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.1 ± 0.5 <sup>d</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN11">
								<p>Means with different letters indicate statistical difference (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Controlling phytopathogenic fungi growth with plant extracts represents a great advance in plant protection. In the case of <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gamboa-Alvarado <italic>et al.,</italic> in 2003</xref> reported results similar to those obtained in this research work; found that the ME of <italic>Fluorensia cernua</italic> (Hojasén) at a concentration of 20,000 mg L<sup>-1</sup>, inhibits 85% the growth of this fungus for up to 96 hours, compared to the control. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">López-Benítez <italic>et al.,</italic> in 2005</xref>, with aqueous extracts of <italic>L. tridentata</italic> and <italic>Cinnamomum zeylanicum</italic> at 10%; of Syzygium <italic>aromaticum</italic> at 5%, were able to inhibit growth <italic>in vitro</italic> for up to 144 h, and with the aqueous extract of <italic>Quercus phillyraeoides</italic> at 3.5% they inhibited the growth of the phytopathogen by 94%. Similarly, the alkaloid extract of <italic>Lupinus mexicanus</italic> against <italic>R. solani</italic> in a concentration of 5 mg mL<sup>-1</sup> inhibits its growth 100% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Zamora-Natera <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Jasso de Rodríguez et al., (2007)</xref> mention that the ethanolic extracts of <italic>Flourensia cernua</italic> and <italic>F. retinophylla</italic> at a concentration of 1000 µL L<sup>-1</sup> inhibit their growth. Similarly, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Al-Reza <italic>et al.,</italic> en el 2010</xref>, determined that the EO of <italic>Cestrum nocturnum</italic> has a high fungistatic power capable of inhibiting the growth of <italic>R. solani</italic> up to 80%. Also <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Touba <italic>et al.,</italic> in 2012</xref>, found that <italic>Kaempferia galanga</italic> AE could totally inhibit it. On the other hand, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Dania <italic>et al.,</italic> in 2014</xref> demonstrated that the 1% aqueous extract of <italic>Oryza sativa</italic> Husk, <italic>in vitro</italic>, totally inhibits the growth of this phytopathogen. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t12">
						<label>Table 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Average mycelial growth (mm) of <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic>, with different methanolic extracts at 72, 144 and 240 h, after experiment start</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border: 1px solid black; border collapse: collapse" border="1">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Plant extract</th>
									<th align="center">72 h</th>
									<th align="center">44 h</th>
									<th align="center">240 h</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Agar</td>
									<td align="center">19.9 ± 0.2 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">45.8 ± 0.2 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">80.0 ± 0.0 <sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>L. tridentata</italic></td>
									<td align="center">0.0 ± 0.0 <sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.0 ± 0.0 <sup>e</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.0 ± 0.0 <sup>e</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>R. officinalis</italic></td>
									<td align="center">9.6 ± 0.2 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">19.5 ± 0.8 <sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="center">34.3 ± 2.0 <sup>d</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>B. squarrosa</italic></td>
									<td align="center">15 ± 0.4 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">34.1 ± 1.0 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">54.2 ± 1.5 <sup>c</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>E. hymale</italic></td>
									<td align="center">16.5 ± 0.4 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">36.2 ± 0.1 <sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">64.2 ± 0.6 <sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>G. semiamplexicaule</italic></td>
									<td align="center">17 ± 0.1 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">38.1 ± 0.6 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">65.2 ± 0.3 <sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>M. oleifera</italic></td>
									<td align="center">16.9 ± 0.7 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">36.9 ± 1.7 <sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">64.7 ± 0.6 <sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>P. americana</italic></td>
									<td align="center">16.8 ± 0.3 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">35.9 ± 0.5 <sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">60.6 ± 0.9 <sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>P. boldus</italic></td>
									<td align="center">15.9 ± 0.5 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">34.9 ± 0.5 <sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">61.0 ± 1.5 <sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>P. coztomatl</italic></td>
									<td align="center">16.3 ± 0.9 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">34.8 ± 0.6 <sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">61.0 ± 0.7 <sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN12">
								<p>Means with different letters indicate statistical difference (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The methanolic extract of gobernadora (<italic>Larrea tridentata</italic>), is effective to inhibit the growth of <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic>, <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> and <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic>, up to ten days. Similarly, it is concluded that the methanolic extract of <italic>Rosamarinus officinalis</italic> (Rosemary) can be used for the management of <italic>Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani</italic> and <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic>, with less effectiveness than that of <italic>Larrea tridentate</italic>.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>