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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abaagrof</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico agroforestal</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico agrofor.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2594-1992</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>		
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37114/abaagrof/2020.1</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00201</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Revisiónes de literatura</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Revisión del aceite de orégano <italic>spp.</italic> en salud v producción animal</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7686-5113</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Loeza-Concha</surname>
						<given-names>Henry</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"><sup>**</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Salgado-Moreno</surname>
						<given-names>Socorro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7766-6682</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Avila-Ramos</surname>
						<given-names>Fidel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2302-0437</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gutiérrez-Leyva</surname>
						<given-names>Ranferi</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1444-3844</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Dominguez-Rebolledo</surname>
						<given-names>Alvaro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5554-218X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ayala-Martinez</surname>
						<given-names>Maricela</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3792-2733</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Escalera-Valente</surname>
						<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Colegio de Posgraduados, Campus Campeche, Sihochac, Champotón, Campeche, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Colegio de Posgraduados</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Campeche</state>
					<city>Champotón</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Nayarit</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">División de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Guanajuato Irapuato, Guanajuato, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">División de Ciencias de la Vida</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Irapuato</city>
					<state>Guanajuato</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias-Mocochá, Mérida, México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Mocochá</city>
					<state>Mérida</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Autor de correspondencia: Francisco Escalera Valente.</corresp>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>**</label>Autor responsable: Henry Loeza-Concha. <email>henryloeza_21@yahoo.com</email>,<email>coco_salgadc@hotmail.com</email>, <email>ledifar@hotmail.com</email>, <email>granferi@hotmail.com</email>, <email>alvaroedr@gmail.com</email>,<email>ayalamm78@gmail.com</email>, <email>franescalera@hotmail.com</email>.</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>31</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>2</volume>
			<elocation-id>201</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="pub">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>El uso de los aceites esenciales extraído del orégano son relevantes si tomamos en cuenta sus cantidades de timol, flavonoides, taninos, triterpenos y carvacrol contenido, las cuales le dan su capacidad antioxidante, para disminuir la formación de radicales libres. Además, tiene propiedades antibacteriales, antifúngicas, antiparasitarias, antimicrobianas, antivirales, antialérgicas, vasodilatadoras, estrogénicas, antiinflamatorias, espasmolíticas, antitumorales, entre otras. El objetivo de la revisión fue hacer un análisis preliminar del uso del aceite de orégano <italic>spp.</italic> en la salud y la producción animal. Amanera de conclusión se puede decir que el uso de los aceites esenciales de orégano, principalmente de las subespecies <italic>vuigare</italic>y <italic>Lippia,</italic> han sido una alternativa como aditivos en la alimentación en la producción de especies de animales domésticos donde se ha podido mejorar la funcionalidad del sistema digestivo en pollos, se ha logrado reducir las emisiones de metano entérico en rumiantes y reduce malos olores en eses de los cerdos.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>orégano</kwd>
				<kwd>aceite esencial</kwd>
				<kwd>producción animal</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="82"/>
				</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>El orégano es una planta que se distribuye ampliamente en el Mediterráneo europeo, Asia y América (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Castillo<italic>et al.,</italic>2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">Zou <italic>et</italic> 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Huerta, 1997</xref>); en la actualidad se conocen más de 40 especies de las familias <italic>Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae, Compositae</italic> y <italic>Leguminoseae,</italic> siendo las más importantes el orégano <italic>Origanum vulgare</italic> y el orégano mexicano <italic>L. graveolens, L palmeri, L alba</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Castillo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Huerta, 1997</xref>). Estas plantas son fáciles de conseguir y por sus características aromáticas es comúnmente empleado como condimento en recetas culinarias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Albado <italic>et al.,</italic> 2001</xref>). Por ello el orégano se ubica como una planta de importancia económica; además, sus aceites esenciales son benéficos para la salud humana y pueden ser utilizados como aditivos naturales en los alimentos para los animales de producción (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Hyldgaard <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>Los aceites de orégano son una mezcla compleja de cientos de compuestos aromáticos volátiles individuales que se derivan de las diversas especies de orégano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Monu <italic>et al.,</italic>2016</xref>). Estos aceites son conocidos por sus propiedades antiinflamatorias, antibacterianas y antioxidativas, debido a su contenido de carvacrol y timol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Govaris <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>); incluso a bajas concentraciones, el aceite de orégano tiene actividad biológica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Ali <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). Se ha demostrado que tienen efecto inhibidor sobre una variedad de bacterias y tiene un amplio espectro de propiedades antibacterianas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Gonçalves <italic>et al.,</italic>2013</xref>). En este sentido la propiedad natural del aceite de orégano ha permitido que se pueda utilizar para conservar alimentos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">Viuda <italic>etal.,</italic> 2011</xref>), como acaricida para el control de parásitos, como la <italic>Varroa</italic> en las abejas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Loeza <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>El uso de aceites esenciales del orégano toma mayor relevancia si consideramos la prohibición de los antibióticos promotores del crecimiento, estimulando la búsqueda de suplementos alimenticios alternativos en la producción de diversas especies de animales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Botsoglou <italic>et al.,</italic> 2002</xref>). Por lo tanto, el objetivo de la investigación, fue realizar un análisis preliminar del uso del aceite de orégano <italic>spp.</italic> en la salud y producción animal.</p>
			<p>En los últimos años, los aceites esenciales han tenido impacto en la producción animal, debido a que han demostrado ser una buena alternativa para reducir el uso de compuestos químicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Martínez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>); por ello, se ha utilizado en pollos de engorda, con la finalidad de mejorar la digestibilidad ileal; además, estimulan el apetito de las aves y aumenta la ganancia de su peso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Isabel y Santos, 2009</xref>). En pavos ha logrado incrementar la estabilidad de su carne cruda y cocida, así como a la oxidación lipídica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Botsoglou <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>). En cerdos reduce la emisión de gases, de coliformes fecales y bacterias anaeróbicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">Varel, 2002</xref>); además, en cerdas gestantes reduce la mortalidad de sus lechones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Alian y Bilkei, 2005</xref>). En abejas se ha utilizado para el control alternativo de <italic>Varroa destructor</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Itzá <italic>etal.,</italic> 2007</xref>). En rumiantes la presencia de carvacrol, p-cimeno, linalol, terpineno y timol, lo han utilizado para disminuir la emisiones de metano en el rumen de ovejas, cabras y bovinos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">Talebzadeh <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>); y en peces el uso de aceite esencial de orégano durante el transporte redujo el estrés oxidativo en los tejidos de los peces (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Azambuja <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>).</p>
			<p>A pesar de los beneficios obtenidos de las diferentes especies de orégano en la producción animal, han logrado la prevención de enfermedades, la respuesta del sistema inmune de los animales y la productividad de los diversos sistemas productivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Martínez<italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). Se ha dejado a un lado su funcionalidad en la reproducción de diversas especies, esto se puede fundamentar principalmente por las altas cantidades de antioxidante presentes en los aceites esenciales del orégano. Pueden mejorar la calidad seminal del semen fresco y la resistencia de los espermatozoides al shock térmico durante el proceso de criopreservación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Alvarez y Storey, 1992</xref>).</p>
			<p>La inclusión del timol extraído de las plantas de orégano a las dietas de las abejas inoculadas con <italic>Nosema,</italic> ha logrado reducir la infección (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">Van den <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Costa <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Maistrello <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>). Sin embargo, estas investigaciones se realizaron en laboratorio, controlando la ingesta del timol. No se conoce su eficiencia en campo o en condiciones naturales; por lo tanto, se deben tener precausiones al usar timol para la erradicación de <italic>Nosema,</italic> hasta encontrar las dosis apropiadas y el método de aplicación correcto. Los beneficios dependen de la especie de orégano utilizado o la combinación de aceites esenciales.</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Barreto <italic>et al.</italic> (2008)</xref> indican que el efecto del aceite esencial de orégano se puede potencializar adicionando aceites esenciales de otras plantas; sin embargo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Hernandez<italic>et al.</italic> (2004)</xref> lo combinaron con canela y pimienta; pero no aumentó la ganancia de peso o conversión alimenticia en aves. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">Oetting <italic>etal.</italic> (2006)</xref> lo mezclaron con tomillo y clavo en dietas para lechones de 28 días, pero los animales bajaron de peso y la conversión alimenticia fue mayor, comparada con el antibiótico.</p>
			<p>En la actualidad, muchos beneficios de los aceites esenciales del orégano están descritos, pero no se conocen los efectos adversos al usarlo indiscriminadamente; por lo tanto, es necesaria la implementación y generación de nuevos conocimientos que puedan describir a la planta y cómo se puede usar.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA</title>
			<sec>
				<title>La planta de orégano</title>
				<p>El nombre del género <italic>Oreganum</italic> proviene del vocablo griego, <italic>oros</italic> que significa montaña y <italic>ganos,</italic> alegría; en referencia al bello aspecto que esta planta confiere a las regiones donde crece. El orégano es originario de Asia y Europa, pero se cultiva en regiones templadas de varios países. Las plantas también son cultivadas por sus propiedades terapéuticas, farmacéuticas apícolas y en la herboristería; lo consumen ampliamente por sus propiedades tónicas, digestivas, estomacales y antiasmáticas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">INFOAGRO, 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Imagen 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Variedades de orégano</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2594-1992-abaagrof-2-201-gf1.png"/>
						<attrib>1: orégano italiano (<italic>Origanum majoricum</italic>); 2: orégano del mediterraneo oriental, (<italic>Origanum majorana</italic>); orégano turco (<italic>Origanum onites</italic>); 4: orégano mexicano (<italic>Poliomintha longrflora</italic>); 5: orégano griego (<italic>Origanum heracleoticum</italic>); 6: orégano de la Península Ibérica y Baleares (<italic>Origanum vulgare</italic>) Fuente: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://vsaduidoma.com/es/2016/06/27/dushica-i-majoran-foto-otlichiya-i-raznost-v-posadke-i-uhode/">http://vsaduidoma.com/es/2016/06/27/dushica-i-majoran-foto-otlichiya-i-raznost-v-posadke-i-uhode/</ext-link>
						</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Especies de orégano</title>
				<p>El orégano pertenece a la familia <italic>Lamiaceae</italic> plata, especialmente aromática; su taxonomía se describe en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">WCSP, 2014</xref>). En la actualidad se han reportado 61 especies de orégano, contenidas en 17 géneros de seis familias bajo este nombre. El género <italic>Origanum</italic> (familia <italic>Labiatae),</italic> conocido como orégano europeo, se considera el más importante (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref>); sin embargo, en el continente americano los géneros <italic>Lanata</italic> y<italic>Lippia</italic> (familia <italic>Verbenaceae)</italic> son los oréganos mexicanos más abundantes; pero existen otras familias <italic>(Rubiaceae, Scropbuiariaceae, Apiaceae</italic> y <italic>Asteraceae)</italic> que no tienen impacto productivo (WCSP).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Clasificación taxonómica del Orégano</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border=0 cellpadding=0;">
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> Reino: </td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> Plantae </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> División: </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Magnoliophyta </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Clase: </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Magnoliopsida </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Orden: </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Lamíales </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Familia: </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Lamiaceae </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Subfamilia: </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Nepetoideae </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Tribu: </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Mentheae </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Género: </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"><italic>Origanum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Especie: </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"><italic>0. vulgare</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Nombre científico: </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"><italic>Origanum vulgare L</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"> Nombre común: </td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"> Orégano </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p><italic>Fuente:</italic> WCSP</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabla 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Especies de orégano utilizados a nivel mundial</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0;">
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: justify;"><bold>Familia</bold></td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: justify;"><bold>Subespecie.</bold></td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: justify;"><bold>Nombre científico</bold></td>
									</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="21" style="border:0; text-align: left;"/>
									<td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: top;">• <bold>
 <italic>glandulosum</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Origanum glandulosum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum gracile</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum tyttanthum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="6" style="vertical-align: top; border:0; text-align: left;"><bold>
 <italic>• gracile</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum kopetdaghense</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum glaucum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum hirtum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum megastachyum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum smyrnaeum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="6" style="vertical-align: top; border:0; text-align: left;"><bold>
 <italic>• Hirtum</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum heracleoticum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum neglectum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum illyricum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum latifolium</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Majorana neglecta</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum virens</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align: top; border:0; text-align: left;"> · <bold>• <italic>Virens</italic> 
</bold></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Origanum macrostachyum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Origanum virescens</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"> • <italic>Origanum viridulum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"> • <italic>Origanum heracleoticum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"> • <italic>Origanum minus</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="50" style="vertical-align: top; border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Labiatae</italic></td>
									<td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; border:0; text-align: left;"/>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Origanum oblongatum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Origanum parviflorum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"> •<italic>Origanum normale</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="12" style="vertical-align: top; border:0; text-align: left;"><bold>
 <italic>• Viridulum</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum wallichianum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum angustifolium</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum pruinosum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum semiglaucum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum viride</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum gussonei</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum strobilaceum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum creticum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum majus</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum latifolium</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum oriéntale</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum anglicum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="28" style="vertical-align: top; border:0; text-align: left;"><bold>
 <italic>• Vulgare</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum purpurescens</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum officinale</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum floridum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Origanum micranthum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Origanum heracleoticum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Origanum stoloniferum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum thymiflorum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum laxiflorum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum loureiroi</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum decipiens</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum americanum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum capitatum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum nutans</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum venosum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Oroga heráeleótica</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum serpylliforme</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum albiflorum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum megastachyum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum watsonii</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum barcense</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum elegans</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Micromeria formosana</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum dilatatum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum puberulum</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Mentha formosana</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Lantana citrosa</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Lantana glandulosissima</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Lantana involucrata</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="7" style="vertical-align: top; border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Lanata</italic></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Lantana purpurea</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Lantana trifolia</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Lantana velutina</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Lippia myriocephala</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Lippia affinis</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Lippia alba</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Lippia berlandieri</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="10" style="vertical-align: top; border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Verbenácea</italic></td>
									<td rowspan="3 border:0; text-align: left;"/>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Lippia cardiostegia</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Lippia formosa</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Lippia geisseana</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="12" style="vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: left;">• <italic>Lippia</italic></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Lippia graveolens</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Lippia helleri</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"> • <italic>Lippia micromera</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Lippia micromera</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Lippia origanoides</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Lippia palmeri</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Lippia palmeri</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"> • <italic>Rubiaceae</italic></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Borreria sp.</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Scrophulariaceae</italic></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Limnophila stolonifera</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2" style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Apiaceae</italic></td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Eryngium foetidum L</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Coeosanthus veronicaefolius</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;">• <italic>Asteraceae</italic></td>
									<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;">• <italic>Eupatorium macrophyllum L.</italic></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p><italic>Fuente:</italic> WCSP</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Descripción botánica</title>
				<p>Las diversas variedades de orégano son plantas herbáceas, perennes en forma de un pequeño arbusto achaparrado, de unos 45 cm a 60 cm de altura; toda la planta está cubierta de pelos glandulares; su tallo adquiere una tonalidad rojiza, se ramifican en la parte superior y tienden a deshojarse en las partes inferiores. Las hojas superiores son más pequeñas que las inferiores; las hojas opuestas en las márgenes tienen glándulas ciliadas llenas de aceites esenciales. Las flores son de color rosa, purpura o violeta, dependiendo de la especie, y los frutos generalmente son tetraquenios y secos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Fonnegra, 2007</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Producción de orégano en México</title>
				<p>El orégano mexicano es una fuente importante de ingresos para las poblaciones marginadas del país en expansión, debido a su demanda (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Cazares-Alonso <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>). El 90% de la producción se encuentra distribuida de manera silvestre en 24 estados de la República Mexicana, con una producción anual de 4,000 toneladas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">García-Pérez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Casillas-Alcalá, 1992</xref>). En los últimos años se han instalado cultivos comerciales en los Estados de Durango, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí Coahuila, Tamaulipas, Nuevo León y Zacatecas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">García <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>Las exportaciones del orégano mexicano están destinadas al Reino Unido, Alemania, Francia y Canadá. En los últimos años se ha registrado que las ventas del orégano mexicano han aumentado a los 2 millones de dólares (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">CONAFOR, 2009</xref>). El incremento de su precio se atribuye a la demanda tanto nacional como internacional, estimulando el desarrollo de tecnología para el establecimiento de cultivos más eficientes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Cazares-Alonso <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p>Los géneros de orégano más cultivados en México, destacan la <italic>Lantana</italic> y la <italic>Lippia</italic> (con tres y dos especies, respectivamente); esto es debido a que son los más explotados en nuestro pais; posiblemente por que se encuentran en gran parte del territorio nacional de manera silvestre, en regiones áridas y semiáridas de México (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">García <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>). Sin embargo, a pesar de su importancia económica, su explotación no está incluida en los programas básicos de manejo y mejoramiento agronómico, puesto que la producción comercial del orégano mexicano demanda homogeneidad, volumen y calidad; factores que se contraponen al tipo de colecta, ya que ésta se realiza en zonas marginadas y de escasos ingresos, generando una explotación desmedida que ponen en peligro la biodiversidad y sustentabilidad de la misma.</p>
				<p>Por estas razones es necesario asegurar un manejo racional de este recurso, para poder impactar positivamente el nivel socioeconómico de las familias en las regiones donde se produce (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Huerta, 1997</xref>). Debido a las necesidades mencionadas anteriormente, se han establecido las bases para el manejo agronómico del orégano, destacando la recolecta de semillas antes de la cosecha para renovar las poblaciones. Se ha propuesto su propagación por medio de estacas, utilizando ácido indol-butírico (2000 ppm) como enraizador. Se ha sugerido que el corte de la planta se realice hasta que alcance su madurez y después de la floración. La calidad de la planta cultivada bajo este esquema es óptima para su explotación hasta los 3 años, y finalmente se ha determinado que la mejor época para plantar orégano, en condiciones agro-climáticas de sierra, es entre los meses de septiembre a diciembre, época que presenta temperaturas favorables (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Corella y Ortega, 2013</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Valor comercial del orégano</title>
				<p>La producción mundial de orégano genera un valor aproximado de $22.5 millones de dólares; no obstante, la Comisión Nacional Forestal estimó que en 2005 las ventas totales de orégano sumaron más de $75 millones de euros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Koksal <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>). En México la producción de orégano representa una derrama económica de 5.6 millones de pesos, haciendo que esta actividad sea de impacto para el sector rural y una fuente de empleo en áreas de alta marginación.</p>
				<p>México se encuentra ubicado como el segundo país productor de orégano a nivel mundial, aporta entre del 35% al 40% de la producción total a nivel mundial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">Soto 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">García <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>). El 85% de la producción es exportada a los EE.UU y el 5% a países Europeos y Asiáticos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Castillo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). De las 5 especies de oréganos comerciales en México, las especies <italic>Lippia graveolens H.B.K.</italic> y <italic>Lippia Berlandieri Schauer</italic>son los oréganos de mayor explotación e importancia económica, debido a que estas dos especies de orégano están desplazando a productos que provienen de Grecia y Turquía. El orégano mexicano contiene mejor composición química de sus aceites esenciales, lo que le ha permitido una mayor comercialización en los últimos años. El costo promedio de la hoja seca de orégano por kg varía de 8 a 11 pesos mexicanos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Nieves <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Composición química</title>
				<p>El aceite esencial de orégano es rico en: timol, beta- bisaboleno, cariofileno, p-cimeno, borneol, lianalol, ecetato de linalilo, alfa y beta-pinenos, alfa-terpineno, ácidos fenolcaboxílico, como: caféico, clorogénico y rosmarínico. Contiene flavonoides, como: derivados de apigenol, luteolol, kenferol y diosmetol. También contiene algunos triterpenos, como: derivado de los ácidos ursólicos y olenaolicos; además de taninos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Fonnegra, 2007</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Valor nutricional del orégano</title>
				<p>El orégano es utilizado en la alimentación de humanos y como aditivo en las dietas de los animales, debido a las proteínas, hierro, calcio, potasio, magnesio, zinc, fósforo, niacina, vitamina A, timol y carvacrol (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabla 3</xref>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Moreiras <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Tabla 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Composición nutricional por cada 100 gr de orégano seco</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border=0 cellpadding=0;">
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Composición</bold></td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>Cantidad (gr)</bold></td>
									<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"><bold>CDR (%)</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> K calorías </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 308 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 16.1% </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Carbohidratos </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 21.63 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 7% </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Proteínas </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 11 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 23% </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Fibra </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 42.8 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 142.7% </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Grasas </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 10.25 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 19.3% </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Sodio </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 15 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 0.9% </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Sodio </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 15 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 0.9% </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Calcio </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 1576 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 131.3% </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Hierro </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 44 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 550% </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Magnesio </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 0 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 0% </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Fósforo </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 200 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 28.6% </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Potasio </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 1669 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 83.5% </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Vitamina A </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 0.69 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 76.7% </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Vitamina B1 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 0.34 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 28.3% </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Vitamina B2 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 0.32 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 24.6% </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Vitamina B3 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 6.22 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 0% </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Vitamina B12 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 0 </td>
									<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 0% </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> Vitamina C </td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: right;"> 50 </td>
									<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: right;"> 55.6% </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>Fuente: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Moreiras <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>
								</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Propiedades medicinales del aceite esencial de orégano</title>
				<p>El valor comercial del orégano se debe a sus características, como especia, condimento y propiedades medicinales; sin embargo, la mayor importancia industrial y farmacéutica de la planta es su aceite esencial empleado como fragancia en jabones, perfumes, cosméticos y saborizantes, principalmente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Koksal <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>). Además, el aceite de orégano contiene flavonoides, sustancias importantes en el área farmacológica, por su capacidad antioxidante en la formación de radicales libres, cuya influencia posee propiedades: antibacteriales, antifúngicas, antiparasitarias, antimicrobianas, antioxidantes, antivirales, antialérgicas, vasodilatadores, antiinflamatorias, antimicrobianas, entre otras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Cáceres <italic>etal.,</italic> 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">Soto <italic>etal.,</italic> 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Meneses <italic>etal.,</italic> 2009</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Gonzalez <italic>et al]</italic> 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Güereca <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">García <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Actividad antioxidante</title>
				<p>En la Actualidad se han realizado estudios sobre la actividad antioxidante del orégano, donde autores como <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">Soto <italic>et al.</italic> (2012)</xref> indican que el orégano presenta actividad antioxidante, la cual incrementa conforme aumentan las concentraciones del extracto sin tener un efecto tóxico <italic>in vitro e in vivo.</italic> Las concentraciones de antioxidantes entre plantas varía, debido a las diferencias en la composición y cantidad de los metabolitos secundarios. Pero hay factores como la zona geográfica, clima, altitud, época de cosecha y su estado de crecimiento que afectan su contenido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Güereca <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>). Muchas especias y hierbas de la familia <italic>Lamlaceae</italic> a la que pertenece el orégano, han sido evaluadas como antioxidantes y conservadores en alimentos, debido a que se ha demostrado que el orégano logra conservar a bajas temperaturas diversos alimentos, pues se conoce que el timol y el carvacrol actúan como antioxidantes de lípidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">Yanishlieva <italic>et al.,</italic> 1999</xref>); es decir, que su actividad antioxidante está asociada a varios mecanismos; además que su elevada reactividad frente a radicales libres activos se considera el mecanismo principal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Cervato <italic>et al.,</italic> 2000</xref>).</p>
				<p>La importancia del orégano en la industria alimentaria se ha visto incrementada por su uso como aditivo alternativo para la conservación de los alimentos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Dorman et <italic>al.,</italic> 2003</xref>). Se ha demostrado que las sustancias responsables de la actividad antioxidante del orégano son los compuestos fenólicos por su estructura molecular, en especial, el grado de hidroxilación y la posición de los oxhidrilos que éstas contienen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Kulisic <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>). Además sus principios activos pueden actuar en una o varias de las etapas de la secuencia oxidativa, constituyendo una de las principales clases de metabolitos secundarios de las plantas, las cuales desempeñan diversas funciones fisiológicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Gotsiou <italic>et al.,</italic> 2002</xref>). El orégano puede llegar a inhibir la oxidación de biomoléculas (proteínas y DNA), impidiendo la iniciación o propagación de las especies reactivas de oxígeno (ERO), las cuales están relacionadas con la incidencia de varias patologías humanas, entre ellas: cáncer, cardiopatías, problemas neurodegenerativos, como Alzheimer, Parkinson; además de procesos de envejecimiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Aiyegoro y Okoh, 2009</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Actividad Antimicrobiana</title>
				<p>Existen múltiples estudios sobre la actividad antimicrobiana de los extractos de diferentes tipos de aceite de orégano; presentan actividad contra bacterias gram negativas, como:<italic>Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia col i, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Yersinia enterocolltlca y Enterobacter cloacae</italic>; y las gram positivas, como: <italic>Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Listeria monocytogenes y Bacillus subtilis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Elgayyar <italic>et al.,</italic>2001</xref>). Los aceites esenciales obtenidos de las especies de oréganos contienen un potencial poder antimicrobiano, puesto que se han evaluado y se ha demostrado que son efectivas contra varios microorganismos diferentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Arcila <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>).</p>
				<p>La efectividad del aceite de orégano como antimicrobiano se atribuye a dos compuestos presentes: carvacrol y timol; los cuales inhiben a los microorganismos patógenos, ya que impiden el desarrollo de la actividad microbiana de microorganismos gram negativos, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">Santoyo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">Yano <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>). La actividad antimicrobiana depende de la composición química del aceite esencial de orégano, la cual está relacionada con la especie de orégano, condiciones geográficas, periodos de cosecha, método de extracción y las concentraciones mínimas inhibitorias (CMI), las cuales se han establecido entre 0.28-1.27 mg/ml para las bacterias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Hazzit <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Aligiannis <italic>et al.,</italic>2001</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Actividad antifúngica</title>
				<p>En estudios recientes el aceite esencial de orégano en concentración de 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7% y 1.0% presentaron una inhibición del crecimiento micelial al 100%, frente a los hongos fitopatógenos aislados, y se ha demostrado que tiene capacidad antifúngica contra: <italic>Cándida albicans, C. tropicalis, Torulopsis glabrata, Aspergillus Niger, Geotrichum</italic>y<italic>Rhodotorula</italic>; <italic>Botrytis cinérea, Rhizopus stolonifer, Colletotrichum sp., Penlcllllum itallcum, Penicillium digitatum, Fusarium moniliforme, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Fusarium graminearum, Aspergillus ochraceus,</italic> entre otros. Se ha informado del efecto inhibitorio del aceite esencial de orégano sobre el desarrollo de diversos hongos <italic>in vitro</italic>; además se determinó que con 2000 ppm de aceite de orégano se puede controlar el crecimiento micelial de estos hongos, así mismo, se logró demostrar que el aceite esencial de orégano controla eficientemente <italic>in vivo</italic> el desarrollo de hongos endógenos en trigo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Cáceres <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">García <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>); dichas capacidades se atribuyen a la actividad fungicida de los aceites esenciales de orégano, especialmente a la presencia de timol y carvacrol en dichas sustancias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Madsen y Bertelsen, 1995</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Actividad antiviral</title>
				<p>Los extractos de orégano han sido estudiados por las propiedades de sus aceites esenciales, sobre la actividad infectiva del virus de la fiebre amarilla (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Meneses <italic>al.,</italic>2009</xref>). Los aceites esenciales de orégano fueron eficientes en la inhibición de cinco virus de ADN (HHV-1, ACVR-HHV-1, BoHV-1, BoHV-2, BoHV-5) y tres virus de ARN (HRSV, RV, BVDV). Este efecto inhibitorio se le atribuye principalmente al método de extracción del aceite y la parte de la planta seleccionada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Meneses <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>). Por el contrario, en otro estudio realizado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">García-Pérez <italic>et al.</italic> (2012)</xref>, se determinó ineficiencia antiviral sobre la reproducción del virus de la influenza A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) en células MDCK.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Actividad anti-inflamatoria</title>
				<p>Algunos de los fitoquímicos solubles han sido recientemente re-evaluados en su efecto anti-inflamatorio. Se ha reportado que el extracto de orégano soluble en agua inhibe la secreción de la ciclooxigenasa 2 (COX-2), mostrando una actividad anti-inflamatoria en células humanas de carcinoma epitelial. Asimismo, un extracto etanólico de orégano exhibió la actividad anti-inflamatoria en un modelo de ratón con gastritis, inducida por estrés e hipersensibilidad por contacto. Los principales fitoquímicos responsables de la actividad anti-inflamatoria son el ácido rosmarínico, el ácido ursólico y al ácido oleanólico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Peralta, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">García <italic>etal.,</italic> 2012</xref>). De la misma manera, se ha determinado la presencia de los flavonoides kampferol, isokampférido y pilosina; los cuales tienen una actividad biológica antiinflamatoria, antiulcerogénica y vasoconstrictora, que justifican su uso medicinal, como antiespasmódica, analgésica, antiinflamatoria y antihemorrágica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Güereca <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Uso del aceite esencial de orégano en diferentes especies animales</title>
				<p>Actualmente existe la tendencia mundial por sustituir los productos químicos sintéticos, por el uso de aceites esenciales con actividad antiparasitaria, antiviral, antifúngica y antibacteriana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Meneses <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">Santoyo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">Yano <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>); debido a las preocupaciones públicas y políticas, relacionadas con el uso elevado de productos sintéticos, los cuales presentan potenciales riesgos de causar resistencia a los diversos patógenos presentes en los animales de consumo humano, lo que compromete la producción mundial de alimentos proteicos (carne, leche, huevo) y la miel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Cabrera <italic>etal.,</italic>2007</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Aves</title>
				<p>Los compuestos de los aceites esenciales de orégano son una alternativa de reemplazo de los antibióticos promotores de crecimiento, permitiendo potenciar el desempeño funcional integral del sistema digestivo y la expresión productiva del pollo de engorde; esto es debido a que la inclusión de extractos de orégano en la dieta, mejora la digestibilidad ileal y total de materia seca, extracto etéreo y del almidón (Betancourt, 2012). Estos efectos funcionales han sido atribuidos al contenido de los fenoles; carvacrol y timol, en rangos que van desde 3% hasta 75% del total del aceite; con la presencia de otros componentes como monoterpenos hidrocarbonados, γ-terpineno y ρcimeno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Aligiannis <italic>et al.,</italic> 2001</xref>).</p>
				<p>El aceite esencial de orégano, también ha sido utilizado como aditivo en las dietas de aves destinadas a la producción de carne, esto es debido a que el aceite de orégano tiene efectos benéficos sobre la actividad antibacteriana del tracto intestinal de pollos de engorda, lo que ha beneficiado a la producción de las explotaciones avícolas; debido a que la adición de aceite esencial de orégano ha mejorado la calidad de la canal (Betancourt, 2012); asimismo, en pollos de engorda se ha demostrado que una mezcla de aceites esenciales de clavo ( <italic>Syzigium aro</italic>) y orégano ( <italic>vulgare)</italic> estimulan el apetito de las aves, y de esta manera se mejora la conversión; es decir, que la inclusión de aceites esenciales a la dieta de pollos logra aumentar la ganancia de peso, mejorar la conversión alimenticia y en general los parámetros productivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Isabel y Santos, 2009</xref>). Cómo antioxidante, el orégano fue ensayado en carne de pavo, y los resultados mostraron que en concentración de 200 mg/kg-1 de alimento aumentó la estabilidad de la carne cruda y cocida a la oxidación lipídica, en comparación con el grupo que no contenía aceites esenciales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Botsoglou <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>).</p>
				<p>Se ha demostrado que el uso de aceite esencial de orégano con 27.67% de timol + 11.31% de carvacrol logró inhibir la presencia de mesófilos aerobios y patógenos (S.<italic>typhy, S. aureus</italic> y <italic>E. cotí)</italic> en carne de pavos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Gonzales <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>); del mismo modo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Domínguez <italic>et al.</italic> (2015)</xref>, demostraron que el uso de 400 mg de aceite de orégano por kg de alimento de pollos de engorda, disminuyó la cantidad de mesófilos aerobios en carne fresca y congelada de pollos de engorda de 35 y 42 días de edad (el aceite de orégano contenía 43.17% y 29.16% de timol y carvacrol, respectivamente). De acuerdo a lo anterior, el uso de aceite esencial de orégano es una alternativa viable en las dietas de aves, debido que la ingesta de alimento, ganancia de peso, índice de conversión alimenticia y mortalidad no se ven afectadas cuando se hace uso de dicho aceite esencial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Fonseca <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>); además de que la mortalidad disminuye con la inclusión de aceite de orégano en la dieta de las aves (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Escalera <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Cerdos</title>
				<p>En los cerdos, se ha encontrado que la utilización de 2.5 g de carvacrol o timol por litro de excretas porcinas, inhibe completamente la producción de los compuestos que le dan mal olor, como: valerato, isobutirato, cresol y isovalerato; reduciendo la emisión de gases, de coliformes fecales y bacterias anaeróbicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">Varel, 2002</xref>). En otro estudio, la inclusión del aceite esencial de orégano en las dietas de cerdas en preparto y lactancia, presentaron menor tasa de mortalidad, mayor tasa de nacimientos, más lechones nacidos vivos, menos peso bajo de lechones al nacimiento y un mayor consumo voluntario de alimento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Alian y Bilkei, 2005</xref>). Asimismo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Ariza <italic>et al.</italic> (2011)</xref> informaron que la inclusión del orégano a las dietas de las cerdas incrementó la tasa de crecimiento en los lechones, lo que coincide con los resultados obtenidos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Guerra <italic>etal.</italic> (2008)</xref>, donde demostraron que el aceite de orégano produce mejores efectos en ganancia de peso y peso final, y con los resultados obtenidos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Khajarern y Khajarern (2002)</xref>; donde también informaron que cuando se agregó aceite esencial de orégano a la dieta, se observó un aumento en la ingesta diaria de alimento de las cerdas lactantes y el aumento de peso diario de sus crías, en comparación con las crías de cerdas no alimentadas con aceite de orégano; además que el uso de orégano disminuye el tiempo de permanencia del alimento en su tránsito por el tracto gastrointestinal, puesto que se comprobó que una mezcla de extractos de plantas, modifica la tasa de vaciado del estómago en cerdos destetados. Posiblemente estos efectos soportan y explican la mejor digestibilidad ideal obtenida por Betancourt (2012), con la inclusión de aceite de orégano.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Abejas</title>
				<p>En la apicultura se ha hecho uso de sustancias orgánicas, como el aceite esencial de orégano; ésta ha sido utilizada para el control alternativo de <italic>Varroa destructor y Nosema,</italic>debido a su eficacia, fácil aplicación y el bajo riesgo de contaminación de la miel y cera producida en las colonias, cuando estas son sometidas a tratamiento; además que los ácaros no presentan resistencia a este producto alternativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">Romo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Itzá <italic>et al.,</italic>2007</xref>). En la apicultura mundial, en la última década se está haciendo uso del timol, el cual es obtenido principalmente de las plantas de orégano; en este sentido el timol es uno de los productos naturales más utilizados para el control de la varroasis; sin embargo, su eficacia varía de acuerdo con las condiciones climáticas de cada región, tiempo de aplicación, concentración, y forma de aplicación (en gel, polvo o aceite). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Itzá <italic>et al.</italic> (2007)</xref>, reportaron que la eficacia del timol puede variar entre un 66% a un 98%; del mismo modo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">Romo <italic>et al.,</italic> (2016)</xref> sugieren que el aceite de orégano puro es una alternativa viable para controlar <italic>Varroa</italic> en abejas melíferas; además que la cantidad de carvacrol encontrada en la miel producida durante la aplicación del tratamiento a base de aceite esencial de orégano, no excedió el umbral de detección de sabor de 0.1 ppm, por lo que se puede considerar como una alternativa viable, económica y sin ningún impacto ambiental.</p>
				<p>La importancia del uso del timol obtenido del orégano, radica también en los efectos dañinos que éste le causa a los ácaros de <italic>Varroa,</italic> ya que en un estudio realizado por<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Loeza <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref> lograron observar que cuando se usa el timol en una concentración del 20% durante 28 días, los ácaros de <italic>Varroa</italic> presentan una plasticidad; por lo que se encontró una reducción significativa en el ancho del escudo dorsal y en largo del escudo genital de la <italic>Varroa</italic>; sin embargo, se sugiere realizar más estudios, ya que la reducción del largo del escudo genital pudiera tener efectos adversos en la reproducción de los ácaros, lo que pudiera ser benéfico para los apicultores, ya que de esta manera se pudiera reducir la ovoposición de las hembras de <italic>Varroa,</italic> disminuyendo así los niveles de infestación de las colmenas.</p>
				<p>El uso de timol incrementa su importancia en la erradicación de patógenos, por lo que el efecto del timol puede reducir tanto la presencia de <italic>Varroa</italic> como la de <italic>Nosema,</italic> hecho que ha sido comprobado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">Rice (2001)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Maistrello <italic>et al.,</italic> (2008)</xref>; quienes indican que el timol actúa penetrando las capas de las esporas de <italic>Nosema,</italic> impidiendo la germinación y el desarrollo de la enfermedad causada por la replicación del esporoplasma, lo que permite controlar esta enfermedad. En consideración a lo antes mencionado, el aceite esencia de orégano y sus componentes, principalmente el timol, son una solución ante los riesgos que causan los productos químicos para el control de <italic>Varroa</italic> y <italic>Nosema</italic> en las abejas.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Rumiantes (ovejas, cabras y bovinos)</title>
				<p>En rumiantes, el aceite de orégano se ha utilizado para disminuir la emisiones de metano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">Talebzadeh <italic>etal.,</italic> 2012</xref>), donde autores como <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Benchaar y Greathead (2011)</xref> encontraron que el aceite de orégano en dosis altas (&gt;300mg<sup>1</sup> de fluido de cultivo de líquido ruminal de bovinos) reduce la población microbiana (bacterias metanogénicas, hongos, protozoarios, etc.); lo que es debido a la reducción <italic>in vitro</italic> de la producción de amoniaco, biomasa microbiana y degradabilidad; además que el aceite (500 mg-l-1), no inhiben la fermentación microbiana ruminal; sin embargo, sí la modifica, aumentando la concentración de ácidos grasos volátiles y de nitrógeno amoniacal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Geraci <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Newbold (2004</xref> ) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Benchaar (2007)</xref> mencionaron que los aceites esenciales inhiben a las bacterias generadoras de nitrógeno; por tanto, la diseminación de las proteínas decrece, por lo que se ha reportado hasta un 25 % de reducción de estas bacterias cuando se utiliza aceite de orégano de entre 30 y 300 mg; asimismo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Hristov <italic>etal.</italic> (2013)</xref>, encontraron de forma in vivo que la inclusión de aceite esencial de orégano a niveles de 250 g/d, 500 g/d y 750 g/d disminuyen la concentración de amoniaco de los rumiantes. En este contexto los principales químicos del orégano, son el carvacrol, p-cimeno, linalol, terpineno y timol; los cuales presentan una alta capacidad antioxidante y su potencial antimicrobiano, que pueden afectar el desarrollo y crecimiento de las bacterias ruminales e inhibir la metanogénesis; además que la inclusión de 300 mg/L y de 3000 mg/L de aceite esencial de orégano ayuda a reducir los ácidos grasos volátiles totales.</p>
				<p>El aceite esencial de orégano se debe utilizar en dosis bajas para poder observar efectos benéficos en la digestibilidad de fibra detergente neutra; se ha observado una mejora en la disponibilidad de energía para los microorganismos ruminales, en comparación con el uso de dosis altas, las cuales causan efectos deletéreos en la digestibilidad de la fibra por su efecto antimicrobiano; es decir, que en las dosis más altas se encontraron efectos negativos sobre la digestibilidad de la materia seca y la fibra (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Klevenhusen <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>). Sin embargo, debido a que el aceite esencial de orégano presenta mayores beneficios que desventajas, el aceite esencial de orégano ha sido considerado como una opción con fines de mitigar las emisiones de metano entérico y mejorar la fermentación ruminal con la producción de ácidos grasos volátiles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Durmic <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Busquet <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Peces</title>
				<p>El uso de aceites esenciales ha adquirido gran importancia por los beneficios en la alimentación, el transporte, manejo y salud de los peces; esto es debido a que los aceites esenciales de orégano reducen los niveles de estrés, lesiones, mortalidad y enfermedades; por lo que se ha demostrado que su uso mejora la productividad de los sistemas acuícolas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>). En este sentido, el uso de altas cantidades de carvacrol que contiene el aceite esencial de orégano, es una alternativa viable como un complemento de los antibióticos comerciales para el control de <italic>Vibrio spp.,</italic> en camarones peneidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">García <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>), del mismo modo, se ha demostrado que el uso del aceite esencial de orégano en dosis 6%, 2% y 4 % logra inhibir las <italic>bacterias Salmonella sp, Proteus sp</italic> y <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> presentes en peces silvestres enfermos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Martínez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>), es decir que el aceite esencial de orégano es una alternativa para el control de diversos patógenos que pudieran afectar la buena salud de los peces.</p>
				<p>El aceite esencial de orégano en la acuicultura es usado como antioxidantes, esto ha sido posible debido a que el orégano constituye una fuente generosa de antioxidantes, debido a las altas concentraciones de timol y de carvacrol presentes de manera natural en las plantas, debido a lo anterior, el aceite esencial de orégano se considera como una opción económica, plausible, inofensiva y efectiva; debido a ello los aceites esenciales de orégano son utilizados como sustancias terapéuticas en la acuicultura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aanyu <italic>et al.,</italic>2018</xref>); además que proporcionan una solución para el crecimiento deficiente y las respuestas al estrés relacionadas con las condiciones de cultivo intensivo, así como las deficiencias inmunitarias relacionadas con el estrés oxidativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Knight, 2010</xref>), así como promotores de crecimiento dentro de los sistemas de producción de alevinos en fase de masculinización; ya que se ha demostrado que el uso del aceite esencial de orégano en concentraciones del 1%, incrementa la rentabilidad de los sistemas de producción de tilapia roja <italic>(Oreochromis spp)</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Coronado, 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>El uso del aceite esencial de orégano puede reducir los daños que se producen en los peces durante el transporte y manejo al mercado, o a lugares dentro de la granja; estos beneficios son posibles debido a que el aceite esencial de orégano <italic>(Lippia alba),</italic> cuando se aplica en una concentración de 10 pl l-1 en peces durante su transporte (5-7 h), reduce el estrés oxidativo en los tejidos de los peces (hígado, cerebro y branquias); además se ha reportado que una concentración de 30 mgl-1 de agua de aceite esencial, es suficiente para la inducción anestésica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Azambuja <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>), reduciendo así los daños que se producen por la movilidad de los peces.</p>
				<p>Finalmente, la aplicación del aceite esencial de orégano ha demostrado ser eficaz inhibidor de la microbiota superficial de los filetes de merluza, especialmente cuando son incorporados en soluciones formadoras de films en concentraciones del 3% o superiores, incrementando la vida de anaquel de los filetes de peces. Por lo tanto, el uso del aceite esencial de orégano puede estar presente en el desarrollo de los sistemas intensivos de peces; debido a que como se mencionó anteriormente, su eficiencia abarca desde el desarrollo del crecimiento de los alevines, hasta el punto final del sistema productivo que es la conservación de los filetes en anaquel.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>Los aceites esenciales de orégano de las subespecies <italic>vulgare</italic> y <italic>Lippia,</italic> son una alternativa como aditivos en la alimentación de los animales domésticos; mejoran la funcionalidad del sistema digestivo en monogástricos, reducen las emisiones de metano entérico en rumiantes y los malos olores en las heses de los cerdos. Las evidencias científicas demuestran que los aceites esenciales de orégano pueden ayudar a solucionar los problemas en los sistemas de producción animal.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
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				<article-title>Review of the use of oregano spp. oil in animal health and production</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>The use of essential oil extracted from oregano is relevant if we take into account the high concentrations of thymol, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenes and carvacrol, which are substances with antioxidant capacity, since they counteract the formation of free radicals, in addition to having antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiallergic, vasodilator, and estrogenic, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, antitumor properties, among others. The objective of this review was to conduct a preliminary analysis of the use of oregano oil <italic>spp.</italic> in animal health and production. In conclusion, it can be said that the use of essential oils of oregano mainly of the subspecies <italic>vulgare</italic> and <italic>Lippia</italic> have been an alternative as feed additives in the production of domestic animal species. The digestive system in chickens has been improved its functionality due to this, also it has been possible to reduce enteric methane emissions in ruminants and reduce bad odors in pigs.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Oregano</kwd>
				<kwd>essential oil</kwd>
				<kwd>animal production</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
			<p>Oregano is a plant that is widely distributed in the European Mediterranean, Asia and America (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Castillo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">Zou <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Huerta, 1997</xref>). Currently, more than 40 species of the <italic>Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae, Compositae</italic> and <italic>Leguminoseae</italic> families are known, the most important being the oregano, <italic>Origanum vulgare</italic> and the Mexican oregano <italic>L. graveolens, L. palmeri, L. alba</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Castillo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Huerta, 1997</xref>). These plants are easy to obtain and because of their aromatic characteristics, it is commonly as a condiment in culinary recipes used (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Albado <italic>et al.,</italic> 2001</xref>). Therefore, oregano is located as a plant of economic importance; in addition, its essential oils are beneficial for human health and they can be as natural additives in food for production animals used (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Hyldgaard<italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>Oregano oils are a complex mixture of hundreds of individual volatile aromatic compounds that are derived from the various oregano species <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Monu <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>). These oils are known for their anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant properties, due to their carvacrol and thymol content (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Govaris <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>); even at low concentrations, oregano oil has biological activity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Ali <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). It has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on a variety of bacteria and has a broad spectrum of antibacterial properties (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Gonçalves<italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>). In this sense, the natural property of oregano oil has allowed it to be used to preserve food (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">Viuda <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>), as an acaricide for parasite control, such as <italic>Varroa</italic> in bees (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Loeza <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>The use of essential oils of oregano becomes more relevant if we consider the prohibition of growth-promoting antibiotics, stimulating the search for alternative nutritional supplements in the production of various animal species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Botsoglou <italic>et al.,</italic> 2002</xref>). Therefore, the objective of the research was to conduct a preliminary analysis of the use of oregano oil <italic>spp.</italic> in animal health and production.</p>
			<p>In recent years, essential oils have had an impact on animal production, because they have proven to be a good alternative to reduce the use of chemical compounds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Martinez<italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). Therefore, it has been in broilers used, with the purpose of improving ileal digestibility. In addition, they stimulate the appetite of birds and increase their weight gain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Isabel y Santos, 2009</xref>). In turkeys, it has managed to increase the stability of its raw and cooked meat, as well as lipid oxidation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Botsoglou <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>). In pigs, it reduces the emission of gases, fecal conforms and anaerobic bacteria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">Varel, 2002</xref>); In addition, in pregnant sows it reduces the mortality of its piglets (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Allan y Bilkei, 2005</xref>). In bees, it used for the alternative control of <italic>Varroa</italic> destructor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Itzá <italic>etal.,</italic> 2007</xref>). In ruminants the presence of carvacrol, p-cymene, linalool, terpenene and thymol, have used it to reduce methane emissions in the rumen of sheep, goats and cattle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">Talebzadeh <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>); and in fish the use of oregano essential oil during transport reduced oxidative stress in fish tissues (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Azambuja <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>).</p>
			<p>Despite the benefits obtained from the different species of oregano in animal production, they have achieved disease prevention, the response of the animal's immune system and the productivity of the various production systems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Martinez 2015</xref>). Its functionality in the reproduction of various species has been set aside; this based on mainly the high amounts of antioxidant present in the essential oils of oregano. They can improve the seminal quality of fresh semen and the sperm's resistance to thermal shock during the cryopreservation process (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Alvarez y Storey, 1992</xref>).</p>
			<p>The inclusion of thymol extracted from oregano plants to the diets of bees inoculated with <italic>Nosema</italic> has reduced infection (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">Van den <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Costa <italic>etal.,</italic> 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Maistrello <italic>et al.,</italic>2008</xref>). However, these investigations carried out in the laboratory, controlling thymol intake. Its efficiency is not in the field or in natural conditions known; therefore, precautions should be when using thymol for the eradication of <italic>Nosema</italic> taken, until the appropriate doses and the correct method of application are found. The benefits depend on the species of oregano used or the combination of essential oils.</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Barreto <italic>et al.</italic> (2008)</xref> indicate that the effect of oregano essential oil can be by adding essential oils from other plants enhanced; however, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Hernandez <italic>et al.</italic> (2004)</xref> they combined it with cinnamon and pepper; but it did not increase weight gain or feed conversion in birds. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">Oetting <italic>et al.</italic> (2006)</xref> mixed it with thyme and clove in diets for 28-day piglets, but the animals lost weight and the feed conversion was higher, compared to the antibiotic.</p>
			<p>At present, many benefits of oregano essential oils are described but the adverse effects are not when used indiscriminately known; therefore, the implementation and generation of new knowledge that can describe the plant and how it can be used is necessary.</p>
			</sec>
				<sec>
				<title>LITERATURE REVIEW</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Oregano plant</title>
					<p>The name of the genus <italic>Oreganum</italic> comes from the Greek word, <italic>oros</italic> that means mountain and <italic>ganos</italic> in reference to the beautiful aspect that this plant gives to the regions where it grows. Oregano is native to Asia and Europe, but it is in temperate regions grown, of several countries. The plants are also cultivated for their therapeutic, pharmaceutical and beekeeping properties; they consume it widely for its tonic, digestive, stomach and antiasthmatic properties (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">INFOAGRO, 2006</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f2">
							<label>Image 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Varieties of oregano.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2594-1992-abaagrof-2-201-gf2.png"/>
							<attrib>1: Italian oregano (<italic>Origanum majoricum</italic>); 2: Eastern Mediterranean oregano, (<italic>Origanum majorana</italic>); 3: Turkish oregano (<italic>Origanum onites</italic>); 4: Mexican oregano (<italic>Poliomintha longrflora</italic>); 5: Greek oregano (<italic>Origanum heracleoticum</italic>); 6: oregano of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands (<italic>Origanum vulgare</italic>). Source: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://vsaduidoma.com/es/2016/06/27/dushica-i-majoran-foto-otlichiya-i-raznost-v-posadke-i-uhode/">http://vsaduidoma.com/es/2016/06/27/dushica-i-majoran-foto-otlichiya-i-raznost-v-posadke-i-uhode/</ext-link>
							</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Oregano species</title>
					<p>Oregano belongs to the family <italic>Lamiaceae silver,</italic> especially aromatic; its taxonomy is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">table 1</xref> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">WCSP, 2014</xref>). Currently, 61 oregano species reported, contained in 17 genera of six families under this name. The genus <italic>Origanum</italic> (Labiatae family), known as European oregano, it is considered the most important (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">table 2</xref>); however, in the American continent the genera <italic>Lanata</italic> and <italic>Lippia</italic> (Verbenaceae family) are the most abundant Mexican oregano; but there are other families (<italic>Rubiaceae</italic>, <italic>Scrophuiariaceae, Apiaceae</italic> and <italic>Asteraceae)</italic> that have no productive impact (WCSP).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Taxonomic classification of Oregano</title>
							</caption>
							<table style="border=0 cellpadding=0;">
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> Kingdom: </td>
										<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> Plantae </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Division: </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Magnoliophyta </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Class: </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Magnoliopsida </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Order: </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Lamíales </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Family: </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Lamiaceae </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Subfamily: </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Nepetoideae </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Tribe: </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Mentheae </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Gender: </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"><italic>Origanum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Species: </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"><italic>0. vulgare</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Scientific name </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"><italic>Origanum vulgare L</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> Common name: </td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;"> Orégano </td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN4">
									<p>Source: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">National Library of Medicine</xref>
									</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Oregano species used worldwide</title>
							</caption>
							<table style="border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0;">
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: justify;"><bold>Family</bold></td>
										<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: justify;"><bold>Subspecies</bold></td>
										<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: justify;"><bold>Scientific name</bold></td>
										</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="21" style="border:0; text-align: left;"/>
										<td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: top;">• <bold>
 <italic>glandulosum</italic>
</bold></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Origanum glandulosum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum gracile</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum tyttanthum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="6" style="vertical-align: top; border:0; text-align: left;"><bold>
 <italic>• gracile</italic>
</bold></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum kopetdaghense</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum glaucum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum hirtum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum megastachyum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum smyrnaeum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"/>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="6" style="vertical-align: top; border:0; text-align: left;"><bold>
 <italic>• Hirtum</italic>
</bold></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum heracleoticum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum neglectum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum illyricum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum latifolium</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Majorana neglecta</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum virens</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"/>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align: top; border:0; text-align: left;"> · <bold>• <italic>Virens</italic> 
</bold></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Origanum macrostachyum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Origanum virescens</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"> • <italic>Origanum viridulum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"> • <italic>Origanum heracleoticum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"> • <italic>Origanum minus</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="50" style="vertical-align: top; border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Labiatae</italic></td>
										<td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; border:0; text-align: left;"/>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Origanum oblongatum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Origanum parviflorum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"> •<italic>Origanum normale</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="12" style="vertical-align: top; border:0; text-align: left;"><bold>
 <italic>• Viridulum</italic>
</bold></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum wallichianum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum angustifolium</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum pruinosum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum semiglaucum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum viride</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum gussonei</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum strobilaceum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum creticum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum majus</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum latifolium</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum oriéntale</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum anglicum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="28" style="vertical-align: top; border:0; text-align: left;"><bold>
 <italic>• Vulgare</italic>
</bold></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum purpurescens</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum officinale</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum floridum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Origanum micranthum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Origanum heracleoticum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Origanum stoloniferum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum thymiflorum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum laxiflorum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum loureiroi</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum decipiens</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum americanum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum capitatum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum nutans</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum venosum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Oroga heráeleótica</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum serpylliforme</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum albiflorum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum megastachyum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum watsonii</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum barcense</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum elegans</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Micromeria formosana</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum dilatatum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Origanum puberulum</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Mentha formosana</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Lantana citrosa</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Lantana glandulosissima</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Lantana involucrata</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="7" style="vertical-align: top; border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Lanata</italic></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Lantana purpurea</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Lantana trifolia</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Lantana velutina</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Lippia myriocephala</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Lippia affinis</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Lippia alba</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"><italic>• Lippia berlandieri</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="10" style="vertical-align: top; border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Verbenácea</italic></td>
										<td rowspan="3 border:0; text-align: left;"/>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Lippia cardiostegia</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Lippia formosa</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Lippia geisseana</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="12" style="vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: left;">• <italic>Lippia</italic></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Lippia graveolens</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Lippia helleri</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"> • <italic>Lippia micromera</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Lippia micromera</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Lippia origanoides</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Lippia palmeri</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Lippia palmeri</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;"> • <italic>Rubiaceae</italic></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Borreria sp.</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Scrophulariaceae</italic></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Limnophila stolonifera</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="2" style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Apiaceae</italic></td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Eryngium foetidum L</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: left;">• <italic>Coeosanthus veronicaefolius</italic></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;">• <italic>Asteraceae</italic></td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: none; border-left: none;  border-right: none; text-align: center;">• <italic>Eupatorium macrophyllum L.</italic></td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN5">
									<p><italic>Source:</italic> WCSP</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Botanical description</title>
					<p>The different varieties of oregano are herbaceous, perennial plants in the form of a small cramped shrub, about 45 cm to 60 cm tall. The whole plant is with glandular hairs covered; its stem acquires a reddish hue, the/ branch off at the top and tend to defoliate at the bottom. The upper leases are smaller than the lower ones; opposite leaves on the margins have ciliated glands full of essential oils. The flowers are pink, purple or violet, depending on the species, and the fruits are usually tetraquenia and dry (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Fonnegra, 2007</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Oregano production in Mexico</title>
					<p>Mexican oregano is an important source of income for marginalized populations in the expanding country, due to its demand (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Cazares-Alonso 2010</xref>). The 90% of the production is wildly in 24 states of the Mexican Republic distributed, with an annual production of 4,000 tons (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">García-Pérez<italic>etal.,</italic>2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Casillas-Alcalá, 1992</xref>). In recent years, commercial crops have been in Durango, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí Coahuila, Tamaulipas, Nuevo León and Zacatecas states installed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Garcia <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
					<p>Mexican oregano exports are destined for the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Canada. In recent years, it has been recorded that sales of Mexican oregano have increased to 2 million dollars (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">CONAFOR, 2009</xref>). The increase in its price attributed to both national and international demand, stimulating the development of technology for the establishment of more efficient crops (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Cazares-Alonso <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>).</p>
					<p>The most cultivated oregano genera in Mexico, highlight <italic>Lantana</italic> and (with three and two species, respectively); This is because they are the most exploited in our country; possibly because they are found in much of the national territory in a wild way, in arid and semi-arid regions of Mexico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Garcia <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>). However, despite its economic importance, its exploitation is not included in the basic management and agronomic improvement programs, since commercial production of Mexican oregano demands homogeneity, volume and quality; factors that are opposed to the type of collection, since this is carried out in marginalized and low-income areas, generating excessive exploitation that jeopardize its biodiversity and sustainability.</p>
					<p>For these reasons, it is necessary to ensure a rational management of this resource, in order to influence positively the socioeconomic level of families in the regions where it occurs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Huerta, 1997</xref>). Due to the needs mentioned above, the bases for the agronomic management of oregano have been highlighting the collection of seeds established, before harvest to renew the populations. Propagation through stakes has been, using indole-butyric acid (2000 ppm) as a root, proposed. It has been suggested that the plant be cut until it reaches maturity and after flowering. The quality of the plant grown under this scheme is optimal for exploitation up to 3 years, and finally it has been determined that the best time to plant oregano, in the agro-climatic conditions of the mountains, is between the months of September to December (time which presents favorable temperatures) and the beginning of rains (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Corella y Ortega, 2013</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Commercial value of oregano</title>
					<p>The world production of oregano generates an approximate value of $ 22.5 million dollars; however, the National Forestry Commission estimated that in 2005 total sales of oregano totaled more than $ 75 million (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Koksal <italic>et</italic> 2010</xref>). In Mexico, oregano production represents an economic spill of 5.6 million pesos, making this activity an impact for the rural sector and a source of employment in areas of high marginalization.</p>
					<p>Mexico is located as the second largest oregano producing country in the world, contributing between 35 and 40% of total production worldwide (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">Soto <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Garcia<italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>). The 85% of production is to the US exported and 5% to European and Asian countries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Castillo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). From the five commercial oregano species in Mexico, the<italic>Lippia graveolens H.B.K.</italic> and <italic>Llppla Berlandlerl</italic> Schauer are the most exploiting and economically important oregano, because these two oregano species are displacing products that come from Greece and Turkey. Mexican oregano contains a better chemical composition of its essential oils, which has allowed it, to commercialize in recent years. The average cost of dried oregano leaf per kg varies from 8 to 11 Mexican pesos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Nieves<italic>etal.,</italic> 2010</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Chemical composition</title>
					<p>Oregano essential oil is rich in thymol, beta-bisabolene, cariophilene, p-cymene, borneol, linalool, linalyl acetate, alpha and beta-pinenes, alpha-terpinen, phenol carboxylic acids, such as caffeic, chlorogenic and rosmarinic. It contains flavonoids, such as derivatives of apigenol, luteolol, kenferol and diosmetol. It also contains some triterpenes, such as derived from ursolic and olenaolic acids in addition to tannins (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Fonnegra, 2007</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Oregano nutritional value</title>
					<p>Oregano is used in human food and as an additive in animal diets, due to proteins, iron, calcium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, phosphorus, niacin, vitamin A, thymol and carvacrol (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Moreiras <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<label>Table 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Nutritional composition per 100 gr of dried oregano</title>
							</caption>
							<table style="border=0 cellpadding=0;">
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>Composition</bold></td>
										<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>Quantity (gr)</bold></td>
										<td style="border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><bold>CDR (%)</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> K calories </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 308 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 16.1% </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Carbohydrates </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 21.63 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 7% </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Protein </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 11 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 23% </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Fiber </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 42.8 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 142.7% </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Fat </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 10.25 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 19.3% </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Sodium </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 15 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 0.9% </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Sodium </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 15 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 0.9% </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Calcium </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 1576 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 131.3% </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Iron </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 44 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 550% </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Magnesium </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 0 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 0% </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Phosphorus </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 200 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 28.6% </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> Potassium </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 1669 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 83.5% </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> A Vitamin </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 0.69 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 76.7% </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> B1 Vitamin </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 0.34 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 28.3% </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> B2 Vitamin </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 0.32 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 24.6% </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> B3 Vitamin </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 6.22 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 0% </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: center;"> B12 Vitamin </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 0 </td>
										<td style="border:0; text-align: right;"> 0% </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"> C Vitamin </td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: right;"> 50 </td>
										<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align: right;"> 55.6% </td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Medicinal properties of oregano essential oil</title>
					<p>The commercial value of oregano is due to its characteristics, such as spice, seasoning and medicinal properties. Flowever, the most important industrial and pharmaceutical importance of the plant is its essential oil used as a fragrance in soaps, perfumes, cosmetics and flavorings, mainly (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Koksal <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>). In addition, oregano oil contains flavonoids, important substances in the pharmacological area, due to its antioxidant capacity in the formation of free radicals. Its influence has properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antiallergic, vasodilator, antiinflammatory, antimicrobials, among others (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Cáceres <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">Soto <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Meneses <italic>etal.,</italic> 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Gonzalez <italic>et al]</italic> 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Güereca <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Garcia <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Antioxidant activity</title>
					<p>Currently, studies have been on the antioxidant activity of oregano conducted, where authors such as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">Soto <italic>et al.</italic> (2012)</xref> indicate that oregano has antioxidant activity, which increases as the extract concentrations increase without having a toxic effect <italic>in vitro</italic> and<italic>in vivo.</italic> Antioxidant concentrations between plants vary, due to differences in the composition and quantity of secondary metabolites. However, there are factors such as geographical area, climate, altitude, harvest time and its growth status that affect its content (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Güereca <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>). Many spices and herbs of the <italic>Lamiaceae</italic> family to which oregano belongs have been as antioxidants and preservatives in foods evaluated, because it has been shown that oregano manages to keep various foods at low temperatures. It is that thymol and Carvacrol act as lipid antioxidants known (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">Yanishlieva<italic>et al.,</italic> 1999</xref>); that is, its antioxidant activity is associated with several mechanisms; furthermore, its high reactivity against active free radicals is the main mechanism considered (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Cervato <italic>et al.,</italic> 2000</xref>).</p>
					<p>The importance of oregano in the food industry increased by its use as an alternative additive for food preservation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Dorman <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>). It has been shown that the substances responsible for the antioxidant activity of oregano are phenolic compounds because of their molecular structure, especially the degree of hydroxylation and the position of the oxyhydrils they contain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Kulisic <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>). In addition, its active ingredients can act in one or several stages of the oxidative sequence, constituting one of the main classes of secondary metabolites of plants, which perform various physiological functions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Gotsiou <italic>et al.,</italic> 2002</xref>). Oregano can inhibit the oxidation of biomolecules (proteins and DNA), preventing the initiation or propagation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are related to the incidence of various human pathologies, including cancer, heart disease, neurodegenerative problems, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's; In addition to aging processes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Aiyegoro y Okoh, 2009</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Antimicrobial Activity</title>
				<p>There are multiple studies on the antimicrobial activity of extracts of different types of oregano oil; have activity against <italic>gram</italic> negative bacteria, such as: <italic>Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coll, Klebsiella pneumoniae Yersinia enterocolitica</italic> and<italic>Enterobacter cloacae',</italic> and gram positive, such as:<italic>Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Listeria monocytogenes</italic> and <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Elgayyar <italic>et al.,</italic> 2001</xref>). Essential oils obtained from oregano species contain a potential antimicrobial power, since they evaluated and showed to be effective against several different microorganisms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Arcila <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>).</p>
				<p>The effectiveness of oregano oil as an antimicrobial attributed to two compounds present: carvacrol and thymol, which inhibit pathogenic microorganisms, since they prevent the development of the microbial activity of gram-negative microorganisms, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">Santoyo <italic>et al.,</italic>2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">Yano <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>). The antimicrobial activity depends on the chemical composition of the oregano essential oil, which is related to the oregano species, geographical conditions, harvest periods, extraction method and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), which have been established between 0.28 -1.27 mg/ml for bacteria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Hazzit <italic>et al.,</italic>2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Aligiannis <italic>et al.,</italic> 2001</xref>).</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Antifungal activity</title>
					<p>In recent studies, oregano essential oil in a concentration of 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7% and 1.0% presented a 100% mycelial growth inhibition, compared to isolated phytopathogenic fungi. It and has been shown to have antifungal ability against: <italic>Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, Torulopsis glabrata, Aspergillus Niger, Geotrichum</italic> and <italic>Rhodotorula; Botrytis clnerea, Rhlzopus stolonifer, Colletotrichum</italic> sp., <italic>Penicillium Itallcum, Penicillium dlgltatum, Fusarium moniliforme, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Fusarium graminearum, Aspergillus ochraceus,</italic> among others. The inhibitory effect of oregano essential oil on the development of various fungi has been <italic>In vitro</italic> reported. In addition, it was determined that with 2000 ppm of oregano oil, the mycelial growth of these fungi can be controlled. Likewise, the essential oil of oregano efficiently controls <italic>In vivo</italic> the development of endogenous fungi in wheat was demonstrated (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Cáceres <italic>etal.,</italic> 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Garcia <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>); These capacities to the fungicidal activity of oregano essential oils, especially to the presence of thymol and carvacrol in these substances are attributed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Madsen y Bertelsen, 1995</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Antiviral activity</title>
					<p>Oregano extracts have been for the properties of their essential oils studied, on the infective activity of the yellow fever virus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Meneses 2009</xref>). Oregano essential oils were efficient in the inhibition of five DNA viruses (HHV-1, ACVR-HHV-1, BoHV-1, BoHV-2, and BoHV-5) and three RNA viruses (HRSV, RV, BVDV). This inhibitory effect is mainly to the method of oil extraction attributed and the part of the selected plant (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Meneses et <italic>al.,</italic> 2009</xref>). On the contrary, in another study conducted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">García-Pérez <italic>et al.</italic> (2012)</xref>, antiviral inefficiency was determined on the reproduction of influenza A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) virus in MDCK cells.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Anti-inflammatory activity</title>
					<p>Some of the soluble phytochemicals have recently been for their anti-inflammatory effect re-evaluated. It has been reported that water-soluble oregano extract inhibits the secretion of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), showing an anti-inflammatory activity in human epithelial carcinoma cells. Likewise, an ethanol extract of oregano exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in a mouse model with gastritis, induced by stress and contact hypersensitivity. The main phytochemicals responsible for anti-inflammatory activity are rosmarinic acid, ursolic acid and oleanolic acid (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Peralta, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Garcia <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>). In the same way, the presence of the flavonoids kampferol, isokampférido and pilosina has been determined; which have an anti-inflammatory, antiulcerogenic and vasoconstrictor biological activity, which justify their medicinal use, as antispasmodic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antihemorrhagic (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Güereca <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Use of oregano essential oil in different animal species</title>
					<p>There is currently a worldwide trend to replace synthetic chemicals with the use of essential oils with antiparasitic, antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial activity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Meneses <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">Santoyo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">Yano <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>); It was due to public and political concerns related to the high use of synthetic products, which present potential risks of causing resistance to the various pathogens present in animals for human consumption, which compromises the world production of protein foods (meat, milk , egg) and honey (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Cabrera <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Birds</title>
					<p>The compounds of the essential oils of oregano are an alternative of replacement of the growth promoting antibiotics. It allows enhancing the integral functional performance of the digestive system and the productive expression of the broiler. This is because the inclusion of oregano extracts in the diet improves the ileal and total digestibility of dry matter, ethereal extract and starch (Betancourt, 2012).These functional effects have been to the content of the phenols; carvacrol and thymol attributed, in ranges from 3% to 75% of the total oil; with the presence of other components such as hydrocarbon monoterpenes, y-terpene and p-cymene (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Aligiannis 2001</xref>).</p>
					<p>The essential oil of oregano has also been as an additive in the diets of poultry intended for meat production used. This is because oregano oil has beneficial effects on the antibacterial activity of the intestinal tract of broilers, which it has benefited the production of poultry farms because the addition of essential oil of oregano has improved the quality of the carcass (Betancourt, 2012). In addition, in broilers has been shown that, a mixture of essential oils of clove ( <italic>Syzigiumaromathlcu</italic> and oregano (<italic>vulgare)</italic> stimulate the appetite of birds, and in this way the conversion is improved. That is, the inclusion of essential oils in the chicken diet can increase weight gain, improve food conversion and production parameters in general (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Isabel y Santos, 2009</xref>). As an antioxidant, oregano was tested in turkey meat, and the results showed that in concentration of 200 mg/kg<sup>1</sup> of food increased the stability of raw and cooked meat to lipid oxidation, compared to the group that did not contain essential oils (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Botsoglou <italic>et al.,</italic>2003</xref>).</p>
					<p>The use of oregano essential oil showed with 27.67% thymol+11.31% carvacrol managed to inhibit the presence of aerobic and pathogenic mesophiles (S. <italic>typhy, aureus</italic> and E.<italic>coli)</italic> in turkey meat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Gonzales <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>). Similarly <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Dominguez <italic>et al.</italic> (2015)</xref>, showed that the use of 400 mg of oregano oil per kg of feed from broilers, decreased the amount of aerobic mesophiles in fresh and frozen meat of broilers 35 and 42 days old (Oregano contained 43.17% and 29.16% thymol and carvacrol, respectively). According to the above, the use of oregano essential oil is a viable alternative in poultry diets, because food intake, weight gain, food conversion rate and mortality are not affected when such use is made essential oil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Fonseca <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>); In addition, mortality decreases with the inclusion of oregano oil in the bird's diet (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Escalera <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Pigs</title>
					<p>In pigs, the use of 2.5 g of carvacrol or thymol per liter of pig excreta completely inhibits the production of odor-causing compounds has been found, such as valerate, isobutyrate, cresol and isovalerate; reducing the emission of gases, fecal coliforms and anaerobic bacteria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">Varel, 2002</xref>). In another study, the inclusion of the essential oil of oregano in the diets of sows in pre-school and lactation, presented a lower mortality rate, a higher birth rate, more piglets born alive, less low weight of piglets at birth and a greater voluntary consumption of food (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Allan y Bilkei, 2005</xref>). In addition, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Ariza <italic>et al.</italic> (2011)</xref> reported that the inclusion of oregano in sow diets increased the growth rate in piglets, which coincides with the results obtained by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Guerra <italic>et al.</italic> (2008)</xref>. They demonstrated that oregano oil produces better effects on weight gain and final weight, and with the results obtained by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Khajarern y Khajarern (2002)</xref>. They also reported that when oregano essential oil was to the diet added, there was an increase in the daily food intake of lactating sows and the daily weight gain of their offspring, compared to the offspring of sows not fed with oil of oregano.</p>
					<p>Besides, the use of oregano reduces the time of permanence of the food in its transit through the gastrointestinal tract, since it was found that a mixture of plant extracts modifies the rate of emptying of the stomach in weaned pigs. Possibly these effects support and explain the best ideal digestibility obtained by Betancourt (2012), with the inclusion of oregano oil.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Bees</title>
					<p>In beekeeping, have been organic substances used, such as oregano essential oil; this has been used for the alternative control of <italic>Varroa destructor</italic> and <italic>Nosema.</italic> Due to its effectiveness, easy application and the low risk of contamination of honey and wax produced in the colonies, when they are, to treatment, subjected. In addition, the mites do not show resistance to this alternative product (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">Romo <italic>et at.,</italic> 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Itzá <italic>et at.,</italic> 2007</xref>). In world beekeeping, thymol is being used in the last decade, which is obtained mainly from oregano plants; in this sense, thymol is one of the most used natural products for varroasis control; however, its effectiveness varies according to the climatic conditions of each region, time of application, concentration, and form of application (in gel, powder or oil). Itzá <italic>et al.</italic> (2007), reported that the efficacy of thymol could vary 66% to 98%. Similarly,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">Romo <italic>et</italic> al.. (2016)</xref> suggest that pure oregano oil is a viable alternative to control <italic>Varroa</italic>in honeybees. Besides, the amount of carvacrol found in honey produced during the application of oregano essential oil treatment, did not exceed the taste detection threshold of 0.1 ppm, so it can be as a viable, economical alternative considered, without No environmental impact.</p>
					<p>The importance of the use of thymol obtained from oregano, also lies in the harmful effects it causes to <italic>Varroa</italic> mites, since in a study by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Loeza <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref> were able to observe that when thymol is used in a concentration of 20% for 28 days. <italic>Varroa</italic> mites have a plasticity reason why a significant reduction in the width of the dorsal shield and in length of the <italic>Varroa</italic> genital shield found. However, to carry out more studies is suggested, since the reduction of the length of the genital shield could have adverse effects on the reproduction of the mites, which could be beneficial for beekeepers, since in this way the oviposition of the <italic>Varroa</italic> females, thus decreasing hive infestation levels.</p>
					<p>The use of thymol increases its importance in the eradication of pathogens, so that the effect of thymol can reduce both the presence of <italic>Varroa</italic> and <italic>Nosema,</italic> a fact proved <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">Rice (2001)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Maistrello <italic>etal.,</italic> (2008)</xref>; These authors indicate that thymol acts by penetrating the layers of <italic>Nosema</italic> spores, preventing the germination and development of the disease caused by the replication of the sporoplasm, which allows controlling this disease. In consideration of the aforementioned, the essence oil of oregano and its components, mainly thymol, are a solution to the risks caused by the chemicals for the control of <italic>Varroa</italic>and <italic>Nosema</italic> in bees.</p>
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				<sec>
					<title>Ruminants (sheep, goats and cattle)</title>
					<p>In ruminants, oregano oil has been to decrease methane emissions used (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">Talebzadeh <italic>al.,</italic> 2012</xref>). Some authors <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Benchaar y Greathead (2011)</xref> found that oregano oil in high doses (&gt;300mg<sup>-1</sup> of fluid of bovine ruminal fluid culture) reduces the microbial population (methanogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoa, etc.) and it is due to the <italic>in vitro</italic> reduction of the production of ammonia, microbial biomass and degradability. In addition to the oil (500 mg L<sup>-1</sup>), they do not inhibit ruminal microbial fermentation; however, it does modify it, increasing the concentration of volatile fatty acids and ammoniacal nitrogen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Geraci <italic>et al.,</italic>2012</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Newbold (2004)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Benchaar (2007)</xref> mentioned that essential oils inhibit nitrogengenerating bacteria. The dissemination of proteins decreases, so it has been reported up to 25% reduction of these bacteria when using oregano oil between 30 and 300 mg. In addition, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Hristov <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref>, found <italic>in vivo</italic> that the inclusion of oregano essential oil at levels of 250 g/d, 500 g/d and 750 g/d decreases the concentration of ammonia in ruminants. In this context, the main chemicals in oregano are carvacrol, p-cymene, linalool, terpenene and thymol; which have a high antioxidant capacity and their antimicrobial potential, which can affect the development and growth of ruminal bacteria and inhibit methanogenesis. That is way, the inclusion of 300 mg/L and 3000 mg/L of oregano essential oil helps reduce total volatile fatty acids.</p>
					<p>Oregano essential oil used in low doses to be able to observe beneficial effects on the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber. An improvement in the availability of energy for ruminal microorganisms observed, compared to the use of high doses, which cause deleterious effects on fiber digestibility due to its antimicrobial effect; that is, in the higher doses negative effects found on the digestibility of dry matter and fiber (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Klevenhusen <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>). However, because oregano essential oil has greater benefits than disadvantages, oregano essential oil has been as an option to mitigate enteric methane emissions and improve ruminal fermentation with the production of volatile fatty acids, considered (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Durmic <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Busquet <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Fishes</title>
					<p>The use of essential oils has acquired great importance due to the benefits in the feeding, transport, handling and health of the fish. This is because oregano essential oils reduce levels of stress, injury, mortality and disease. Therefore, its use has been shown to improve the productivity of aquaculture systems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>). In this sense, the use of high amounts of carvacrol containing oregano essential oil is a viable alternative as a complement to commercial antibiotics for the control of <italic>Vibrio</italic> spp. In penetrated shrimp (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Garcia <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>). Similarly, it has been shown that the use of oregano essential oil in doses 6%, 2% and 4% manages to inhibit the bacteria <italic>Salmonella</italic>sp, <italic>Proteus</italic> sp and <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> present in sick wild fish (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Martinez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
					<p>The essential oil of oregano is an alternative for the control of diverse pathogens that could affect the good health of the fish.</p>
					<p>The essential oil of oregano in aquaculture is as antioxidants used; this has been possible because oregano constitutes a generous source of antioxidants, due to the high concentrations of thymol and carvacrol naturally present in plants. Due to the above, oregano essential oil is as an economical, plausible, harmless and effective option considered; due to this, the essential oils of oregano are as therapeutic substances used, in aquaculture (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aanyu <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). They also provide a solution for poor growth and stress responses related to intensive culture conditions, as well as immune deficiencies related to oxidative stress (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Knight, 2010</xref>), as well as growth promoters within the production systems of fry in masculinization phase. The use of oregano essential oil in concentrations of 1% increases the profitability of red tilapia (<italic>Oreochromis spp</italic>) production systems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Coronado, 2019</xref>).</p>
					<p>The use of oregano essential oil can reduce the damage that occurs in fish during transport and handling to the market, or to places within the farm. These benefits are possible because the essential oil of oregano <italic>(Lippia alba),</italic> when applied in a concentration of 10 μl l<sup>-1</sup> in fish during transport (5-7 h), reduces oxidative stress in the tissues of the fish (liver, brain and gills). It has also been reported that a concentration of 30 mg l<sup>-1</sup> of essential oil water is sufficient for anesthetic induction (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Azambuja <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>), thus reducing the damage caused by the mobility of fish.</p>
					<p>Finally, the application of oregano essential oil has proven to be an effective inhibitor of the surface microbiota of hake fillets, especially when they are incorporated into filmforming solutions at concentrations of 3% or higher, increasing the shelf life of fishes. Therefore, the use of oregano essential oil may be present in the development of intensive fish systems, because as mentioned earlier, its efficiency ranges from the development of fry growth, to the end of the production system that is the conservation of fillets.</p>
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			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>The essential oils of oregano of the subspecies <italic>vulgare</italic> and <italic>Lippia,</italic> are an alternative as additives in the feeding of domestic animals; they improve the functionality of the digestive system in monogastrics, reduce the emissions of enteric methane in ruminants and bad odors in the pigs' feces. Scientific evidence shows that oregano essential oils can help solve problems in animal production systems.</p>
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