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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico agroforestal</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico agro</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>			
			<issn pub-type="epub">2594-1992</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00003</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo Original.</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Estudio preliminar del manejo alimenticio de gazapos precoces al
					destete, sobre parámetros productivos y calidad de la canal</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Daniel-Jiménez</surname>
						<given-names>Karen</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Sánchez-Cangas</surname>
						<given-names>Erika</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Camacho-Ramírez</surname>
						<given-names>Carla</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Soto-Simental</surname>
						<given-names>Sergio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ayala-Martínez</surname>
						<given-names>Maricela</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Zepeda-Bastida</surname>
						<given-names>Armando</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"><sup>**</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias,
						Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo.</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de
						Hidalgo</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ciencias
						Agropecuarias</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de
						Hidalgo</institution>
					<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Autor responsable Daniel-Jiménez Karen.
						<email>azepeda@uaeh.edu.mx</email>
				</corresp>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>**</label>Autor de correspondencia Zepeda-Bastida Armando. Instituto de
					Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av.
					Universidad Km 1, Ex Hacienda de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo, Hidalgo, México, CP
					43600. <email>da296310@uaeh.edu.mx,</email>
					<label>sa295547@uaeh.edu.mx</label>
					<email>ca362730@uaeh.edu.mx,</email>
					<email>sotos@uaeh.edu.mx,</email>
					<email>ayalam@uaeh.edu.mx,</email>.</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>31</day>
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2019</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>1</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<fpage>28</fpage>
			<lpage>36</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>28</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access"
					xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia
						Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<p>El objetivo del presente trabajo fue comparar el manejo alimenticio de gazapos
					destetados a los 21 d contra el manejo alimenticio tradicional de gazapos
					destetados a los 35 d de edad y evaluar parámetros productivos y calidad de la
					canal. Se utilizaron 4 gazapos de la raza California de 21 d de edad, se
					dividieron en 2 grupos, al grupo 1 se le administró alimento sólido utilizando
						<italic>Tenebrio molitor</italic> como aditivo y una fórmula líquida
					elaborada a base de jengibre, agua de coco, <italic>Tenebrio molitor</italic> y
					miel de abeja; al grupo 2 se le dejó con la madre. Después de 14 d de
					tratamiento los conejos consumieron alimento de engorda durante 28 d y se
					procedió al sacrificio. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que un destete a los
					21 d de edad y las condiciones adecuadas de alojamiento, fórmula líquida y
					alimento sólido con <italic>Tenebrio molitor</italic> como aditivo, no afectan
					la mortalidad y los parámetros productivos, sin embargo, disminuye el
					rendimiento en canal<italic>.</italic> Los resultados encontrados sugieren que
					el manejo alimenticio en gazapos destetados a los 21 d, podría ser una
					alternativa cuando es necesario separar al gazapo de la madre
					anticipadamente.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>destete precoz</kwd>
				<kwd>Tenebrio molitor</kwd>
				<kwd>jengibre</kwd>
				<kwd>gazapo</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="8"/>
				<page-count count="9"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La carne de conejo es una opción viable para cubrir las demandas cualitativas y nutricionales de los consumidores actuales, debido a su fácil digestión, alto contenido proteico y de ácidos grasos insaturados, baja concentración de grasa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Cruz-Bacab <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Uno de los principales problemas en la producción cunícola ocurre cuando la madre abandona a los gazapos o muere, lo cual tiene como consecuencia un déficit de nutrientes e inmunidad en el neonato por la falta de la leche materna, lo que implica un bajo índice de peso vivo; provocando pérdidas económicas a los productores. Por tal motivo, es de vital importancia un manejo alimenticio adecuado en los gazapos que sufren de esta problemática, ya que los gazapos antes de los 18 días de edad consumen exclusivamente leche materna; después de este periodo de tiempo, inician el consumo de alimento sólido (el que ingiere la madre), ya sea por juego en primera instancia y posteriormente por la necesidad de nutrirse.</p>
			<p>A partir de los 25 días requieren la misma cantidad de proteína aportada por la leche que por el alimento sólido, pero será hasta los 35 días cuando el gazapo obtenga todos los nutrimentos a partir del alimento sólido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">De Blas <italic>et al.,</italic> 1999</xref>). Debido a lo anterior, al realizar un destete precoz es necesario cubrir todas las necesidades nutricionales del gazapo, considerando que su capacidad fermentativa a nivel de ciego está en etapas iniciales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Brecchia <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>); de tal manera, una posible alternativa para alimentar a los gazapos que sufren de un destete muy precoz, es utilizar productos de alta solubilidad, como es la miel de abeja, el jengibre y la larva de <italic>Tenebrio molitor</italic> (como fuente de proteína); asimismo, adicionar carbohidratos solubles y lípidos de fácil digestión. No se debe incluir lactosa, ya que puede provocar la disminución de la digestibilidad de la materia seca y de la proteína, lo cual puede incrementar la mortalidad durante la engorda (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Pascual, 2001</xref>). Aunado a lo anterior, al proveer alimento sólido que cubra las necesidades del gazapo, puede ayudar a que el cambio de alimentación durante la engorda sea menos abrupta. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue comparar el manejo alimenticio de gazapos destetados a los 21 d, contra el manejo alimenticio tradicional de gazapos destetados a los 35 d de edad; así como evaluar parámetros productivos y calidad de la canal.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Animales y dietas</title>
				<p>Los animales de este estudio se alojaron en la Nave de Investigación y Producción de Conejos Ciclo Completo del Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias (Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo, México) de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. El cuidado y manejo de los conejos fue de acuerdo con los lineamientos del Comité de Ética de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Se utilizaron 4 gazapos de la raza California de 21 d de edad, alojados en jaulas de 90 x 40 x 60 cm, con nido, bebedero de botella y comedero. Los gazapos fueron seleccionados completamente al azar de una misma camada, para formar dos grupos; el grupo 1 se le retiró de la madre a los 21 d y se le administró una fórmula líquida y alimento de destete (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>), a libre demanda durante 14 d; al grupo 2 se le dejó con la madre y alimentación de lactancia a libre demanda, hasta cumplir 35 d de edad; transcurrido el tiempo, ambos grupos se les administró alimento de engorda (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>), a libre demanda durante 28 días. El promedio de temperatura en la nave experimental fue de 20°C, y humedad relativa de 65%. El alimento fue peletizado en una máquina modelo SKJ120 (Shandong, China).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Composición nutricional de fórmula líquida y tipos de alimento ofrecidos durante el experimento</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border: 1px solid black; border collapse: collapse" border="1">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Ingredientes</th>
									<th align="center">FL</th>
									<th align="center">AD </th>
									<th align="center"> AL</th>
									<th align="center">AE</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center">(1L)</th>
									
									<th align="center" colspan="3"> BS%
 </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Agua potable</td>
									<td align="center">c.b.p.</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Jengibre</td>
									<td align="center">20 g</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Agua de coco</td>
									<td align="center">30 mL</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Vinagre</td>
									<td align="center">20 mL</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Miel de abeja</td>
									<td align="center">30 mL</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Tenebrio molitor</italic> (larva)</td>
									<td align="center">80 g</td>
									<td align="center">2.0</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Paja de avena</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">6.0</td>
									<td align="center">12.0</td>
									<td align="center">15.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Alfalfa heno</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">6.0</td>
									<td align="center">0.0</td>
									<td align="center">0.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Maíz molido</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">19.0</td>
									<td align="center">19.0</td>
									<td align="center">17.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Pasta de canola</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">8.0</td>
									<td align="center">8.0</td>
									<td align="center">8.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Pasta de soya</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">17.0</td>
									<td align="center">24.0</td>
									<td align="center">17.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Sorgo molido</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">15.0</td>
									<td align="center">15.0</td>
									<td align="center">18.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Melaza</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">1.0</td>
									<td align="center">1.0</td>
									<td align="center">1.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Cascarilla de soya</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">13.0</td>
									<td align="center">14.0</td>
									<td align="center">6.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Salvado de trigo</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">10.0</td>
									<td align="center">4.0</td>
									<td align="center">14.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Premezcla mineral y vitamínica</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">3.0</td>
									<td align="center">3.0</td>
									<td align="center">3.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">PC %</td>
									<td align="center">13</td>
									<td align="center">18.1</td>
									<td align="center">18.2</td>
									<td align="center">16.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">ED Mcal kg MS-1</td>
									<td align="center">2.9</td>
									<td align="center">2.5</td>
									<td align="center">2.5</td>
									<td align="center">2.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">FC%</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">12.0</td>
									<td align="center">12.5</td>
									<td align="center">12.0</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						 
					
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>FL=Formula liquida, AD =Alimento destete, AL=Alimento de lactancia, AE=Alimento engorda, BS=Base seca, PC=Proteína cruda,FC=Fibra cruda, ED=Energia digestible.</p></fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Parámetros productivos</title>
				<p>Durante el experimento los animales se pesaron cada semana, mientras que se determinó la ingestión diaria de alimento pesando el alimento ofrecido y rechazado. A partir de esos datos se calculó la ganancia diaria de peso durante las cuatro semanas de engorda, ganancia total y la conversión alimenticia durante el periodo de engorda. Al final de la engorda, los conejos fueron sacrificados con una edad promedio de 63 d de edad; para ello fueron transportados al Taller de Cárnicos del Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, donde fueron sacrificados de acuerdo con la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">NOM-033-SAG/ZOO 2014</xref>.</p>
				<p>La canal fue diseccionada de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Blasco <italic>et. al.</italic> (1993) </xref> y se midió el pH y la capacidad de retención de agua (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">SAGARPA, 2011</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis de los datos</title>
				<p>Los datos fueron evaluados por medio de un análisis descriptivo.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Los resultados obtenidos respecto al consumo de alimento seco y fórmula (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>), de los gazapos destetados a los 21 d de edad que se sometieron al manejo alimenticio, mostraron que hasta el tercer día empezaron a comer alimento sólido (25 g), incrementando de manera gradual hasta el noveno día, llegando al máximo incremento al décimo día (87.5 g). Respecto al consumo de la fórmula líquida, durante los primeros 8 días el consumo fue bajo (15 a 50 ml), aumentando sustancialmente a partir del noveno día (150 ml), manteniéndose hasta el día 14 (145 ml); lo cual se puede explicar porque en esa etapa de vida los gazapos necesitan consumir 50% de proteína de la leche y 50% del alimento, hasta llegar al día 30, donde sólo necesita el 18% de la leche, y ya en el día 35 no es necesario el consumo de leche y es solo de alimento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">De Blas <italic>et al.,</italic> 1999</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Consumo de alimento seco y fórmula líquida de gazapos destetados a los 21 d de edad</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-1-01-28-gf1.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Referente al peso de los gazapos durante el manejo alimenticio, tanto de los destetados al día 21, como los destetados al día 35; mostraron comportamiento similar para ambos grupos; sin embargo, los gazapos destetados a los 21 d, mostraron mayor peso a los 63 d de edad (1673 g) que los destetados a los 35 días (1540 g). Cabe mencionar que al inicio de la engorda (día 35), los gazapos recién destetados iniciaron con un peso mayor (875 g), que los destetados tempranamente (695 g) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2</xref>). Este aumento de peso a los 65 días de engorda se puede explicar, debido a que los gazapos destetados a los 21 d mostraron mayor ganancia diaria de peso (GDP) de los 35 a los 42 d de edad (53 g), comparados con los destetados a los 35 días (24 g); sin embargo al final de la engorda (65 días) ambos tratamientos tuvieron ganancias de peso similares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figura 3</xref>), lo cual se puede explicar debido a que los primeros tuvieron la etapa de adaptación anticipada al ser separados de la madre 15 d antes y tuvieron la oportunidad de consumir alimento y fórmula con los nutrientes necesarios para mantener un pH adecuado, lo cual se relaciona con una mayor fermentación de los AGV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Pascual, 2001</xref>). Estos resultados sugieren que el manejo alimenticio de los gazapos destetados precozmente, es de vital importancia para que los gazapos al final obtengan una ganancia de peso similar a los gazapos que se destetan de manera fisiológica.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Peso de conejos destetados a los 21 y 35 d de edad, con diferent manejo alimenticio, antes y durante la engorda</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-1-01-28-gf2.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Ganancia diaria de peso (GDP) de conejos destetados a los 21 y 35 d de edad, durante la engorda, con diferente manejo alimenticio</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-1-01-28-gf3.gif"></graphic>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Por otro lado, al realizar la evaluación de la calidad de la canal (tabla 2), los gazapos destetados a los 21 d presentaron menor peso en piel, patas, vísceras, canal caliente y canal fría; sin embargo, la principal diferencia se observa en cabeza, grasa escapular, grasa renal y contenido de grasa en las piernas; ya que en lo que se refiere a carne de las piernas y lomo los datos fueron similares, lo cual se explica porque los gazapos destetados a los 35 días, tuvieron un mejor desarrollo del tracto digestivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">De Blas <italic>et al.,</italic> 1981</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Calidad de la canal de conejos destetados a los 21 y 35 d de edad, con diferente manejo alimenticio</title>
					</caption>
					<table style="border: 1px solid black; border collapse: collapse" border="1">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Variables, peso g</td>
								<td align="center">Destete de 21 d</td>
								<td align="center">D.E</td>
								<td align="center">Destete de 35 d</td>
								<td align="center">D.E.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Piel</td>
								<td align="center">255.50</td>
								<td align="center">10.61</td>
								<td align="center">311.00</td>
								<td align="center">1.41</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Patas</td>
								<td align="center">40.00</td>
								<td align="center">1.41</td>
								<td align="center">52.50</td>
								<td align="center">3.54</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Vísceras</td>
								<td align="center">386.00</td>
								<td align="center">43.84</td>
								<td align="center">520.50</td>
								<td align="center">19.09</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Tracto digestivo lleno</td>
								<td align="center">274.00</td>
								<td align="center">16.97</td>
								<td align="center">377.50</td>
								<td align="center">0.71</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Corazón</td>
								<td align="center">6.00</td>
								<td align="center">0.00</td>
								<td align="center">6.50</td>
								<td align="center">2.12</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Pulmones</td>
								<td align="center">12.00</td>
								<td align="center">2.83</td>
								<td align="center">19.50</td>
								<td align="center">2.12</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Bazo</td>
								<td align="center">1.00</td>
								<td align="center">0.00</td>
								<td align="center">1.50</td>
								<td align="center">0.71</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Hígado</td>
								<td align="center">70.00</td>
								<td align="center">19.80</td>
								<td align="center">90.50</td>
								<td align="center">19.09</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Riñones</td>
								<td align="center">11.00</td>
								<td align="center">1.41</td>
								<td align="center">13.50</td>
								<td align="center">0.71</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Tracto digestivo vacío</td>
								<td align="center">147.00</td>
								<td align="center">2.83</td>
								<td align="center">165.00</td>
								<td align="center">16.97</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Vejiga</td>
								<td align="center">5.00</td>
								<td align="center">0.00</td>
								<td align="center">8.00</td>
								<td align="center">1.41</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Canal caliente</td>
								<td align="center">895.00</td>
								<td align="center">21.21</td>
								<td align="center">1072.50</td>
								<td align="center">74.25</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Canal fría</td>
								<td align="center">895.00</td>
								<td align="center">14.14</td>
								<td align="center">1115.00</td>
								<td align="center">120.21</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Cabeza</td>
								<td align="center">100.00</td>
								<td align="center">7.07</td>
								<td align="center">117.50</td>
								<td align="center">10.61</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Parte anterior</td>
								<td align="center">217.50</td>
								<td align="center">3.54</td>
								<td align="center">250.00</td>
								<td align="center">0.00</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Parte media</td>
								<td align="center">105.00</td>
								<td align="center">28.28</td>
								<td align="center">152.50</td>
								<td align="center">38.89</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Parte posterior</td>
								<td align="center">142.50</td>
								<td align="center">17.68</td>
								<td align="center">187.50</td>
								<td align="center">3.54</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Grasa renal</td>
								<td align="center">8.50</td>
								<td align="center">3.54</td>
								<td align="center">18.00</td>
								<td align="center">4.24</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Grasa escapular</td>
								<td align="center">3.00</td>
								<td align="center">0.00</td>
								<td align="center">7.50</td>
								<td align="center">6.36</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Piernas</td>
								<td align="center">315.00</td>
								<td align="center">7.07</td>
								<td align="center">380.00</td>
								<td align="center">49.50</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><italic>carne</italic></td>
								<td align="center">222.50</td>
								<td align="center">17.68</td>
								<td align="center">262.50</td>
								<td align="center">17.68</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>hueso</italic></td>
								<td align="center">85.00</td>
								<td align="center">14.14</td>
								<td align="center">107.50</td>
								<td align="center">24.75</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><italic>grasa</italic></td>
								<td align="center">2.00</td>
								<td align="center">2.83</td>
								<td align="center">3.50</td>
								<td align="center">3.54</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que al proporcionar un manejo alimenticio adecuado integral (fórmula líquida y alimento sólido) en gazapos destetados precozmente, se puede evitar la mortalidad de los mismos durante la engorda, ya que no afecta los parámetros productivos y la calidad de la canal; estos resultados son el preámbulo para futuras investigaciones relacionadas con esta problemática. Falta mucho trabajo de investigación por hacer y de alguna manera incluir más animales para lograr pruebas estadísticas que demuestre la importancia de este manejo alimenticio.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Preliminary study of the feeding management of early rabbits at weaning, on productive parameters and quality of the carcass</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<p>The aim of the present work was to compare the feeding management of weaned rabbits at 21 d against the traditional feeding management of weaned rabbits at 35 d of age and to evaluate productive parameters and quality of the carcass. Four rabbits of the California race of 21 d of age were used, they were divided into 2 groups, group 1 was given solid food using <italic>Tenebrio molitor</italic> as an additive and a liquid formula elaborated with ginger, coconut water, <italic>Tenebrio molitor</italic> and honey bee; Group 2 was left with the mother. After 14 d of treatment, the rabbits consumed fattening feed for 28 d and they were slaughtered. The results obtained showed that a weaning at 21 d of age and the adequate conditions of lodging, liquid formula and solid food with <italic>Tenebrio molitor</italic> as an additive do not affect the mortality and the productive parameters, however, the carcass decreases. The results suggest that the feeding management in rabbits weaned at 21 d, could be an alternative when it is necessary to separate the rabbit from the mother in advance.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>early weaning</kwd>
				<kwd>Tenebrio molitor</kwd>
				<kwd>ginger</kwd>
				<kwd>rabbit</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>One of the main problems in cunicultural production occurs when the mother abandons the rabbits or dies, which results in a deficit of nutrients and immunity in the newborn due to the lack of breast milk, which implies a low weight index alive; causing economic losses to producers. For this reason, proper food management is vital in the rabbits that suffer from this problem, since the rabbits before 18 days of age consume exclusively breast milk; after this period of time, they start the consumption of solid food (the one that the mother ingests), either by game in first instance and later by the need to nourish. After 25 days they require the same amount of protein provided by the milk as by the solid food, but it will be up to 35 days when the rabbit obtains all the nutrients from the solid food (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">De Blas <italic>et al.,</italic> 1999</xref>). Due to the above, when carrying out an early weaning, it is necessary to cover all the nutritional needs of the rabbit, considering that its fermentation capacity at the blind level is in initial stages (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Brecchia <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>). In such a way, a possible alternative to feed the rabbits that suffer from a very early weaning, is to use high solubility products, such as honey, ginger and <italic>Tenebrio molitor</italic> larva (as a source of protein); also, add soluble carbohydrates and lipids easily digestible. Lactose should not be included, as it can cause a decrease in the digestibility of dry matter and protein, which can increase mortality during fattening (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Pascual, 2001</xref>). In addition to the above, by providing solid food that meets the needs of the rabbit, it can help to make the feeding change during fattening less abrupt. The objective of this work was to compare the feeding management of weaned rabbits at 21 d, against the traditional feeding management of weaned rabbits at 35 d of age; as well as evaluate productive parameters and carcass quality.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Animals and diets</title>
					<p>The animals of this study were housed in the Full Cycle Rabbit Research and Production Facility of the Agricultural Sciences Institute (Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo, Mexico) of the Autonomous University of Hidalgo State. The care and management of rabbits was in accordance with the guidelines of the Ethics Committee of the Autonomous University of Hidalgo State. Four 21-year-old California breed rabbits were housed, housed in cages of 90 x 40 x 60 cm, with nest, bottle and bottle feeder. The rabbits were completely randomly selected from the same litter, to form two groups. Group 1 was removed from the mother at 21 d and a liquid formula and weaning food was administered (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 1</xref>), on demand for 14 d; group 2 was left with the mother and breastfeeding on demand, until reaching 35 d of age. After the time, both groups were given fattening food (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 1</xref>), on demand for 28 days. The average temperature in the experimental building was 20 °C, and relative humidity 65%. The food was pelleted in a machine model SKJ120 (Shandong, China).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3">
							<label> Table</label>
							<caption>
								<title>1. Nutritional composition of liquid formula and types of food offered during the experiment</title>
							</caption>
							<table style="border: 1px solid black; border collapse: collapse" border="1">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left"> </th>
										<th align="left">FL</th>
										<th align="center">AD</th>
										<th align="center">AL</th>
										<th align="left">AE</th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Ingredients</th>
										<th align="left">(1L)</th>
										<th align="left"> </th>
										<th align="center">BS %</th>
										<th align="left"> </th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Drinking water</td>
										<td align="right">c.b.p.</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Ginger</td>
										<td align="left">20 g</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Coconut water</td>
										<td align="right">30 mL</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Vinegar</td>
										<td align="right">20 mL</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Honey bee</td>
										<td align="right">30 mL</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left"><italic>Tenebrio molitor</italic> (larva)</td>
										<td align="left">80 g</td>
										<td align="right">2.0</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Oat straw</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="right">6.0</td>
										<td align="center">12.0</td>
										<td align="left">15.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Alfalfa Hay</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="right">6.0</td>
										<td align="center">0.0</td>
										<td align="left">0.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Ground corn</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="right">19.0</td>
										<td align="center">19.0</td>
										<td align="left">17.5</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Canola paste</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="right">8.0</td>
										<td align="center">8.0</td>
										<td align="left">8.5</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Soybean paste</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="right">17.0</td>
										<td align="center">24.0</td>
										<td align="left">17.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Ground sorghum</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="right">15.0</td>
										<td align="center">15.0</td>
										<td align="left">18.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Molasses</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="right">1.0</td>
										<td align="center">1.0</td>
										<td align="left">1.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Soybean husk</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="right">13.0</td>
										<td align="center">14.0</td>
										<td align="left">6.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Wheat bran</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="right">10.0</td>
										<td align="center">4.0</td>
										<td align="left">14.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Mineral and vitamin premix</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="right">3.0</td>
										<td align="center">3.0</td>
										<td align="left">3.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">PC %</td>
										<td align="left">13</td>
										<td align="right">18.1</td>
										<td align="center">18.2</td>
										<td align="left">16.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">ED Mcal kg MS-1</td>
										<td align="left">2.9</td>
										<td align="right">2.5</td>
										<td align="center">2.5</td>
										<td align="left">2.5</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">FC%</td>
										<td align="left"> </td>
										<td align="right">12.0</td>
										<td align="center">12.5</td>
										<td align="left">12.0</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2">
									<p>FL = Liquid formula, AD = Weaning food, AL = Breastfeeding food, AE = Fattening food, BS = Dry base, PC = Raw protein, FC = Raw fiber, ED = Digestible energy.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Productive parameters</title>
					<p>During the experiment, the animals were weighed every week, while the daily intake of food was determined by weighing the food offered and rejected. From these data, the daily weight gain during the four weeks of fattening, total gaining and feed conversion during the fattening period was calculated. At the end of the fattening, the rabbits were slaughtered with an average age of 63 d of age; for this, they were transported to the Meat Workshop of the Institute of Agricultural Sciences, where they were slaughtered in accordance with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">NOM-033-SAG/ZOO 2014</xref>. The channel was dissected according to the recommendations of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Blasco <italic>et al</italic>. (1993</xref>), and the pH and water retention capacity were measured (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">SAGARPA, 2011</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Data analysis</title>
					<p>The data were evaluated through a descriptive analysis.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The results obtained regarding the consumption of dry food and formula (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">figure 1</xref>), of the weaned rabbits at 21 d of age that underwent the food management, showed that until the third day they began to eat solid food (25 g), increasing gradually until the ninth day, reaching the maximum increase on the tenth day (87.5 g). Regarding the consumption of the liquid formula during the first 8 days the consumption was low (15 to 50 ml), increasing substantially from the ninth day (150 ml), remaining until day 14 (145 ml). It can be explained because at that stage of life the rabbits need to consume 50% of milk protein and 50% of the food, until they reach day 30, where they only need 18% of milk, and already on day 35 milk consumption is not necessary and is only for food (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">De Blas <italic>et al.,</italic> 1999</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Dry food consumption and liquid formula of weaned rabbits at 21 d of age</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-1-01-28-gf4.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Regarding the weight of the rabbits during food handling, both those weaned on day 21 and those weaned on day 35; showed similar behavior for both groups; however, the weaned rabbits at 21 d showed greater weight at 63 d of age (1673 g) than those weaned at 35 days (1540 g). It should be mentioned that at the beginning of the fattening (day 35), the newly weaned rabbits began with a greater weight (875 g), than those weaning early (695 g) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">figure 2</xref>). This weight gain at 65 days of fattening can be explained because the weaned rabbits at 21 d showed greater daily weight gain (GDP) from 35 to 42 d of age (53 g), compared to weaned at 35 days (24 g). However, at the end of the fattening (65 days) both treatments had similar weight gains (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">figure 3</xref>), which can be explained because of the former had the stage of early adaptation when they were separated from the mother 15 d before. Also it had the opportunity to consume food and formula with the necessary nutrients to maintain an adequate pH, which is related to a higher fermentation of VFAs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Pascual, 2001</xref>). These results suggest that the nutritional management of the early weaned rabbits is of vital importance so that the rabbits in the end obtain a weight gain similar to the rabbits that are weaned physiologically.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Weight of weaned rabbits at 21 and 35 d of age, with different feeding management, before and during fattening</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-1-01-28-gf5.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Daily weight gain (GDP) of rabbits weaned at 21 and 35 d of age, during fattening, with different feeding management</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-1-01-28-gf6.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>On the other hand, when evaluating the quality of the carcass (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">table 2</xref>), the weaned rabbits at 21 d had a lower weight on skin, legs, viscera, hot carcass and cold carcass. However, the main difference is observed in head, scapular fat, renal fat and fat content in the legs; since in terms of meat of the legs and loin the data were similar, which is explained because the weaned rabbits at 35 days, had a better development of the digestive tract (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">De Blas <italic>et al</italic>., 1981</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Quality of the weaned rabbit carcass at 21 and 35 d of age, with different feeding management</title>
						</caption>
						<table style="border: 1px solid black; border collapse: collapse" border="1">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Variables, weight g</td>
									<td align="center">Weaning of 21 d</td>
									<td align="center">D.E</td>
									<td align="center">Weaning of 35 d</td>
									<td align="center">D.E.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Skin</td>
									<td align="center">255.50</td>
									<td align="center">10.61</td>
									<td align="center">311.00</td>
									<td align="center">1.41</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Legs</td>
									<td align="center">40.00</td>
									<td align="center">1.41</td>
									<td align="center">52.50</td>
									<td align="center">3.54</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Viscera</td>
									<td align="center">386.00</td>
									<td align="center">43.84</td>
									<td align="center">520.50</td>
									<td align="center">19.09</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Full digestive tract</td>
									<td align="center">274.00</td>
									<td align="center">16.97</td>
									<td align="center">377.50</td>
									<td align="center">0.71</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Heart</td>
									<td align="right">6.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
									<td align="center">6.50</td>
									<td align="center">2.12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Lungs</td>
									<td align="center">12.00</td>
									<td align="center">2.83</td>
									<td align="center">19.50</td>
									<td align="center">2.12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Spleen</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
									<td align="center">1.50</td>
									<td align="center">0.71</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Liver</td>
									<td align="center">70.00</td>
									<td align="center">19.80</td>
									<td align="center">90.50</td>
									<td align="center">19.09</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Kidneys</td>
									<td align="center">11.00</td>
									<td align="center">1.41</td>
									<td align="center">13.50</td>
									<td align="center">0.71</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Empty digestive tract</td>
									<td align="center">147.00</td>
									<td align="center">2.83</td>
									<td align="center">165.00</td>
									<td align="center">16.97</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Bladder</td>
									<td align="center">5.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
									<td align="center">8.00</td>
									<td align="center">1.41</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Hot carcass</td>
									<td align="center">895.00</td>
									<td align="center">21.21</td>
									<td align="center">1072.50</td>
									<td align="center">74.25</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Cold carcass</td>
									<td align="center">895.00</td>
									<td align="center">14.14</td>
									<td align="center">1115.00</td>
									<td align="center">120.21</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Head</td>
									<td align="center">100.00</td>
									<td align="center">7.07</td>
									<td align="center">117.50</td>
									<td align="center">10.61</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Previous part</td>
									<td align="center">217.50</td>
									<td align="center">3.54</td>
									<td align="center">250.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Middle part</td>
									<td align="center">105.00</td>
									<td align="center">28.28</td>
									<td align="center">152.50</td>
									<td align="center">38.89</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Back part</td>
									<td align="center">142.50</td>
									<td align="center">17.68</td>
									<td align="center">187.50</td>
									<td align="center">3.54</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Renal fat</td>
									<td align="center">8.50</td>
									<td align="center">3.54</td>
									<td align="center">18.00</td>
									<td align="center">4.24</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Scapular fat</td>
									<td align="center">3.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
									<td align="center">7.50</td>
									<td align="center">6.36</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Legs</td>
									<td align="center">315.00</td>
									<td align="center">7.07</td>
									<td align="center">380.00</td>
									<td align="center">49.50</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>meat</italic></td>
									<td align="center">222.50</td>
									<td align="center">17.68</td>
									<td align="center">262.50</td>
									<td align="center">17.68</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>bone</italic></td>
									<td align="center">85.00</td>
									<td align="center">14.14</td>
									<td align="center">107.50</td>
									<td align="center">24.75</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>fat</italic></td>
									<td align="center">2.00</td>
									<td align="center">2.83</td>
									<td align="center">3.50</td>
									<td align="center">3.54</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The results obtained suggest that by providing adequate integral food management (liquid formula and solid food) in early-weaned rabbits, their mortality during fattening can be avoided, since it does not affect the production parameters and the quality of the carcass; these results are the preamble for future research related to this problem.</p>
				<p>There is a lot of research work to do and somehow include more animals to achieve statistical tests that demonstrate the importance of this nutritional management.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>