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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">aa</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico agroforestal</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico agro</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>			
			<issn pub-type="epub">2594-1992</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00010</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo Revisión</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Selenio, selenoproteínas y estrés oxidativo en pequeños rumiantes. Revisión</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Díaz-Sánchez</surname>
						<given-names>Víctor</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Olazábal-Fenochio</surname>
						<given-names>Alan</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ibarra-Gudiño</surname>
						<given-names>César</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit; Nayarit, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Nayarit</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Autor de correspondencia y responsable: Díaz-Sánchez Víctor. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán. Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria. Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, México. C.P. 54714. <email>victormdiazs@comunidad.unam.mx</email>, <email>cesaroctavio76@hotmail.com.</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2019</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>1</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<fpage>97</fpage>
			<lpage>111</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<p>La producción animal está condicionada por múltiples factores, dentro de estos, el más importante es la nutrición. Algunos de los problemas nutricionales más comunes en la producción están directamente relacionados con las características geográficas y las propiedades de los suelos en diferentes áreas de pastoreo y producción de forraje, un ejemplo de esto se observa en la pobre distribución natural de selenio en suelos de todo el mundo; una deficiencia que afecta a la producción, productos y subproductos de pequeños rumiantes. Los minerales, y específicamente, los microminerales como el selenio tienen un papel importante en la nutrición de los pequeños rumiantes, ya que, aunque no proporcionan energía, son esenciales para la síntesis de nutrientes, participando en numerosas actividades metabólicas como cofactores, manteniendo el efecto fisiológico y el equilibrio en el organismo. Las selenoproteínas son principalmente enzimas con capacidad antioxidante, que participan en el equilibrio oxidativo, eliminando los radicales libres que podrían dañar las células; causando enfermedades que afectan la función metabólica en el organismo animal, con un detrimento en la producción animal, por lo que la deficiencia debe ser corregida a través de la suplementación.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>selenio</kwd>
				<kwd>selenoproteínas</kwd>
				<kwd>estrés oxidativo</kwd>
				<kwd>pequeños rumiantes</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="51"/>
				<page-count count="15"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>El selenio (Se) es un oligoelemento esencial para mantener el equilibrio fisiológico en los animales; actúa a través de proteínas con capacidad enzimática, que tienen principalmente propiedades antioxidantes en el organismo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Marek <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Kruzhel <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). Las ovejas y cabras obtienen el mineral a través de la dieta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Tapiero <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Slavica y Cepelak, 2004</xref>), por lo que es importante mencionar que el contenido de Se en el suelo por debajo de 0.010 mg/kg de materia seca puede causar signos de deficiencia en rumiantes; mientras que cantidades &lt;0.5 mg / kg en suelos o &lt;0.1 ng/kg en plantas se consideran insuficientes para la producción de selenoproteínas en el organismo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Ramírez-Bribiesca <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hefnawy y Tórtora-Pérez, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Kruzhel <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>); causando trastornos metabólicos y enfermedades relacionadas con la deficiencia del Se.</p>
			<p>La deficiencia de Se, en asociación con la vitamina E, produce la enfermedad del “músculo blanco”. Los requerimientos de Se para los ovinos depende de la cantidad de vitamina E en la dieta; el nivel de Selenio sugerido para los ovinos es de 0.1 mg Se /kg MS. Las experiencias obtenidas en México sugieren utilizar una dosis de 0.25 mg Se en corderos aparentemente sanos y dosis de 0.5 mg Se en corderos con signo de la distrofia muscular nutricional o enfermedad del músculo blanco (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Carbajal <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>Por lo anterior, es necesario realizar una suplementación en animales carentes del mineral para evitar estas patologías relacionadas con la deficiencia. El objetivo de este trabajo fue conjuntar la información más relevante con respecto al Se, la función de las selenoproteínas más importantes y su relación con el balance oxidativo.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Absorción, distribución, metabolismo y excreción de selenio</title>
				<p>La absorción de Se en los rumiantes a través de la dieta puede variar del 11 al 35% en promedio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Lescure <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hefnawy y Tórtora-Pérez, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Kruzhel <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), debido a que el rumen, por sus características de pH y microbiota, pueden transformar el mineral principalmente a selenuros, que son formas químicas del elemento que el animal no puede absorber para la producción de selenoproteínas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Ghany-Hefnawy <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Galbraith <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>El mineral que pasa el rumen, llega al intestino delgado, donde se da la absorción de Se, principalmente en el duodeno y el íleon; los selenoaminoácidos, como la selenometionina, se absorben a través de la misma ruta utilizada por la metionina; a través del transporte activo, la selenocisteína se puede absorber de la misma manera, o se puede absorber unida a las proteínas; finalmente, las sales inorgánicas de Se son absorbidas por difusión pasiva en el tracto gastrointestinal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Juniper <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>a; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Rosen y Liu, 2009</xref>).</p>
				<p>El metabolismo del selenato y/o el selenito en el organismo animal difieren entre sí. El selenato a nivel de rumen se puede reducir a selenito, debido al ambiente ruminal, o continuar a través del tracto gastrointestinal para ser absorbido en el intestino delgado por difusión pasiva. Por otro lado, el selenito también puede reducirse en el rumen, pero a diferencia del selenato, se reduce directamente a selenuros, que ni el animal ni la microbiota ruminal pueden utilizar para sus funciones metabólicas.</p>
				<p>Es importante señalar que tanto el selenato como el selenito, pueden ser utilizados por la microbiota ruminal para sintetizar selenometionina o selenocisteina, el cual puede ser utilizada por el animal a través de la digestión (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Ghany-Hefnawy <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Juniper <italic>et al</italic>., 2009a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gresakova <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>Después de la absorción, el Se puede usarse para la síntesis de selenoproteínas, almacenarse en forma de selenometionina, e insertarse de esta manera en diferentes proteínas en el organismo animal; o también ser excretado por diferentes vías (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Juniper <italic>et al</italic>., 2009a</xref>). El Se es transportado a través del plasma, se incorpora a células como eritrocitos y leucocitos; así como a proteínas y enzimas como mioglobina, nucleoproteínas y miosina. A través del sistema se transporta al hígado, donde se mantiene una fracción del mineral dentro de los hepatocitos, el resto se trasladan por circulación a diferentes órganos, donde se almacenan como selenometionina, que puede incorporarse a las proteínas en lugar de a la metionina, pero sin actividad enzimática antioxidante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gresakova <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). Dentro del organismo, la distribución de Se tiene una jerarquía, siendo la concentración más alta en riñones, seguida del hígado, el corazón y músculo esquelético (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Berry, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Qin <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Juniper <italic>et al</italic>., 2009b</xref>;  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Birben<italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>Las selenoproteínas se forman dentro de células nucleadas a partir de compuestos orgánicos e inorgánicos. Independientemente de su origen, deben convertirse en selenuros, ya que es la forma química central para la formación de selenocisteina, único selenoaminoácido que puede insertarse en las selenoproteínas por su correcta función. A partir de este selenuro, puede haber dos rutas, una de las cuales es su metilación para su posterior excreción del organismo, o bien, su incorporación para la formación de selenocisteína, que se insertará en la formación de las diferentes selenoproteínas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Letavayová <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p>Tanto la fuente orgánica como la inorgánica de selenio se transforman en selenuro de hidrógeno (H<sub>2</sub>Se), compuesto central en la formación de selenoproteínas. En el caso de selenato, primero deberá reducirse a selenito, para luego reducirse a selenuro a través del glutatión. En el caso de la selenometionina, se transformará en selenuro de hidrógeno mediante una enzima-liasa, para luego incorporarla en proteínas como la selenometionina, o se transformará en selenocisteína mediante transulfuración, que se transformará en selenuro de hidrógeno mediante la enzima-liasa.</p>
				<p>El selenuro (H<sub>2</sub>Se) será transformado por la enzima selenofosfato sintetasa en selenofosfato para la síntesis subsiguiente de selenocisteína, que se sintetiza en su t- ARN, que está inicialmente aminoacilado con serina, a través de la serina sintetasa, formando Ser-t-RNASec. Este residuo de serina proporciona el esqueleto de carbono de la selenocisteína; Ser-t-RNASec fosforila fosfoseril-t-RNASec, a través de la enzima PSTK (fosfoseril-t-RNASec quinasa); luego en una reacción que involucra la adición de selenofosfato en presencia de selenocisteína sintetasa; Phosphoseryl-t-RNASec se convierte en un Sec-t -RNASec, que se incorporará a las selenoproteínas a través de un codón UGA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Silva <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Berry, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Ohta y Suzuki, 2008</xref>).</p>
				<p>La excreción de Se puede ser por pulmones, heces y orina, dependiendo de la vía de administración y de los niveles tisulares. La administración de Se por vía oral tiene como vía principal de excreción a través de las heces; en caso de ingestión de altos niveles del mineral, las formas volátiles se espirarán a través de los pulmones. La inyección parenteral de Se será excretada principalmente a través de la orina. Finalmente, se sabe que la cantidad de mineral expulsado a través de la bilis es pequeña (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Kuehnelt <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Ohta y Suzuki, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Kruzhel <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Funciones de selenio</title>
				<p>Las funciones de este mineral se llevan a cabo a través de las selenoproteínas, que actúan de manera general en las reacciones de oxidación-reducción, con el objetivo de mantener el equilibrio oxidativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Köhrle, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Lescure <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Rahmanto y Davies, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Kruzhel <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). De esta manera, el Se participa en la respuesta inmune, espermatogénesis, procesos de crecimiento y desarrollo, la defensa contra el daño oxidativo y la regulación de las hormonas tiroideas; así como también indirectamente en la regulación y eficiencia de los procesos productivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Ramírez-Bribiesca <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Revilla-Vázquez, <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Kumar <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). Contrariamente, concentraciones bajas de Se tienen relación con problemas productivos y reproductivos en pequeños rumiantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Celi, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Mahmoud <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). La deficiencia en pequeños rumiantes puede deberse a una restricción en la dieta o una baja absorción en el tracto gastrointestinal. La deficiencia de Se es la causa principal de varias enfermedades, como: distrofia muscular nutricional, anemia, mastitis, infertilidad asociada con baja calidad seminal, retención de placenta o productos y abortos, baja inmunidad, animales débiles, y menores ganancias de peso, producción de leche y lana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Forman y Torres 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Sobiech y Kuleta, 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Arthur <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Gill y Walker, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Lekatz <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Haenlein y Anke, 2011</xref>;  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Karami<italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Pavlata <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Stefanowicz <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Distrofia muscular nutricional o enfermedad de músculo blanco</title>
				<p>Es el principal signo causado por la deficiencia de Se, consecuencia de un daño en las membranas de los miocitos; se puede presentar en la mayoría de los animales, aunque de modo más frecuente en animales jóvenes, cuyas madres consumieron una ración carente de Se durante la gestación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Ramírez-Bribiesca <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Sobiech y Kuleta, 2002</xref>). En animales selenodeficientes, los fosfolípidos de la membrana de los miocitos sufren una peroxidación, causando daño y mal funcionamiento a las proteínas de la membrana. La principal consecuencia de la lesión celular es el incremento de la permeabilidad de calcio, el cual se acumula causando daño, y por lo tanto, pérdida de la funcionalidad muscular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Karami <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>).</p>
				<p>La distrofia muscular se puede manifestar de manera aguda o crónica; la forma aguda se caracteriza por muerte del animal en pocas horas. Los signos comúnmente observados son anormalidades al caminar, temblor y disminución del tono muscular y alteraciones cardiacas. En zonas con selenodeficiencia se considera la principal causa de muerte en pequeños rumiantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Ramírez-Bribiesca <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Anemia</title>
				<p>En animales selenodeficientes, se ha observado anemia y cuerpos de Heinz asociados a la baja actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes de los eritrocitos y la consecuente destrucción celular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Stefanowicz <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Mastitis</title>
				<p>La deficiencia de Se y la baja actividad de la selenoenzima glutatión peroxidasa, condicionan la actividad fagocítica de los leucocitos en enfermedades como la mastitis, causando proliferación bacteriana y daño a la glándula mamaria. Se ha demostrado que la suplementación con este micronutriente aumenta la eficacia de la fagocitosis por parte de neutrófilos y macrófagos, eliminando de forma eficaz a los patógenos que invaden la glándula mamaria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Sánchez <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Retención placentaria</title>
				<p>La selenodeficiencia puede llevar a un incremento en la retención placentaria. De forma normal el tejido placentario ejerce una fuerte actividad quimiotáctica sobre los leucocitos, los cuales tienen que ver con la separación de la placenta después del parto. Si la actividad quimiotáctica sobre los leucocitos es deficiente o retardada, se producirá la retención placentaria, la cual contribuye a la infección del útero, dañando la capacidad de gestación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Lekatz <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Respuesta inmune comprometida</title>
				<p>La deficiencia de Se es bien conocida por deprimir tanto la respuesta inmune humoral, como la respuesta celular. Se ha observado el aumento de la IgG calostral en rumiantes suplementados, así como un aumento en la respuesta de los anticuerpos en crías suplementadas con Se (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Rose <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). Kumar <italic>et al.,</italic> encontraron que al suplementar ovejas con Se y después exponerlas a un agente bacteriano, la respuesta inmune humoral aumentó significativamente con respecto al grupo testigo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Kumar <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). Los fagocitos contienen glutatión peroxidasa (GSHPx) en los lisosomas. Un déficit nutricional de Se produce la declinación de la actividad de la GSHPx en estas células, y por lo tanto en la habilidad para destruir al antígeno fagocitado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Forman y Torres, 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hoffmann y Berry, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Avery y Hoffmann, 2018</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Funciones de selenio y balance oxidativo</title>
				<p>El Selenio se relaciona principalmente con el equilibrio oxidativo, ya que la mayoría de las selenoproteínas tienen una función antioxidante en el organismo ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hawkes y Alkan, 2010</xref>). Cuando hay un aumento en los radicales libres que no pueden ser regulados por los sistemas enzimáticos y las moléculas antioxidantes, atacan las membranas celulares, alterando su función y viabilidad. El desequilibrio entre oxidantes y antioxidantes a favor de los primeros se denomina &quot;estrés oxidativo&quot;, debido a la alta producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ERO), la cuales en altas concentraciones pueden dañar el funcionamiento celular. Factores como la contaminación, radiación, medicamentos, infecciones y la inflamación, generan estrés oxidativo; causando un exceso de ERO en el organismo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Forman y Torres, 2002</xref>), que dañan específicamente las estructuras de los carbohidratos, ácidos nucleicos, lípidos y proteínas; alterando su función y causando daños a la estructura celular, que tendrá un impacto en la función correcta de los órganos y la homeostasis del organismo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Grotto <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Rahmanto y Davies 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Birben <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>Para contrarrestar las ROS, existen diferentes líneas de defensa en el cuerpo, que se controlan mediante un sistema que incluye eliminadores de radicales oxidantes de bajo peso molecular, enzimas y defensas no enzimáticas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Rahmanto y Davies, 2012</xref>). Actualmente, se conocen aproximadamente 30 selenoproteínas en los mamíferos, dentro de las cuales la mayoría tiene funciones antioxidantes. Ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>. (Haenlein y Anke, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">2011</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Principales selenoproteínas y su función</title>
						</caption>
						<table style= "border: 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse" border="1">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Selenoproteina</th>
									<th align="center">Distribución en tejido</th>
									<th align="center">Funciones</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Familia Glutatión peroxidasa (GPx1, GPx2, GPx3, GPx4, GPx6; snGPx-4)</td>
									<td align="left">Obicua (GPx1, GPx4), gastrointestinal (GPx2), Riñón y plasma (GPx3), Epitelio olfatorio, Glándula de Bowman (GPx6), testis, Esperma (snGPx4)</td>
									<td align="left">Antioxidante, modulación de lipoxygenasas, transducción de señales redox</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Familia Thioredoxin reductasa (TRx1,2,3; TGR)</td>
									<td align="justify">Todas las células del organismo</td>
									<td align="left">Regulación redox, metabolismo de drogas, transducción de señales</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Familia de Deiodinasas</td>
									<td align="left">Expresión y regulación en tejidos específicos, principalmente en tiroides, hígado, riñón y pituitaria</td>
									<td align="left">Catalizan la conversión de T4 a T3 y la degradación de rT3 (DIO1 y DIO2) así como T4 y T3 (DIO1 y DIO3)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Selenofosfato sintetasa 2 (SPS2)</td>
									<td align="justify">Varios tejidos</td>
									<td align="left">Cataliza la producción de selenofosfato, se requiere para la incorporación de selenocisteína dentro de las selenoproteínas</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Selenoproteinas de 15 y 18 kDa (Sell5, Sell8)</td>
									<td align="justify">Varios tejidos, cerebro</td>
									<td align="justify">Desconocida</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Selenoproteína M (SelM)</td>
									<td align="justify">Varios tejidos, cerebro</td>
									<td align="justify">Proliferación y regeneración</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Selenoproteína N (SelN)</td>
									<td align="left">Músculos esquelético, hígado, riñón, corazón, estómago</td>
									<td align="left">Mutaciones que llevan a espina rígida y distrofia muscular</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Selenoproteína P (SelP)</td>
									<td align="justify">El hígado es la principal fuente de SelP; obicua</td>
									<td align="justify">Transporte de selenio, antioxidante</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Selenoproteína R (SelR, MsrB)</td>
									<td align="justify">Varios tejidos</td>
									<td align="justify">Reductasa sulfoxido R-metionina</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Selenoproteína T (SelT)</td>
									<td align="left">Músculo esquelético, músculo cardiaco, cerebro, testículo e hígado</td>
									<td align="justify">Antioxidante</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Selenoproteína W (SelW)</td>
									<td align="left">Músculo esquelético, músculo cardiaco, cerebro, testículo e hígado</td>
									<td align="justify">Antioxidante</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Selenoproteína H, K, M, O, S, V, Y, Z</td>
									<td align="justify">Varios tejidos</td>
									<td align="justify">Desconocida</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Selenoproteína I</td>
									<td align="justify">Varios tejidos</td>
									<td align="justify">Hipotético fosfatidil transferasa CDPalcohol</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>(Modificado de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Holben y Smith, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Köhrle, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Kumar y Priyadarsini, 2014</xref>)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Métodos de suplementación de selenio</title>
				<p>Debido a las condiciones del suelo en todo el mundo y las características fisiológicas de los rumiantes, es posible que exista una deficiencia de Se en ovejas y cabras, por lo que será necesario realizar una suplementación para evitar problemas. La suplementación en pequeños rumiantes tiene múltiples beneficios en la producción animal. Esta se realiza a través de sales minerales orgánicas o inorgánicas, que pueden incorporarse en la dieta, agua, bloques de mezcla de minerales, soluciones inyectables o formas de liberación prolongada como bolos intrarruminales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hall <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">López-Arellano <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). La suplementación del mineral se reflejará en el organismo, donde los niveles de Se en sangre pueden ser un indicador de la correcta suplementación de este elemento en los rumiantes (intravitalmente), así como la medición de la actividad de las selenoproteínas, o de los niveles en los órganos. Los niveles deficientes, adecuados y tóxicos de Se están establecidos en tejidos de pequeños rumiantes, ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabla 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Niveles de selenio en sangre, hígado, riñón, músculo y leche en pequeños rumiantes</title>
						</caption>
						<table style= "border: 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse" border="1">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								
						
							<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">Sangre</td>
									<td align="center">Hígado</td>
									<td align="left">Riñón</td>
									<td align="center">Músculo</td>
									<td align="center">Leche</td>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Deficientes</td>
									<td align="center">0.003-0.040</td>
									<td align="center">0.01-0.10</td>
									<td align="right">0.05-0.60</td>
									<td align="center">0.01-0.03</td>
									<td align="center">0.002-0.020</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Marginales</td>
									<td align="center">0.040-0.080</td>
									<td align="center">0.15-0.25</td>
									<td align="right">0.70-1.10</td>
									<td align="center">0.03-0.09</td>
									<td align="center">0.020-0.030</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Adecuados</td>
									<td align="center">0.150-0.500</td>
									<td align="center">0.25-1.50</td>
									<td align="right">0.90-3.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.09-0.40</td>
									<td align="center">0.025-0.250</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Altos</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">2.00-10.0</td>
									<td align="right">4.00-6.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.40-0.60</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Tóxicos</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">15.0-30.00</td>
									<td align="right">6.00-15.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.60-20.00</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>ppm peso húmedo. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Puls, 1988</xref>.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Se considera una dosis terapéutica preventiva de 0.25 mg/kg de peso vivo por vía parenteral (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Ramírez-Bribiesca <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>). Se recomienda suplementar a los machos y hembras 3-4 semanas antes de la temporada de apareamiento y 3-4 semanas antes del parto. De la misma manera, se recomienda suplementar a los corderos y cabritos al nacer, al destete y al comienzo del engorde. En el caso de la suplementación con dieta, se recomienda hacer una dosis de 1-3 ppm de acuerdo con la administración federal de medicamentos de la <italic>Food and Drug Administration</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">FDA, 2007</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Signos de toxicidad por selenio ingerido</title>
				<p>Si se excede la dosis de Se requerida por el animal, puede haber riesgo de intoxicación. Los principales signos de intoxicación moderada son: anorexia, rechinamiento de los dientes, secreción de moco por la nariz y membranas mucosas cianóticas. En la intoxicación aguda, el animal presentará hemorragias diseminadas en el cuerpo y muerte súbita (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Revilla-Vázquez <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>El selenio es fundamental para todos los animales, permite mantener el balance oxidativo a través de las selenoproteínas, distribuidas en el organismo. Existen en el mundo suelos con deficiencia de este mineral, por lo que es importante la suplementación, principalmente en rumiantes; ya que estos absorben en proporción menores cantidades del mineral, a diferencia de los animales no rumiantes. La suplementación se podrá hacer a través de diferentes vías, tomando en cuenta las dosis recomendadas para evitar la intoxicación de los animales.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review article</subject>
				</subj-group>
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			<title-group>
				<article-title>Selenium, selenoproteins and oxidative stress in small ruminants. Review</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<p>Animal production conditioned by multiple factors, within these, the most important is nutrition. Some of the most common nutritional problems in production are to the geographical characteristics and properties of soils directly related, in different areas of grazing and forage production, an example of this is observed in the poor natural distribution of selenium in soils throughout the world, a deficiency that affects the production, products and by-products of small ruminants. Minerals, and within these, microminerals such as selenium have an important role in the nutrition of small ruminants, since, although they do not provide energy, they are essential for the synthesis of nutrients, participating in numerous metabolic activities as cofactors, maintaining the physiological effect balance in the body. Selenoproteins are mainly enzymes with antioxidant capacity, which participate in the oxidative balance, eliminating free radicals that could damage cells, causing diseases that affect metabolic function in the animal organism, with a detriment in animal production, so that deficiency through supplementation must be corrected.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>selenium</kwd>
				<kwd>selenoproteins</kwd>
				<kwd>oxidative stress</kwd>
				<kwd>small ruminants</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element to maintain physiological balance in animals. It acts through proteins with enzymatic capacity, which mainly have antioxidant properties in the body (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Marek <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Kruzhel <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). Sheep and goats obtain the mineral through the diet (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Tapiero <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Slavica y Cepelak, 2004</xref>), it is important to mention that the Se content in the soil below 0.010 mg/kg of dry matter may cause signs of deficiency in ruminants. Nevertheless, amounts &lt;0.5 mg/kg in soils or &lt;0.1 ng/kg in plants are considered insufficient for the production of selenoproteins in the organism (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Ramírez- Bribiesca <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hefnawy y Tórtora-Pérez, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Kruzhel <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>); causing metabolic disorders and diseases related to Se deficiency.</p>
				<p>Se deficiency, in association with vitamin E, causes &quot;white muscle&quot; disease. The requirements of Se for sheep depends on the amount of vitamin E in the diet; The level of Selenium suggested for sheep is 0.1 mg Se / kg DM. The experiences obtained in Mexico suggest using a dose of 0.25 mg Se in seemingly healthy lambs and 0.5 mg dose in lambs with sign of nutritional muscular dystrophy or white muscle disease (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Carbajal <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>). </p>
				<p>Therefore, it is necessary to perform a supplementation in animals lacking the mineral to avoid these pathologies related to the deficiency. The objective of this work was to combine the most relevant information regarding Se, the function of the most important selenoproteins and their relationship with the oxidative balance.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of selenium</title>
					<p>The absorption of Se in ruminants through diet can vary from 11 to 35% on average (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Lescure <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Hefnawy y Tórtora-Pérez, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Kruzhel <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), because the rumen due to their pH and microbiota characteristics, they can transform the mineral mainly to selenides. They are chemical forms of Se that the animal cannot absorb for the production of selenoproteins, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Ghany-Hefnawy <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Galbraith <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
					<p>The mineral that passes the rumen, reaches the small intestine, where the absorption of Se occurs, mainly in the duodenum and the ileum. Selenoamino acids, such as selenomethionine are absorbed through the same route used by methionine; through active transport, selenocysteine can be absorbed in the same way, or it can be absorbed bound to proteins; finally, the inorganic salts of Se are absorbed by passive diffusion in the gastrointestinal tract (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Juniper <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>a; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Rosen y Liu, 2009</xref>).</p>
					<p>The metabolism of selenate and/or selenite in the animal organism differ from each other. The selenate at the rumen level can be reduced to selenite, due to the ruminal environment, or continue through the gastrointestinal tract to be absorbed in the small intestine by passive diffusion. On the other hand, selenite can also be reduced in the rumen, but unlike selenate, it is directly reduced to selenides, which neither the animal nor the ruminal microbiota can use for its metabolic functions.</p>
					<p>It is important to note that both selenate and selenite can be used by the ruminal microbiota to synthesize selenomethionine or selenocysteine, which can be used by the animal through digestion (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Ghany-Hefnawy <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Juniper <italic>et al</italic>., 2009 a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gresakova <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
					<p>After absorption, Se can be used for the synthesis of selenoproteins, stored in the form of selenomethionine, and thus inserted into different proteins in the animal organism; or also be excreted in different ways (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Juniper <italic>et al</italic>., 2009a</xref>). Se, transported through plasma incorporated into cells such as erythrocytes and leukocytes; as well as proteins and enzymes such as myoglobin, nucleoproteins and myosin. Through the system it is transported to the liver, where a fraction of the mineral is maintained within the hepatocytes, the rest are transferred by circulation to different organs, where they are stored as selenomethionine, which can be incorporated into proteins instead of methionine, but without antioxidant enzyme activity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gresakova <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). Within the organism, the distribution of Se has a hierarchy, being the highest concentration in kidneys, followed by the liver, heart and skeletal muscle esquelético (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Berry, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Qin <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Juniper <italic>et al</italic>., 2009b</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Birben <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>).</p>
					<p>Selenoproteins are within nucleated cells formed from organic and inorganic compounds. Regardless of their origin, they must become selenides, since it is the central chemical form for the formation of selenocysteine, the only selenoamino acid that can be inserted into selenoproteins for its proper function. From this selenide, there may be two routes, one of which is its methylation for subsequent excretion of the organism, or its incorporation for the formation of selenocysteine in the formation of the different selenoproteins will be inserted (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Letavayová <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>).</p>
					<p>Both the organic and inorganic source of selenium are into hydrogen selenide (H2Se) transformed, a central compound in the formation of selenoproteins. In the case of selenate, it must first be to selenite and later reduced to selenide through glutathione reduced. In the case of selenomethionine will be transformed into hydrogen selenide by an enzyme-lyase and then it is incorporated into proteins such as selenomethionine or it will be transformed into selenocysteine by transulfurization, which will be transformed into hydrogen selenide by the enzyme-lyase.</p>
					<p>Selenide (H<sub>2</sub>Se) will be by the enzyme selenophosphate synthetase transformed into selenophosphate for the subsequent synthesis of selenocysteine, which is in its t-RNA synthesized, which is initially aminoacylated with serine, through the serine synthetase, forming Ser-t-RNASec. This serine residue provides the carbon skeleton of selenocysteine; Ser-t-RNASec phosphorylaphosphoryl-t-RNASec, through the enzyme PSTK (phosphoseryl-t-RNASec kinase); then in a reaction that involves the addition of selenophosphate in the presence of selenocysteine synthetase; Phosphoseryl-t-RNASec becomes a Sec-t -RNASec, which will be incorporated into selenoproteins through a UGA codon (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Silva <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Berry, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Ohta y Suzuki, 2008</xref>).</p>
					<p>Excretion of Se can be by lungs, feces and urine, depending on the route of administration and tissue levels. The administration of Se orally has as its main route of excretion through feces; In case of ingestion of high levels of the mineral, volatile forms will be through the lungs exhaled. Parenteral injection of Se will be primarily through the urine excreted. Finally, it is known that the amount of mineral expelled through the bile is small (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Silva <italic>et</italic><italic>al</italic>., 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Berry, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Ohta y Suzuki, 2008</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Selenium Functions</title>
					<p>The functions of this mineral are carried out through selenoproteins, which act in a general way in oxidation-reduction reactions, with the aim of maintaining oxidative balance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Köhrle, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Lescure <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Rahmanto y Davies, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Kruzhel <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). In this way, the participates in the immune response, spermatogenesis, growth and development processes, the defense against oxidative damage and the regulation of thyroid hormones; as well as indirectly in the regulation and efficiency of production processes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Ramírez-Bribiesca <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Revilla-Vázquez, <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Kumar <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). On the contrary, low concentrations of Se are related to productive and reproductive problems in small ruminants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Celi, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Mahmoud <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). The deficiency in small ruminants can be due to a restriction in the diet or a low absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Se deficiency is the main cause of several diseases. Example of these are: nutritional muscular dystrophy, anemia, mastitis, infertility associated with low seminal quality, retention of placenta or products and abortions, low immunity, weak animals, and lower weight gains, production of milk and wool (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Forman y Torres 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Sobiech y Kuleta 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Arthur <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Gill y Walker, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Lekatz <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Haenlein y Anke, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Karami <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Pavlata <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Stefanowicz <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Nutritional muscular dystrophy or white muscle disease</title>
					<p>It is the main sign caused by Se deficiency, a consequence of damage to myocyte membranes. It can occur in most animals, although more frequently in young animals, whose mothers consumed a ration lacking Se during pregnancy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Ramírez-Bribiesca <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Sobiech y Kuleta, 2002</xref>). In selenodeficient animals, myocyte membrane phospholipids undergo peroxidation, causing damage and malfunction to membrane proteins. The main consequence of cell injury is the increase in calcium permeability, which accumulates causing damage, and therefore, loss of muscle functionality (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Karami <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>).</p>
					<p>Muscular dystrophy can manifest itself acutely or chronically. The acute form is characterized by death of the animal in a few hours. Commonly observed signs are abnormalities when walking, tremor and decreased muscle tone and cardiac abnormalities. In areas with selenodeficiency is considered the main cause of death in small ruminants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Ramírez-Bribiesca <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Anemia</title>
					<p>In selenodeficient animals, anemia and Heinz bodies associated with the low activity of the erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes and the consequent cell destruction have been observed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Stefanowicz <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Mastitis</title>
					<p>Se deficiency and low activity of selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase, condition the phagocytic activity of leukocytes in diseases such as mastitis, causing bacterial proliferation and damage to the mammary gland. It has been shown that supplementation with this micronutrient increases the efficacy of phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages, effectively eliminating the pathogens that invade the mammary gland (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Sánchez <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Placental retention</title>
					<p>Selenium-deficiency can lead to an increase in placental retention. Normally the placental tissue exerts a strong chemotactic activity on leukocytes, which have to do with the separation of the placenta after delivery. If the chemotactic activity on leukocytes is deficient or delayed, placental retention will occur, which contributes to the infection of the uterus, damaging the gestation capacity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Lekatz <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Compromised immune response</title>
					<p>Se deficiency is for depressing both the humoral immune response and the cellular response well known. The increase in calostral IgG observed in supplemented ruminants, as well as an increase in antibody response in pups supplemented with Se (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Rose <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). Kumar <italic>et al</italic>., found that by supplementing sheep with Se and then exposing them to a bacterial agent, the humoral immune response increased significantly with respect to the control group <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Kumar <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>).</p>
					<p>Phagocytes contain glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) in lysosomes. A nutritional deficit of the decline in the activity of GSHPx in these cells, and therefore in the ability to destroy the phagocyte antigen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Forman y Torres, 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hoffmann y Berry, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Avery y Hoffmann, 2018</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Selenium functions and oxidative balance</title>
					<p>Selenium is mainly to oxidative balance related, since most selenoproteins have an antioxidant function in the body (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hawkes y Alkan, 2010</xref>). When there is an increase in free radicals that cannot be regulated by enzyme systems and antioxidant molecules, they attack cell membranes, altering their function and viability. The imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in favor of the former is &quot;oxidative stress&quot; called, due to the high production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in high concentrations can damage cellular functioning. Factors such as pollution, radiation, medications, infections and inflammation, generate oxidative stress; causing an excess of ROS in the body (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Hawkes y Alkan, 2010</xref>). They specifically damage the structures of carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids and proteins; altering its function and causing damage to the cellular structure, which will have an impact on the correct function of the organs and the homeostasis of the organism (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Grotto <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Rahmanto y Davies, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Birben <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>).</p>
					<p>To counteract ROS, there are different lines of defense in the body, which are controlled by a system that includes low molecular weight oxidant radical scavengers, enzymes and non-enzymatic defenses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Rahmanto y Davies, 2012</xref>). Currently, approximately 30 selenoproteins are known in mammals, within which most have antioxidant functions. See <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 1</xref>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Haenlein y Anke, 2011</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Main selenoproteins and their function</title>
							</caption>
							<table style= "border: 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse" border="1">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">Selenoprotein</th>
										<th align="center">Tissue distribution</th>
										<th align="center">Functions</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Glutathione peroxidase family (GPx1, GPx2, GPx3, GPx4, GPx6; snGPx-4)</td>
										<td align="left">Obicua (GPx1, GPx4), gastrointestinal (GPx2), Kidney and plasma (GPx3), Olfactory epithelium, Bowman gland (GPx6), testis, Sperm (snGPx4)</td>
										<td align="left">Antioxidant, lipoxygenous modulation, redox signal transduction</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Thioredoxin reductase family (TRx1,2,3; TGR)</td>
										<td align="justify">All body cells</td>
										<td align="left">Redox regulation, drug metabolism, signal transduction</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Family of Deiodinases</td>
										<td align="left">Expression and regulation in specific tissues, mainly in thyroid, liver, kidney and pituitary</td>
										<td align="left">Catalyze the conversion of T4 to T3 and the degradation of rT3 (DIO1 and DIO2) as well as T4 and T3 (DIO1 and DIO3)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Selenophosphate synthetase 2 (SPS2)</td>
										<td align="justify">Various tissues</td>
										<td align="left">Catalyzes the production of selenophosphate, it is required for the incorporation of selenocysteine into selenoproteins</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Selenoproteins of 15 and 18 kDa (Sell5, Sell8)</td>
										<td align="justify">Various tissues, brain</td>
										<td align="justify">Unknown</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Selenoprotein M (SelM)</td>
										<td align="justify">Various tissues, brain</td>
										<td align="justify">Proliferation and regeneration</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Selenoprotein N (SelN)</td>
										<td align="left">Skeletal muscles, liver, kidney, heart, stomach</td>
										<td align="left">Mutations leading to rigid spine and muscular dystrophy</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Selenoprotein P (SelP)</td>
										<td align="justify">The liver is the main source of SelP; Obicua</td>
										<td align="justify">Transport of selenium, antioxidant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Selenoprotein R (SelR, MsrB)</td>
										<td align="justify">Various tissues</td>
										<td align="justify">Reductase sulfoxide R-methionine</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Selenoprotein T (SelT)</td>
										<td align="left">Skeletal muscle, heart muscle, brain, testis and liver</td>
										<td align="justify">Antioxidant</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Selenoprotein W (SelW)</td>
										<td align="left">Skeletal muscle, heart muscle, brain, testis and liver</td>
										<td align="justify">Unknown</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Selenoprotein H, K, M, O, S, V, Y, Z</td>
										<td align="justify">Various tissues</td>
										<td align="justify">Unknown</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Selenoprotein I</td>
										<td align="justify">Various tissues</td>
										<td align="justify">Hypothetical phosphatidyl transferase CDPalcohol</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN3">
									<p>(Modified of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Holben y Smith, 1999;</xref>
										<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Köhrle, 2004;</xref>
										<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Kumar and Priyadarsini, 2014</xref>)</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Selenium supplementation methods</title>
					<p>Due to the conditions of the soil throughout the world and the physiological characteristics of ruminants, it is possible that there is a deficiency of Se in sheep and goats, so it will be necessary to perform a supplementation to avoid problems. Supplementation in small ruminants has multiple benefits in animal production. This is done through organic or inorganic mineral salts, which can be incorporated into the diet, water, mineral mixing blocks, injectable solutions or prolonged-release forms such as intraruminal boluses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hall <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">López-Arellano <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). The mineral supplementation will be reflected in the organism, where blood Se levels can be an indicator of the correct supplementation of this element in ruminants (intravitally), as well as the measurement of selenoprotein activity, or levels in the organs. Deficient, adequate and toxic levels of Se are in tissues established of small ruminants, see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">table 2</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Selenium levels in blood, liver, kidney, muscle and milk in small ruminants</title>
							</caption>
							<table style= "border: 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse" border="1">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
							<thead>
								
							
								
								<tr>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="center">Blood</td>
										<td align="center">Liver</td>
										<td align="center">Kidney</td>
										<td align="right">Muscle</td>
										<td align="center">Milk</td>
									</tr>
							</thead>
								
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Poor</td>
										<td align="center">0.003-0.040</td>
										<td align="center">0.01-0.10</td>
										<td align="center">0.05-0.60</td>
										<td align="right">0.01-0.03</td>
										<td align="center">0.002-0.020</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Marginal</td>
										<td align="center">0.040-0.080</td>
										<td align="center">0.15-0.25</td>
										<td align="center">0.70-1.10</td>
										<td align="right">0.03-0.09</td>
										<td align="center">0.020-0.030</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Suitable</td>
										<td align="center">0.150-0.500</td>
										<td align="center">0.25-1.50</td>
										<td align="center">0.90-3.00</td>
										<td align="right">0.09-0.40</td>
										<td align="center">0.025-0.250</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">High</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">2.00-10.0</td>
										<td align="center">4.00-6.00</td>
										<td align="right">0.40-0.60</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Toxic</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">15.0-30.00</td>
										<td align="center">6.00-15.00</td>
										<td align="right">0.60-20.00</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN4">
									<p>ppm wet weight <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Puls, 1988</xref>.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>A preventive therapeutic dose of 0.25 mg/kg of live weight is considered parenterally (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Ramírez-Bribiesca <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>). To supplement males and females 3-4 weeks before the mating season and 3-4 weeks before delivery is recommended. In the same way, it is recommended to supplement the lambs and kids at birth, at weaning and at the beginning of fattening. In the case of dietary supplementation, to make a dose of 1-3 ppm is recommended according to the federal drug administration of the <italic>Food and Drug Administration</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">FDA, 2007</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Signs of toxicity by ingested selenium</title>
					<p>If the dose of Se required by the animal is exceeded, there may be a risk of poisoning. The main signs of moderate intoxication are anorexia, grinding of the teeth, secretion of mucus from the nose and cyanotic mucous membranes. In acute poisoning, the animal will have disseminated hemorrhages in the body and sudden death (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Revilla-Vázquez <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>Selenium is essential for all animals, allowing maintaining the oxidative balance through selenoproteins, distributed in the body. There are soils with deficiency of this mineral in the world, so supplementation is important, mainly in ruminants since these absorb proportionally smaller amounts of the mineral, unlike non-ruminant animals. Supplementation can be through different routes, taking into account the recommended doses to avoid animal poisoning.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>