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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abaagrof</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico agroforestal</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico agrofor.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2594-1992</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37114/abaagrof/2020.4</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00104</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Germinación <italic>in vitro</italic> e inducción de callo y raíz en <italic>Bursera laxiflora</italic> S. Watson</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2988-8245</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mc-Caughey-Espinoza</surname>
						<given-names>Diana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8135-8535</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ayala-Astorga</surname>
						<given-names>Gloria</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7904-2742</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Garcia-Baldenegro</surname>
						<given-names>Claudia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Buitimea-Cantúa</surname>
						<given-names>Nydia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9886-985X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Buitimea-Cantúa</surname>
						<given-names>Génesis</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9001-9861</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ochoa-Meza</surname>
						<given-names>Andres</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de la Universidad de Sonora. México. diana.mccaughey@unison.mx</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Sonora</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Sonora</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
				<email>diana.mccaughey@unison.mx</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Estatal de Sonora UES. Av. Ley Federal del Trabajo CP. 83100, Hermosillo Sonora. México. gloria.ayala@unison.mx</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Estatal de Sonora</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>83100</postal-code>
					<city>Hermosillo</city>
					<state>Sonora</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
				<email>gloria.ayala@unison.mx</email>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Campus Monterrey. Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., C.P. 64849, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Tecnologico de Monterrey</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Biotecnología</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Monterrey</city>
					<state>N.L.</state>
					<postal-code>64849</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Agricultura y Ganadería de la Universidad de Sonora. México. vanessagarciab81@gmail.com, nebc@tec.mx, genesis. vidal@tec.mx y andres.ochoa@unison.mx</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Sonora</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Agricultura y Ganadería</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Sonora</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
				<email>vanessagarciab81@gmail.com</email>
				<email>nebc@tec.mx, genesis</email>
				<email>vidal@tec.mx</email>
				<email>andres.ochoa@unison.mx</email>
			</aff>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>31</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<elocation-id>204</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>06</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="pub">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>El Torote prieto <italic>(Bursera laxiflora</italic> S. Watson) es una especie endémica, forestal y medicinal de las zonas áridas y semiáridas del estado de Sonora. En el presente estudio se evaluó la germinación e inducción de callo y raíz de torote prieto a partir de plántulas cultivadas <italic>in vitro.</italic> Se utilizó como medio de crecimiento WPM al 50% de sales minerales, vitaminas y ácido indolbutírico (AIB) a diferentes concentraciones (0, 0.5, 1.0,1.5 y 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup>). Al utilizar 1.5 y 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> de AIB se presentó un 70% de germinación. La contaminación fue de 5.0 a 27.5% y la altura de las plántulas fue de 6.67 a 10.1 cm. Los callos presentaron alturas de 2.4 a 3.64 mm en hoja, 2.45 a 3.55 mm en tallo y en yema apical de 2.49 a 3.42 mm. El ancho de los callos en hoja fue de 2.20 a 2.78 mm, yema apical 2.13 a 2.22 mm y tallo 2.11 a 2.28 mm. La inducción de raíz se presentó en las concentraciones de 0.5 a 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> de AIB en los explantes de tallo y hoja excepto en yema apical. La aplicación de AIB estimula la inducción de callo y raíz en torote prieto.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Bursera laxiflora</kwd>
				<kwd>micropropagación</kwd>
				<kwd>explantes</kwd>
				<kwd>callos y raíz</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="40"/>
				</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La crio-conservación y regeneración de plantas <italic>in vitro</italic> es utilizada para conservar y micropropagar material vegetal específico, con el fin de llevar a cabo la conservación ex situ y permitir el desarrollo de la silvicultura clonal o de micropropagación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Martínez <italic>et al.,</italic>2003</xref>). Estas técnicas ofrecen una serie de ventajas como la posibilidad de producir un elevado número de plantas homogéneas y de una muy alta calidad fitosanitaria, en un menor plazo de tiempo y en espacios reducidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Sharry <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>El cultivo <italic>in vitro</italic> constituye una vía de propagación con resultados satisfactorios en los coeficientes de multiplicación y por las posibilidades de éxito de las plantaciones forestales. Los principales avances del cultivo de tejido <italic>in vitro</italic> han permitido la multiplicación de especies de interés, mediante organogénesis y embriogénesis somática (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Daquinta <italic>etal.,</italic> 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Barbón <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>).</p>
			<p>Las plantas maderables y no maderables representan un recurso genético forestal de importancia socioeconómica, agroforestal y científica (medicinal). Los recursos genéticos forestales son esenciales para mantener los diferentes ecosistemas presentes; sin embargo, están sujetos a las presiones paulatinas de los cambios climáticos y a una utilización insostenible (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Yanchuk, 2002</xref>).</p>
			<p>El género <italic>Bursera</italic> Jacquin ex L. (Burseraceae) se encuentra diversificado en distintas regiones de México y tiene registrado 82 taxas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rzedowski <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>). El torote prieto presenta propiedades medicinales, aunadas a los beneficios que esta especie aporta a los ecosistemas naturales, las cuales son explotados continuamente implicando la baja población y la regeneración de esta especie en su habitad natural; sin embargo, existen pocos trabajos relacionados a la propagación <italic>in vitro</italic> de especies forestales en el noroeste de México, lo que constituye una problemática para la conservación del recurso genético forestal.</p>
			<p>Por lo anterior, es factible crear mecanismos viables para compensar los problemas de propagación de especies de interés forestal, utilizando la biotecnología en tejidos vegetales que permitan clonar especies sin cambiar el entorno natural del habitad de las especies; obteniendo plantas libres de patógenos y en menor tiempo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Rebolledo-Camacho <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Delgado <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>).</p>
			<p>En los últimos años el uso de la biotecnología para la propagación in vitro de especies forestales se ha incrementado paulatinamente; no obstante, no existen trabajos relacionados con a la obtención de plantas <italic>in vitro</italic> de torote prieto a partir de plántulas de estériles.</p>
			<p>El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la germinación e inducción de callo y raíz de torote prieto a partir de plántulas cultivadas <italic>in vitro,</italic> utilizado como medio de crecimiento <italic>Woody Plant Medium</italic> (WPM/50) a la mitad de la concentración de sales minerales, vitaminas y ácido indolbutírico a diferentes concentraciones.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>La presente investigación se llevó a cabo en el laboratorio de cultivos de tejido del Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de la Universidad de Sonora (DICTUS).</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Sitio de colecta</title>
				<p>El material vegetal fue recolectado en el Rancho Bella Vista, que se encuentra localizado a los 29°10'02.83” de Latitud Norte y los 110°58'47.48&quot; de Longitud Oeste, a 277 msnm; con una precipitación media anual de 330 mm y temperatura promedio de 24° C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">SAGARPA, 2010</xref>). Se colectaron semillas maduras de plantas vigorosas de torote prieto<italic>(Bursera Laxiflora),</italic> en el mes de septiembre de 2019.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Preparación del medio de cultivo</title>
				<p>Se utilizó <italic>Woody Plant Medium</italic> (WPM/50) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Trigiano y Gray, 2011</xref>) como medio de cultivo. Este medio se utilizó a la mitad de su concentración de sales, constituido de sacarosa, agar y vitaminas, tales como tiamina y myo-inositol. La fitohormona que se utilizó fue el ácido indolbutírico a diferentes concentraciones, (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 y 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup>), el pH se ajustó a 5.7 con NaOH, a una concentración 0.1 N. La cámara de flujo laminar fue esterilizada con alcohol etílico al 99%. Se utilizó 25 mi de medio WPM por frasco de vidrio, tipo gérber. Por último se procedió a la esterilización en la autoclave modelo Sterilmatic, a 120°C de temperatura y con una presión de 15/cm<sup>2</sup> durante 15 minutos.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Germinación de semillas</title>
				<p>Las semillas se desinfectaron con alcohol etílico (70%) durante 3 minutos, e hipoclorito de sodio (NaCIO) (CLOROX® 15% de cloro activo) durante 12 minutos, y añadiendo una gota de Tween 20. Aplicándose 3 enjuagues con agua desionizada, y posteriormente colocándolas en una mezcla de ácido cítrico y ascórbico durante 5 minutos, para posteriormente sembrarlas en el medio de cultivo WPM (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Trigiano y Gray, 2011</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Obtención de explantes</title>
				<p>Posteriormente a la germinación, se obtuvieron plántulas que presentaron todas las características morfológicas de planta silvestre. Estas plantas fueron subcultivadas utilizando explantes (yema apical, tallo y hojas), utilizando el 50% del medio WPM, adicionado con AIB. Para la siembra de los explantes obtenidos de las plántulas, se pasaron a la cámara de flujo laminar (Marca Edge Gard Hood); se utilizaron cajas Petri, bisturí y pinzas previamente esterilizados. Los cortes y obtención de segmento de hojas, yemas apicales y tallo (explantes) no requirieron ser desinfectados, siendo ya un material aséptico.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Condición del cultivo</title>
				<p>El cultivo se conservó en el cuarto de crecimiento en condiciones controladas, a una temperatura de 25°C, con foto periodo de 16 horas de luz; presentando una intensidad luminosa de 30 pmol.m<sup>2</sup>s<sup>-1</sup> y 8 horas de oscuridad, con una temperatura de 25 ± 2°C.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Variables a evaluar</title>
				<p>La evaluación fue por observación de manera directa, iniciando el tercer día después de la siembra de los explantes, para posteriormente realizar las evaluaciones cada séptimo día. La evaluación fue hasta los 30 días después de la siembra. Las variables que se evaluaron fueron: porciento de germinación (%), altura de plántulas (cm), porciento de contaminación (%), altura del callo (%), ancho del callo (cm) y número de raíces. De acuerdo al <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">ISTA (2019)</xref>, se llevó a cabo el porcentaje de germinación. Para las mediciones de callos presentes en los explantes se utilizó un vernier marca Mitutoyo Absolute Modelo CD-6CSX N° de Serie 06401649 de 6”.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>En este trabajo de investigación se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, y un arreglo factorial de 5x3 con 10 repeticiones. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA), con un nivel de significancia de P&lt;0.05, y una comparación de medias por Tukey. Para el análisis de datos se empleó el programa el paquete estadístico JMP versión 9.0.1 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Statistical Analysis System, SAS Institute Inc., 2011</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La germinación <italic>in vitro</italic> de las semillas de torote prieto (<italic>Bursera laxiflora</italic>), inició al noveno día y concluyó su evaluación a los 21 días después de su siembra. No se presentaron diferencias significativas P(≥0.05) al utilizar las concentraciones de 2, 1.5, 1.0 y 0.5 mgL<sup>-1</sup> de AIB, mostrando un 45 a 70% de germinación; excepto el control (sin tratamiento), con un 30% de germinación en el medio de cultivo utilizado (WPM/50) a diferentes concentraciones de AIB (0, 0.5, 1.0,1.5 y 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup>). No se presentaron diferencias significativas P(≥0.05) en el porcentaje de semillas no germinadas, mostrando un 22.5 a 42.5%.</p>
			<p>Es importante señalar que en este estudio no se presentaron plántulas anormales, por lo tanto no existen diferencias significativas, ver <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref> y <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Kameswara <italic>et al.,</italic> (2007)</xref>. Hace énfasis que la germinación determina el crecimiento del embrión, la protrusión de la radícula y testa.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Germinación in vitro de Bursera laxiflora S. Watson</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2594-1992-abaagrof-2-204-gf1.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Germinación, contaminación y altura de plántulas <italic>in vitro</italic> de semillas de torote prieto <italic>(Bursera laxiflora</italic> S. Watson)</title>
					</caption>
					<table style="border=0 cellpadding=0">
						<tbody>
						<tr>
							<td style="text-align: center; border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"><bold>Tratamiento AIB mgL<sup>-1</sup></bold></td>
							<td style="text-align: center; border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"><bold>Semillas germinadas (%)</bold></td>
							<td style="text-align: center; border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"><bold>Semillas no Germinadas (%)</bold></td>
							<td style="text-align: center; border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"><bold>Contaminación</bold><bold>(%)</bold></td>
							<td style="text-align: center; border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"><bold>Altura de plántulas (cm)</bold></td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0 </td>
							<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 30.0±24.49<sup>b</sup></td>
							<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 42.5±17.07<sup>a</sup></td>
							<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 27.5±22.17<sup>a</sup></td>
							<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 6.67±4.45<sup>a</sup></td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.5 </td>
							<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 45.0±12.90<sup>a</sup></td>
							<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 32.5±22.17<sup>a</sup></td>
							<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 22.5±12.58<sup>a</sup></td>
							<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 9.05±0.61<sup>a</sup></td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.0 </td>
							<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 67.5±9.57<sup>a</sup></td>
							<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 22.5±9.57<sup>a</sup></td>
							<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 10.0±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
							<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 10.01 ±0.14<sup>a</sup></td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.5 </td>
							<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 70.0±8.16<sup>a</sup></td>
							<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 22.5±5.00<sup>a</sup></td>
							<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 7.5±5.00<sup>a</sup></td>
							<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 10.01±0.25<sup>a</sup></td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td style="text-align: center; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"> 2.0 </td>
							<td style="text-align: center; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"> 70.0±8.16<sup>a</sup></td>
							<td style="text-align: center; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"> 25.0±5.77<sup>a</sup></td>
							<td style="text-align: center; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"> 5.0±5.77<sup>a</sup></td>
							<td style="text-align: center; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"> 10.21±0.24<sup>a</sup></td>
						</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Medias con letras iguales dentro de la misma columna indican que no hay diferencias significativas (P&lt;0.05). Los datos presentados son la media de 10 repeticiones con 3 muestras cada frasco por tratamiento.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En lo que respecta a este estudio, las plántulas se consideraron con crecimiento normal al presentar raíz y brotes y órganos importantes para su desarrollo. Al presentar dichos órganos las plántulas muestran deficiencias que repercutirá en la calidad de las plánulas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">AOSA, 2005</xref>).</p>
			<p>Es muy favorable el porcentaje de germinación obtenido en este estudio para las semillas de torote prieto, debido a que esta especie de árbol es muy importante para el estado de SonoraM; sin embargo, los resultados del porcentaje de germinación obtenidos en este estudio no coinciden con los obtenidos por (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pinta <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>), quienes utilizaron el medio de cultivo MS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Murashige y Skoog (1962)</xref>; estos investigadores reportaron 11.11% de germinación de <italic>Bursera graveoiens</italic> (KUNTH). con el tratamiento de escarificación mecánica y 0.5 mg/L de ácido giberelico (AG<sup>3</sup>).</p>
			<p>Resultados similares han sido reportados por (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bonfil-Sanders <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>), quienes obtuvieron del 30 al 60% de germinación <italic>in situ</italic> en semillas de <italic>Bursera bicolor, Bursera copallifera y Bursera glabrifolia,</italic> almacenadas durante seis meses en refrigeración a 5°C. Por lo tanto, los resultados muestran que la propagación de algunas especies de<italic>Bruceras</italic> incluyendo a <italic>Burcera iaxiflora,</italic> presentan dificultades para su germinación, al no alcanzar valores del 80% de germinación.</p>
			<p>Recientemente, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mero <italic>et al.,</italic> (2017)</xref>, evaluaron el efecto de reguladores de crecimiento auxínico a diferentes concentraciones, para la regeneración de tejido vegetal en estaquillas de <italic>Bursera graveoiens,</italic> obteniendo formación de brotes y callo, excepto en raíz, al utilizar 800 ppm de AlB a los 60 días después de la siembra. Desafortunadamente existen poca información en la literatura con respecto a la germinación de <italic>Burseras</italic>; los reportes muestran resultados con bajo porcentaje de germinación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Andrés-Hernández y Espinosa-Organista, 2002</xref>). Similarmente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Ray y Brown, 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Ortiz-Pulido y Rico-Gray, 2006</xref>), reportaron porcentajes de germinación en condiciones naturales, más bajos que los obtenidos a nivel laboratorio.</p>
			<p>Por lo anteriormente descrito sobre la dificultad que presenta esta leñosa para su propagación en forma natural y/o artificial, las técnicas de cultivo de tejidos <italic>in vitro</italic>permiten nuevas técnicas para la propagación de cultivos de crecimiento lento y la criopreservación de tejidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Engelmann, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dixit <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Wang <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>). El bajo porcentaje de germinación de las semillas de esta especie se debe a que no están en condiciones de germinar rápidamente, después de ser colectadas; las semillas necesitan un periodo de reposo, de carácter transitorio, de seis meses aproximadamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Morillo<italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>).</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Altura de las plántulas</title>
				<p>No se presentaron diferencias significativas (P≥0.05) en la variable de altura de las plántulas, con respecto a las concentraciones que se manejaron en este trabajo, mostrando alturas de 6.67 a 10.21 cm respectivamente. Las plántulas de torote prieto<italic>(Bursera laxiflora),</italic> mostraron buen crecimiento y desarrollo adecuado. No se encontraron investigaciones publicadas que evalúen la micropropagación <italic>in vitro</italic> de <italic>Burseras,</italic> ver<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Obtención de explantes, tallos con callo y brotes</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2594-1992-abaagrof-2-204-gf2.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Contaminación</title>
				<p>La contaminación de las semillas fue del 5 al 27.5%, ocasionada principalmente por hongos ambientales y bacterias. No presentaron diferencias significativas P(≥0.05) en esta variable al utilizar las diferentes concentraciones de WPM/50, ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>. La contaminación de las semillas de esta investigación son inferiores a los obtenidos por<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pinta <italic>et al.,</italic> (2017)</xref>, quienes reportaron hasta un 93% de contaminación <italic>in vitro</italic> en los explantes de <italic>Bursera graveolens</italic> (Kunth).</p>
				<p>Los cultivos <italic>In vitro</italic> en general presentan dos características fundamentales: la asepsia (ausencia de microorganismos contaminantes de hongos y bacterias), y control de factores que perturben el crecimiento, como las condiciones ambientales de cultivo. Por lo tanto se requiere de una correcta detección de estas fuentes e identificar el tipo de microorganismo; estos son aspectos importantes para el éxito de los cultivos y prevenir la contaminación primaria en los cultivos <italic>in vitro</italic> provienen de la planta donadora (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">George<italic>etal.,</italic> 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Levitus <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Sharry <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>Para minimizar el problema de la contaminación, se han aplicado desinfectantes y/o mezclas de fungicidas y bactericidas en explantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Das et al<italic>,</italic> 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Jayakrishna et al<italic>,</italic>2011</xref>). Slmllarmente, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Pérez-Alonso et al<italic>,</italic> (2015)</xref>, mencionan la importancia de la colecta del material vegetal de acuerdo la época del año, influencia de las temperaturas, precipitaciones y los altos índices de contaminación; lo cual sería vital para la disminución de la contaminación.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>Callo y raíz en <italic>Bursera laxiflora</italic>
</bold></title>
				<p>El porcentaje de callo presente en los explantes de acuerdo a los tratamientos utilizados con AIB, mostró diferencias significativas con respecto al tratamiento cero (control), sin mgL<sup>-1</sup> de AIB. El promedio más alto de formación de callo se presentó al utilizar el tratamiento 1.5 mgL<sup>-1</sup> de AIB, en los tres explantes (hoja, yema apical y tallo), al obtener un 80% de callos, seguida de esta se encuentra el tratamiento 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> de AIB, con 78% de callo, 1.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> de AIB, con 77%; y por último la 0.5 mgL<sup>-1</sup> de AIB, con 7.2%. El uso de AIB estimula de manera positiva el crecimiento de callo a los 30 días.</p>
				<p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref>, se muestra la inducción del callo presente en hojas, yema apical y tallo a diferentes concentraciones de ácido ¡ndolbutírico (AIB). Se presentaron diferencias significativas P(≤0.05) con respecto a la altura y ancho del callo. A la concentración de 2.0 mgL-<sup>1</sup> de AIB se presentaron mayores valores de altura en hoja de 3.64 mm y tallo 3.55 mm.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabla 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Inducción de callo en explantes de torote prieto <italic>(Bursera laxiflora</italic> S. Watson)</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border=0 cellpadding=0;">
							<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; vertical-align: middle;"><bold>Tratamiento AIB mgL<sup>-1</sup></bold></td>
								<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Altura del callo (mm)</bold></td>
								<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Ancho del callo (mm)</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"><bold>Hoja</bold></td>
								<td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"><bold>Tallo</bold></td>
								<td style="text-align: center; bottom; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"><bold>Yema apical</bold></td>
								<td style="text-align: center; bottom; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"><bold>Hoja</bold></td>
								<td style="text-align: center; bottom; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"><bold>Tallo</bold></td>
								<td style="text-align: center; bottom; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"><bold>Yema apical</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0 </td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>d</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>d</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>d</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.5 </td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.40±0.08<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.45±0.16<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.49±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.20±0.08<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.11±0.60<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.13±0.03<sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.0 </td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.69±0.14<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.62±0.12<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.73±0.26<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.36±0.08b<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.13±0.04<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.13±0.04<sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.5 </td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 3.09±0.23<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 3.06±0.17<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 3.42±0.49<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.53±0.08<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.27±0.03<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.21±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 2.0 </td>
								<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 3.64±0.31<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 3.55±0.21<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 2.72±0.19<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 2.78±0.24<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 2.28±0.02<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 2.22±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>Medias con letras iguales dentro de la misma columna indican que no hay diferencias significativas (P&lt;0.05). Los datos presentados son la media de 10 repeticiones con 3 muestras cada frasco por tratamiento.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Sin embargo, no se presentaron diferencias significativas (P≥0.05) en los valores de yema apical a las concentraciones de 1.5 y 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> de AIB con 3.42 y 2.72 mm, respectivamente. Un comportamiento similar a la altura del callo se observó en el ancho del callo en los explantes. A la concentración de 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> de AIB se presentaron mayores anchos de hoja (2.78 mm) y tallo (2.68 mm). En la yema apical no se presentaron diferencias significativas en las concentraciones de 0.5 y 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> de AIB con 2.21 mm y 2.22 mm, respectivamente.</p>
				<p>Es importante señalar que a bajas concentraciones de AIB (0.5 y 1.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup>), en yema apical, se indujeron callos con menores alturas y ancho. En tallo también se presentaron diferencias significativas (P≥0.05), con respecto a las concentraciones evaluadas; siendo la mejor la dosis de 2.0 1.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> en ambas mediciones (alto y ancho de callo), ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figura 3</xref>. Con respecto al control (sin AIB), no se presentó altura y ancho de callo; esto nos indica que los explantes de <italic>Bursera laxiflora</italic> (hoja, yema apical y tallo) requieren de una fitohormona que estimule la inducción de callogénesis. Los callos obtenidos independientemente de la concentración y explante en este estudio, presentaron una consistencia firme y de color blanco crema, tornándose a un verde claro.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f3">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Callo y raíz en tallo</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2594-1992-abaagrof-2-204-gf3.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>De acuerdo a la presencia del número de raíz en los explantes (hoja, yema apical y tallo) de <italic>Bursera laxiflora,</italic> se presentaron diferencias significativas (P≤0.05) en el tallo, a una concentración de 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> de AIB (2.7 cm). A la concentración de 0.5 mgL<sup>-1</sup> de AIB, se presentaron los menores valores de tallo y hoja (1.00 y 0.25 cm), respectivamente. En lo que respecta a la yema apical no se presentaron raíces en concentraciones más bajas (0.5 y 1.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> de AIB). En los explantes sin AIB (control), no se presentó crecimiento de raíz en los diferentes explantes de tallo, hoja y yema apical, ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 3</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figura 3</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Tabla 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Inducción de raíz en explantes de torote prieto (<italic>Bursera laxiflora</italic> S. Watson)</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border=0 cellpadding=0;">
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; vertical-align: middle;"><bold>Tratamiento mgL<sup>-1</sup> AIB</bold></td>
								<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Tipo de explante (cm)</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Hoja</bold></td>
								<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Tallo</bold></td>
								<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Yema apical</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0 </td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.5 </td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.00±0.81b<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.25±0.50<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.0 </td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.75±0.50<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.50±0.57<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.5 </td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.25±0.57<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.50±0.57<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.25±0.50<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 2.0 </td>
								<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 2.7±0.50<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 0.50±0.57<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 0.25±0.50<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>Medias con letras iguales dentro de la misma columna indican que no hay diferencias significativas (P&lt;0.05). Los datos presentados son la media de 10 repeticiones con 3 muestras cada frasco por tratamiento.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Los explantes evaluados en este experimento no presentaron embriogénesis directa; sin embargo, produjeron tejido calloso sin el tejido embriogénico, desarrollando paulatinamente más cantidad de masa proembriogénica con el transcurso del tiempo de incubación. Estos resultados son similares a los obtenidos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Kryvenki <italic>et al.,</italic> (2008)</xref>, quienes obtuvieron callo en todos los tratamientos, utilizando como medio de cultivo Murashige y Skoog (MS) semis olido en <italic>Stevia rebaudiana</italic> Bert, excepto en el control (sin medio de cultivo).</p>
				<p>En relación al porcentaje de callos presentes en los explantes utilizados en este trabajo (yema apical, tallo y hoja), fueron mayores a los obtenidos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Rodríguez <italic>et al.,</italic> (2014)</xref>, ellos utilizaron como medio de cultivo Murashige y Skoog (MS), suplementado con 0.5 mg L<sup>-1</sup> de ácido naftalenacético (ANA), en explantes de hipocotilo (62, 62, 74 y 64 %).</p>
				<p>De acuerdo a <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Smith (2012)</xref>, el tipo de callo presente es un indicador importante sobre la ruta morfogénica a seguir, independiente del color del callo; estos indican que los callos organogénicos proceden de callos nodulares color verde o de apariencia oxidada, como los fenólicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bandyopadhyay <italic>et al,</italic> 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ainsley <italic>et al</italic>, 2000</xref>). El cambio de aspecto de los callos conforme se cultivan en el tiempo ha sido reportado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Larson <italic>et al,</italic> (2006)</xref>. Al respecto Shiram <italic>et al.,</italic> (2008) señalan que altas concentraciones de auxina o citoquininas estimulan la producción de callo y que su aspecto está relacionado al tipo de hormona utilizada durante su inducción.</p>
				<p>Varias investigaciones han reportado que las auxinas/citoquinina favorecen la inducción de callos en <italic>Pinas strobas</italic> L., así como en híbridos de <italic>Eucalyptus granáis</italic> y <italic>Eucalyptus urophyiia</italic> o únicamente auxin as originando callos caulogénicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Tang y Newton, 2005</xref>;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Hajari <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>). En otros casos, como en <italic>Eucaiiptus nitens,</italic> E <italic>globulus y E. camafduiensis,</italic> la inducción por auxin as ha generado callos embriogénicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bandyopadhyay <italic>et al.,</italic> 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Gopalakrishnan <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>La germinación <italic>in vitro</italic> de la semilla de torote prieto <italic>(Bursera iaxifiora S.</italic> Watson), se puede promover con la aplicación de ácido indolburtirico (AIB), en concentraciones desdel.5 o 2.0 mgL-<sup>1</sup>; utilizando medio de cultivo WPM/50. Las plantas germinadas <italic>in vitro</italic> produjeron brotes y raíces, presentando características morfológicas de planta silvestre. El uso del ácido indolburtirico a las concentraciones de 1.0, 1.5 y 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup>promueven la formación de callogénesis, fiable con color blanco, tornándose a verde claro y organogénesis en explantes de torote prieto ( <italic>laxiflora</italic>S. Watson). Estos resultados indican que es posible estimular el desarrollo de callos y raíces para la conservación del torote prieto ( <italic>Bursera laxiflora</italic> S. Watson), por ser una especie endémica del estado de Sonora.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMIENTO</title>
			<p>A Yeimi C. Me Caughey Espinoza, por su gran apoyo en la recolección de las semillas, para la realización de este trabajo de investigación.</p>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title><italic>In vitro</italic> germination and induction of callus and root in <italic>Bursera laxiflora</italic> S.</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>Torote prieto <italic>(Bursera laxiflora</italic> S. Watson) is an endemic, forest and medicinal species of the arid and semi-arid areas of Sonora State. In the present study the germination and induction of callus and root of tight torote was evaluated from <italic>in vitro</italic> cultivated seedlings used as a medium of WPM growth in half of mineral salts, vitamins and indolbutyric acid (AIB) at different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup>). When using 1.5 and 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> of AIB, 70% germination occurred. The contamination was 5.0 to 27.5% and the height of the seedlings was 6.67 to 10.1 cm. The calluses presented heights of 2.4 to 3.64 mm in leaf, 2.45 to 3.55 mm in stem and in apical bud of 2.49 to 3.42 mm. The width of the calluses in leaf was of 2.20 to 2.78 mm, apical bud was 2.13 to 2.22 mm and stem 2.11-to 2.28 mm. Root induction occurred in concentrations of 0.5 to 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> of AIB in stem and leaf explants except in apical bud. The application of AIB stimulates the induction of callus and root in Torote prieto.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Bursera laxiflora</kwd>
				<kwd>micropropagation</kwd>
				<kwd>explants</kwd>
				<kwd>calluses and root</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p><italic>In vitro</italic> cryopreservation and regeneration of plants is used to conserve and micropropagate specific plant material, in order to carry out <italic>ex situ</italic> conservation and allow the development of clonal or micropropagation forestry <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Martínez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>). These techniques offer a series of advantages such as the possibility of producing a high number of homogeneous plants and of a very high phytosanitary quality, in a shorter period and in reduced spaces (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Sharry <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p><italic>In vitro</italic> culture constitutes a propagation route with satisfactory results in the multiplication coefficients and due to the possibilities of forest plantation success. The main advances in <italic>in vitro</italic> tissue culture have allowed the multiplication of interest species, through organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Daquinta 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Barbón <italic>etai.,</italic> 2011</xref>). Timber and non-timber plants represent a forest genetic resource of socio-economic, agroforestry and scientific (medicinal) importance. Forest genetic resources are essential to maintain the different ecosystems present; however, they are subject to the gradual pressures of climate change and unsustainable use (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Yanchuk, 2002</xref>).</p>
				<p>The genus <italic>Bursera Jacquin</italic> ex L. (Burseraceae) is in different regions of Mexico diversified and has 82 taxa registered (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rzedowski <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>). The torote prieto has medicinal properties, coupled with the benefits that this species brings to natural ecosystems, which are exploited continuously, implying the low population and regeneration of this species in its natural habitat. However, there are few works related to the <italic>in vitro</italic> propagation of forest species in northwestern Mexico, which constitutes a problem for the conservation of the forest genetic resource.</p>
				<p>Therefore, it is feasible to create viable mechanisms to offset the propagation problems of species of forest interest, using biotechnology in plant tissues that allow cloning species without changing the natural environment of the species' habitat; obtaining plants free of pathogens and in less time (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Rebolledo-Camacho <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Delgado <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>).</p>
				<p>In recent years, the use of biotechnology for the <italic>in vitro</italic> propagation of forest species has gradually increased; however, there are no studies related to obtaining <italic>in vitro</italic> plants of torote prieto from sterile seedlings.</p>
				<p>The objective of this work was to evaluate the germination and induction of callus and root of torote prieto from <italic>in vitro</italic> cultivated seedlings, used as a growth medium Woody<italic>Plant Medium</italic> (WPM/50) at half the concentration of mineral salts, vitamins and indolebutyric acid at different concentrations.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p>This research was carried out in the tissue culture laboratory of the Department of Scientific and Technological Research of the University of Sonora (DICTUS).</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Collection site</title>
					<p>The plant material was collected at Rancho Bella Vista, which is located at 29° 1CT02.83 &quot;North Latitude and 110° 58'47.48&quot; West Longitude, at 277 meters above sea level. It has an average annual rainfall of 330 mm and average temperature of 24 °C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">SAGARPA, 2010</xref>) Mature seeds were collected from vigorous plants of torote prieto (<italic>Laxiflora),</italic> in the month of September 2019.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Preparation of culture medium</title>
					<p><italic>Woody Plant Medium</italic> (WPM/50) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Trigiano and Gray, 2011</xref>) was used as the culture medium. This medium was used at half its concentration of salts, consisting of sucrose, agar and vitamins, such as thiamine and myo-inositol. The phytohormone used was indole butyric acid at different concentrations, (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mgL), the pH was adjusted to 5.7 with NaOH, at a concentration of 0.1 N. The laminar flow chamber was sterilized with 99% ethyl alcohol, 25 ml of WPM medium was used per glass bottle, Gerber type. Finally, sterilization was carried out in the sterilmatic model autoclave, at a temperature of 120 °C and with a pressure of 15/cm<sup>2</sup> for 15 minutes.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Seed germination</title>
					<p>The seeds were disinfected with ethyl alcohol (70%) for 3 minutes, and sodium hypochlorite (NaCIO) (CLOROX® 15% active chlorine) for 12 minutes, and adding a drop of Tween 20. Applying three rinses with deionized water, and subsequently placing them in a mixture of citric and ascorbic acid for 5 minutes, then sow them in the <italic>WPM culture medium</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Trigiano and Gray, 2011</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Obtaining explants</title>
					<p>After germination, seedlings were obtained that presented all the morphological characteristics of the wild plant. These plants were subcultured using explants (apical bud, stem and leaves), using 50% of the <italic>WPM medium,</italic> added with AIB. For the seeding of the explants obtained from the seedlings, they were passed to the laminar flow chamber (Edge Gard Hood brand). Petri dishes, scalpel and tweezers previously sterilized were used. The cuts and obtaining of leaf segment, apical buds and stem (explants) did not need to be disinfected, being an aseptic material.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Crop condition</title>
					<p>The culture was kept in the growth room under controlled conditions, at a temperature of 25 °C, with a photo period of 16 hours of light; presenting a luminous intensity of 30 pmol.m<sup>2</sup>s<sup>-1</sup> and 8 hours of darkness, with a temperature of 25±2 °C.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Variables to evaluate</title>
					<p>The evaluation was by direct observation, starting on the third day after planting the explants, to subsequently carry out the evaluations every seventh day. The evaluation was until 30 days after sowing. The variables that were evaluated were germination percentage (%), seedling height (cm), contamination percentage (%), callus height (%), callus width (cm) and number of roots. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">ISTA (2019)</xref>, the germination percentage was carried out. For the measurements of calluses present in the explants, a Mitutoyo Absolute model CD-6CSX Serial N°. 06401649 6 was used.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>A completely randomized design and a 5x3 factorial arrangement with 10 replications were in this research work used. An analysis of variance (ANDEVA) was carried out, with a significance level of P &lt;0.05, and a comparison of means by Tukey. For data analysis, the JMP statistical package version 9.0.1 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Statistical Analysis System, SAS Institute Inc., 2011</xref>) was used.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<p><italic>In vitro</italic> germination of the seeds of torote prieto (<italic>Bursera laxiflora</italic>) began on the ninth day and concluded its evaluation 21 days after sowing. There were no significant differences (P≥0.05) when using the concentrations of 2, 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 mgL<sup>-1</sup> of AIB, showing 45 to 70% germination; except the control (without treatment), with 30% germination in the culture medium used (WPM/50) at different concentrations of AIB (0, 0.5, 1.0,1.5 and 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup>). There were no significant differences (P ≥0.05) in the percentage of non-germinated seeds, showing 22.5 to 42.5%.</p>
				<p>It is important to note that in this study, there were no abnormal seedlings; therefore, there are no significant differences, see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Kameswara <italic>et al.,</italic> (2007)</xref>. It emphasizes that germination determines the growth of the embryo, the protrusion of the radicle and testa.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title><italic>In vitro</italic> germination of Bursera laxiflora S. Watson</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2594-1992-abaagrof-2-204-gf4.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table <bold>1</bold></label>
						<caption>
							<title><italic>In vitro</italic> germination, contamination and seedling height of seeds of torote prieto (<italic>laxiflora</italic> S. Watson)</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border=0 cellpadding=0">
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align: center; border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"><bold>Treatment AIB mgL<sup>-1</sup>
</bold></td>
								<td style="text-align: center; border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"><bold>Sprouted seeds (%)</bold></td>
								<td style="text-align: center; border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"><bold>No seeds Sprouts (%)</bold></td>
								<td style="text-align: center; border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"><bold>Contamination (%)</bold></td>
								<td style="text-align: center; border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"><bold>Height of seedlings (cm)</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0 </td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 30.0±24.49<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 42.5±17.07<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 27.5±22.17<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 6.67±4.45<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.5 </td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 45.0±12.90<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 32.5±22.17<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 22.5±12.58<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 9.05±0.61<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.0 </td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 67.5±9.57<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 22.5±9.57<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 10.0±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 10.01 ±0.14<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.5 </td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 70.0±8.16<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 22.5±5.00<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 7.5±5.00<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 10.01±0.25<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align: center; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"> 2.0 </td>
								<td style="text-align: center; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"> 70.0±8.16<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align: center; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"> 25.0±5.77<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align: center; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"> 5.0±5.77<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align: center; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"> 10.21±0.24<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>Means with equal letters within the same column indicate that there are no significant differences (P &lt;0.05). The data presented are the average of 10 repetitions with three samples each bottle per treatment.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Regarding this study, the seedlings were considered to have normal growth since they presented roots, shoots, and organs important for their development. When presenting these organs, the seedlings show deficiencies that will affect the quality of the seedlings (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">AOSA, 2005</xref>).</p>
				<p>The germination percentage obtained in this study for the seeds of torote prieto is very favorable, because this tree species is very important for the state of SonoraM. However, the results of the germination percentage obtained in this study do not coincide with those obtained by (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pinta <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>), who used the MS culture medium (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Murashige y Skoog (1962</xref>); these researchers reported 11.11% germination <italic>Bursera graveoiens</italic> (KUNTH). with the treatment of mechanical scarification and 0.5 mg/L of gibberellic acid (AG<sup>3</sup>).</p>
				<p>Similar results have been reported by (BonfiI-Sanders <italic>et al.</italic>
 <sub>
 <italic>t</italic>
</sub> 2008), who obtained from 30 to 60% germination in situ in seeds of <italic>Bursera bicolor, Bursera copallifera</italic> and <italic>Bursera glabrifolia,</italic> stored for six months in refrigeration at 5 °C. Therefore, the results show that the propagation of some <italic>Bruceras</italic> species, including <italic>Burcera Iaxifiora,</italic> present difficulties for their germination, as the/ do not reach 80% germination values.</p>
				<p>Recently, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mero <italic>et al.,</italic> (2017)</xref>, evaluated the effect of auxinic growth regulators at different concentrations, for the regeneration of plant tissue in <italic>Bursera graveoiens</italic> cuttings, obtaining shoot and callus formation, except in roots, when using 800 ppm AIB 60 days after planting. Unfortunately, there is little information in the literature regarding the germination of <italic>Burseras</italic>; the reports show results with low germination percentage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Andrés-Hernández y Espinosa-Organista, 2002</xref>). Similarly (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Ray y Brown, 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Ortiz-Pulidoy Rico-Gray, 2006</xref>), reported percentages of germination under natural conditions, lower than those obtained at the laboratory level.</p>
				<p>Due to the previously described on the difficulty that this woody presents for its propagation naturally and/or artificially, <italic>in vitro</italic> tissue culture techniques allow new techniques for the propagation of slow growing cultures and the cryopreservation of tissues (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Engelmann, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dixit <italic>et al,</italic> 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Wang <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>). The low germination percentage of the seeds of this species is because they are not in a position to germinate quickly, after being the seeds collected; need a rest period, of a transitory nature, of approximately six months (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Morillo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>).</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Seedling height</title>
					<p>There were no significant differences (P≥0.05) in the seedling height variable, with respect to the concentrations that were in this work managed, showing heights of 6.67 to 10.21 cm respectively. The seedlings of torote prieto ( <italic>Bursera laxiflora)</italic>showed good growth and adequate development. No published research evaluating the <italic>in vitro</italic> micropropagation of <italic>Burseras</italic> was found, see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Callus induction in explants of torote prieto <italic>(Bursera laxiflora</italic> S. Watson)</title>
							</caption>
							<table style="border=0 cellpadding=0;">
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; vertical-align: middle;"><bold>Treatment AIB mgL<sup>-1</sup>
</bold></td>
									<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Height of callus (mm)</bold></td>
									<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Width of callus (mm)</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"><bold>Leaf</bold></td>
									<td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"><bold>Stem</bold></td>
									<td style="text-align: center; bottom; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"><bold>Apical bud</bold></td>
									<td style="text-align: center; bottom; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"><bold>Leaf</bold></td>
									<td style="text-align: center; bottom; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"><bold>Stem</bold></td>
									<td style="text-align: center; bottom; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none;"><bold>Apical bud</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>d</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>d</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>d</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.5 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.40±0.08<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.45±0.16<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.49±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.20±0.08<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.11±0.60<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.13±0.03<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.0 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.69±0.14<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.62±0.12<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.73±0.26<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.36±0.08b<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.13±0.04<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.13±0.04<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.5 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 3.09±0.23<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 3.06±0.17<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 3.42±0.49<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.53±0.08<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.27±0.03<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 2.21±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 2.0 </td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 3.64±0.31<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 3.55±0.21<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 2.72±0.19<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 2.78±0.24<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 2.28±0.02<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 2.22±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN5">
									<p>Means with equal letters within the same column indicate that there are no significant differences (P &lt;0.05). The data presented are the average of 10 repetitions with three samples each bottle per treatment.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f5">
							<label>Figure 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Obtaining explants, stems with callus and sprouts</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2594-1992-abaagrof-2-204-gf5.png"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Contamination</title>
					<p>The contamination of the seeds was from 5 to 27.5%, caused mainly by environmental fungi and bacteria. They did not present significant differences (P ≥0.05) in this variable when using the different concentrations of WPM/50, see table 1. The contamination of the seeds of this investigation are lower than those obtained by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pinta <italic>et al.,</italic> (2017)</xref>,, who reported up to 93% <italic>in vitro</italic> contamination in <italic>Bursera graveolens</italic> explants (Kunth).</p>
					<p><italic>In vitro</italic> cultures in general have two fundamental characteristics: asepsis (absence of fungal and bacterial contaminating microorganisms), and control of factors that disturb growth, such as the environmental conditions of culture. Therefore, a correct detection of these sources is required and the type of microorganism must be identified. These are important aspects for the success of the crops, in order to prevent the primary contamination in the <italic>in vitro</italic> cultures that come from the donor plant (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">George <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Levitus <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Sharry <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
					<p>To minimize the problem of contamination, disinfectants and/or mixtures of fungicides and bactericides have been to explants applied (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Das et al<italic>.,</italic> 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Jayakrishna et al., 2011</xref>). Similarly, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Pérez-Alonso et al<italic>.,</italic> (2015)</xref>, mention the importance of collecting plant material according to the time of year, influence of temperatures, rainfall and high rates of contamination, which would be vital for the reduction of pollution.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><bold>Callus and root in <italic>Bursera laxiflora</italic>
</bold></title>
					<p>The percentage of callus present in the explants according to the treatments used with AIB, showed significant differences with respect to the zero treatment (control), without mgL<sup>-1</sup> of AIB. The highest average callus formation was presented when using the 1.5 mgL<sup>-1</sup> AIB treatment, in the three explants (leaf, apical bud and stem), obtaining 80% of calluses, followed by this, it is treatment 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> of AIB, with 78% callus, 1.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> of AIB, with 77%; and finally the 0.5 mgL<sup>-1</sup> of AIB, with 7.2%. The use of AIB positively stimulates callus growth after 30 days.</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref> shows the induction of callus present in leaves, apical bud and stem at different concentrations of indolebutyric acid (AIB). Significant differences (P ≤0.05) were with respect to the height and width of the callus presented. At the concentration of 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup>of AIB, higher height values were presented in 3.64 mm leaf and 3.55 mm stem. However, there were no significant differences (P&gt;0.05) in the values of apical bud at the concentrations of 1.5 and 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> of AIB with 3.42 and 2.72 mm, respectively. Asimilar behavior at callus height was observed in callus width in explants. At the 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup>concentration of AIB, greater widths of leaf (2.78 mm) and stem (2.68 mm) were presented. In the apical bud, there were no significant differences in the concentrations of 0.5 and 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> of AIB with 2.21 mm and 2.22 mm, respectively.</p>
					<p>It is important to note that at low concentrations of AIB (0.5 and 1.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup>), in the apical bud, calluses with lower heights and width were induced. Stem also presented significant differences (P ≥0.05), with respect to the concentrations evaluated; the best being the dose of 2.0 and 1.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup>, in both measurements (height and callus width), see table 2 and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">figure 3</xref>. Regarding the control (without AIB), there was no callus height and width. This indicates that <italic>Bursera laxiflora</italic> explants (leaf, apical bud and stem) require a phytohormone that stimulates the induction of callogenesis. The calluses obtained regardless of the concentration and explant in this study, presented a firm consistency and a creamy white color, turning to a light green.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f6">
							<label>Figure 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Callus and root on stem</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2594-1992-abaagrof-2-204-gf6.png"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>According to the presence of the root number in the explants (leaf, apical bud and stem) of <italic>Bursera laxiflora</italic>, there were significant differences (P ≤0.05) in the stem, at a concentration of 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> of AIB (2.7 cm). At the concentration of 0.5 mgL<sup>-1</sup> of AIB, the lowest values of stem and leaf were presented (1.00 and 0.25 cm), respectively. Regarding the apical bud, roots did not appear in lower concentrations (0.5 and 1.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> of AIB). In explants without AIB (control), there was no root growth in the different stem, leaf and apical bud explants, see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<label>Table 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Root induction in explants of torote prieto <italic>(Bursera laxiflora</italic> S. Watson)</title>
							</caption>
							<table style="border=0 cellpadding=0;">
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; vertical-align: middle;"><bold>Treatment mgL AIB<sup>-1</sup>
</bold></td>
									<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Explant type (cm)</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Leaf</bold></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Stem</bold></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Apical bud</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.5 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.00±0.81b<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.25±0.50<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.0 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.75±0.50<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.50±0.57<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.5 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 1.25±0.57<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.50±0.57<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> 0.25±0.50<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 2.0 </td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 2.7±0.50<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 0.50±0.57<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> 0.25±0.50<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN6">
									<p>Means with equal letters within the same column indicate that there are no significant differences (P &lt;0.05). The data presented are the average of 10 repetitions with three samples each bottle per treatment.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>The explants evaluated in this experiment did not present direct embryogenesis; however, they produced callus tissue without the embryogenic tissue, gradually developing more proembryogenic mass over the course of the incubation time. These results are similar to those obtained by Kiyvenki <italic>et al,</italic> (2008), who obtained callus in all treatments, using Murashige and Skoog (MS) semi-solid in <italic>Stevia rebaudiana</italic> Bert as culture medium, except in the control (without culture).</p>
					<p>In relation to the percentage of calluses present in the explants used in this work (apical bud, stem and leaf), they were higher than those obtained by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Rodríguez <italic>et al,</italic> (2014)</xref>,, they used Murashige and Skoog (MS) as culture medium, supplemented with 0.5 mg L<sup>-1</sup>of naphthalenacetic acid (ANA), in hypocotyl explants (62, 62, 74 and 64%).</p>
					<p>According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Smith (2012</xref>), the type of callus present is an important indicator of the morphogenic path to follow, regardless of the callus color; these indicate that organogenic calluses come from nodular calluses that are green in color or have an oxidized appearance, such as phenolics (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bandyopadhyay <italic>et al.,</italic> 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ainsley <italic>et al.,</italic> 2000</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Larson<italic>et al.,</italic> (2006</xref>)1, have reported the change in appearance of calluses as they are cultivated ever time. In this regard, Shiram <italic>et al,</italic> (2008) point out those high concentrations of auxin or cytokinins stimulate callus production and that its appearance is related to the type of hormone used during its induction.</p>
					<p>Several investigations have reported that auxins/cytokinin favor the induction of calluses in <italic>Pinas sí robus</italic> L., as well as in hybrids of <italic>Eucalyptus granáis</italic> and <italic>Eucaiyptus urophyifa</italic>or only auxins originating caulogenic calluses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Tangy Newton, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Hajari <italic>et al,</italic> 2006</xref>). In other cases, such as in <italic>Eucaiiptus nitens, E. giobuius,</italic> and E <italic>camaiduiensis,</italic> induction by auxins has generated embryogenic calluses <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bandyopadhyay <italic>et al.,</italic> 1999</xref>;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Gopalakrishnan <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p><italic>In vitro</italic> germination of the seed of torote prieto <italic>(Bursera iaxifiora S.</italic> Watson), can be promoted with the application of indolburtyric acid (AIB), in concentrations from 1.5 or 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup>; using WPM/50 culture medium. The <italic>in vitro</italic> germinated plants produced shoots and roots, presenting morphological characteristics of the wild plant. The use of indole burtyric acid at concentrations of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mgL<sup>-1</sup> promote the formation of reliable callogenesis with a white color, turning to light green and organogenesis in explants of torote prieto (<italic>Burseral axiflora</italic> S. Watson). These results indicate that it is possible to stimulate the development of calluses and roots for the conservation of the torote prieto <italic>(Bursera laxiflora</italic> S. Watson), as it is an endemic species in Sonora state.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>ACKNOWLEDGEMENT</title>
				<p>To Yeimi C. Me Caughey Espinoza, for her great support in the collection of seeds, for carrying out this research work.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>