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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abaagrof</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico agroforestal</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico agrofor.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2594-1992</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37114/abaagrof/2020.5</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00105</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Inducción <italic>in vitro</italic> de callogénesis y organogénesis en explantes de <italic>Krameria erecta</italic> Willd</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2988-8245</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mc-Caughey-Espinoza</surname>
						<given-names>Diana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6635-8561</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Reyes-Olivas</surname>
						<given-names>Alvaro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8135-8535</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ayala-Astorga</surname>
						<given-names>Gloria</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2756-8224</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lugo-García</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9001-9861</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ochoa-Meza</surname>
						<given-names>Andrés</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Pacheco-Olvera</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Colegio de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Facultad de Agricultura del Valle del Fuerte, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. México. diana.mccaughey@unison.mx gabriel_lugo9010@hotmail.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Colegio de Ciencias Agropecuarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Agricultura del Valle del Fuerte</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
				<email>diana.mccaughey@unison.mx</email>
				<email>gabriel_lugo9010@hotmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de la Universidad de Sonora alreo.uas@gmail.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Sonora</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Sonora</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
				<email>alreo.uas@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Agricultura y Ganadería de la Universidad de Sonora. México. gloria.ayala@unison.mx andres.ochoa@unison.mx</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Sonora</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Agricultura y Ganadería</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Sonora</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
				<email>gloria.ayala@unison.mx</email>
				<email>andres.ochoa@unison.mx</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. México. apontoniopo345@gmail.com</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Agronomía</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
				<email>apontoniopo345@gmail.com</email>
			</aff>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>31</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<elocation-id>205</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>06</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="pub">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar <italic>in vitro</italic> la germinación e inducción de callogenesis y organogénesis en explantes de <italic>Krameria erecta.</italic> El medio de cultivo utilizado fue WPM/50 a la mitad de sales y conformado de vitaminas, sacarosa y ácido indolbutirico (IAB), en concentraciones (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 y 2 mgL<sup>1</sup>). Los explantes fueron incubados en ambiente controlado de 25°C y foto periodo de 16 horas luz. El diseño experimental fue completamente aleatorizado con un arreglo factorial de 5x3 con un ANDEVA<italic>(P&lt;</italic>0.05) y la prueba de media de Tukey. La germinación <italic>in vitro no</italic> presento diferencias significativas mostrando de un 79 a 83%. Se presentaron diferencias significativas en altura de plántulas, las concentraciones de 1.5 y 2.0 mgL<sup>1</sup> de AIB fueron superiores con 11.60 a 11.65 cm. La altura y ancho de callo en yema axilar y hoja se presentaron diferencias significativas en concentraciones de 1.0 y 2 mgL<sup>1</sup> de AIB. En lo que respecta al número de raíz en hoja fue de 0.50 a 2.50, mostrándose diferencias significativas en las concentraciones, en yema axilar no se presentó raíz por lo tanto no se presentaron diferencias significativas. En contaminación no se presentaron diferencias significativas presentado abajo del 12.50%. de acuerdo la desinfección con alcohol e hipoclorito de sodio (NaCIO) no se presentó oxidación en semillas, pero si en yema axilar y hojas.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>cultivo de tejido</kwd>
				<kwd>ácido indolbutirico</kwd>
				<kwd>explantes y <italic>Krameria erecta</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="39"/>
				</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCION</title>
			<p>La familia de las Krameriaceae comprende 17 especies en un solo género <italic>Krameria erecta</italic> W. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dominguez <italic>et al.,</italic> 1987</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Simpson <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>); se distribuye geográficamente al norte de México, principalmente en Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Durango, Coahuila, Baja California, Zacatecas y en los estados de California, Utah y Nevada en Estados Unidos de América (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Simpson and Salywon, 1999</xref>).</p>
			<p>Es un arbusto forrajero con importancia económica en las zonas áridas y semi-áridas del noroeste de México (Mc-Caughey-Espinoza <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019). Su importancia en el campo de la medicina se debe a que presenta alta actividad antiproliferativa en células cancerígenas y un alto contenido de flavonoides; además, tiene efectos hepatoprotector, antioxidante y antiinflamatorio, y posee cinto veces más actividad antioxidante que el ácido ascórbico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Carini <italic>et al.,</italic> 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Jiménez-Estrada <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Morán-Palacio <italic>et al.,</italic>2014</xref>). Cabe mencionar que a esta planta se le extrae la tintura de la raíz, la cual es utilizada por los Seris, etnia importante del estado de Sonora.</p>
			<p>En los últimos 20 años los trabajos de propagación <italic>In vitro</italic> de algunas especies forestales se han incrementado paulatinamente; no obstante, hasta el momento no se han realizado trabajos que reporten la micropropagación <italic>in vitro</italic> de <italic>krameria erecta</italic> Willd.</p>
			<p>La distribución de <italic>K. erecta</italic> se encuentra limitada en los ecosistemas naturales, por factores como: sobre pastoreo, cambio de uso de suelo, bajas precipitaciones, presencia de insectos, etc. En su hábitad natural se pueden encontrar de cero hasta 70 plantas en 2500 metros cuadrados, la presencia de nuevos individuos prácticamente es inexistente. Con la aplicación de la biotecnología se pueden conservar los ecosistemas naturales aún presentes en nuestro entorno. Una de las estrategias utilizadas para contrarrestar los problemas presentes en la propagación de las especies forestales y la extinción de estas, es el cultivo <italic>In vitro</italic> de cultivo vegetal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Delgado <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>).</p>
			<p>Para aminorar la situación de las bajas poblaciones que existen en los agostaderos del estado de Sonora, y por ser una planta apetecible por los animales herbívoros y medicinal; el propósito de esta investigación es establecer una metodología para la germinación e inducción de callogénesis y organogénesis <italic>in vitro</italic> en yemas axilares y hoja de <italic>krameria erecta</italic> W.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>La región de recolecta de <italic>Krameria erecta</italic> Willd se realizó entre las coordenadas 29°03'21.30” de Latitud Norte y los 110°45'12.22” de Longitud Oeste (rancho Las Cruces). Durante el mes de septiembre del 2019, las partes útiles de la planta, fueron los explantes de tallo, hoja y semillas; generalmente sólo el 20 % pueden ser semillas fisiológicamente maduras y viables. El material utilizado fue tijeras, bolsas ziplot e hielera. La investigación se realizó en el laboratorio de Biotecnología del Programa Educativo de Ingeniero en Horticultura de la Universidad Estatal de Sonora (UES).</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Medio de cultivo</title>
				<p>El medio de cultivo utilizado fue Woody Plant Medium (WPM/50) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Trigiano and Gray, 2011</xref>); este medio se utilizó a la mitad de su concentración, constituido principalmente de sales minerales y vitaminas, tales como: tiamina, mio-inositol, sacarosa y agar. La fitohormona que se utilizó fue: ácido indolbutírico, a concentraciones de 0, 0.5, 1.0,1.5 y 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup>. No se aplicó antioxidantes al medio.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Cámara de flujo laminar</title>
				<p>La cámara de flujo laminar (Marca Edge Gard Hood), se desinfectó previamente antes de realizar los cultivos, utilizando alcohol al 99% y vickor, y posteriormente durante 30 min se dejó encendida una lámpara de luz fluorescente de 40 W, la cual proporcionó una irradiación de 8-10 W. m-<sup>2</sup>. Se utilizaron tubos de ensayo y frascos tipo gérber de vidrio transparente. También se utilizaron cajas Petri de vidrio, pinzas y bisturí; todo el material fue previamente esterilizado en una autoclave modelo Sterilmatic, a una temperatura de 120° C y 15 kg/cm<sup>2</sup> de presión durante 15 minutos.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Cultivo de explantes</title>
				<p>Las semillas fueron previamente embebidas con agua desionizada, durante 2 horas antes de la siembra. Los explantes (hojas tallos, yemas axilares, apicales y semillas sin pericarpio, fueron embebidas durante 3 horas en agua desionizada), después se desinfectaron con alcohol etílico al 70% durante 3 minutos; y posteriormente en hipoclorito de sodio (NaClO) (CLOROX®) al 15% durante 12 min, añadiendo una gota de tween 20; se realizaron 3 enjuagues con agua desionizada. Posteriormente se colocaron en una solución antioxidante de ácido ascórbico (150 mg/L) y ácido cítrico (100 mg/L) durante 5 minutos, y posteriormente se sembraron.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Incubación</title>
				<p>Para la siembra se utilizaron frascos de vidrio tipo gérber. Los explantes fueron previamente sembrados; posteriormente se colocaron el cuarto de incubación, en condiciones controladas, manteniendo una temperatura de 25 ± I<sup>o</sup> C, y un fotoperiodo de 16 horas luz con 8 horas de oscuridad y 70-75% de humedad relativa.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Parámetros evaluados</title>
				<p>La evaluación se realizó por observación y medición en los diferentes explantes, iniciándose al tercer día de su incubación y posteriormente se observaron y se realizaron mediciones cada siete días durante 2 meses.</p>
				<p>Los parámetros evaluados fueron:</p>
				<p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>Porciento de germinación (%), utilizándose el criterio de la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">ISTA (2019)</xref>.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Mediciones de callos presentes en los explantes; se utilizó un vernier marca Mitutoyo Absolute Modelo CD-6CSX N° de Serie 06401649 de 6”</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Altura de plántulas (cm)</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Ancho y alto de callo (mm)</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Número de raíces</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Contaminación y oxidación</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>El diseño experimental que se utilizó en este trabajo de investigación fue completamente aleatorizado, con un arreglo factorial de 5x3 (5 concentraciones y 3 explantes), con 10 repeticiones. Se realizó un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA), con un nivel de significancia de P&lt;0.05, y una comparación de medias de Tukey. Para el análisis de los datos se empleó el paquete estadístico JMP, versión 9.0.1 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Statistical Analysis System, [SAS Institute Inc.], 2011</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>Germinación de las semillas <italic>in vitro</italic></bold></title>
				<p>La germinación <italic>in vitro</italic> inició el 4<sup>to</sup> y concluyo al 15<sup>to</sup> día. No se presentaron diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de germinación, entre tratamientos de AIB utilizadas en este estudio, presentado un porcentaje de germinación 79.0 a 83.0%; estos resultados nos indican que para la germinación de la semilla de <italic>Krameria erecta</italic> no se requiere el uso de ningún tipo de fitohormona, en el medio de cultivo; al no ser significativo su porcentaje de germinación, ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Germinación <italic>in vitro</italic> y altura de plántulas de <italic>krameria erecta</italic> Willd. </title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border=0 cellpadding=0;">
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Tratamiento AIB mgL<sup>-1</sup>
</bold></td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Semillas germinadas (%)</bold></td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Plántulas Normales (%)</bold></td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Plántulas anormales (%)</bold></td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>No germinadas (%)</bold></td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Plántulas Altura (cm)</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 82.75±1.49<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 71 25±<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 11.50±1.29<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 8.50±1.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 10.07±0.21<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.5 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 81.50±1.49<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 31,25±<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 50.25±2.75<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 9.75±0.50<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 10.42±0.21<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.0 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 83.00±1.49<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 32.00±<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 51.00±2.44<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 9.75±0.95<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 10.52±0.21<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.5 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 79.00±1.49<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 31,75±<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 49.75±2.50<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 10.50±1.29<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 11,65±0.21<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 2.0 </td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 82.00±1.49<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 31,50±<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 50.50±3.10<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 10.25±0.95<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 11.60±0.21<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>Medias con letras iguales dentro de la misma columna indican que no hay diferencias significativas (P&lt;0.05). Los datos presentados son la media de 10 repeticiones con 3 muestras cada frasco por tratamiento.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Germinación <italic>in vitro de Krameria erecta</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2594-1992-abaagrof-2-205-gf1.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Con respecto al porcentaje de plántulas normales germinadas, se presentó diferencias significativas (P ≤0.05), entre las concentraciones de AIB (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 y 2 mgL<sup>-1</sup>), con respecto al control (sin fitohormona); presentándose para el control un 71.25% de plántulas normales, y entre un 31.25 a 32.0% con el uso de AIB, ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>. Cabe mencionar que también se observaron diferencias significativas (P≤0.05), al evaluar el porcentaje de plántulas anormales de <italic>krameria erecta,</italic> con respecto a los tratamientos, presentando de un 11.5% de plántulas anormales en el control; mientras que en los tratamientos con AIB se presentaron de 49.75 a 51.0% de plántulas anormales.</p>
				<p>Al analizar el porcentaje de semillas no germinadas, no se presentaron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos presentándose de 8.5 a 10.5% de semillas que no germinaron, ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>. Dichos resultados muestran que el uso de auxinas estimuló en la germinación geotropismo negativo, al presentarse arriba del 50% de plántulas anormales.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Golubov <italic>et al,</italic> (2007)</xref>, menciona que la germinación está ligada al crecimiento del embrión. La germinación de plántulas normales fue menor del 32.00%, al presentarse una radícula bien definida y la brotación de sus hojas seminales. De acuerdo a la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">AOSA (2005)</xref>, indica que las plántulas que presentaron un crecimiento anormal no se desarrollan, al presentar deficiencias en su sistema radicular (falta de radícula, fototropismo negativo u otras malformaciones).</p>
				<p>El porcentaje de germinación en <italic>Krameria erecta</italic> fue similar a los obtenidos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Golubov <italic>et al.,</italic> (2007)</xref>, obtuvieron porcentajes de germinación <italic>in vitro</italic> mayores al 80% en semillas de <italic>B. recúrvala,</italic> que fueron almacenadas (en deshidratación con silica gel), durante seis años, a 6<sup>o</sup> C, con humedad relativa baja.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Altura de plántulas</title>
				<p>La altura de las plántulas de <italic>krameria erecta,</italic> presentaron diferencias significativas (p ≤ 0.05) entre los tratamientos evaluados, ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>. Las plántulas con los tratamientos de 1.5 a 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> de AIB presentaron 11.60 a 11.66 cm de altura, sin tener entre estas diferencias significativas; mientras que 0, 0.5 y 1.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> de AIB, no presentaron diferencias significativas, mostrando 10.07 a 10.52 cm. Las plántulas presentaron características propias y morfológicamente similares a las plantas presentes en su hábitad silvestre.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Inducción de callo y raíz</title>
				<p>De acuerdo a los explantes utilizados en esta investigación, se mostró que existen diferencias significativas (P ≤ 0.05) con respecto a la altura de los callos, de 0.58 a 0.67 mm de alto, ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2</xref>; excepto el tratamiento de cero mgL<sup>-1</sup> de AIB (control), no presentó callo. En lo que respecta a lo ancho del callo, también se presentaron diferencias significativas (P≤0.05), de acuerdo al análisis estadístico, indicando de 0.76 a 0.96 mm en los tratamientos de 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 y 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> de AIB.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabla 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Inducción de callo y raíz en explantes de <italic>krameria erecta</italic> Willd</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border=0 cellpadding=0;">
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Tratamiento AIB mgL<sup>1</sup></bold></td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Altura callo (mm)</bold></td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Ancho callo (mm)</bold></td>
									<td colspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Numero de raíz</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>Hoja</bold></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>Yema axilar</bold></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>Hoja</bold></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>Yema axilar</bold></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>Hoja</bold></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>Yema axilar</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>d</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>d</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.5 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.58±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.45±0.00<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.76±0.01<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.56±0.01<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.50±0.57<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.0 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.65±0.01<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.46±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.86±0.02<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.58±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.25±0.95<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.5 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.67±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.47±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.96±0.03<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.59±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.50±0.57<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 2.0 </td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 0.67±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 0.47±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 0.93±0.03<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 0.59±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 2.00±0.81<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>Medias con letras iguales dentro de la misma columna indican que no hay diferencias significativas (P&lt;0.05). Los datos presentados son la media de 10 repeticiones con 3 muestras cada frasco por tratamiento.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>A: inducción de callo en hojas, B: inducción de callo en yema axilar, C: raíz en hoja y D: callo y raíz en hoja</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2594-1992-abaagrof-2-205-gf2.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>En yema axilar se presentaron diferencias significativas (P≤0.05) entre los tratamientos, excepto en 1.5 y 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> de AIB; presentando alturas en yemas de 0.93 a 0.96 mm. En lo que respecta a lo ancho del callo en yema axilar, se presentaron diferencias significativas (P≤0.05) entre los tratamientos de 1.0, 1.5 y 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> de AIB, con respecto a 0.5 y 0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> de AIB. El tratamiento de cero mgL<sup>-1</sup> de AIB (control) no presentó callo, ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref>. A pesar de la diferencia significativa que existen entre los tratamientos, cabe mencionar que la aplicación de auxina (AIB) es eficaz para la inducción de callo en hoja y en yema axilar de cosahui del sur ( <italic>Krameriaerecta),</italic> presentado un color inicial blanco y tornarse a verde claro, con una consistencia firme; por lo tanto, podemos señalar que los callos son viables para la inducción de ser un callo embriogénico.</p>
				<p>El porcentaje con relación a la presencia de callo en los explantes, en las hojas se presentaron hasta un 80%; mientras que en el control presentó 0%. El crecimiento de los callos se presentó a los 30 días de la incubación y su proliferación a las cuatro semanas de incubación. El porcentaje presente de callos en yemas axilares fue hasta un 60%, excepto el control que no presentó. La inducción de callo en yemas axilares se presentó a las 6 semanas de incubación.</p>
				<p>Los resultados indican que la mejor respuesta de inducción de callos en hojas o en yemas axilares se presentó al aplicar la concentración de 1.0 a 2.0. Es importante señalar que el explante ideal para la producción de callo fueron las hojas, de acuerdo al análisis estadístico aplicado.</p>
				<p>Para el crecimiento celular las auxinas deben pr evocar dicha inducción de acuerdo a los genes que codifican los factores proteicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Córdova <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>); de esta manera las células se dilatan por la presión del agua en el interior de la vacuola, para seguir creciendo hasta que exista una resistencia de la pared celular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Azcon-Bieto y Talón 2008</xref>).</p>
				<p>De acuerdo a <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Smith y Atkins (2002)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Arellano <italic>et al.,</italic> (2008)</xref>, la inducción de callo se presenta al momento que las células crecen y almacenan nutrientes, y con la presencia de auxinas y las citosinas provocan que se acumulen y estimulan las ciclinas a nivel transcripcional, desencadenando la activación de las quinasas; y asimismo promover el nuevo ciclo celular y formación de callo. La inducción de callo es independiente del tipo de explante y fitohormona utilizada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Howell <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Shiram <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Rodríguez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>En este estudio se logró producción de callogénesis con el uso de auxinas en yemas axilares y hojas de <italic>krameria erecta</italic>; por lo tanto, existe una estimulación en la mitosis, promoviendo la formación de tejido calloso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Smith 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>En cuanto al número de raíz presente en las hojas, se observaron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos, mostrando raíces en las connotaciones de 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 y 2.0 mgL-<sup>1</sup> de AIB, excepto en el tratamiento cero mgL-<sup>1</sup> de AIB (control), quien tuvo nula inducción de raíz. Mientras que en yema axilar no se presentaron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos (0, 0.5, 1.0,1.5 y 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> de AIB), al no presentarse raíces, ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref>. El porcentaje de raíz presente en hoja fue del 30%, mostrándose en hojas con presencia de callo.</p>
				<p>Hasta hoy en día no existen trabajos referentes a este arbusto u otros arbustos, por lo tanto, se complica la discusión de la información por la escasa información que se recopiló; más sin embargo, se cuenta con otros estudios de otras especies y géneros diferentes, como <italic>Oryza sativa</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Pérez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>) y <italic>Eucaiyptus giobuius</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Gómez <italic>et al.,</italic>2006</xref>), etc. Con el método de cultivo <italic>in vitro,</italic> es posible obtener plantas de calidad uniforme, de acuerdo a un genotipo seleccionado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Levitus <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>). Las fitohormonas</p>
				<p>no son especializadas para inducir mutaciones, ya que en concentraciones altas acelera los procesos de división celular, y posiblemente genere variaciones genéticas (George<italic>al.,</italic> 2008).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Contaminación</title>
				<p>Los explantes, por su procedencia (área silvestre) traen algunos fitopatógenos, los cuales pueden causar problemas al momento de su siembra y desarrollarse para su proliferación. La contaminación se presentó básicamente en todas las concentraciones y explantes utilizados. Se presentaron bacterias y hongos ambientales (bióticos y abióticos), indicándose esta contaminación a partir del tercer día de incubación. Al analizar el porciento de contaminación presente en las semillas de <italic>Krameria erecta,</italic> de acuerdo a la concentración y tiempo de remojo que se manejó en esta investigación, no se presentaron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos evaluados, al presentarse una tasa de contaminación de 7.25 a 8.75%.</p>
				<p>Es importante señalar que las plántulas desarrolladas <italic>In vitro</italic> estuvieron libres de contaminación por más de 3 meses; por lo tanto, el método de desinfección en semillas de <italic>Krameria erecta</italic> fue adecuado. Tampoco se presentaron diferencias significativas en cuando a la contaminación presente en los explantes de yema axilar y hoja, mostrando de 11.25 a 12.50% de contaminación, ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 3</xref>. Podemos señalar que fue efectivo el tratamiento de desinfección de los explantes, al utilizar etanol al 70% por 3 minutos, y posteriormente por 12 minutos en hipoclorito de sodio comercial al 15%. La muerte de microorganismos es debido a la combinación del hipoclorito de sodio con las proteínas de las membranas celulares y las enzimas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Flores <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Tabla 3.</label>
						<caption>
							<title>-Contaminación y oxidación en explantes de <italic>krameria erecta</italic> Willd.</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border=0 cellpadding=0;">
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; vertcal-align: middle;"><bold>Tratamiento AIB mgL<sup>-1</sup></bold></td>
									<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Contaminación (%)</bold></td>
									<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Oxidación (%)</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>Semillas</bold></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>Hojas</bold></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>Yema apical</bold></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>Semillas</bold></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>Hoja</bold></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>Yema apical</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 8.75±1.08<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 11.25±2.50<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 11,25±2.50<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 28.7±2.5<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 26.2±7.50<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.5 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 8.75±1,08<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 12.50±2.88<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 12.50±2.88<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 28.7±4.7<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 30.0±7.07<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.0 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 7.25±1,08<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 11,25±2.50<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 11.25±2.50<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 28.7±2.5<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 26.2±7.50<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.5 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 8.00±1.08<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 11.25±2.50<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 12.50±2.88<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 30.0±4.0<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 26.2±7.50<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 2.0 </td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 7.75±1.08<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 11.25±2.50<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 12.50±2.88<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 28.7±2.5<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 26.2±7.50<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>Medias con letras iguales dentro de la misma columna indican que no hay diferencias significativas (P&lt;0.05). Los datos presentados son la media de 10 repeticiones con 3 muestras cada frasco por tratamiento.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>La etapa fisiológica del tejido vegetal tiene gran influencia en el proceso de desinfección. El material de plantas en crecimiento se desinfecta más fácil que el de plantas maduras; sus depósitos de ceras y ligninas son mayores y son una barrera para la acción del agente desinfectante sobre los microorganismos endógenos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">López <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Pedroza <italic>et al.,</italic>2007</xref>). Entre los contaminantes más comunes <italic>in vitro</italic> son las bacterias, éstas son difíciles de detectar y originan serios problemas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Orlikowska <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Muchos microorganismos necesitan un tiempo de adaptación a las nuevas condiciones, previamente al manifestar su presencia, esto ocurre generalmente en la fase de multiplicación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hernández y González, 2010</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Oxidación</title>
				<p>En lo que respecta a la tasa de oxidación (oscurecimiento), en los explantes de manera general, no se presentaron diferencias significativas al analizar esta variable en los diferentes explantes (yema axilar y hoja), mostrando en hojas un 28.7 a 30.0% de oxidación; mientras que en yema axilar se presentó un 26.2 a 30.0%. En lo que respecta a las semillas, éstas no presentaron oxidación, ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 3</xref>. De acuerdo al bajo porcentaje de oxidación presente, se puede atribuir a la mezcla de antioxidantes utilizados (ácido ascórbico + ácido cítrico). En este trabajo se obtuvieron resultados favorables.</p>
				<p>De acuerdo a <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Vatanpour-Azghandi <italic>et al.,</italic> (2002)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Tang y Newton, (2004)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gratao <italic>et al.,</italic> (2005)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pompeu <italic>et al.,</italic> (2008)</xref>, la enzima y el sustrato al estar en contacto con la célula se presenta un daño, estrés o de senescencia, dando como resultado la muerte de las células del explante. Existen algunos factores o sustancias que pueden desencadenar el estrés oxidativo y nitrosativo, tales como: intensidad de luz, cortes, herbicidas, senescencia, patógenos, metales pesados, lesiones o sustancias abrasivas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mittler <italic>et al.,</italic>2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pompeu <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>). Los explantes de especies leñosas presentan esta reacción de oxidación <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Azofeifa (2009)</xref>.</p>
				<p>En cultivo de tejidos <italic>in vitro,</italic> la oxidación es causada principalmente por el agente desinfectante durante la asepsia del explante, los cortes, composición del medio de cultivo, volumen y calidad del frasco de cultivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Tabiyeh <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Van Staden <italic>et al.,</italic>2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abdelwahd <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>). El oscurecimiento de explantes o estrés oxidativo se ha relacionado con otros desordenes fisiológicos, morfológicos, epigenéticos y genéticos, que presentan los explantes cultivados, tales como recalcitrancia, hiperhidricidad, variación somaclonal y habituación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cassells y Curry 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Van Staden <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p>Por lo tanto, podemos señalar que la oxidación en los explantes de <italic>K. erecta</italic> utilizados en este estudio, pudo presentarse por diversos factores, como los antes mencionados; como también por el tiempo de exposición a la temperatura presente en la cámara de flujo.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>Se presentó del 79 al 83% de germinación <italic>in vitro</italic> en semillas de <italic>Krameria erecta.</italic> Las concentraciones de 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 y 2.0 1.5 mgL-<sup>1</sup> de AIB que se utilizaron en las plántulas, presentaron fototropismo negativo, excepto en la concentración cero. Las plántulas <italic>in vitro</italic> presentaron alturas de 10.07 a 11.65 cm. Al utilizar la concentración de 1.5 mgL-<sup>1</sup>de AIB presentaron callos y raíz en hoja. Las condiciones asépticas que se manejaron, fueron ideales, al no presentarse contaminación arriba del 15% en los diferentes explantes utilizados. La oxidación se presentó del 26.2 al 30%, únicamente en yemas axilares y hojas.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMIENTOS</title>
			<p>A las Dras. Claudia Vanessa Baldenegro García y Ana Dolores Armenia Calderón, por sus atenciones y apoyo brindado en la realización de este trabajo de investigación, así como a la Dra. Gloria Irma Ayala Astorga por su apoyo y consejos.</p>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title><bold><italic>In vitro</italic> induction of callogenesis and organogenesis in explants of <italic>Krameria erecta</italic></bold> Willd</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate <italic>in vitro</italic> the germination and induction of callogenesis and organogenesis in explants of <italic>Krameria erecta.</italic> The culture medium used was WPM/50 with half the salts and made up of vitamins, sucrose and indolebutyric acid (IAB), in concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2 mgL<sup>-1</sup>). The explants were incubated in a controlled environment of 25 °C and photoperiod of 16 light hours. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 5x3 factorial arrangement with an ANDEVA (P &lt;0.05) and the Tukey mean test. <italic>In vitro</italic> germination did not present significant differences, showing from 79 to 83%. There were significant differences in seedling height, the concentrations of 1.5 and 2.0 mgL<sup>1</sup> of AIB were higher with 11.60 to 11.65 cm. The height and width of callus in axillary bud and leaf presented significant differences in concentrations of 1.0 and 2 mgL<sup>1</sup> of AIB. Regarding the number of root in the leaf it was from 0.50 to 2.50, showing significant differences in the concentrations, in the axillary bud there was no root; therefore, there were no significant differences. In contamination, there were no significant differences presented below 12.50%. According to the disinfection with alcohol and sodium hypochlorite (NaCIO), there was no oxidation in seeds, but in axillary bud and leaves.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>tissue culture</kwd>
				<kwd>indolebutyric acid</kwd>
				<kwd>explants and <italic>Krameria erecta</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>The Krameriaceae family have 17 species in a single genus <italic>Krameria erecta</italic> W. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dominguez <italic>et al.,</italic> 1987</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Simpson <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>). It is distributed geographically in northern Mexico, mainly in Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Durango, Coahuila, Baja California, and Zacatecas and in California states, Utah and Nevada in the United States of America (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Simpson and Salywon, 1999</xref>).</p>
				<p>It is a forage shrub with economic importance in the arid and semi-arid zones of northwestern Mexico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mc-Caughey-Espinoza <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>). Its importance in the field of medicine is because it has high antiproliferative activity in cancer cells and a high content of flavonoids. Furthermore, it has hepatoprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and has five times more antioxidant activity than ascorbic acid (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Carini <italic>et al.,</italic> 2002</xref>;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Jimenez-Estrada <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Moran-Palacio <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>). It is worth mentioning that the tincture of the root is from this plant extracted, which is used by Seris, an important ethnic group in Sonora State.</p>
				<p>In the last 20 years, the work of <italic>in vitro</italic> propagation of some forest species has gradually increased; however, to date no studies have been carried out that report the <italic>in vitro</italic>micropropagation of <italic>Krameria erecta</italic> Willd.</p>
				<p>The distribution of <italic>K. erecta</italic> is limited in natural ecosystems, by factors such as over grazing, change of land use, low rainfall, presence of insects, etc. In its natural habitat, it can find from zero to 70 plants in 2,500 square meters. The presence of new individuals is practically non-existent.</p>
				<p>With the application of biotechnology, the natural ecosystems still present in our environment can be preserved. One of the strategies used to counteract the problems present in the propagation of forest species and their extinction, is <italic>in vitro</italic> cultivation of vegetable crops (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Delgado <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>).</p>
				<p>To lessen the situation of the low populations that exist in the pastures of Sonora state, and for being an appetizing plant for herbivorous and medicinal animals; the purpose of this research is to establish a methodology for the germination and induction of <italic>in vitro</italic>callogenesis and organogenesis in axillary buds and leaf of <italic>Krameria erecta</italic> W.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p>The collection region of <italic>Krameria erecta</italic> Willd was made between the coordinates 29° 03'21.30 ”of North Latitude and 110° 45'12.22” of West Longitude (Las Cruces ranch). During the month of September 2019, the useful parts of the plant were the stem, leaf and seed explants, generally only 20% can be physiologically mature and viable seeds. The material used was scissors, ziplot bags and an ice chest. The research was carried out in the Biotechnology laboratory of the Horticultural Engineering Education Program of the Sonora State University (UES).</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Culture medium</title>
					<p>The culture medium used was Woody Plant Medium (WPM/50) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Trigiano and Gray, 2011</xref>). This medium was used at half its concentration, consisting mainly of mineral salts and vitamins, such as: thiamine, myo-inositol, sucrose and agar. The phytohormone used was indolbutyric acid, at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup>. Antioxidants were not to the medium applied.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Laminar flow chamber</title>
					<p>The laminar flow chamber (Brand Edge Gard Hood), was previously disinfected before performing the cultures, using 99% alcohol and vickor, and then for 30 min a 40 W fluorescent light lamp was left on, which provided an irradiation of 8-10 W nr<sup>2</sup>. Test tubes and clear glass Gerber flasks were used. Glass Petri dishes, clamps and scalpel were also used; all the material was previously sterilized in a sterilmatic model autoclave, at a temperature of 120 °C and a pressure of 15 kg/cm<sup>2</sup> for 15 minutes.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Explant culture</title>
					<p>The seeds were previously soaked with deionized water, for 2 hours before sowing. The explants (leaves, stems, axillary and apical buds, and seeds without pericarp, were imbibed for 3 hours in deionized water), then they were disinfected with 70% ethyl alcohol for 3 minutes; and subsequently in 15% sodium hypochlorite (NaCIO) (CLOROX®) for 12 min, adding a drop of tween 20; 3 rinses were performed with deionized water. Subsequently, they were placed in an antioxidant solution of ascorbic acid (150 mg/L) and citric acid (100 mg/L) for 5 minutes, and were subsequently seeded.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Incubation</title>
					<p>Gerber-type glass jars were used for sowing. The explants were previously planted. The incubation room was subsequently placed under controlled conditions, maintaining a temperature of 25±1 °C, and a photoperiod of 16 light hours with 8 hours of darkness and 70-75% relative humidity.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Parameters evaluated</title>
					<p>The evaluation was carried out by observation and measurement in the different explants, beginning on the third day of their incubation, and subsequently, measurements were observed and made every seven days for 2 months.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>The parameters evaluated were:</title>
					<p>
						<list list-type="bullet">
							<list-item>
								<p>Germination percentage (%), using the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">ISTA (2019)</xref> criterion.</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Callus measurements present in the explants; a Mitutoyo Absolute Model CD-6CSX Vernier Serial No. 06401649 6” was used</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Seedling height (cm)</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Callus width and height (mm)</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Number of roots</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Contamination and oxidation</p>
							</list-item>
						</list>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>The experimental design used in this research work was completely randomized, with a factorial arrangement of 5x3 (five concentrations and three explants), with 10 repetitions. An analysis of variance (ANDEVA) was performed, with a significance level of P &lt;0.05, and a comparison of Tukey means. For the analysis of the data, the JMP statistical package, version 9.0.1 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Statistical Analysis System, [SAS Institute Inc.], 2011</xref>) was used.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<sec>
					<title><bold>
 <italic>In vitro</italic> seed germination</bold></title>
					<p><italic>In vitro</italic> germination started on the 4<sup>th</sup> and ended on the 15<sup>th</sup> day. There were no significant differences in the percentage of germination between AIB treatments, used in this study with a germination percentage of 79.0 to 83.0%. These results indicate that for the germination of the <italic>Krameria erecta</italic> seed the use of any type of phytohormone is not required in the culture medium; as their germination percentage is not significant, see<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figure 1</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f3">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title><italic>in vkro</italic> germination of <italic>Krameria erecta</italic></title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2594-1992-abaagrof-2-205-gf3.png"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title><italic>In vitro</italic> germination and seedling height of <italic>Krameria erecta</italic> Willd. </title>
							</caption>
							<table style="border=0 cellpadding=0;">
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Treatment AIB mgL<sup>-1</sup></bold></td>
										<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Sprouted seeds (%)</bold></td>
										<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Normal Seedlings (%)</bold></td>
										<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Abnormal seedlings (%)</bold></td>
										<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Not germinated (%)</bold></td>
										<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Seedlings Height (cm)</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 82.75±1.49<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 71 25±<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 11.50±1.29<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 8.50±1.00<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 10.07±0.21<sup>b</sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.5 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 81.50±1.49<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 31,25±<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 50.25±2.75<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 9.75±0.50<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 10.42±0.21<sup>b</sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.0 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 83.00±1.49<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 32.00±<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 51.00±2.44<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 9.75±0.95<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 10.52±0.21<sup>b</sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.5 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 79.00±1.49<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 31,75±<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 49.75±2.50<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 10.50±1.29<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 11,65±0.21<sup>a</sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 2.0 </td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 82.00±1.49<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 31,50±<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 50.50±3.10<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 10.25±0.95<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 11.60±0.21<sup>a</sup></td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN4">
									<p>Means with equal letters within the same column indicate that there are no significant differences (P &lt;0.05). The data presented are the average of 10 repetitions with three samples each bottle per treatment.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Regarding the percentage of germinated normal seedlings, significant differences were presented (P&lt;0.05), between AIB concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2 mgL<sup>-1</sup>), with respect to the control (without phytohormone); presenting for the control 71.25% of normal seedlings, and between 31.25 to 32.0% with the use of AIB, see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">table 1</xref>. It is important mentioning that significant differences were also (P^0.05), when evaluating the percentage of abnormal seedlings of <italic>Krameria erecta</italic> observed, with respect to the treatments, presenting 11.5% of abnormal seedlings in the control; while in the AIB treatments, there were from 49.75 to 51.0% of abnormal seedlings.</p>
					<p>When analyzing the percentage of non-germinated seeds, there were no significant differences between the treatments. It presented from 8.5 to 10.5% of seeds that did not germinate, see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">table 1</xref>. These results show that the use of auxins stimulated negative geotropism in germination, when presenting above 50% of abnormal seedlings.</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Golubov <italic>et at,</italic> (2007)</xref>, mentions that germination is to the growth of the embryo linked. The germination of normal seedlings was less than 32.00%, when presenting a well-defined radicle and the sprouting of its seminal leaves. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">AOSA (2005)</xref>, it indicates that seedlings that presented abnormal growth do not develop, as the/ present deficiencies in their root system (lack of radicle, negative phototropism, or other malformations).</p>
					<p>The germination percentage in <italic>Krameria erecta</italic> was similar to that obtained by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Golubov <italic>et at,</italic> (2007)</xref>, they obtained percentages of <italic>in vitro</italic> germination greater than 80% in <italic>B. recurvata</italic> seeds, which were stored (in dehydration with silica gel), for six years, at 6 ° C, with low relative humidity.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Seedling height</title>
					<p>The height of the <italic>Krameria erecta</italic> seedlings showed significant differences (P&lt;0.05) between the evaluated treatments, see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">table 1</xref>. The seedlings with the treatments of 1.5 to 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> of AIB presented 11.60 to 11.66 cm in height, without having between these significant differences; while 0, 0.5 and 1.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> of AIB, did not present significant differences, showing 10.07 to 10.52 cm. The seedlings presented their own characteristics and were morphologically similar to the plants present in their wild habitat.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Callus and root induction</title>
					<p>According to the explants used in this investigation, it was shown that there are significant differences (P ≤0.05) regarding callus height, from 0.58 to 0.67 mm high, see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref> and<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>; exceptfor the AIBzero-mgL<sup>-1</sup> treatment (control), there was no callus. Regarding the width of the callus, there were also significant differences (P≤0.05), according to the statistical analysis, indicating 0.76 to 0.96 mm in the 0.5,1.0,1.5 and 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> treatments of AIB.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title><bold>Callus and root induction in explants of <italic>Krameria erecta</italic> Willd.</bold></title>
							</caption>
							<table style="border=0 cellpadding=0;">
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Treatment AIB mgL<sup>1</sup></bold></td>
										<td colspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Callus height (mm)</bold></td>
										<td colspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Callus width (mm)</bold></td>
										<td colspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Number of root</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>Leaf</bold></td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>Axillary bud</bold></td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>Leaf</bold></td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>Axillary bud</bold></td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>Leaf</bold></td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>Axillary bud</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>d</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>d</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.5 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.58±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.45±0.00<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.76±0.01<sup>c</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.56±0.01<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.50±0.57<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.0 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.65±0.01<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.46±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.86±0.02<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.58±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.25±0.95<sup>b</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.5 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.67±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.47±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.96±0.03<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.59±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.50±0.57<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 2.0 </td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 0.67±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 0.47±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 0.93±0.03<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 0.59±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 2.00±0.81<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN5">
									<p>Means with equal letters within the same column indicate that there are no significant differences (P &lt;0.05).The data presented are the average of 10 repetitions with three samples each bottle per treatment.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f4">
							<label>Figure 2- A:</label>
							<caption>
								<title>callus induction in leaves, B: callus induction in axillary bud, C: root in leaf and D: callus and root in leaf</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2594-1992-abaagrof-2-205-gf4.png"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>In axillary bud, there were significant differences (P&lt;0.05) between treatments, except in 1.5 and 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> of AIB. It presents heights in buds from 0.93 to 0.96 mm regarding the width of the callus in the axillary bud, there were significant differences (P^0.05) between the treatments of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> of AIB, with respect to 0.5 and 0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> of AIB. The zero mgL<sup>-1</sup> treatment of AIB (control) did not present callus, see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">table 2</xref>. Despite the significant difference that exists between the treatments, it is worth mentioning that the application of auxin (AIB) is effective for the induction of callus in leaf and axillary bud of southern cosahui ( <italic>Krameriaerecta).</italic> It has an initial white color and turning to light green, with a firm consistency; therefore, it can point out that calluses are viable for the induction of being an embryogenic callus.</p>
					<p>The percentage in relation to the presence of callus in the explants, in the leaves presented up to 80%, while in the control it presented 0%. Callus growth occurred 30 days after incubation and its proliferation after four weeks of incubation. The percentage of calluses in axillary buds was up to 60%, except for the control that did not present. Callus induction in axillary buds occurred after 6 weeks of incubation.</p>
					<p>The results indicate that the best callus induction response in leaves or axillary buds was when applying the concentration of 1.0 to 2.0 presented. It is important to note that the ideal explant for callus production was the leaves, according to the applied statistical analysis.</p>
					<p>For cell growth, auxins must induce this induction according to the genes that encode protein factors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cordova <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>); in this way, the cells expand by the pressure of the water inside the vacuole, to continue growing until there is resistance from the cell wall (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Azcon-Bieto y Talon 2008</xref>).</p>
					<p>According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Smith y Atkins (2002)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Arellano <italic>et al.,</italic> (2008)</xref>, callus induction occurs as cells grow and store nutrients, and with the presence of auxins and cytosines they cause cyclin accumulation and stimulation at the transcriptional level, triggering the activation of kinases; and also promote the new cell cycle and callus formation. Callus induction is independent of the type of explant and phytohormone used (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Howell <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Shiram<italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Rodriguez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
					<p>In this study, callogenesis production was with the use of auxins in axillary buds and leaves of <italic>Krameria erect a,</italic> achieved; therefore, there is a stimulation in mitosis, promoting the formation of callus tissue (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Smith 2012</xref>).</p>
					<p>Regarding the number of roots present in the leaves, significant differences were observed between the treatments, showing roots with the connotations of 0.5, 1.0,1.5 and 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> of AIB, except in the treatment of zero mgL<sup>1-1</sup> of AIB (control), who had no root induction. While in axillary bud there were no significant differences between the treatments (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> of AIB), since no roots were present, see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">table 2</xref>. The percentage of root present in the leaf was 30%, showing in leases with presence of callus.</p>
					<p>Until nowadays there are no works referring to this shrub or other shrubs, therefore, the discussion of the information is complicated by the scarce information that was collected; However, there are other studies of other species and different genera, such as <italic>Oryza sativa</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Perez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>) and <italic>Eucaiyptus giobuius</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Gomez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>), etc. With the in vitro culture method, it is possible to obtain plants of uniform quality, according to a selected genotype (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Levitus <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>). Phytohormones are not specialized to induce mutations, since in high concentrations it accelerates the processes of cell division, and possibly generates genetic variations (George 2008).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Contamination</title>
					<p>The explants, due to their origin (wild area), bring some phytopathogens, which can cause problems at the time of planting and develop for their proliferation. The contamination occurred in all the concentrations and explants used. Environmental bacteria and fungi (biotic and abiotic) appeared, indicating this contamination from the third day of incubation. When analyzing the percentage of contamination present in the seeds of<italic>Krameria erecta</italic>, according to the concentration and soaking time that was handled in this investigation, there were no significant differences between the treatments evaluated, since a contamination rate of 7.25 to 8.75 % was presented.</p>
					<p>It is important to note that the seedlings developed in vitro were free of contamination for more than 3 months; therefore, the disinfection method for <italic>Krameria erecta</italic> seeds was adequate. There were also no significant differences regarding the contamination present in the axillary bud and leaf explants, showing from 11.25 to 12.50% contamination, see<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">table 3</xref>. We can point out that the disinfection treatment of the explants was effective, when using ethanol at 70% for 3 minutes, and then for 12 minutes in 15% commercial sodium hypochlorite. The death of microorganisms is due to the combination of sodium hypochlorite with the proteins of cell membranes and enzymes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Flores <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<label>Table 3.-</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Contamination and oxidation in explants of <italic>Krameria</italic> erecta Willd.</title>
							</caption>
							<table style="border=0 cellpadding=0;">
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; vertcal-align: middle;"><bold>Treatment AIB mgL<sup>-1</sup></bold></td>
										<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Contamination (%)</bold></td>
										<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Oxidation (%)</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>Seeds</bold></td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>Leaf</bold></td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>Apical bud</bold></td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>Seeds</bold></td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>Leaf</bold></td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>Apical bud</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 8.75±1.08<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 11.25±2.50<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 11,25±2.50<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 28.7±2.5<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 26.2±7.50<sup>a</sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.5 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 8.75±1,08<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 12.50±2.88<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 12.50±2.88<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 28.7±4.7<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 30.0±7.07<sup>a</sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.0 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 7.25±1,08<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 11,25±2.50<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 11.25±2.50<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 28.7±2.5<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 26.2±7.50<sup>a</sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.5 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 8.00±1.08<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 11.25±2.50<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 12.50±2.88<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 30.0±4.0<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 26.2±7.50<sup>a</sup></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 2.0 </td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 7.75±1.08<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 11.25±2.50<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 12.50±2.88<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 28.7±2.5<sup>a</sup></td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 26.2±7.50<sup>a</sup></td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN6">
									<p>Means with equal letters within the same column indicate that there are no significant differences (P &lt;0.05). The data presented are the average of 10 repetitions with three samples each bottle per treatment.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>The physiological stage of the plant tissue has a great influence on the disinfection process. Growing plant material is easier than mature plant material disinfected; its wax and lignin deposits are greater and are a barrier to the action of the disinfecting agent on endogenous microorganisms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lopez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Pedroza <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>). Among the most common contaminants <italic>in vitro</italic> are bacteria, these are difficult to detect and cause serious problems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Orlikowska <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Many microorganisms need time to adapt to new conditions, prior to manifesting their presence, this generally occurs in the multiplication phase (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hernandez y Gonzalez, 2010</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Oxidation</title>
					<p>Regarding the oxidation rate (darkening), in the explants in general, there were no significant differences when analyzing this variable in the different explants (axillary bud and leaf); showing in leaves 28.7 to 30.0% oxidation, while in the axillary bud there was a 26.2 to 30.0%. Regarding the seeds, they did not present oxidation, see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">table 3</xref>. According to the low percentage of oxidation present, it can be attributed to the mixture of antioxidants used (ascorbic acid + citric acid). In this work, were favorable results obtained.</p>
					<p>According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Vatanpour-Azghandi <italic>et al.,</italic> (2002)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Tang y Newton, (2004)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gratao <italic>et al.,</italic> (2005)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pompeu <italic>et al.,</italic> (2008)</xref>, when the enzyme is in contact with the cell, damage, stress or senescence occurs, resulting in the death of the explant cells. There are some factors or substances that can trigger oxidative and nitrosative stress, such as: light intensity, cuts, herbicides, senescence, pathogens, heavy metals, injuries or abrasive substances (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mittler <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pompeu <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>). The explants of woody species present this oxidation reaction <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Azofeifa (2009)</xref>.</p>
					<p>In <italic>in vitro</italic> tissue culture, oxidation is mainly caused by the disinfecting agent during explant asepsis, cuts, composition of the culture medium, volume and quality of the culture bottle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Tabiyeh <italic>etal.,</italic> 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Van Staden <italic>etal.,</italic> 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abdelwahd <italic>etal.,</italic> 2008</xref>). Explant darkening or oxidative stress has been linked to other physiological, morphological, epigenetic, and genetic disorders that cultured explants present, such as recalcitrance, hyperhydricity, somaclonal variation, and habituation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cassells y Curry 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Van Staden <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>). Therefore, we can point out that the oxidation in the <italic>K. erecta</italic> explants used in this study could be due to various factors, such as those mentioned above; as well as the time of exposure to the temperature present in the flow chamber.</p>
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			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>From 79 to 83% <italic>in vitro</italic> germination in <italic>Krameria erecta</italic> seeds occurred. The concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 1.5 mgL<sup>-1</sup> of AIB that were used in the seedlings showed negative phototropism, except in the zero concentration. The in vitro seedlings presented heights of 10.07 to 11.65 cm. When using the concentration of 1.5 mgL<sup>-1</sup> of AIB they presented calluses and leaf root. The aseptic conditions handled were ideal, since there was no contamination above 15% in the different explants used. Oxidation occurred from 26.2 to 30%, only in axillary buds and leaves.</p>
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				<title>ACKNOWLEDGEMENT</title>
				<p>To the Drs. Claudia Vanessa Baldenegro Garcia and Ana Dolores Armenta Calderon, for their attentions and support provided in carrying out this research, as well as Dr. Gloria Irma Ayala Astorga for their support and advice.</p>
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